1
|
Tan QH, Otgonbaatar A, Kaur P, Ga AF, Harmston NP, Tolwinski NS. The Wnt Co-Receptor PTK7/Otk and Its Homolog Otk-2 in Neurogenesis and Patterning. Cells 2024; 13:365. [PMID: 38474329 PMCID: PMC10930971 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling is a highly conserved metazoan pathway that plays a crucial role in cell fate determination and morphogenesis during development. Wnt ligands can induce disparate cellular responses. The exact mechanism behind these different outcomes is not fully understood but may be due to interactions with different receptors on the cell membrane. PTK7/Otk is a transmembrane receptor that is implicated in various developmental and physiological processes including cell polarity, cell migration, and invasion. Here, we examine two roles of Otk-1 and Otk-2 in patterning and neurogenesis. We find that Otk-1 is a positive regulator of signaling and Otk-2 functions as its inhibitor. We propose that PTK7/Otk functions in signaling, cell migration, and polarity contributing to the diversity of cellular responses seen in Wnt-mediated processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Hui Tan
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138527, Singapore (A.O.); (P.K.); (A.F.G.); (N.P.H.)
| | - Agimaa Otgonbaatar
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138527, Singapore (A.O.); (P.K.); (A.F.G.); (N.P.H.)
| | - Prameet Kaur
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138527, Singapore (A.O.); (P.K.); (A.F.G.); (N.P.H.)
| | - Angelica Faye Ga
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138527, Singapore (A.O.); (P.K.); (A.F.G.); (N.P.H.)
| | - Nathan P. Harmston
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138527, Singapore (A.O.); (P.K.); (A.F.G.); (N.P.H.)
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Molecular Biosciences Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Nicholas S. Tolwinski
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138527, Singapore (A.O.); (P.K.); (A.F.G.); (N.P.H.)
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qin K, Yu M, Fan J, Wang H, Zhao P, Zhao G, Zeng W, Chen C, Wang Y, Wang A, Schwartz Z, Hong J, Song L, Wagstaff W, Haydon RC, Luu HH, Ho SH, Strelzow J, Reid RR, He TC, Shi LL. Canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling: Multilayered mediators, signaling mechanisms and major signaling crosstalk. Genes Dis 2024; 11:103-134. [PMID: 37588235 PMCID: PMC10425814 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays a major role in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. The Wnt ligands are a family of 19 secreted glycoproteins that mediate their signaling effects via binding to Frizzled receptors and LRP5/6 coreceptors and transducing the signal either through β-catenin in the canonical pathway or through a series of other proteins in the noncanonical pathway. Many of the individual components of both canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling have additional functions throughout the body, establishing the complex interplay between Wnt signaling and other signaling pathways. This crosstalk between Wnt signaling and other pathways gives Wnt signaling a vital role in many cellular and organ processes. Dysregulation of this system has been implicated in many diseases affecting a wide array of organ systems, including cancer and embryological defects, and can even cause embryonic lethality. The complexity of this system and its interacting proteins have made Wnt signaling a target for many therapeutic treatments. However, both stimulatory and inhibitory treatments come with potential risks that need to be addressed. This review synthesized much of the current knowledge on the Wnt signaling pathway, beginning with the history of Wnt signaling. It thoroughly described the different variants of Wnt signaling, including canonical, noncanonical Wnt/PCP, and the noncanonical Wnt/Ca2+ pathway. Further description involved each of its components and their involvement in other cellular processes. Finally, this review explained the various other pathways and processes that crosstalk with Wnt signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Qin
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael Yu
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jiaming Fan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Piao Zhao
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Guozhi Zhao
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Interventional Neurology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523475, China
| | - Connie Chen
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Annie Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Department of Surgery Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Zander Schwartz
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Jeffrey Hong
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lily Song
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - William Wagstaff
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rex C. Haydon
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hue H. Luu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sherwin H. Ho
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jason Strelzow
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Russell R. Reid
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Department of Surgery Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Department of Surgery Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lewis L. Shi
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nemoto K, Masuko K, Fuse N, Kurata S. Dilp8 and its candidate receptor, Drl, are involved in the transdetermination of the Drosophila imaginal disc. Genes Cells 2023; 28:857-867. [PMID: 37817293 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila imaginal disc cells can change their identity under stress conditions through transdetermination (TD). Research on TD can help elucidate the in vivo process of cell fate conversion. We previously showed that the overexpression of winged eye (wge) induces eye-to-wing TD in the eye disc and that an insulin-like peptide, Dilp8, is then highly expressed in the disc. Although Dilp8 is known to mediate systemic developmental delay via the Lgr3 receptor, its role in TD remains unknown. This study showed that Dilp8 is expressed in specific cells that do not express eye or wing fate markers during Wge-mediated TD and that the loss of Dilp8 impairs the process of eye-to-wing transition. Thus, Dilp8 plays a pivotal role in the cell fate conversion under wge overexpression. Furthermore, we found that instead of Lgr3, another candidate receptor, Drl, is involved in Wge-mediated TD and acts locally in the eye disc cells. We propose a model in which Dilp8-Drl signaling organizes cell fate conversion in the imaginal disc during TD.
Collapse
Grants
- Japan Science Society
- Tohoku University Advanced Graduate School Pioneering Research Support Project
- 15J03403 JSPS KAKENHI
- 22J10423 JSPS KAKENHI
- 22KJ0220 JSPS KAKENHI
- 18016001 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan
- 18055003 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan
- 20052004 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan
- 25670019 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan
- Mitsubishi Foundation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Nemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keita Masuko
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Naoyuki Fuse
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Kurata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tzeng CP, Shen K. Wnt signaling and contact-mediated repulsion shape sensory dendritic fields. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.14.557812. [PMID: 37781584 PMCID: PMC10540810 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.14.557812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The complete and non-redundant coverage of sensory tissues by neighboring neurons enables effective detection of stimuli in the environment. How the neurites of adjacent neurons establish their boundaries to achieve this completeness in coverage remains incompletely understood. Here, we use distinct fluorescent reporters to study two neighboring sensory neurons with complex dendritic arbors, FLP and PVD, in C. elegans . We quantify the sizes of their dendritic fields, and identify CWN-2/Wnt and LIN-17/Frizzled as a ligand and receptor that regulate the relative dendritic field sizes of these two neurons. Loss of either cwn-2 or lin-17 results in complementary changes in the size of the dendritic fields of both neurons; the FLP arbor expands, while that of PVD shrinks. Using an endogenous knock-in mNeonGreen-CWN-2/Wnt, we find that CWN-2/Wnt is localized along the path of growing FLP dendrites. Dynamic imaging shows a significant braking of FLP dendrite growth upon CWN-2/Wnt contact. We find that LIN-17/Frizzled functions cell-autonomously in FLP to limit dendritic field size and propose that PVD fills the space left by FLP through contact-induced retraction. Our results reveal that interactions of dendrites with adjacent dendrites and with environmental cues both shape the boundaries of neighboring dendritic fields. Highlights ▫ Secreted Wnt CWN-2 and cell-autonomous activity of neuronal LIN-17/Frizzled receptors restrict FLP dendritic field sizes▫ Endogenously tagged CWN-2/Wnt is punctate and visible in the same plane of growing FLP dendrites▫ Growth of developing FLP dendrites is inhibited upon contact with extracellular CWN-2/Wnt and with PVD dendrites.
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun H, Wu M, Wang M, Zhang X, Zhu J. The regulatory role of endoplasmic reticulum chaperone proteins in neurodevelopment. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1032607. [DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1032607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest tubular reticular organelle spanning the cell. As the main site of protein synthesis, Ca2+ homeostasis maintenance and lipid metabolism, the ER plays a variety of essential roles in eukaryotic cells, with ER molecular chaperones participate in all these processes. In recent years, it has been reported that the abnormal expression of ER chaperones often leads to a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including abnormal neuronal migration, neuronal morphogenesis, and synaptic function. Neuronal development is a complex and precisely regulated process. Currently, the mechanism by which neural development is regulated at the ER level remains under investigation. Therefore, in this work, we reviewed the recent advances in the roles of ER chaperones in neural development and developmental disorders caused by the deficiency of these molecular chaperones.
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang L, Li GY, Li XY, Wu CY, Wang J, Song QS, Stanley D, Wei SJ, Zhu JY. The Wnt gene family in Tenebrio molitor and other coleopterans. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 111:e21915. [PMID: 35584033 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt gene family is involved in a wide range of developmental processes. Despite its significance, the evolution and function of Wnt genes remain largely unclear. Here, an exhaustive survey of Wnt genes was conducted in Tenebrio molitor and 17 other beetle genomes. A total of 146 Wnt genes were identified, creating a comprehensive coleopteran Wnt gene catalog. Comparative genomics indicates that dynamic evolutionary patterns of Wnt gene loss and duplication occurred in Coleoptera, leading to the diverse Wnt gene repertoire in various beetles. A striking loss of particular Wnt gene subfamilies occurs in Coleoptera. Remarkably, Wnt gene duplication was discovered for the first time in insects. Further analysis of Wnt gene expression in T. molitor indicates that each Wnt gene, including the duplicated ones, has a unique spatial or temporal expression pattern. The current study provides valuable insight into the evolution and functional validation of Wnt genes in Coleoptera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Guang-Ya Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Xing-Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Chao-Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Qi-Sheng Song
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - David Stanley
- USDA/ARS Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Shu-Jun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Ying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Peng L, Zhao Y. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling of the Wnt Gene Family in Three Rice Planthoppers: Sogatella furcifera, Laodelphax striatellus, and Nilaparvata lugens. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2022; 22:2. [PMID: 36082678 PMCID: PMC9459440 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt gene family plays essential roles in regulating many developmental processes, including the maintenance of stem cells, cell division, and cell migration. The number of Wnt genes varies among species. Due to the diversity and importance of their functions, the Wnt gene family has gained extensive research interest in various animal species from invertebrates to vertebrates. However, knowledge of the Wnt gene family is limited in rice planthoppers. Three planthopper species, the white-backed planthopper (Sogatella furcifera Horvath), the small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus Fallén) and the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), are devastating specialist pests of rice and cause serious damage to rice plants. To better study the evolution and function of the Wnt gene family in rice planthoppers, we identified 8 Wnt family genes in three rice planthoppers with both genomic and extensive transcriptomic resources available. We conducted a systematic analysis of the three kinds of rice planthoppers and analyzed the dynamic patterns of gene conservation, as well as Wnt gene loss and duplication. The expression profiles in different developmental stages of S. furcifera and different adult organs and tissues of L. striatellus provide preliminary functional implications for the Wnt genes in rice planthopper. This study presents the first genome-wide study of the Wnt gene family in rice planthoppers, and our findings provide insights into Wnt function and evolution in rice planthoppers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Peng
- Corresponding authors, e-mail: (L.P.), (Y.Z.)
| | - Yan Zhao
- Corresponding authors, e-mail: (L.P.), (Y.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zou Y. Inter-growth cone communications mediated by planar cell polarity pathway in axon guidance. Dev Biol 2022; 490:50-52. [PMID: 35788000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of exquisitely organized axonal projections is one of the greatest wonders of nervous system development. In addition to growing along stereotyped directions, axons join one another as they extend to form highly organized projections. Axon-axon interactions are essential for axon guidance during nervous system wiring. Axonal growth cones recognize cell surface guidance cues on axons and either grow along the axons or away from the axons. However, it is less well understood whether and how the growth cones communicate with each other and, if so, what do these interactions mean. Recent studies from our lab provided direct evidence that the growth cones do interact with each other during axon pathfinding. And this interaction is regulated by highly regulated protein-protein interactions among components of the planar cell polarity pathway. The disruption of these interactions lead to guidance defects and disorganization of axons. We propose that these local inter-growth cone PCP signaling reinforces and increases the sensitivity of the growth cone response to shallow Wnt gradients to turn in a precise and organized fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Zou
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cell polarity control by Wnt morphogens. Dev Biol 2022; 487:34-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
10
|
Rozen EJ, Shohet JM. Systematic review of the receptor tyrosine kinase superfamily in neuroblastoma pathophysiology. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:33-52. [PMID: 34716856 PMCID: PMC8924100 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-10001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroblastoma is a devastating disease accounting for 15% of all childhood cancer deaths. Yet, our understanding of key molecular drivers such as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in this pathology remains poorly clarified. Here, we provide a systematic analysis of the RTK superfamily in the context of neuroblastoma pathogenesis. METHODS Statistical correlations for all RTK family members' expression to neuroblastoma patient survival across 10 independent patient cohorts were annotated, synthesized, and ranked using the R2: Genomics Analysis and Visualization Platform. Gene expression of selected members across different cancer cell lines was further analyzed in the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia, part of the Cancer Dependency Map portal (depmap portal ( http://depmap.org )). Finally, we provide a detailed literature review for highly ranked candidates. RESULTS Our analysis defined two subsets of RTKs showing robust associations with either better or worse survival, constituting potential novel players in neuroblastoma pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapy. We review the available literature regarding the oncogenic functions of these RTKs, their roles in neuroblastoma pathophysiology, and potential utility as therapeutic targets. CONCLUSIONS Our systematic analysis and review of the RTK superfamily in neuroblastoma pathogenesis provides a new resource to guide the research community towards focused efforts investigating signaling pathways that contribute to neuroblastoma tumor establishment, growth, and/or aggressiveness and targeting these druggable molecules in novel therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Javier Rozen
- Department of Pediatrics, UMass Chan Medical School, Lazare Research Building LRB603, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
| | - Jason Matthew Shohet
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UMass Chan Medical School, Lazare Research Building LRB603, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Stoner ZA, Ketchum EM, Sheltz-Kempf S, Blinkiewicz PV, Elliott KL, Duncan JS. Fzd3 Expression Within Inner Ear Afferent Neurons Is Necessary for Central Pathfinding. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:779871. [PMID: 35153658 PMCID: PMC8828977 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.779871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During development the afferent neurons of the inner ear make precise wiring decisions in the hindbrain reflective of their topographic distribution in the periphery. This is critical for the formation of sensory maps capable of faithfully processing both auditory and vestibular input. Disorganized central projections of inner ear afferents in Fzd3 null mice indicate Wnt/PCP signaling is involved in this process and ear transplantation in Xenopus indicates that Fzd3 is necessary in the ear but not the hindbrain for proper afferent navigation. However, it remains unclear in which cell type of the inner ear Fzd3 expression is influencing the guidance of inner ear afferents to their proper synaptic targets in the hindbrain. We utilized Atoh1-cre and Neurod1-cre mouse lines to conditionally knockout Fzd3 within the mechanosensory hair cells of the organ of Corti and within the inner ear afferents, respectively. Following conditional deletion of Fzd3 within the hair cells, the central topographic distribution of inner ear afferents was maintained with no gross morphological defects. In contrast, conditional deletion of Fzd3 within inner ear afferents leads to central pathfinding defects of both cochlear and vestibular afferents. Here, we show that Fzd3 is acting in a cell autonomous manner within inner ear afferents to regulate central pathfinding within the hindbrain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A. Stoner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Ketchum
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Sydney Sheltz-Kempf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Paige V. Blinkiewicz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Karen L. Elliott
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Karen L. Elliott,
| | - Jeremy S. Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
- Jeremy S. Duncan,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The molecular complexes underlying planar cell polarity (PCP) were first identified in Drosophila through analysis of mutant phenotypes in the adult cuticle and the orientation of associated polarized protrusions such as wing hairs and sensory bristles. The same molecules are conserved in vertebrates and are required for the localization of polarized protrusions such as primary or sensory cilia and the orientation of hair follicles. Not only is PCP signaling required to align cellular structures across a tissue, it is also required to coordinate movement during embryonic development and adult homeostasis. PCP signaling allows cells to interpret positional cues within a tissue to move in the appropriate direction and to coordinate this movement with their neighbors. In this review we outline the molecular basis of the core Wnt-Frizzled/PCP pathway, and describe how this signaling orchestrates collective motility in Drosophila and vertebrates. Here we cover the paradigms of ommatidial rotation and border cell migration in Drosophila, and convergent extension in vertebrates. The downstream cell biological processes that underlie polarized motility include cytoskeletal reorganization, and adherens junctional and extracellular matrix remodeling. We discuss the contributions of these processes in the respective cell motility contexts. Finally, we address examples of individual cell motility guided by PCP factors during nervous system development and in cancer disease contexts.
Collapse
|
13
|
Shi F, Mendrola JM, Sheetz JB, Wu N, Sommer A, Speer KF, Noordermeer JN, Kan ZY, Perry K, Englander SW, Stayrook SE, Fradkin LG, Lemmon MA. ROR and RYK extracellular region structures suggest that receptor tyrosine kinases have distinct WNT-recognition modes. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109834. [PMID: 34686333 PMCID: PMC8650758 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
WNTs play key roles in development and disease, signaling through Frizzled (FZD) seven-pass transmembrane receptors and numerous co-receptors including ROR and RYK family receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). We describe crystal structures and WNT-binding characteristics of extracellular regions from the Drosophila ROR and RYK orthologs Nrk (neurospecific receptor tyrosine kinase) and Derailed-2 (Drl-2), which bind WNTs though a FZD-related cysteine-rich domain (CRD) and WNT-inhibitory factor (WIF) domain respectively. Our crystal structures suggest that neither Nrk nor Drl-2 can accommodate the acyl chain typically attached to WNTs. The Nrk CRD contains a deeply buried bound fatty acid, unlikely to be exchangeable. The Drl-2 WIF domain lacks the lipid-binding site seen in WIF-1. We also find that recombinant DWnt-5 can bind Drosophila ROR and RYK orthologs despite lacking an acyl chain. Alongside analyses of WNT/receptor interaction sites, our structures provide further insight into how WNTs may recruit RTK co-receptors into signaling complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumin Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jeannine M Mendrola
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joshua B Sheetz
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University West Campus, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Neo Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anselm Sommer
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University West Campus, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Kelsey F Speer
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine (Hematology-Oncology), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jasprina N Noordermeer
- Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Zhong-Yuan Kan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kay Perry
- NE-CAT, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - S Walter Englander
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Steven E Stayrook
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University West Campus, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Lee G Fradkin
- Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands; Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Mark A Lemmon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University West Campus, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ka C, Gautam S, Marshall SR, Tice LP, Martinez-Bartolome M, Fenner JL, Range RC. Receptor Tyrosine Kinases ror1/2 and ryk Are Co-expressed with Multiple Wnt Signaling Components During Early Development of Sea Urchin Embryos. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2021; 241:140-157. [PMID: 34706206 DOI: 10.1086/715237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
AbstractA combination of receptors, co-receptors, and secreted Wnt modulators form protein complexes at the cell surface that activate one or more of the three different Wnt signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, Wnt/JNK, and Wnt/Ca2+). Two or more of these pathways are often active in the same cellular territories, forming Wnt signaling networks; however, the molecular mechanisms necessary to integrate information from these pathways in these situations are unclear in any in vivo model system. Recent studies have implicated two Wnt binding receptor tyrosine kinases, receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor (Ror) and related-to-receptor tyrosine kinase (Ryk), in the regulation of canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways, depending on the context; however, the spatiotemporal expression of these genes in relation to Wnt signaling components has not been well characterized in most deuterostome model systems. Here we use a combination of phylogenetic and spatiotemporal gene expression analyses to characterize Ror and Ryk orthologs in sea urchin embryos. Our phylogenetic analysis indicates that both ror1/2 and ryk originated as single genes from the metazoan ancestor. Expression analyses indicate that ror1/2 and ryk are expressed in the same domains of many Wnt ligands and Frizzled receptors essential for the specification and patterning of germ layers along the early anterior-posterior axis. In addition, both genes are co-expressed with Wnt signaling components in the gut, ventral ectoderm, and anterior neuroectoderm territories later in development. Together, our results indicate that Ror and Ryk have a complex evolutionary history and that their spatiotemporal expression suggests that they could contribute to the complexity of Wnt signaling in early sea urchin embryogenesis.
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu S, Tang L, Zhao X, Nguyen B, Heallen TR, Li M, Wang J, Wang J, Martin JF. Yap Promotes Noncanonical Wnt Signals From Cardiomyocytes for Heart Regeneration. Circ Res 2021; 129:782-797. [PMID: 34424032 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.318966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Liu
- Cardiomyocyte Renewal Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (S.L., T.R.H., J.F.M.)
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (L.T., B.N., J.F.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX.,School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (L.T., Jianxin Wang)
| | - Xiaolei Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (X.Z., J.W.)
| | - Bao Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (L.T., B.N., J.F.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX
| | - Todd R Heallen
- Cardiomyocyte Renewal Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (S.L., T.R.H., J.F.M.)
| | | | - Jianxin Wang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (L.T., Jianxin Wang)
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (X.Z., J.W.)
| | - James F Martin
- Cardiomyocyte Renewal Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (S.L., T.R.H., J.F.M.).,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (L.T., B.N., J.F.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX.,Cardiovascular Research Institute (J.F.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ewen-Campen B, Comyn T, Vogt E, Perrimon N. No Evidence that Wnt Ligands Are Required for Planar Cell Polarity in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108121. [PMID: 32905771 PMCID: PMC7641474 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The frizzled (fz) and dishevelled (dsh) genes are highly conserved members of both the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway and the Wnt signaling pathway. Given these dual functions, several studies have examined whether Wnt ligands provide a tissue-scale orientation cue for PCP establishment during development, and these studies have reached differing conclusions. Here, we re-examine this issue in the Drosophila melanogaster wing and notum using split-Gal4 co-expression analysis, multiplex somatic CRISPR, and double RNAi experiments. Pairwise loss-of-function experiments targeting wg together with other Wnt genes, via somatic CRISPR or RNAi, do not produce PCP defects in the wing or notum. In addition, somatic CRISPR against evi (aka wntless), which is required for the secretion of Wnt ligands, did not produce detectable PCP phenotypes. Altogether, our results do not support the hypothesis that Wnt ligands contribute to PCP signaling in the Drosophila wing or notum. Previous studies have come to differing conclusions on whether Wnt ligands provide a tissue-level orientation cue for the planar cell polarity pathway. Ewen-Campen et al. re-examine this question in Drosophila using multiplex in vivo CRISPR and double RNAi against Wnt ligands and find no evidence that Wnts are required for PCP patterning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Ewen-Campen
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Typhaine Comyn
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric Vogt
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mark B, Lai SL, Zarin AA, Manning L, Pollington HQ, Litwin-Kumar A, Cardona A, Truman JW, Doe CQ. A developmental framework linking neurogenesis and circuit formation in the Drosophila CNS. eLife 2021; 10:67510. [PMID: 33973523 PMCID: PMC8139831 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms specifying neuronal diversity are well characterized, yet it remains unclear how or if these mechanisms regulate neural circuit assembly. To address this, we mapped the developmental origin of 160 interneurons from seven bilateral neural progenitors (neuroblasts) and identify them in a synapse-scale TEM reconstruction of the Drosophila larval central nervous system. We find that lineages concurrently build the sensory and motor neuropils by generating sensory and motor hemilineages in a Notch-dependent manner. Neurons in a hemilineage share common synaptic targeting within the neuropil, which is further refined based on neuronal temporal identity. Connectome analysis shows that hemilineage-temporal cohorts share common connectivity. Finally, we show that proximity alone cannot explain the observed connectivity structure, suggesting hemilineage/temporal identity confers an added layer of specificity. Thus, we demonstrate that the mechanisms specifying neuronal diversity also govern circuit formation and function, and that these principles are broadly applicable throughout the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Mark
- Institute of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| | - Sen-Lin Lai
- Institute of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| | - Aref Arzan Zarin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| | - Laurina Manning
- Institute of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| | - Heather Q Pollington
- Institute of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| | - Ashok Litwin-Kumar
- Mortimer B Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Albert Cardona
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James W Truman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, United States
| | - Chris Q Doe
- Institute of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
van Vliet AC, Lee J, van der Poel M, Mason MRJ, Noordermeer JN, Fradkin LG, Tannemaat MR, Malessy MJA, Verhaagen J, De Winter F. Coordinated changes in the expression of Wnt pathway genes following human and rat peripheral nerve injury. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249748. [PMID: 33848304 PMCID: PMC8043392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A human neuroma-in continuity (NIC), formed following a peripheral nerve lesion, impedes functional recovery. The molecular mechanisms that underlie the formation of a NIC are poorly understood. Here we show that the expression of multiple genes of the Wnt family, including Wnt5a, is changed in NIC tissue from patients that underwent reconstructive surgery. The role of Wnt ligands in NIC pathology and nerve regeneration is of interest because Wnt ligands are implicated in tissue regeneration, fibrosis, axon repulsion and guidance. The observations in NIC prompted us to investigate the expression of Wnt ligands in the injured rat sciatic nerve and in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). In the injured nerve, four gene clusters were identified with temporal expression profiles corresponding to particular phases of the regeneration process. In the DRG up- and down regulation of certain Wnt receptors suggests that nerve injury has an impact on the responsiveness of injured sensory neurons to Wnt ligands in the nerve. Immunohistochemistry showed that Schwann cells in the NIC and in the injured nerve are the source of Wnt5a, whereas the Wnt5a receptor Ryk is expressed by axons traversing the NIC. Taken together, these observations suggest a central role for Wnt signalling in peripheral nerve regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arie C. van Vliet
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jinhui Lee
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marlijn van der Poel
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew R. J. Mason
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lee G. Fradkin
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Martijn R. Tannemaat
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn J. A. Malessy
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fred De Winter
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ni Y, Liu B, Wu X, Liu J, Ba R, Zhao C. FOXG1 Directly Suppresses Wnt5a During the Development of the Hippocampus. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:298-310. [PMID: 33389683 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway plays key roles in various developmental processes. Wnt5a, which activates the non-canonical pathway, has been shown to be particularly important for axon guidance and outgrowth as well as dendrite morphogenesis. However, the mechanism underlying the regulation of Wnt5a remains unclear. Here, through conditional disruption of Foxg1 in hippocampal progenitors and postmitotic neurons achieved by crossing Foxg1fl/fl with Emx1-Cre and Nex-Cre, respectively, we found that Wnt5a rather than Wnt3a/Wnt2b was markedly upregulated. Overexpression of Foxg1 had the opposite effects along with decreased dendritic complexity and reduced mossy fibers in the hippocampus. We further demonstrated that FOXG1 directly repressed Wnt5a by binding to its promoter and one enhancer site. These results expand our knowledge of the interaction between Foxg1 and Wnt signaling and help elucidate the mechanisms underlying hippocampal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiaojing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Junhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ru Ba
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chunjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wnt Signaling Regulates Ipsilateral Pathfinding in the Zebrafish Forebrain through slit3. Neuroscience 2020; 449:9-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
21
|
Morenilla-Palao C, López-Cascales MT, López-Atalaya JP, Baeza D, Calvo-Díaz L, Barco A, Herrera E. A Zic2-regulated switch in a noncanonical Wnt/βcatenin pathway is essential for the formation of bilateral circuits. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/46/eaaz8797. [PMID: 33188033 PMCID: PMC7673756 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz8797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt pathway is involved in a wide array of biological processes during development and is deregulated in many pathological scenarios. In neurons, Wnt proteins promote both axon extension and repulsion, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these opposing axonal responses are unknown. Here, we show that Wnt5a is expressed at the optic chiasm midline and promotes the crossing of retinal axons by triggering an alternative Wnt pathway that depends on the accumulation of βcatenin but does not activate the canonical pathway. In ipsilateral neurons, the transcription factor Zic2 switches this alternative Wnt pathway by regulating the expression of a set of Wnt receptors and intracellular proteins. In combination with this alternative Wnt pathway, the asymmetric activation of EphB1 receptors at the midline phosphorylates βcatenin and elicits a repulsive response. This alternative Wnt pathway and its Zic2-triggered switch may operate in other contexts that require a two-way response to Wnt ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cruz Morenilla-Palao
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Campus San Juan, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - María Teresa López-Cascales
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Campus San Juan, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - José P López-Atalaya
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Campus San Juan, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - Diana Baeza
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Campus San Juan, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - Luís Calvo-Díaz
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Campus San Juan, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - Angel Barco
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Campus San Juan, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - Eloísa Herrera
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Campus San Juan, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Alicante 03550, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang S, Roy JP, Tomlinson AJ, Wang EB, Tsai YH, Cameron L, Underwood J, Spence JR, Walton KD, Stacker SA, Gumucio DL, Lechler T. RYK-mediated filopodial pathfinding facilitates midgut elongation. Development 2020; 147:dev.195388. [PMID: 32994164 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Between embryonic days 10.5 and 14.5, active proliferation drives rapid elongation of the murine midgut epithelial tube. Within this pseudostratified epithelium, nuclei synthesize DNA near the basal surface and move apically to divide. After mitosis, the majority of daughter cells extend a long, basally oriented filopodial protrusion, building a de novo path along which their nuclei can return to the basal side. WNT5A, which is secreted by surrounding mesenchymal cells, acts as a guidance cue to orchestrate this epithelial pathfinding behavior, but how this signal is received by epithelial cells is unknown. Here, we have investigated two known WNT5A receptors: ROR2 and RYK. We found that epithelial ROR2 is dispensable for midgut elongation. However, loss of Ryk phenocopies the Wnt5a -/- phenotype, perturbing post-mitotic pathfinding and leading to apoptosis. These studies reveal that the ligand-receptor pair WNT5A-RYK acts as a navigation system to instruct filopodial pathfinding, a process that is crucial for continuous cell cycling to fuel rapid midgut elongation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sha Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - James P Roy
- Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Abigail J Tomlinson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ellen B Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yu-Hwai Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lisa Cameron
- Light Microscopy Core Facility, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Julie Underwood
- Department of Dermatology and Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Katherine D Walton
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Steven A Stacker
- Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Deborah L Gumucio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Terry Lechler
- Department of Dermatology and Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Han X, Wang M, Liu C, Trush O, Takayama R, Akiyama T, Naito T, Tomomizu T, Imamura K, Sato M. DWnt4 and DWnt10 Regulate Morphogenesis and Arrangement of Columnar Units via Fz2/PCP Signaling in the Drosophila Brain. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108305. [PMID: 33113378 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Columns are structural and functional units of the brain. However, the mechanism of column formation remains unclear. The medulla of the fly visual center shares features with the mammalian cerebral cortex, such as columnar and layered structures, and provides a good opportunity to study the mechanisms of column formation. Column formation is initiated by three core neurons in the medulla, namely, Mi1, R8, and R7. The proper orientation of neurons is required for the orientation and arrangement of multiple columns. Their orientations may be under the control of planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling, because it is known to regulate the orientation of cells in two-dimensional tissue structures. In this study, we demonstrate that the ligands DWnt4 and DWnt10 expressed specifically in the ventral medulla and dorsal medulla, respectively, globally regulate the columnar arrangement and orientation of Mi1 and R8 terminals through Fz2/PCP signaling in a three-dimensional space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xujun Han
- Mathematical Neuroscience Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan; Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Miaoxing Wang
- Mathematical Neuroscience Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Chuyan Liu
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Olena Trush
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Rie Takayama
- Mathematical Neuroscience Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Takaaki Akiyama
- Division of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Toshiki Naito
- Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tomomizu
- Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Kousuke Imamura
- Faculty of Electrical, Information and Communication Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Makoto Sato
- Mathematical Neuroscience Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
LRRK2 mediates axon development by regulating Frizzled3 phosphorylation and growth cone-growth cone communication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18037-18048. [PMID: 32641508 PMCID: PMC7395514 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921878117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon-axon interactions are essential for axon guidance during nervous system wiring. However, it is unknown whether and how the growth cones communicate with each other while sensing and responding to guidance cues. We found that the Parkinson's disease gene, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), has an unexpected role in growth cone-growth cone communication. The LRRK2 protein acts as a scaffold and induces Frizzled3 hyperphosphorylation indirectly by recruiting other kinases and also directly phosphorylates Frizzled3 on threonine 598 (T598). In LRRK1 or LRRK2 single knockout, LRRK1/2 double knockout, and LRRK2 G2019S knockin, the postcrossing spinal cord commissural axons are disorganized and showed anterior-posterior guidance errors after midline crossing. Growth cones from either LRRK2 knockout or G2019S knockin mice showed altered interactions, suggesting impaired communication. Intercellular interaction between Frizzled3 and Vangl2 is essential for planar cell polarity signaling. We show here that this interaction is regulated by phosphorylation of Frizzled3 at T598 and can be regulated by LRRK2 in a kinase activity-dependent way. In the LRRK1/2 double knockout or LRRK2 G2019S knockin, the dopaminergic axon bundle in the midbrain was significantly widened and appeared disorganized, showing aberrant posterior-directed growth. Our findings demonstrate that LRRK2 regulates growth cone-growth cone communication in axon guidance and that both loss-of-function mutation and a gain-of-function mutation (G2019S) cause axon guidance defects in development.
Collapse
|
25
|
Hing H, Reger N, Snyder J, Fradkin LG. Interplay between axonal Wnt5-Vang and dendritic Wnt5-Drl/Ryk signaling controls glomerular patterning in the Drosophila antennal lobe. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008767. [PMID: 32357156 PMCID: PMC7219789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of dendritic targeting in neural circuit assembly, the mechanisms by which it is controlled still remain incompletely understood. We previously showed that in the developing Drosophila antennal lobe, the Wnt5 protein forms a gradient that directs the ~45˚ rotation of a cluster of projection neuron (PN) dendrites, including the adjacent DA1 and VA1d dendrites. We report here that the Van Gogh (Vang) transmembrane planar cell polarity (PCP) protein is required for the rotation of the DA1/VA1d dendritic pair. Cell type-specific rescue and mosaic analyses showed that Vang functions in the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), suggesting a codependence of ORN axonal and PN dendritic targeting. Loss of Vang suppressed the repulsion of the VA1d dendrites by Wnt5, indicating that Wnt5 signals through Vang to direct the rotation of the DA1 and VA1d glomeruli. We observed that the Derailed (Drl)/Ryk atypical receptor tyrosine kinase is also required for the rotation of the DA1/VA1d dendritic pair. Antibody staining showed that Drl/Ryk is much more highly expressed by the DA1 dendrites than the adjacent VA1d dendrites. Mosaic and epistatic analyses showed that Drl/Ryk specifically functions in the DA1 dendrites in which it antagonizes the Wnt5-Vang repulsion and mediates the migration of the DA1 glomerulus towards Wnt5. Thus, the nascent DA1 and VA1d glomeruli appear to exhibit Drl/Ryk-dependent biphasic responses to Wnt5. Our work shows that the final patterning of the fly olfactory map is the result of an interplay between ORN axons and PN dendrites, wherein converging pre- and postsynaptic processes contribute key Wnt5 signaling components, allowing Wnt5 to orient the rotation of nascent synapses through a PCP mechanism. During brain development, the processes of nerve cells, axons and dendrites, grow over long distances to find and connect with each other to form synapses in precise locations. Understanding the mechanisms that control the growth of these neurites is important for understanding normal brain functions like neuronal plasticity and neural diseases like autism. Although much progress has been made by studying the development of axons and dendrites separately, the mechanisms that guide neuronal processes to their final locations are still incompletely understood. In particular, careful observation of converging pre- and postsynaptic processes suggests that their targeting may be coordinated. Whether the final targeting of axons and dendrites are functionally linked and what molecular mechanisms may be involved are unknown. In this paper we show that, in the developing Drosophila olfactory circuit, coalescing axons and dendrites respond to the extracellular Wnt5 signal in a codependent manner. We demonstrate that the converging axons and dendrites contribute different signaling components to the Wnt5 pathway, the Vang Gogh and Derailed transmembrane receptors respectively, which allow Wnt5 to coordinately guide the targeting of the neurites. Our work thus reveals a novel mechanism of neural circuit patterning and the molecular mechanism that controls it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huey Hing
- Department of Biology, State University of New York at Brockport, Brockport, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Noah Reger
- Department of Biology, State University of New York at Brockport, Brockport, NY, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Snyder
- Department of Biology, State University of New York at Brockport, Brockport, NY, United States of America
| | - Lee G. Fradkin
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Harada H, Charish J, Monnier PP. Emerging evidence for cell-autonomous axon guidance. Dev Growth Differ 2020; 62:391-397. [PMID: 32279322 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Current models of axon guidance within the central nervous system (CNS) involve the presentation of environmental cues to navigating growth cones. The surrounding and target tissues present a variety of ligands that either restrict or promote growth, thus providing pathfinding instructions to developing axons. Recent findings show that RGMb, a GPI anchored extracellular protein present on retinal ganglion cells, down-regulates Wnt3a signaling by lowering LRP5 levels at the membrane surface. When RGMb is phosphorylated by the extracellular tyrosine kinase VLK, phosphorylated RGMb (p-RGMb) is internalized and carries LRP5 towards intracellular compartments. In the eye, a dorsal-high ventral-low gradient of VLK generates a dorsal-low ventral-high gradient of LRP5 that modulates Wnt3a signaling. These molecules, which are all expressed by individual RGCs, generate Wnt-signal gradients along the dorso-ventral axis of the retina, resulting in differential axon growth which in turn regulates proper retino-tectal/collicular map formation. This pathway represents a regulatory mechanism whereby extracellular phosphorylation generates what may be the first example of a unique self-guiding mechanism that affects neuronal-target connections independent of paracrine signals from the surrounding target tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidekiyo Harada
- Vision Division, Krembil Research Institute, Krembil Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason Charish
- Vision Division, Krembil Research Institute, Krembil Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philippe P Monnier
- Vision Division, Krembil Research Institute, Krembil Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hunter GL, Giniger E. Phosphorylation and Proteolytic Cleavage of Notch in Canonical and Noncanonical Notch Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1227:51-68. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36422-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
28
|
Roig-Puiggros S, Vigouroux RJ, Beckman D, Bocai NI, Chiou B, Davimes J, Gomez G, Grassi S, Hoque A, Karikari TK, Kiffer F, Lopez M, Lunghi G, Mazengenya P, Meier S, Olguín-Albuerne M, Oliveira MM, Paraíso-Luna J, Pradhan J, Radiske A, Ramos-Hryb AB, Ribeiro MC, Schellino R, Selles MC, Singh S, Theotokis P, Chédotal A. Construction and reconstruction of brain circuits: normal and pathological axon guidance. J Neurochem 2019; 153:10-32. [PMID: 31630412 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Perception of our environment entirely depends on the close interaction between the central and peripheral nervous system. In order to communicate each other, both systems must develop in parallel and in coordination. During development, axonal projections from the CNS as well as the PNS must extend over large distances to reach their appropriate target cells. To do so, they read and follow a series of axon guidance molecules. Interestingly, while these molecules play critical roles in guiding developing axons, they have also been shown to be critical in other major neurodevelopmental processes, such as the migration of cortical progenitors. Currently, a major hurdle for brain repair after injury or neurodegeneration is the absence of axonal regeneration in the mammalian CNS. By contrasts, PNS axons can regenerate. Many hypotheses have been put forward to explain this paradox but recent studies suggest that hacking neurodevelopmental mechanisms may be the key to promote CNS regeneration. Here we provide a seminar report written by trainees attending the second Flagship school held in Alpbach, Austria in September 2018 organized by the International Society for Neurochemistry (ISN) together with the Journal of Neurochemistry (JCN). This advanced school has brought together leaders in the fields of neurodevelopment and regeneration in order to discuss major keystones and future challenges in these respective fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin J Vigouroux
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Danielle Beckman
- California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Nadia I Bocai
- Laboratory of Amyloidosis and Neurodegeneration, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Brian Chiou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joshua Davimes
- Faculty of Health Sciences School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gimena Gomez
- Laboratorio de Parkinson Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA-CONICET-UBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sara Grassi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ashfaqul Hoque
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas K Karikari
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Midlands Integrative Biosciences Training Partnership, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Frederico Kiffer
- Division of Radiation Health, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary Lopez
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Giulia Lunghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicin, University of Milano, Segrate, Italy
| | - Pedzisai Mazengenya
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sonja Meier
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mauricio Olguín-Albuerne
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mauricio M Oliveira
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juan Paraíso-Luna
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Health Research (IRYCIS), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and University Research Institute in Neurochemistry (IUIN), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonu Pradhan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andressa Radiske
- Memory Research Laboratory, Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Ana Belén Ramos-Hryb
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Grupo de Neurociencia de Sistemas, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica (IFIBIO) Bernardo Houssay, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mayara C Ribeiro
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Roberta Schellino
- Neuroscience Department "Rita Levi-Montalcini" and Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Clara Selles
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Shripriya Singh
- System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhao C, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Shen J, Jiang L, Sheng G, Zhang W, Xu L, Jiang K, Mao S, Jiang P, Gao F. β-Catenin Controls the Electrophysiologic Properties of Skeletal Muscle Cells by Regulating the α2 Isoform of Na +/K +-ATPase. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:831. [PMID: 31440132 PMCID: PMC6693565 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Catenin is a key component of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. It has been shown to have an important role in formation of the neuromuscular junction. Our previous studies showed that in the absence of β-catenin, the resting membrane potential (RMP) is depolarized in muscle cells and expression of the α2 subunit of sodium/potassium adenosine triphosphatase (α2NKA) is reduced. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we investigated the electrophysiologic properties of a primary cell line derived from mouse myoblasts (C2C12 cells) that were transfected with small-interfering RNAs and over-expressed plasmids targeting β-catenin. We found that the RMP was depolarized in β-catenin knocked-down C2C12 cells and was unchanged in β-catenin over-expressed muscle cells. An action potential (AP) was not released by knockdown or over-expression of β-catenin. α2NKA expression was reduced by β-catenin knockdown, and increased by β-catenin over-expression. We showed that β-catenin could interact physically with α2NKA (but not with α1NKA) in muscle cells. NKA activity and α2NKA content in the cell membranes of skeletal muscle cells were modulated positively by β-catenin. These results suggested that β-catenin (at least in part) regulates the RMP and AP in muscle cells, and does so by regulating α2NKA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Congying Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yonglin Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jue Shen
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoxia Sheng
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiqin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kewen Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Biobank, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Mao
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Scientific Research Office, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peifang Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhu S, Chen R, Soba P, Jan YN. JNK signaling coordinates with ecdysone signaling to promote pruning of Drosophila sensory neuron dendrites. Development 2019; 146:dev.163592. [PMID: 30936183 DOI: 10.1242/dev.163592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Developmental pruning of axons and dendrites is crucial for the formation of precise neuronal connections, but the mechanisms underlying developmental pruning are not fully understood. Here, we have investigated the function of JNK signaling in dendrite pruning using Drosophila class IV dendritic arborization (c4da) neurons as a model. We find that loss of JNK or its canonical downstream effectors Jun or Fos led to dendrite-pruning defects in c4da neurons. Interestingly, our data show that JNK activity in c4da neurons remains constant from larval to pupal stages but the expression of Fos is specifically activated by ecdysone receptor B1 (EcRB1) at early pupal stages, suggesting that ecdysone signaling provides temporal control of the regulation of dendrite pruning by JNK signaling. Thus, our work not only identifies a novel pathway involved in dendrite pruning and a new downstream target of EcRB1 in c4da neurons, but also reveals that JNK and Ecdysone signaling coordinate to promote dendrite pruning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijun Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA .,Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 20251, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Peter Soba
- Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 20251, USA.,Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yuh-Nung Jan
- Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 20251, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ye X, Qiu Y, Gao Y, Wan D, Zhu H. A Subtle Network Mediating Axon Guidance: Intrinsic Dynamic Structure of Growth Cone, Attractive and Repulsive Molecular Cues, and the Intermediate Role of Signaling Pathways. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:1719829. [PMID: 31097955 PMCID: PMC6487106 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1719829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental feature of both early nervous system development and axon regeneration is the guidance of axonal projections to their targets in order to assemble neural circuits that control behavior. In the navigation process where the nerves grow toward their targets, the growth cones, which locate at the tips of axons, sense the environment surrounding them, including varies of attractive or repulsive molecular cues, then make directional decisions to adjust their navigation journey. The turning ability of a growth cone largely depends on its highly dynamic skeleton, where actin filaments and microtubules play a very important role in its motility. In this review, we summarize some possible mechanisms underlying growth cone motility, relevant molecular cues, and signaling pathways in axon guidance of previous studies and discuss some questions regarding directions for further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiyue Ye
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacological Evaluation, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center for Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yan Qiu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacological Evaluation, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center for Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuqing Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacological Evaluation, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center for Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dong Wan
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Huifeng Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacological Evaluation, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center for Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Seroka AQ, Doe CQ. The Hunchback temporal transcription factor determines motor neuron axon and dendrite targeting in Drosophila. Development 2019; 146:dev175570. [PMID: 30890568 PMCID: PMC6467472 DOI: 10.1242/dev.175570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The generation of neuronal diversity is essential for circuit formation and behavior. Morphological differences in sequentially born neurons could be due to intrinsic molecular identity specified by temporal transcription factors (henceforth called intrinsic temporal identity) or due to changing extrinsic cues. Here, we have used the Drosophila NB7-1 lineage to address this issue. NB7-1 generates the U1-U5 motor neurons sequentially; each has a distinct intrinsic temporal identity due to inheritance of different temporal transcription factors at its time of birth. We show that the U1-U5 neurons project axons sequentially, followed by sequential dendrite extension. We misexpressed the earliest temporal transcription factor, Hunchback, to create 'ectopic' U1 neurons with an early intrinsic temporal identity but later birth-order. These ectopic U1 neurons have axon muscle targeting and dendrite neuropil targeting that are consistent with U1 intrinsic temporal identity, rather than with their time of birth or differentiation. We conclude that intrinsic temporal identity plays a major role in establishing both motor axon muscle targeting and dendritic arbor targeting, which are required for proper motor circuit development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Austin Q Seroka
- Institute of Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Chris Q Doe
- Institute of Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kerekes K, Bányai L, Trexler M, Patthy L. Structure, function and disease relevance of Wnt inhibitory factor 1, a secreted protein controlling the Wnt and hedgehog pathways. Growth Factors 2019; 37:29-52. [PMID: 31210071 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2019.1626380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Wnts and Hedgehogs (Hh) are large, lipid-modified extracellular morphogens that play key roles in embryonic development and stem cell proliferation of Metazoa. Both morphogens signal through heptahelical Frizzled-type receptors of the G-Protein Coupled Receptor family and there are several other similarities that suggest a common evolutionary origin of the Hh and Wnt pathways. There is evidence that the secreted protein, Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (WIF1) modulates the activity of both Wnts and Hhs and may thus contribute to the intertwining of these pathways. In this article, we review the structure, evolution, molecular interactions and functions of WIF1 with major emphasis on its role in carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Kerekes
- a Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - László Bányai
- a Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Mária Trexler
- a Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - László Patthy
- a Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling of Wnt Family Genes in the Silkworm, Bombyx mori. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051221. [PMID: 30862048 PMCID: PMC6429082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt is a family of conserved glycoproteins that participate in a variety of important biological processes including embryo development, cell proliferation and differentiation, and tissue regeneration. The Wnt family is a metazoan novelty found in all animal phyla. Studies have revealed that the number of Wnt genes varies among species, presumably due to reproduction and loss of genes during evolution. However, a comprehensive inventory of Wnt genes in Lepidoptera is lacking. In this study, we identified the repertoire of Wnt genes in the silkworm and seven other species of Lepidoptera and obtained eight Wnt genes (Wnt1, Wnt5–Wnt7, Wnt9–Wnt11, and WntA) in each species. Four of these Wnt genes are clustered in two orientations (5′-Wnt9-Wnt1-Wnt6-Wnt10-3′ and 5′-Wnt10-Wnt6-Wnt1-Wnt9-3′) in both moths and butterflies. Transcript analysis of Wnt in silkworm embryonic stages showed that each BmWnt gene had a unique expression pattern during embryological development. Analysis of a larval stage revealed differential expression of Wnt family members in diverse tissues. Our study provides an overview of the Wnt family in Lepidoptera and will inspire further functional study of the Wnt genes in the silkworm.
Collapse
|
35
|
Torpe N, Gopal S, Baltaci O, Rella L, Handley A, Korswagen HC, Pocock R. A Protein Disulfide Isomerase Controls Neuronal Migration through Regulation of Wnt Secretion. Cell Rep 2019; 26:3183-3190.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
|
36
|
Ortiz-Matamoros A, Arias C. Differential Changes in the Number and Morphology of the New Neurons after Chronic Infusion of Wnt7a, Wnt5a, and Dkk-1 in the Adult Hippocampus In Vivo. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:1647-1657. [PMID: 30635974 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the adult hippocampus of many mammals, a particular microenvironment in the neurogenic niche regulates the proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation of neuronal stem cells. In this proliferative niche, a variety of molecules provide a finely regulated molecular signaling that controls stem cell properties. During development, Wnt signaling has been implicated in cell fate determination and proliferation, in the establishment of cell polarity, as well as a cue for axonal growth and dendrite orientation. In the adult brain, this pathway also participates in the stem cell self-renewal and neuronal differentiation. However, the effects of the chronic Wnt signaling modulation in the adult hippocampus, through the infusion of Wnt7a, Wnt5a, and Dkk-1, on the rate of neurogenesis and on the induction of neurite arborization have not been studied. In this study, we show that Wnt7a and Wn5a further increased the rate of newly generated neurons. However, Wnt5a exerted additional effects by promoting neurite growth and neurite misorientation in the dentate gyrus of adult rats. The chronic exposure to Dkk-1 also generated aberrant location of growing neurites. These results suggest that the interplay of canonical and non-canonical Wnt ligands participates in neuronal stem cell proliferation and in the establishment of proper neurite maturation. Anat Rec, 302:1647-1657, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abril Ortiz-Matamoros
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, AP, Mexico
| | - Clorinda Arias
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, AP, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Donato A, Kagias K, Zhang Y, Hilliard MA. Neuronal sub-compartmentalization: a strategy to optimize neuronal function. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1023-1037. [PMID: 30609235 PMCID: PMC6617802 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are highly polarized cells that consist of three main structural and functional domains: a cell body or soma, an axon, and dendrites. These domains contain smaller compartments with essential roles for proper neuronal function, such as the axonal presynaptic boutons and the dendritic postsynaptic spines. The structure and function of these compartments have now been characterized in great detail. Intriguingly, however, in the last decade additional levels of compartmentalization within the axon and the dendrites have been identified, revealing that these structures are much more complex than previously thought. Herein we examine several types of structural and functional sub-compartmentalization found in neurons of both vertebrates and invertebrates. For example, in mammalian neurons the axonal initial segment functions as a sub-compartment to initiate the action potential, to select molecules passing into the axon, and to maintain neuronal polarization. Moreover, work in Drosophila melanogaster has shown that two distinct axonal guidance receptors are precisely clustered in adjacent segments of the commissural axons both in vivo and in vitro, suggesting a cell-intrinsic mechanism underlying the compartmentalized receptor localization. In Caenorhabditis elegans, a subset of interneurons exhibits calcium dynamics that are localized to specific sections of the axon and control the gait of navigation, demonstrating a regulatory role of compartmentalized neuronal activity in behaviour. These findings have led to a number of new questions, which are important for our understanding of neuronal development and function. How are these sub-compartments established and maintained? What molecular machinery and cellular events are involved? What is their functional significance for the neuron? Here, we reflect on these and other key questions that remain to be addressed in this expanding field of biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Donato
- Clem Jones Centre for Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Konstantinos Kagias
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A
| | - Massimo A Hilliard
- Clem Jones Centre for Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
He CW, Liao CP, Chen CK, Teulière J, Chen CH, Pan CL. The polarity protein VANG-1 antagonizes Wnt signaling by facilitating Frizzled endocytosis. Development 2018; 145:dev.168666. [PMID: 30504124 DOI: 10.1242/dev.168666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Signaling that instructs the migration of neurons needs to be tightly regulated to ensure precise positioning of neurons and subsequent wiring of the neuronal circuits. Wnt-Frizzled signaling controls neuronal migration in metazoans, in addition to many other aspects of neural development. We show that Caenorhabditis elegans VANG-1, a membrane protein that acts in the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, antagonizes Wnt signaling by facilitating endocytosis of the Frizzled receptors. Mutations of vang-1 suppress migration defects of multiple classes of neurons in the Frizzled mutants, and overexpression of vang-1 causes neuronal migration defects similar to those of the Frizzled mutants. Our genetic experiments suggest that VANG-1 facilitates Frizzled endocytosis through β-arrestin2. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments indicate that Frizzled proteins and VANG-1 form a complex, and this physical interaction requires the Frizzled cysteine-rich domain. Our work reveals a novel mechanism mediated by the PCP protein VANG-1 that downregulates Wnt signaling through Frizzled endocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei He
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Po Liao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Kuan Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Jérôme Teulière
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3204, USA
| | - Chun-Hao Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Liang Pan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Heliste J, Jokilammi A, Paatero I, Chakroborty D, Stark C, Savunen T, Laaksonen M, Elenius K. Receptor tyrosine kinase profiling of ischemic heart identifies ROR1 as a potential therapeutic target. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2018; 18:196. [PMID: 30342492 PMCID: PMC6196006 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-018-0933-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) are potential targets for the treatment of ischemic heart disease. The human RTK family consists of 55 members, most of which have not yet been characterized for expression or activity in the ischemic heart. METHODS RTK gene expression was analyzed from human heart samples representing healthy tissue, acute myocardial infarction or ischemic cardiomyopathy. As an experimental model, pig heart with ischemia-reperfusion injury, caused by cardiopulmonary bypass, was used, from which phosphorylation status of RTKs was assessed with a phospho-RTK array. Expression and function of one RTK, ROR1, was further validated in pig tissue samples, and in HL-1 cardiomyocytes and H9c2 cardiomyoblasts, exposed to hypoxia and reoxygenation. ROR1 protein level was analyzed by Western blotting. Cell viability after ROR1 siRNA knockdown or activation with Wnt-5a ligand was assessed by MTT assays. RESULTS In addition to previously characterized RTKs, a group of novel active and regulated RTKs was detected in the ischemic heart. ROR1 was the most significantly upregulated RTK in human ischemic cardiomyopathy. However, ROR1 phosphorylation was suppressed in the pig model of ischemia-reperfusion and ROR1 phosphorylation and expression were down-regulated in HL-1 cardiomyocytes subjected to short-term hypoxia in vitro. ROR1 expression in the pig heart was confirmed on protein and mRNA level. Functionally, ROR1 activity was associated with reduced viability of HL-1 cardiomyocytes in both normoxia and during hypoxia-reoxygenation. CONCLUSIONS Several novel RTKs were found to be regulated in expression or activity in ischemic heart. ROR1 was one of the most significantly regulated RTKs. The in vitro findings suggest a role for ROR1 as a potential target for the treatment of ischemic heart injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juho Heliste
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FIN-20520, Turku, Finland.,Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Jokilammi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FIN-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Paatero
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FIN-20520, Turku, Finland.,Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Deepankar Chakroborty
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FIN-20520, Turku, Finland.,Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Christoffer Stark
- Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Timo Savunen
- Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Klaus Elenius
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FIN-20520, Turku, Finland. .,Medicity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. .,Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
He CW, Liao CP, Pan CL. Wnt signalling in the development of axon, dendrites and synapses. Open Biol 2018; 8:rsob.180116. [PMID: 30282660 PMCID: PMC6223216 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnts are a highly conserved family of secreted glycoproteins that play essential roles in the morphogenesis and body patterning during the development of metazoan species. In recent years, mounting evidence has revealed important functions of Wnt signalling in diverse aspects of neural development, including neuronal polarization, guidance and branching of the axon and dendrites, as well as synapse formation and its structural remodelling. In contrast to Wnt signalling in cell proliferation and differentiation, which mostly acts through β-catenin-dependent pathways, Wnts engage a diverse array of non-transcriptional cascades in neuronal development, such as the planar cell polarity, cytoskeletal or calcium signalling pathways. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the mechanisms of Wnt signalling in the development of axon, dendrite and synapse formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei He
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chien-Po Liao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Liang Pan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan, Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Park EC, Rongo C. RPM-1 and DLK-1 regulate pioneer axon outgrowth by controlling Wnt signaling. Development 2018; 145:dev.164897. [PMID: 30093552 DOI: 10.1242/dev.164897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Axons must correctly reach their targets for proper nervous system function, although we do not fully understand the underlying mechanism, particularly for the first 'pioneer' axons. In C. elegans, AVG is the first neuron to extend an axon along the ventral midline, and this pioneer axon facilitates the proper extension and guidance of follower axons that comprise the ventral nerve cord. Here, we show that the ubiquitin ligase RPM-1 prevents the overgrowth of the AVG axon by repressing the activity of the DLK-1/p38 MAPK pathway. Unlike in damaged neurons, where this pathway activates CEBP-1, we find that RPM-1 and the DLK-1 pathway instead regulate the response to extracellular Wnt cues in developing AVG axons. The Wnt LIN-44 promotes the posterior growth of the AVG axon. In the absence of RPM-1 activity, AVG becomes responsive to a different Wnt, EGL-20, through a mechanism that appears to be independent of canonical Fz-type receptors. Our results suggest that RPM-1 and the DLK-1 pathway regulate axon guidance and growth by preventing Wnt signaling crosstalk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Chan Park
- The Waksman Institute, Department of Genetics, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Christopher Rongo
- The Waksman Institute, Department of Genetics, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Pei J, Kinch LN, Grishin NV. FlyXCDB—A Resource for Drosophila Cell Surface and Secreted Proteins and Their Extracellular Domains. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3353-3411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
43
|
Grainger S, Willert K. Mechanisms of Wnt signaling and control. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 10:e1422. [PMID: 29600540 PMCID: PMC6165711 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is a highly conserved system that regulates complex biological processes across all metazoan species. At the cellular level, secreted Wnt proteins serve to break symmetry and provide cells with positional information that is critical to the patterning of the entire body plan. At the organismal level, Wnt signals are employed to orchestrate fundamental developmental processes, including the specification of the anterior-posterior body axis, induction of the primitive streak and ensuing gastrulation movements, and the generation of cell and tissue diversity. Wnt functions extend into adulthood where they regulate stem cell behavior, tissue homeostasis, and damage repair. Disruption of Wnt signaling activity during embryonic development or in adults results in a spectrum of abnormalities and diseases, including cancer. The molecular mechanisms that underlie the myriad of Wnt-regulated biological effects have been the subject of intense research for over three decades. This review is intended to summarize our current understanding of how Wnt signals are generated and interpreted. This article is categorized under: Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling Developmental Biology > Stem Cell Biology and Regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Grainger
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla California
| | - Karl Willert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla California
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kugathasan K, Halford MM, Farlie PG, Bates D, Smith DP, Zhang YF, Roy JP, Macheda ML, Zhang D, Wilkinson JL, Kirby ML, Newgreen DF, Stacker SA. Deficiency of the Wnt receptor Ryk causes multiple cardiac and outflow tract defects. Growth Factors 2018; 36:58-68. [PMID: 30035654 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2018.1491848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Ryk is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family of proteins that control and regulate cellular processes. It is distinguished by binding Wnt ligands and having no detectable intrinsic protein tyrosine kinase activity suggesting Ryk is a pseudokinase. Here, we show an essential role for Ryk in directing morphogenetic events required for normal cardiac development through the examination of Ryk-deficient mice. We employed vascular corrosion casting, vascular perfusion with contrast dye, and immunohistochemistry to characterize cardiovascular and pharyngeal defects in Ryk-/- embryos. Ryk-/- mice exhibit a variety of malformations of the heart and outflow tract that resemble human congenital heart defects. This included stenosis and interruption of the aortic arch, ventriculoarterial malalignment, ventricular septal defects and abnormal pharyngeal arch artery remodelling. This study therefore defines a key intersection between a subset of growth factor receptors involved in planar cell polarity signalling, the Wnt family and mammalian cardiovascular development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumudhini Kugathasan
- a Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , Royal Melbourne Hospital , Melbourne , Australia
- b Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Australia
| | - Michael M Halford
- a Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , Royal Melbourne Hospital , Melbourne , Australia
- c Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Peter G Farlie
- d Craniofacial Development Laboratory , Murdoch Children's Research Institute , Parkville , Australia
| | - Damien Bates
- e Embryology Research Group , Murdoch Children's Research Institute , Parkville , Australia
| | - Darrin P Smith
- a Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , Royal Melbourne Hospital , Melbourne , Australia
| | - You Fang Zhang
- a Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , Royal Melbourne Hospital , Melbourne , Australia
- c Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , Australia
| | - James P Roy
- c Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , Australia
- f Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Australia
| | - Maria L Macheda
- a Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , Royal Melbourne Hospital , Melbourne , Australia
- c Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Dong Zhang
- e Embryology Research Group , Murdoch Children's Research Institute , Parkville , Australia
| | - James L Wilkinson
- e Embryology Research Group , Murdoch Children's Research Institute , Parkville , Australia
| | - Margaret L Kirby
- g The Neonatal Perinatal Research Institute, Division of Neonatology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Donald F Newgreen
- e Embryology Research Group , Murdoch Children's Research Institute , Parkville , Australia
| | - Steven A Stacker
- a Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , Royal Melbourne Hospital , Melbourne , Australia
- b Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Australia
- c Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , Australia
- f Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Roy JP, Halford MM, Stacker SA. The biochemistry, signalling and disease relevance of RYK and other WNT-binding receptor tyrosine kinases. Growth Factors 2018; 36:15-40. [PMID: 29806777 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2018.1472089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are a well-characterized family of growth factor receptors that have central roles in human disease and are frequently therapeutically targeted. The RYK, ROR, PTK7 and MuSK subfamilies make up an understudied subset of WNT-binding RTKs. Numerous developmental, stem cell and pathological roles of WNTs, in particular WNT5A, involve signalling via these WNT receptors. The WNT-binding RTKs have highly context-dependent signalling outputs and stimulate the β-catenin-dependent, planar cell polarity and/or WNT/Ca2+ pathways. RYK, ROR and PTK7 members have a pseudokinase domain in their intracellular regions. Alternative signalling mechanisms, including proteolytic cleavage and protein scaffolding functions, have been identified for these receptors. This review explores the structure, signalling, physiological and pathological roles of RYK, with particular attention paid to cancer and the possibility of therapeutically targeting RYK. The other WNT-binding RTKs are compared with RYK throughout to highlight the similarities and differences within this subset of WNT receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James P Roy
- a Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , Australia
- b Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Australia
| | - Michael M Halford
- a Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Steven A Stacker
- a Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , Australia
- b Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Shao Y, Zheng Q, Wang W, Xin N, Song X, Zhao C. Biological functions of macrophage-derived Wnt5a, and its roles in human diseases. Oncotarget 2018; 7:67674-67684. [PMID: 27608847 PMCID: PMC5341904 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt5a is implicated in development and tissue homeostasis by activating β-catenin-independent pathway. Excessive production of Wnt5a is related to some human diseases. Macrophage recruitment is a character of inflammation and cancer, therefore macrophage-derived Wnt5a is supposed to be a player in these conditions. Actually, macrophage-derived Wnt5a maintains macrophage immune function, stimulates pro-inflammatory cytokine release, and induces angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Furthermore, macrophage-derived Wnt5a is involved in insulin resistance, atherosclerosis and cancer. These findings indicate that macrophage-derived Wnt5a may be a target in the treatment of these diseases. Notably, unlike macrophages, the exact role of macrophage-derived Wnt5a in bacterial infection remains largely unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qianqian Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Xin
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaowen Song
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chenghai Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wnt Signaling in Hematological Malignancies. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 153:321-341. [PMID: 29389522 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia and lymphoma are a wide encompassing term for a diverse set of blood malignancies that affect people of all ages and result in approximately 23,000 deaths in the United States per year (Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016;66(1):7-30.). Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are tissue-specific stem cells at the apex of the hierarchy that gives rise to all of the terminally differentiated blood cells, through progressively restricted progenitor populations, a process that is known to be Wnt-responsive. In particular, the progenitor populations are subject to uncontrolled expansion during oncogenic processes, namely the common myeloid progenitor and common lymphoid progenitor, as well as the myeloblast and lymphoblast. Unregulated growth of these cell-types leads to mainly three types of blood cancers (i.e., leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma), which frequently exhibit deregulation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Generally, leukemia is caused by the expansion of myeloid progenitors, leading to an overproduction of white blood cells; as such, patients are unable to make sufficient numbers of red blood cells and platelets. Likewise, an overproduction of lymphocytes leads to clogging of the lymph system and impairment of the immune system in lymphomas. Finally, cancer of the plasma cells in the blood is called myeloma, which also leads to immune system failure. Within each of these three types of blood cancers, there are multiple subtypes, usually characterized by their timeline of onset and their cell type of origin. Of these, 85% of leukemias are encompassed by the four most common diseases, that is, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); AML accounts for the majority of leukemia-related deaths (Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016;66(1):7-30.). Through understanding how HSCs are normally developed and maintained, we can understand how the normal functions of these pathways are disrupted during blood cancer progression; the Wnt pathway is important in regulation of both normal and malignant hematopoiesis. In this chapter, we will discuss the role of Wnt signaling in normal and aberrant hematopoiesis. Our understanding the relationship between Wnt and HSCs will provide novel insights into therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
48
|
Howard LJ, Brown HE, Wadsworth BC, Evans TA. Midline axon guidance in the Drosophila embryonic central nervous system. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 85:13-25. [PMID: 29174915 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Studies in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster have provided many fundamental insights into the genetic regulation of neural development, including the identification and characterization of evolutionarily conserved axon guidance pathways and their roles in important guidance decisions. Due to its highly organized and fast-developing embryonic nervous system, relatively small number of neurons, and molecular and genetic tools for identifying, labeling, and manipulating individual neurons or small neuronal subsets, studies of axon guidance in the Drosophila embryonic CNS have allowed researchers to dissect these genetic mechanisms with a high degree of precision. In this review, we discuss the major axon guidance pathways that regulate midline crossing of axons and the formation and guidance of longitudinal axon tracts, two processes that contribute to the development of the precise three-dimensional structure of the insect nerve cord. We focus particularly on recent insights into the roles and regulation of canonical midline axon guidance pathways, and on additional factors and pathways that have recently been shown to contribute to axon guidance decisions at and near the midline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- LaFreda J Howard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701, USA
| | - Haley E Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701, USA
| | - Benjamin C Wadsworth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701, USA
| | - Timothy A Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hida N, Aboukilila MY, Burow DA, Paul R, Greenberg MM, Fazio M, Beasley S, Spitale RC, Cleary MD. EC-tagging allows cell type-specific RNA analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 2017. [PMID: 28641402 PMCID: PMC5587779 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purification of cell type-specific RNAs remains a significant challenge. One solution involves biosynthetic tagging of target RNAs. RNA tagging via incorporation of 4-thiouracil (TU) in cells expressing transgenic uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (UPRT), a method known as TU-tagging, has been used in multiple systems but can have limited specificity due to endogenous pathways of TU incorporation. Here, we describe an alternative method that requires the activity of two enzymes: cytosine deaminase (CD) and UPRT. We found that the sequential activity of these enzymes converts 5-ethynylcytosine (EC) to 5-ethynyluridine monophosphate that is subsequently incorporated into nascent RNAs. The ethynyl group allows efficient detection and purification of tagged RNAs. We show that ‘EC-tagging’ occurs in tissue culture cells and Drosophila engineered to express CD and UPRT. Additional control can be achieved through a split-CD approach in which functional CD is reconstituted from independently expressed fragments. We demonstrate the sensitivity and specificity of EC-tagging by obtaining cell type-specific gene expression data from intact Drosophila larvae, including transcriptome measurements from a small population of central brain neurons. EC-tagging provides several advantages over existing techniques and should be broadly useful for investigating the role of differential RNA expression in cell identity, physiology and pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hida
- Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Mohamed Y Aboukilila
- Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Dana A Burow
- Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Rakesh Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Marc M Greenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Michael Fazio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Samantha Beasley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Robert C Spitale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Michael D Cleary
- Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Regulation of Axon Guidance by the Wnt Receptor Ror/CAM-1 in the PVT Guidepost Cell in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2017; 207:1533-1545. [PMID: 28993416 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Caenorhabditis elegans ventral nerve cord (VNC) consists of two asymmetric bundles of neurons and axons that are separated by the midline. How the axons are guided to stay on the correct sides of the midline remains poorly understood. Here we provide evidence that the conserved Wnt signaling pathway along with the Netrin and Robo pathways constitute a combinatorial code for midline guidance of PVP and PVQ axons that extend into the VNC. Combined loss of the Wnts CWN-1, CWN-2, and EGL-20 or loss of the Wnt receptor CAM-1 caused >70% of PVP and PVQ axons to inappropriately cross over from the left side to the right side. Loss of the Frizzled receptor LIN-17 or the planar cell polarity (PCP) protein VANG-1 also caused cross over defects that did not enhance those in the cam-1 mutant, indicating that the proteins function together in midline guidance. Strong cam-1 expression can be detected in the PVQs and the guidepost cell PVT that is located on the midline. However, only when cam-1 is expressed in PVT are the crossover defects of PVP and PVQ rescued, showing that CAM-1 functions nonautonomously in PVT to prevent axons from crossing the midline.
Collapse
|