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Wakizaka K, Kamiyama T, Kakisaka T, Orimo T, Nagatsu A, Aiyama T, Shichi S, Taketomi A. Expression of Wnt5a and ROR2, Components of the Noncanonical Wnt-Signaling Pathway, is Associated with Tumor Differentiation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2024; 31:262-271. [PMID: 37814183 PMCID: PMC10695870 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-023-14402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wnt5a is the key ligand of the noncanonical Wnt pathway, and receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) is a receptor associated with Wnt5a. The association between the noncanonical Wnt-signaling pathway and carcinogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unclear. This study investigated the significance of ROR2 expression in HCC. METHODS The study examined ROR2 expression in liver cancer cell lines. Immunohistochemical staining of ROR2 was performed on 243 resected HCC specimens. The study investigated ROR2 expression and its association with clinicopathologic factors and prognosis. RESULTS Findings showed that ROR2 was expressed in well-differentiated Huh7 and HepG2 cells, but not in poorly differentiated HLE and HLF cells. Expression of ROR2 was positive in 147 (60.5%) and negative in 96 (39.5%) HCC specimens. A significant association was shown between ROR2 negativity and high alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level (P = 0.006), poor differentiation (P = 0.015), and Wnt5a negativity (P = 0.024). The 5-year overall survival (OS) rate for the ROR2-negative group (64.2 %) tended to be worse than for the ROR2-positive group (73.8%), but the difference was not significant (P = 0.312). The 5-year OS rate was 78.7% for the ROR2+Wnt5a+ group, 71.3 % for the ROR2+Wnt5a- group, 80.8% for the ROR2-Wnt5a+ group, and 60.5 % for the ROR2-Wnt5a- group. The OS in the ROR2-Wnt5a- group was significantly poorer than in the ROR2+Wnt5a+ group (P = 0.030). The multivariate analysis showed that Wnt5a-ROR2- was an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio, 2.058; 95% confidence interval, 1.013-4.180; P = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS The combination of ROR2 and Wnt5a may be a prognostic indicator for HCC. The Wnt5a/ROR2 signal pathway may be involved in the differentiation of HCC. This pathway may be a new therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Wakizaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Toshiya Kamiyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Seiwa Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Kakisaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Orimo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akihisa Nagatsu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Aiyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Shichi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akinobu Taketomi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Tabrizian N, Nouruzi S, Cui CJ, Kobelev M, Namekawa T, Lodhia I, Talal A, Sivak O, Ganguli D, Zoubeidi A. ASCL1 is activated downstream of the ROR2/CREB signaling pathway to support lineage plasticity in prostate cancer. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112937. [PMID: 37552603 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lineage plasticity is a form of therapy-induced drug resistance. In prostate cancer, androgen receptor (AR) pathway inhibitors potentially lead to the accretion of tumor relapse with loss of AR signaling and a shift from a luminal state to an alternate program. However, the molecular and signaling mechanisms orchestrating the development of lineage plasticity under the pressure of AR-targeted therapies are not fully understood. Here, a survey of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) identifies ROR2 as the top upregulated RTK following AR pathway inhibition, which feeds into lineage plasticity by promoting stem-cell-like and neuronal networks. Mechanistically, ROR2 activates the ERK/CREB signaling pathway to modulate the expression of the lineage commitment transcription factor ASCL1. Collectively, our findings nominate ROR2 as a potential therapeutic target to reverse the ENZ-induced plastic phenotype and potentially re-sensitize tumors to AR pathway inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakisa Tabrizian
- Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Shaghayegh Nouruzi
- Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Cassandra Jingjing Cui
- Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Maxim Kobelev
- Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Takeshi Namekawa
- Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Ishana Lodhia
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Amina Talal
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Olena Sivak
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | | | - Amina Zoubeidi
- Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada.
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Parker BA, Shatsky RA, Schwab RB, Wallace AM, Wolf DM, Hirst GL, Brown-Swigart L, Esserman LJ, van 't Veer LJ, Ghia EM, Yau C, Kipps TJ. Association of baseline ROR1 and ROR2 gene expression with clinical outcomes in the I-SPY2 neoadjuvant breast cancer trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2023; 199:281-291. [PMID: 37029329 PMCID: PMC10175386 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-023-06914-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE ROR1 and ROR2 are Type 1 tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptors for Wnt5a that are associated with breast cancer progression. Experimental agents targeting ROR1 and ROR2 are in clinical trials. This study evaluated whether expression levels of ROR1 or ROR2 correlated with one another or with clinical outcomes. METHODS We interrogated the clinical significance of high-level gene expression of ROR1 and/or ROR2 in the annotated transcriptome dataset from 989 patients with high-risk early breast cancer enrolled in one of nine completed/graduated/experimental and control arms in the neoadjuvant I-SPY2 clinical trial (NCT01042379). RESULTS High ROR1 or high ROR2 was associated with breast cancer subtypes. High ROR1 was more prevalent among hormone receptor-negative and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HR-HER2-) tumors and high ROR2 was less prevalent in this subtype. Although not associated with pathologic complete response, high ROR1 or high ROR2 each was associated with event-free survival (EFS) in distinct subtypes. High ROR1 associated with a worse EFS in HR + HER2- patients with high post-treatment residual cancer burden (RCB-II/III) (HR 1.41, 95% CI = 1.11-1.80) but not in patients with minimal post-treatment disease (RCB-0/I) (HR 1.85, 95% CI = 0.74-4.61). High ROR2 associated with an increased risk of relapse in patients with HER2 + disease and RCB-0/I (HR 3.46, 95% CI = 1.33-9.020) but not RCB-II/III (HR 1.07, 95% CI = 0.69-1.64). CONCLUSION High ROR1 or high ROR2 distinctly identified subsets of breast cancer patients with adverse outcomes. Further studies are warranted to determine if high ROR1 or high ROR2 may identify high-risk populations for studies of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Parker
- Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Rebecca A Shatsky
- Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Richard B Schwab
- Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Anne M Wallace
- Department of Surgery and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Denise M Wolf
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gillian L Hirst
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lamorna Brown-Swigart
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Laura J Esserman
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Laura J van 't Veer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emanuela M Ghia
- Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Center for Novel Therapeutics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christina Yau
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J Kipps
- Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Center for Novel Therapeutics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Wang Z, Yang L. Downregulation of ROR2 attenuates LPS-induced A549 cell injury through JNK and ERK signaling pathways. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e803. [PMID: 37102658 PMCID: PMC10132181 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to determine whether receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) is involved in the occurrence of acute lung injury (ALI) by an animal study and explore the effect of ROR2 downregulation on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated human lung carcinoma A549 cells by a cytological study. METHODS Murine models of ALI were successfully constructed by intratracheal instillation of LPS. Meanwhile, A549 cell line stimulated with LPS was used for a cytological study. The expression of ROR2 and its effect on proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and inflammation were detected. RESULTS It was found that LPS administration markedly inhibited the cell proliferation, resulted in cell cycle arrest at G1 phage, elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis rate of A549 cells. However, LPS-mediated adverse effects mentioned above were significantly ameliorated by downregulation of ROR2 in comparison with LPS treatment. In addition, administration of ROR2 siRNA notably decreased the phosphorylation level of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in LPS-challenged A549 cells. CONCLUSIONS Thus, the present data indicate that downregulation of ROR2 may decrease LPS-induced inflammatory responses and cell apoptosis through inhibiting JNK and ERK signaling pathway, which attenuates ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yongchuan Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Yongchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yongchuan Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Yongchuan, People's Republic of China
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Castro MV, Barbero GA, Máscolo P, Villanueva MB, Nsengimana J, Newton-Bishop J, Illescas E, Quezada MJ, Lopez-Bergami P. ROR2 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition by hyperactivating ERK in melanoma. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:75-88. [PMID: 35723796 PMCID: PMC10030744 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-022-00683-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) is a protein with important functions during embryogenesis that is dysregulated in human cancer. An intriguing feature of this receptor is that it plays opposite roles in different tumor types either promoting or inhibiting tumor progression. Understanding the complex role of this receptor requires a more profound exploration of both the altered biological and molecular mechanisms. Here, we describe that ROR2 promotes Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) by inducing cadherin switch and the upregulation of the transcription factors ZEB1, Twist, Slug, Snail, and HIF1A, together with a mesenchymal phenotype and increased migration. We show that ROR2 activates both p38 and ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways independently of Wnt5a. Further, we demonstrated that the upregulation of EMT-related proteins depends on the hyperactivation of the ERK pathway far above the typical high constitutive activity observed in melanoma. In addition, ROR2 also promoted ERK phosphorylation, EMT, invasion, and necrosis in xenotransplanted mice. ROR2 also associates with EMT in tumor samples from melanoma patients where analysis of large cohorts revealed that increased ROR2 levels are linked to EMT signatures. This important role of ROR2 translates into melanoma patient' s prognosis since elevated ROR2 levels reduced overall survival and distant metastasis-free survival of patients with lymph node metastasis. In sum, these results demonstrate that ROR2 contributes to melanoma progression by inducing EMT and necrosis and can be an attractive therapeutic target for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Castro
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602., 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gastón Alexis Barbero
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602., 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Máscolo
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602., 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Belén Villanueva
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602., 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jérémie Nsengimana
- Biostatistics Research Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | - Edith Illescas
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602., 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Josefina Quezada
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602., 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Lopez-Bergami
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602., 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Sanada M, Yamazaki M, Yamada T, Fujino K, Kudoh S, Tenjin Y, Saito H, Kudo N, Sato Y, Matsuo A, Suzuki M, Ito T. Heterogeneous expression and role of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 ( ROR2) in small cell lung cancer. Hum Cell 2023; 36:409-420. [PMID: 36463543 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-022-00830-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the expression and role of ROR2 in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). To examine the expression of ROR2, 27 surgically resected SCLC tissue samples were immunostained for ROR2. Sixteen tissue samples were positive and some showed intratumor heterogeneity in staining intensity. The heterogeneity of ROR2 expression was also observed in tumor tissues from a PDX model of SCLC, in which there were cells with high ROR2 expression (ROR2high cells) and without its expression (ROR2low cells). These cells were subjected to a RNA sequence analysis. GSEA was performed and the results obtained revealed the enrichment of molecules such as G2M checkpoint, mitotic spindle, and E2F targets in ROR2high cells. The rate of EdU incorporation was significantly higher in ROR2high cells than ROR2low cells from the PDX model and the SCLC cell lines. Cell proliferation was suppressed in ROR2 KO SBC3 cells in vitro and in vivo. Comparisons of down-regulated differentially expressed genes in ROR2 KO SBC3 cells with up-regulated DEG in ROR2high cells from the PDX model revealed 135 common genes. After a Metascape analysis of these genes, we focused on Aurora kinases. In SCLC cell lines, the knockdown of ROR2 suppressed Aurora kinases. Therefore, ROR2 appears to regulate the cell cycle through Aurora kinases. The present results reveal a role for ROR2 in SCLC and afford a candidate system (ROR2-Aurora kinase) accompanying tumor heterogeneity in SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mune Sanada
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masaya Yamazaki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamada
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kosuke Fujino
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Shinji Kudoh
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yuki Tenjin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Haruki Saito
- Departments of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Noritaka Kudo
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,Department of Pathology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Younosuke Sato
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Akira Matsuo
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,Department of Brain Morphology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takaaki Ito
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan. .,Department of Brain Morphology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan. .,Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kumamoto Health Science University, 325 Izumi, Kita-Ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, 861-5598, Japan.
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John M, Ford CE. Pan-Tissue and -Cancer Analysis of ROR1 and ROR2 Transcript Variants Identify Novel Functional Significance for an Alternative Splice Variant of ROR1. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102559. [PMID: 36289823 PMCID: PMC9599429 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ROR1/2 are putative druggable targets increasing in significance in translational oncology. Expression of ROR1/2 mRNA and transcript variants has not been systematically examined thus far. ROR1/2 transcript variant sequences, signal peptides for cell surface localisation, and mRNA and transcript variant expression were examined in 34 transcriptomic datasets including 33 cancer types and 54 non-diseased human tissues. ROR1/2 have four and eight transcript variants, respectively. ROR1/2 mRNA and transcript variant expression was detected in various non-diseased tissues. Our analysis identifies predominant expression of ROR1 transcript variant ENST00000545203, which lacks a signal peptide for cell surface localisation, rather than the predicted principal variant ENST00000371079. ENST00000375708 is the predominantly expressed transcript variant of ROR2. ROR1/2 expression in healthy human tissues should be carefully considered for safety assessment of targeted therapy. Studies exploring the function and significance of the predominantly expressed ROR1 transcript variant ENST00000545203 are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miya John
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (C.E.F.); Tel.: +61-2-9385-1451 (C.E.F.)
| | - Caroline E. Ford
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (C.E.F.); Tel.: +61-2-9385-1451 (C.E.F.)
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Lopez-Bergami P. ROR2, a driver of "phenotype switching" in melanoma? Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:288. [PMID: 36127680 PMCID: PMC9487041 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02711-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) is a receptor for the Wnt5a ligand that was shown to play a dual role in cancer. ROR2 was shown to either suppress or promote tumor progression in different tumor types by regulating the same biological processes (i.e. proliferation, invasion) in opposite ways. We have recently observed that ROR2 plays multiple and somewhat contradictory roles in melanoma where it impairs cell proliferation but promotes migration, EMT and chemoresistance. In the present article, ROR2 is proposed to be a major driver of “phenotype switching” in melanoma that can tilt the cellular behavior toward proliferative or invasive phenotypes. This function of ROR2 has therapeutic implications since it would provide an opportunity for targeting specific phenotypes such as invasive and drug-resistant ones by inhibiting ROR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Lopez-Bergami
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602, 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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9
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Shao J, Liu Y, Zhao S, Sun W, Zhan J, Cao L. A novel variant in the ROR2 gene underlying brachydactyly type B: a case report. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:528. [PMID: 36064339 PMCID: PMC9446770 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03564-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brachydactyly type B is an autosomal dominant disorder that is characterized by hypoplasia of the distal phalanges and nails and can be divided into brachydactyly type B1 (BDB1) and brachydactyly type B2 (BDB2). BDB1 is the most severe form of brachydactyly and is caused by truncating variants in the receptor tyrosine kinase–like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) gene. Case presentation Here, we report a five-generation Chinese family with brachydactyly with or without syndactyly. The proband and her mother underwent digital separation in syndactyly, and the genetic analyses of the proband and her parents were provided. The novel heterozygous frameshift variant c.1320dupG, p.(Arg441Alafs*18) in the ROR2 gene was identified in the affected individuals by whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing. The c.1320dupG variant in ROR2 is predicted to produce a truncated protein that lacks tyrosine kinase and serine/threonine- and proline-rich structures and remarkably alters the tertiary structures of the mutant ROR2 protein. Conclusion The c.1320dupG, p.(Arg441Alafs*18) variant in the ROR2 gene has not been reported in any databases thus far and therefore is novel. Our study extends the gene variant spectrum of brachydactyly and may provide information for the genetic counselling of family members. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12887-022-03564-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Shao
- College of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, No. 36 Jinqiansong East Road, Sujiatun District, Shenyang, 110102, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Hand SurgeryCentral Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical CollegeTiexi District, Dept.4No. 5 Nanqi West Road, Shenyang, 110024, China
| | - Shuyang Zhao
- College of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, No. 36 Jinqiansong East Road, Sujiatun District, Shenyang, 110102, China
| | - Weisheng Sun
- College of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, No. 36 Jinqiansong East Road, Sujiatun District, Shenyang, 110102, China
| | - Jie Zhan
- Hand SurgeryCentral Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical CollegeTiexi District, Dept.4No. 5 Nanqi West Road, Shenyang, 110024, China.
| | - Lihua Cao
- College of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, No. 36 Jinqiansong East Road, Sujiatun District, Shenyang, 110102, China.
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10
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Raivola J, Dini A, Salokas K, Karvonen H, Niininen W, Piki E, Varjosalo M, Ungureanu D. New insights into the molecular mechanisms of ROR1, ROR2, and PTK7 signaling from the proteomics and pharmacological modulation of ROR1 interactome. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:276. [PMID: 35504983 PMCID: PMC9064840 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ROR1, ROR2, and PTK7 are Wnt ligand-binding members of the receptor tyrosine kinase family. Despite their lack of catalytic activity, these receptors regulate skeletal, cardiorespiratory, and neurological development during embryonic and fetal stages. However, their overexpression in adult tissue is strongly connected to tumor development and metastasis, suggesting a strong pharmacological potential for these molecules. Wnt5a ligand can activate these receptors, but lead to divergent signaling and functional outcomes through mechanisms that remain largely unknown. Here, we developed a cellular model by stably expressing ROR1, ROR2, and PTK7 in BaF3 cells that allowed us to readily investigate side-by-side their signaling capability and functional outcome. We applied proteomic profiling to BaF3 clones and identified distinctive roles for ROR1, ROR2, and PTK7 pseudokinases in modulating the expression of proteins involved in cytoskeleton dynamics, apoptotic, and metabolic signaling. Functionally, we show that ROR1 expression enhances cell survival and Wnt-mediated cell proliferation, while ROR2 and PTK7 expression is linked to cell migration. We also demonstrate that the distal C-terminal regions of ROR1 and ROR2 are required for receptors stability and downstream signaling. To probe the pharmacological modulation of ROR1 oncogenic signaling, we used affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry (AP-MS) and proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) to map its interactome before and after binding of GZD824, a small molecule inhibitor previously shown to bind to the ROR1 pseudokinase domain. Our findings bring new insight into the molecular mechanisms of ROR1, ROR2, and PTK7, and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting ROR1 with small molecule inhibitors binding to its vestigial ATP-binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juuli Raivola
- Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alice Dini
- Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Salokas
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLife, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Karvonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014, Tampere, Finland.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Wilhelmiina Niininen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Emilia Piki
- Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLife, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniela Ungureanu
- Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland. .,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014, Tampere, Finland. .,Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
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11
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Castro MV, Barbero GA, Máscolo P, Ramos R, Quezada MJ, Lopez-Bergami P. ROR2 increases the chemoresistance of melanoma by regulating p53 and Bcl2-family proteins via ERK hyperactivation. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:23. [PMID: 35260073 PMCID: PMC8903712 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ROR2 is a tyrosine-kinase receptor whose expression is dysregulated in many human diseases. In cancer, ROR2 stimulates proliferation, survival, migration, and metastasis, and is associated with more aggressive tumor stages. The purpose of this work is to study the role of ROR2 in the chemoresistance of melanoma. Methods Gain- and loss-of-function experiments were used to study the biological function of ROR2 in melanoma. Cell death induced by chemotherapeutic drugs and BH-3 mimetics was evaluated using crystal violet cytotoxicity assays and annexin V/propidium iodide staining. Western blots were used to evaluate the expression of proteins implicated in cell death. The differences observed between cells with manipulation of ROR2 levels and control cells were evaluated using both Student’s t-test and ANOVA. Results We describe that ROR2 contributes to tumor progression by enhancing the resistance of melanoma cells to both chemotherapeutic drugs and BH-3 mimetics. We demonstrate that ROR2 reduced cell death upon treatment with cisplatin, dacarbazine, lomustine, camptothecin, paclitaxel, ABT-737, TW-37, and venetoclax. This effect was mediated by the inhibition of apoptosis. In addition, we investigated the molecular mechanisms implicated in this role of ROR2. We identified the MDM2/p53 pathway as a novel target of ROR2 since ROR2 positively regulates MDM2 levels, thus leading to p53 downregulation. We also showed that ROR2 also upregulates Mcl-1 and Bcl2-xL while it negatively regulates Bax and Bid expression. The effect of ROR2 on the expression of these proteins is mediated by the hyperactivation of ERK. Conclusions These results demonstrate that ROR2 contributes to melanoma progression by inhibiting apoptosis and increasing chemoresistance. These results not only position ROR2 as a marker of chemoresistance but also support its use as a novel therapeutic target in cancer. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s11658-022-00327-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Castro
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Biotecnológicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602, 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gastón Alexis Barbero
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Biotecnológicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602, 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Máscolo
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Biotecnológicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602, 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rocío Ramos
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Biotecnológicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602, 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Josefina Quezada
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Biotecnológicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602, 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Lopez-Bergami
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Biotecnológicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602, 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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12
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Babin L, Darchen A, Robert E, Aid Z, Borry R, Soudais C, Piganeau M, De Cian A, Giovannangeli C, Bawa O, Rigaud C, Scoazec JY, Couronné L, Veleanu L, Cieslak A, Asnafi V, Sibon D, Lamant L, Meggetto F, Mercher T, Brunet E. De novo generation of the NPM-ALK fusion recapitulates the pleiotropic phenotypes of ALK+ ALCL pathogenesis and reveals the ROR2 receptor as target for tumor cells. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:65. [PMID: 35246138 PMCID: PMC8895835 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01520-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anaplastic large cell lymphoma positive for ALK (ALK+ ALCL) is a rare type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. This lymphoma is caused by chromosomal translocations involving the anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene (ALK). In this study, we aimed to identify mechanisms of transformation and therapeutic targets by generating a model of ALK+ ALCL lymphomagenesis ab initio with the specific NPM-ALK fusion. Methods We performed CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing of the NPM-ALK chromosomal translocation in primary human activated T lymphocytes. Results Both CD4+ and CD8+ NPM-ALK-edited T lymphocytes showed rapid and reproducible competitive advantage in culture and led to in vivo disease development with nodal and extra-nodal features. Murine tumors displayed the phenotypic diversity observed in ALK+ ALCL patients, including CD4+ and CD8+ lymphomas. Assessment of transcriptome data from models and patients revealed global activation of the WNT signaling pathway, including both canonical and non-canonical pathways, during ALK+ ALCL lymphomagenesis. Specifically, we found that the WNT signaling cell surface receptor ROR2 represented a robust and genuine marker of all ALK+ ALCL patient tumor samples. Conclusions In this study, ab initio modeling of the ALK+ ALCL chromosomal translocation in mature T lymphocytes enabled the identification of new therapeutic targets. As ROR2 targeting approaches for other cancers are under development (including lung and ovarian tumors), our findings suggest that ALK+ ALCL cases with resistance to current therapies may also benefit from ROR2 targeting strategies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12943-022-01520-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loélia Babin
- Laboratory of the « Genome Dynamics in the Immune System », Équipe Labellisée La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Université de Paris, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Alice Darchen
- Laboratory of the « Genome Dynamics in the Immune System », Équipe Labellisée La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Université de Paris, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Elie Robert
- Programme PEDIAC, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, OPALE Carnot Institute, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM Unité U1170, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 114, rue Édouard-Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Zakia Aid
- Programme PEDIAC, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, OPALE Carnot Institute, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM Unité U1170, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 114, rue Édouard-Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Rosalie Borry
- Laboratory of the « Genome Dynamics in the Immune System », Équipe Labellisée La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Université de Paris, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Claire Soudais
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, Université de Paris, INSERM UMR1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Marion Piganeau
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR 7196, Sorbonne Universités, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Cuvier, F-75231, Paris, France
| | - Anne De Cian
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR 7196, Sorbonne Universités, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Cuvier, F-75231, Paris, France
| | - Carine Giovannangeli
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR 7196, Sorbonne Universités, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Cuvier, F-75231, Paris, France
| | - Olivia Bawa
- PETRA platform, AMMICa, University Paris Saclay, CNRS-UMS 3655 Inserm US23, Gustave Roussy, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Charlotte Rigaud
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Yves Scoazec
- Department of Pathology, AMMICa CNRS UMS3655 Inserm US23 Université Paris Saclay, Gustave Roussy, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Lucile Couronné
- Laboratory of Onco Hematology, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP); Laboratory of Normal and pathological lymphoid differentiation, University of Paris, INSERM U1151, INEM Institute, Paris, France
| | - Layla Veleanu
- Université de Paris, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151, and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, AP-HP Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - Agata Cieslak
- Université de Paris, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151, and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, AP-HP Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - Vahid Asnafi
- Université de Paris, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151, and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, AP-HP Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - David Sibon
- Université de Paris, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151, and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, AP-HP Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Lamant
- Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer-TOUCAN, Équipe Labellisée La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, CNRS UMR5071, Inserm, UMR1037, CRCT, F-31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabienne Meggetto
- Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer-TOUCAN, Équipe Labellisée La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, CNRS UMR5071, Inserm, UMR1037, CRCT, F-31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Mercher
- Programme PEDIAC, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, OPALE Carnot Institute, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM Unité U1170, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 114, rue Édouard-Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif, France.
| | - Erika Brunet
- Laboratory of the « Genome Dynamics in the Immune System », Équipe Labellisée La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Université de Paris, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.
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13
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Castro MV, Lopez-Bergami P. Cellular and molecular mechanisms implicated in the dual role of ROR2 in cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 170:103595. [PMID: 35032666 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ROR1 and ROR2 are Wnt receptors that are critical for β-catenin-independent Wnt pathways and have been linked to processes driving tumor progression, such as cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and therapy resistance. Both receptors have garnered interest as potential therapeutic targets since they are largely absent in adult tissue, are overexpressed in several cancers, and, as members of the receptor tyrosine kinase family, are easier to target than all other components of the pathway. Unlike ROR1 which always promotes tumorigenesis, ROR2 has a very complex role in cancer acting either to promote or inhibit tumor progression in different tumor types. In the present article, we summarize the findings on ROR2 expression in cancer patients and its impact on clinical outcome. Further, we review the biological processes and signaling pathways regulated by ROR2 that explain its dual role in cancer. Finally, we describe the ongoing strategies to target ROR2 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Castro
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Buenos Aires, 1405, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, 1425, Argentina
| | - Pablo Lopez-Bergami
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Buenos Aires, 1405, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, 1425, Argentina.
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14
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Menck K, Heinrichs S, Wlochowitz D, Sitte M, Noeding H, Janshoff A, Treiber H, Ruhwedel T, Schatlo B, von der Brelie C, Wiemann S, Pukrop T, Beißbarth T, Binder C, Bleckmann A. WNT11/ ROR2 signaling is associated with tumor invasion and poor survival in breast cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:395. [PMID: 34911552 PMCID: PMC8672621 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02187-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer has been associated with activation of the WNT signaling pathway, although no driver mutations in WNT genes have been found yet. Instead, a high expression of the alternative WNT receptor ROR2 was observed, in particular in breast cancer brain metastases. However, its respective ligand and downstream signaling in this context remained unknown. METHODS We modulated the expression of ROR2 in human breast cancer cells and characterized their gene and protein expression by RNA-Seq, qRT-PCR, immunoblots and reverse phase protein array (RPPA) combined with network analyses to understand the molecular basis of ROR2 signaling in breast cancer. Using co-immunoprecipitations, we verified the interaction of ROR2 with the identified ligand, WNT11. The functional consequences of WNT11/ROR2 signaling for tumor cell aggressiveness were assessed by microscopy, impedance sensing as well as viability and invasion assays. To evaluate the translational significance of our findings, we performed gene set enrichment, expression and survival analyses on human breast cancer brain metastases. RESULTS We found ROR2 to be highly expressed in aggressive breast tumors and associated with worse metastasis-free survival. ROR2 overexpression induced a BRCAness-like phenotype in a cell-context specific manner and rendered cells resistant to PARP inhibition. High levels of ROR2 were furthermore associated with defects in cell morphology and cell-cell-contacts leading to increased tumor invasiveness. On a molecular level, ROR2 overexpression upregulated several non-canonical WNT ligands, in particular WNT11. Co-immunoprecipitation confirmed that WNT11 indeed interacts with the cysteine-rich domain of ROR2 and triggers its invasion-promoting signaling via RHO/ROCK. Knockdown of WNT11 reversed the pro-invasive phenotype and the cellular changes in ROR2-overexpressing cells. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our study revealed a novel auto-stimulatory loop in which ROR2 triggers the expression of its own ligand, WNT11, resulting in enhanced tumor invasion associated with breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Menck
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Saskia Heinrichs
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Darius Wlochowitz
- Department of Medical Bioinformatics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maren Sitte
- Department of Medical Bioinformatics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Helen Noeding
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg August University Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Janshoff
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg August University Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannes Treiber
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Torben Ruhwedel
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bawarjan Schatlo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Wiemann
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Pukrop
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tim Beißbarth
- Department of Medical Bioinformatics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Binder
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annalen Bleckmann
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany.
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15
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Boer EF, Van Hollebeke HF, Maclary ET, Holt C, Yandell M, Shapiro MD. A ROR2 coding variant is associated with craniofacial variation in domestic pigeons. Curr Biol 2021; 31:5069-5076.e5. [PMID: 34551284 PMCID: PMC8612976 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate craniofacial morphogenesis is a highly orchestrated process that is directed by evolutionarily conserved developmental pathways.1,2 Within species, canalized development typically produces modest morphological variation. However, as a result of millennia of artificial selection, the domestic pigeon displays radical craniofacial variation within a single species. One of the most striking cases of pigeon craniofacial variation is the short-beak phenotype, which has been selected in numerous breeds. Classical genetic experiments suggest that pigeon beak length is regulated by a small number of genetic factors, one of which is sex linked (Ku2 locus).3-5 However, the genetic underpinnings of pigeon craniofacial variation remain unknown. Using geometric morphometrics and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping on an F2 intercross between a short-beaked Old German Owl (OGO) and a medium-beaked Racing Homer (RH), we identified a single Z chromosome locus that explains a majority of the variation in beak morphology in the F2 population. Complementary comparative genomic analyses revealed that the same locus is strongly differentiated between breeds with short and medium beaks. Within the Ku2 locus, we identified an amino acid substitution in the non-canonical Wnt receptor ROR2 as a putative regulator of pigeon beak length. The non-canonical Wnt pathway serves critical roles in vertebrate neural crest cell migration and craniofacial morphogenesis.6,7 In humans, ROR2 mutations cause Robinow syndrome, a congenital disorder characterized by skeletal abnormalities, including a widened and shortened facial skeleton.8,9 Our results illustrate how the extraordinary craniofacial variation among pigeons can reveal genetic regulators of vertebrate craniofacial diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena F Boer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | | | - Emily T Maclary
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Carson Holt
- Department of Human Genetics and USTAR Center for Genetic Discovery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Mark Yandell
- Department of Human Genetics and USTAR Center for Genetic Discovery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Michael D Shapiro
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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16
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Castro MV, Barbero GA, Villanueva MB, Grumolato L, Nsengimana J, Newton-Bishop J, Illescas E, Quezada MJ, Lopez-Bergami P. ROR2 has a protective role in melanoma by inhibiting Akt activity, cell-cycle progression, and proliferation. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:76. [PMID: 34774050 PMCID: PMC8590781 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00776-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) is a Wnt5a receptor aberrantly expressed in cancer that was shown to either suppress or promote carcinogenesis in different tumor types. Our goal was to study the role of ROR2 in melanoma. METHODS Gain and loss-of-function strategies were applied to study the biological function of ROR2 in melanoma. Proliferation assays, flow cytometry, and western blotting were used to evaluate cell proliferation and changes in expression levels of cell-cycle and proliferation markers. The role of ROR2 in tumor growth was assessed in xenotransplantation experiments followed by immunohistochemistry analysis of the tumors. The role of ROR2 in melanoma patients was assessed by analysis of clinical data from the Leeds Melanoma Cohort. RESULTS Unlike previous findings describing ROR2 as an oncogene in melanoma, we describe that ROR2 prevents tumor growth by inhibiting cell-cycle progression and the proliferation of melanoma cells. The effect of ROR2 is mediated by inhibition of Akt phosphorylation and activity which, in turn, regulates the expression, phosphorylation, and localization of major cell-cycle regulators including cyclins (A, B, D, and E), CDK1, CDK4, RB, p21, and p27. Xenotransplantation experiments demonstrated that ROR2 also reduces proliferation in vivo, resulting in inhibition of tumor growth. In agreement with these findings, a higher ROR2 level favors thin and non-ulcerated primary melanomas with reduced mitotic rate and better prognosis. CONCLUSION We conclude that the expression of ROR2 slows down the growth of primary tumors and contributes to prolonging melanoma survival. Our results demonstrate that ROR2 has a far more complex role than originally described.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Castro
- grid.440480.c0000 0000 9361 4204Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina ,grid.423606.50000 0001 1945 2152Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gastón Alexis Barbero
- grid.440480.c0000 0000 9361 4204Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina ,grid.423606.50000 0001 1945 2152Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Belén Villanueva
- grid.440480.c0000 0000 9361 4204Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina ,grid.423606.50000 0001 1945 2152Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luca Grumolato
- grid.10400.350000 0001 2108 3034INSERM U982, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Jérémie Nsengimana
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212Biostatistics Research Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH UK
| | | | - Edith Illescas
- grid.440480.c0000 0000 9361 4204Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Josefina Quezada
- grid.440480.c0000 0000 9361 4204Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina ,grid.423606.50000 0001 1945 2152Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Lopez-Bergami
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y Diagnóstico, Universidad Maimonides, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602., 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Rey RA. Noncanonical Wnt Signaling in the Integrity of the Blood-Testis Barrier and Sperm Release. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6342110. [PMID: 34351411 PMCID: PMC8377767 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo A Rey
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas “Dr. César Bergadá” (CEDIE), CONICET–FEI–División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Histología, Embriología, Biología Celular y Genética, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Correspondence: Rodolfo A. Rey, MD, PhD, Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas, “Dr. César Bergadá” (CEDIE), CONICET–FEI–División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Gallo 1330, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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18
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Yeh CF, Chan TC, Ke HL, Chen TJ, Wu LC, Lee HY, Wei YC, Wu WJ, Li CF, Li WM. Prognostic Significance of ROR2 Expression in Patients with Urothelial Carcinoma. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1054. [PMID: 34440262 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the association of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) expression with clinicopathological features and oncologic outcomes in large urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the upper tract (UTUC) and urinary bladder (UBUC) cohorts. Through transcriptomic profiling of a published dataset (GSE31684), ROR2 was discovered to be the most upregulated gene during UC progression, focusing on the JNK cascade (GO:0007254). Initially, the evaluation of ROR2 mRNA expression in 50 frozen UBUCs showed significantly upregulated levels in high-stage UC. Moreover, high ROR2 immunoexpression significantly correlated with high tumor stage, high tumor grade, lymph node metastasis, and vascular invasion (all p < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, after adjusting for standard clinicopathological features, ROR2 expression status was an independent prognosticator of cancer-specific survival and metastasis-free survival in UTUC and UBUC (all p < 0.01). In the subgroup analysis, it also significantly predicted bladder tumor recurrence in non-muscle invasive UBUC. Furthermore, the GO enrichment analysis showed that fatty acid, monocarboxylic acid, carboxylic acid metabolic processes, negative regulation of neutrophil migration, and negative regulation of granulocyte and neutrophil chemotaxis were significantly enriched by ROR2 dysregulation. In conclusion, high ROR2 immunoexpression was associated with aggressive pathological characteristics in UC and independently predicted worse prognosis, suggesting it could play roles in clinical risk stratification and therapy decisions.
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Dong X, Huang Y, Yang Z, Chu X, Wu J, Wang S, He X, Gao C, Chen X, Yang K, Zhang D. Downregulation of ROR2 promotes dental pulp stem cell senescence by inhibiting STK4-FOXO1/SMS1 axis in sphingomyelin biosynthesis. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13430. [PMID: 34278704 PMCID: PMC8373368 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) play a vital role in tooth restoration, regeneration, and homeostasis. The link between DPSC senescence and tooth aging has been well‐recognized. ROR2 plays an important role in aging‐related gene expression. However, the expression and function of ROR2 in DPSC aging remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that ROR2 expression was significantly decreased in aged pulp tissues and DPSCs. The depletion of ROR2 in young DPSCs inhibits their self‐renewal capacity, while its overexpression in aged DPSCs restores their self‐renewal capacity. Interestingly, we found that sphingomyelin (SM) is involved in the senescence of DPSCs regulated by ROR2. Mechanistically, we confirmed that ROR2 inhibited the phosphorylation of STK4, which promoted the translocation of Forkhead Box O1 (FOXO1) to the nucleus. STK4 inhibition or knockdown of FOXO1 markedly increased the proliferation of DPSCs and upregulated the expression of SMS1, which catalyzed SM biogenesis. Moreover, FOXO1 directly bound to the SMS1 promoter, repressing its transcription. Our findings demonstrated the critical role of the ROR2/STK4‐FOXO1/SMS1 axis in the regulation of SM biogenesis and DPSC senescence, providing a novel target for antagonizing tooth aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing‐yue Dong
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University; Capital Medical University of Stomatology Beijing China
| | - Yan‐xia Huang
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University; Capital Medical University of Stomatology Beijing China
| | - Zhan Yang
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Talent and Academic Exchange Center The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhang China
| | - Xiao‐yang Chu
- Department of Stomatology Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General HospitalBeijing China
| | - Jue Wu
- Translational Medical Research Center Medical Innovation Research Division of Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing China
| | - Shan Wang
- Translational Medical Research Center Medical Innovation Research Division of Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University; Capital Medical University of Stomatology Beijing China
| | - Chun‐Yan Gao
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University; Capital Medical University of Stomatology Beijing China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University; Capital Medical University of Stomatology Beijing China
| | - Kai Yang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Dong‐liang Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University; Capital Medical University of Stomatology Beijing China
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20
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Rai A, Patil SJ, Srivastava P, Gaurishankar K, Phadke SR. Clinical and molecular characterization of four patients with Robinow syndrome from different families. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:1105-1112. [PMID: 33496066 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Robinow syndrome (RS) is a rare heterogeneous disorder characterized by short stature, short-limbs, craniofacial, oro-dental abnormalities, vertebral segmentation defects, and frequently genital hypoplasia. Both autosomal dominant and recessive patterns of inheritance are observed with many causative genes. Here, we present the phenotypes and genotypes of four children with RS from different Indian families. Sequence variants were identified in genes ROR2, DVL1, and DVL3. Our results expand the mutational spectrum of RS and we also highlight the radiological changes in the radius and ulna in patients with ROR2 sequence variants which are primarily characteristic for ROR2 related RS but have been reported in WNT5A related RS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Rai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Siddaramappa J Patil
- Division of Medical Genetics, Narayana Hrudayalaya Hospitals, Mazumdar-Shaw Medical Center, Bangalore, India
| | - Priyanka Srivastava
- Genetic Metabolic Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kalpana Gaurishankar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Apollo Hospitals and Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Shubha R Phadke
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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21
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Liu D, Enriquez L, Ford CE. ROR2 Is Epigenetically Regulated in Endometrial Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030383. [PMID: 33494187 PMCID: PMC7864349 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Endometrial cancer is one of the fastest rising cancers in women. The Wnt signalling receptor ROR2 has been shown to play distinct roles in regards to tumorigenesis in different tumour types. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ROR2 in endometrial cancer and to determine if ROR2 expression is epigenetically regulated. Through the analyses of publicly available TCGA and GEO datasets, low ROR2 expression was correlated with unfavourable outcome and reduced overall survival of endometrial cancer patients. In addition, we observed epigenetic repression of ROR2 expression in endometrial cancer cell lines and patient samples. Ectopic expression of ROR2 in vitro inhibited the invasive ability of high grade serous endometrial cancer cells. Therefore, we concluded that ROR2 plays a tumour suppressor role in endometrial cancer and appears to be a diagnostic or therapeutic candidate. Abstract The Wnt signalling receptor ROR2 has been identified as a possible therapeutic target in numerous cancers; however, its exact role remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ROR2 in endometrial cancer (EC) and the potential mechanism associated with its altered expression. The association between ROR2 mRNA expression levels and clinicopathological parameters, including overall survival (OS), in EC was analysed in The Cancer Genome Atlas Uterine Corpus Endometrial Carcinoma (TCGA-UCEC) cohort and GEO dataset GSE17025. Four EC cell lines (KLE, MFE-296, Ishikawa and ARK-1) and eight clinical EC samples were analysed for ROR2 methylation via Combined Bisulphite Restriction Analysis (COBRA) and bisulphite genomic sequencing (BGS). In addition, the functional effects of ROR2 overexpression were investigated in Ishikawa and ARK-1 cells following ectopic ROR2 expression. ROR2 promoter methylation or reduced ROR2 expression were both found to correlate with shorter OS, high grade and serous subtype in the TCGA-UCEC and GEO datasets. ROR2 was epigenetically silenced by promoter methylation in both patient samples and cell lines. A significant correlation between ROR2 expression levels and promoter methylation was observed in patient samples (r = −0.797, p = 0.018). ROR2 restoration in ARK-1 significantly decreased invasion ability, with associated changes in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. ROR2 plays a tumour-suppressor role in EC and is epigenetically suppressed with the development of disease. It may represent a diagnostic or therapeutic candidate for EC.
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22
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Menck K, Heinrichs S, Baden C, Bleckmann A. The WNT/ROR Pathway in Cancer: From Signaling to Therapeutic Intervention. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010142. [PMID: 33445713 PMCID: PMC7828172 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The WNT pathway is one of the major signaling cascades frequently deregulated in human cancer. While research had initially focused on signal transduction centered on β-catenin as a key effector activating a pro-tumorigenic transcriptional response, nowadays it is known that WNT ligands can also induce a multitude of β-catenin-independent cellular pathways. Traditionally, these comprise WNT/planar cell polarity (PCP) and WNT/Ca2+ signaling. In addition, signaling via the receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptors (RORs) has gained increasing attention in cancer research due to their overexpression in a multitude of tumor entities. Active WNT/ROR signaling has been linked to processes driving tumor development and progression, such as cell proliferation, survival, invasion, or therapy resistance. In adult tissue, the RORs are largely absent, which has spiked the interest in them for targeted cancer therapy. Promising results in preclinical and initial clinical studies are beginning to unravel the great potential of such treatment approaches. In this review, we summarize seminal findings on the structure and expression of the RORs in cancer, their downstream signaling, and its output in regard to tumor cell function. Furthermore, we present the current clinical anti-ROR treatment strategies and discuss the state-of-the-art, as well as the challenges of the different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Menck
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (K.M.); (S.H.); (C.B.)
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Saskia Heinrichs
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (K.M.); (S.H.); (C.B.)
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Cornelia Baden
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (K.M.); (S.H.); (C.B.)
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Annalen Bleckmann
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (K.M.); (S.H.); (C.B.)
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-0251-8352712
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23
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Abstract
The role of the WNT signaling pathway in key cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation and migration is well documented. WNT signaling cascade is initiated by the interaction of WNT ligands with receptors belonging to the Frizzled family, and/or the ROR1/ROR2 and RYK families. The downstream signaling cascade results in the activation of the canonical β-catenin dependent pathway, ultimately leading to transcriptional control of cell proliferation, or the non-canonical pathway, mainly acting on cell migration and cell polarity. The high level of expression of both WNT ligands and WNT receptors in cancer cells and in the surrounding microenvironment suggests that WNT may represent a central conduit of interactions between tumor cells and microenviroment. In this review we will focus on WNT pathways deregulation in hematological cancers, both at the ligand and receptor levels. We will review available literature regarding both the classical β-catenin dependent pathway as well as the non-canonical pathway, with particular emphasis on the possible exploitation of WNT aberrant activation as a therapeutic target, a notion supported by preclinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Frenquelli
- B-cell Neoplasia Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Functional Genomics of Cancer Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tonon
- Functional Genomics of Cancer Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Center for Omics Sciences (COSR), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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24
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Conlon CJ, Abu-Ghname A, Raghuram AC, Davis MJ, Guillen DE, Sutton VR, Carvalho CMB, Maricevich RS. Craniofacial phenotypes associated with Robinow syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 185:3606-3612. [PMID: 33237614 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Robinow syndrome is characterized by mesomelic limb shortening, hemivertebrae, and genital hypoplasia. Due to low prevalence and considerable phenotypic variability, it has been challenging to definitively characterize features of Robinow syndrome. While craniofacial abnormalities associated with Robinow syndrome have been broadly described, there is a lack of detailed descriptions of genotype-specific phenotypic craniofacial features. Patients with Robinow syndrome were invited for a multidisciplinary evaluation conducted by specialist physicians at our institution. A focused assessment of the craniofacial manifestations was performed by a single expert examiner using clinical examination and standard photographic images. A total of 13 patients with clinical and molecular diagnoses consistent with either dominant Robinow syndrome (DRS) or recessive Robinow syndrome (RRS) were evaluated. On craniofacial examination, gingival hyperplasia was nearly ubiquitous in all patients. Orbital hypertelorism, a short nose with anteverted and flared nares, a triangular mouth with a long philtrum, cleft palate, macrocephaly, and frontal bossing were not observed in all individuals but affected individuals with both DRS and RRS. Other anomalies were more selective in their distribution in this patient cohort. We present a comprehensive analysis of the craniofacial findings in patients with Robinow Syndrome, describing associated morphological features and correlating phenotypic manifestations to underlying genotype in a manner relevant for early recognition and focused evaluation of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Conlon
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Amjed Abu-Ghname
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anjali C Raghuram
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew J Davis
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Diana E Guillen
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - V Reid Sutton
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Claudia M B Carvalho
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Carvalho Lab, Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Renata S Maricevich
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Division of Plastic Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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25
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Wang S, Roy JP, Tomlinson AJ, Wang EB, Tsai YH, Cameron L, Underwood J, Spence JR, Walton KD, Stacker SA, Gumucio DL, Lechler T. RYK-mediated filopodial pathfinding facilitates midgut elongation. Development 2020; 147:dev.195388. [PMID: 32994164 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Between embryonic days 10.5 and 14.5, active proliferation drives rapid elongation of the murine midgut epithelial tube. Within this pseudostratified epithelium, nuclei synthesize DNA near the basal surface and move apically to divide. After mitosis, the majority of daughter cells extend a long, basally oriented filopodial protrusion, building a de novo path along which their nuclei can return to the basal side. WNT5A, which is secreted by surrounding mesenchymal cells, acts as a guidance cue to orchestrate this epithelial pathfinding behavior, but how this signal is received by epithelial cells is unknown. Here, we have investigated two known WNT5A receptors: ROR2 and RYK. We found that epithelial ROR2 is dispensable for midgut elongation. However, loss of Ryk phenocopies the Wnt5a -/- phenotype, perturbing post-mitotic pathfinding and leading to apoptosis. These studies reveal that the ligand-receptor pair WNT5A-RYK acts as a navigation system to instruct filopodial pathfinding, a process that is crucial for continuous cell cycling to fuel rapid midgut elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - James P Roy
- Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Abigail J Tomlinson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ellen B Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yu-Hwai Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lisa Cameron
- Light Microscopy Core Facility, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Julie Underwood
- Department of Dermatology and Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Katherine D Walton
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Steven A Stacker
- Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Deborah L Gumucio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Terry Lechler
- Department of Dermatology and Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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26
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Guo M, Ma G, Zhang X, Tang W, Shi J, Wang Q, Cheng Y, Zhang B, Xu J. ROR2 knockdown suppresses breast cancer growth through PI3K/ATK signaling. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:13115-13127. [PMID: 32614787 PMCID: PMC7377870 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of human cancers, including breast cancer. Here, we analyzed the clinical significance of ROR2 in breast cancer (BC) progression, and its function in the regulation of BC cell proliferation and growth. Analysis of ROR2 mRNA levels in 45 BC tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues revealed that ROR2 expression was significantly increased in BC tissues, and that it correlated with tumor diameter. Kaplan-Meier disease-free survival (DFS) analysis demonstrated that BC patients with higher ROR2 expression had lower DFS. Knockdown of ROR2 suppressed in vitro proliferation of BC cells and promoted apoptosis, while ROR2 overexpression induced BC cell proliferation and suppressed apoptosis. Importantly, ROR2 suppression also reduced the tumor growth in mouse BC xenografts, indicating that ROR2 promotes BC tumorigenesis in vivo. In addition, our data revealed that ROR2 promotes proliferation of BC cells by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Together, our results indicate that ROR2 acts as an oncogenic gene in breast cancer, and suggest that the ROR2/PI3K/AKT regulatory network contributes to breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhong Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ge Ma
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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27
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Xu J, Shi J, Tang W, Jiang P, Guo M, Zhang B, Ma G. ROR2 promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition by regulating MAPK/p38 signaling pathway in breast cancer. J Cell Biochem 2020; 121:4142-4153. [PMID: 32048761 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) is a tyrosine-protein kinase receptor highly implicated in the growth plate and cartilage development, which may be involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer (BC) cells. Although ROR2 is known to promote the migration of BC cells, the detailed mechanism of this event is still not clear. Here, we found that ROR2 expression was significantly increased in BC lymphatic metastatic tissue as well as BC samples compared to normal adjacent breast tissues. A higher expression of ROR2 in MDA-MB-231 and a lower expression of ROR2 in MCF-7 cells were observed. MDA-MB-231-siROR2 cells with ROR2 knockdown inhibited MDA-MB-231 cell invasion, migration, and clonal formation, while MCF-7-OvROR2 cells with overexpression showed the opposite results. The underlying mechanisms involved in ROR2-induced EMT in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells were further investigated. ROR2 may activate EMT progression in BC cells by altering MAPK kinase 3/6 (MKK3/6) expression. The expressions of transforming growth factor-β, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and MMP-9, which were related to tumor cell invasion activities, were notably increased in MCF-7-OvROR2 cells. The EMT markers, including snail, N-cadherin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, and vimentin, were significantly upregulated in MCF-7-OvROR2 cells. On the contrary, E-cadherin was obviously reduced expressed in MCF-7-OvROR2 cells. ROR2 may regulate the malignant phenotype of BC cells possibly via activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/p38 signaling pathway. Collectively, ROR2 promotes BC carcinogenesis by mediating the MAPK/p38 pathway, which is independent of Wnt5α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- Department of Thyroid and Mammary Gland Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Tang
- Department of Thyroid and Mammary Gland Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Thyroid and Mammary Gland Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhong Guo
- Department of Thyroid and Mammary Gland Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Mammary Gland Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ge Ma
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Li R, Liu T, Shi J, Luan W, Wei X, Yu J, Mao H, Liu P. ROR2 induces cell apoptosis via activating IRE1α/JNK/CHOP pathway in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. J Transl Med 2019; 17:428. [PMID: 31878941 PMCID: PMC6933631 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-02178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal cancer in female genital tumors. New disease markers and novel therapeutic strategies are urgent to identify considering the current status of treatment. Receptor tyrosine kinases family plays critical roles in embryo development and disease progression. However, ambivalent research conclusions of ROR2 make its role in tumor confused and the underlying mechanism is far from being understood. In this study, we sought to clarify the effects of ROR2 on high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) cells and reveal the mechanism. Methods Immunohistochemistry assay and western-blot assay were used to detect proteins expression. ROR2 overexpression adenovirus and Lentivirus were used to create ROR2 overexpression model in vitro and in vivo, respectively. MTT assay, colony formation assay and transwell assay were used to measure the proliferation, invasion and migration ability of cancer cells. Flow cytometry assay was used to detect cell apoptosis rate. Whole transcriptome analysis was used to explore the differentially expressed genes between ROR2 overexpression group and negative control group. SiRNA targeted IRE1α was used to knockdown IRE1α. Kira6 was used to inhibit phosphorylation of IRE1α. Results Expression of ROR2 was significantly lower in HGSOC tissues compared to normal fallopian tube epithelium or ovarian surface epithelium tissues. In HGSOC cohort, patients with advanced stages or positive lymph nodes were prone to express lower ROR2. Overexpression of ROR2 could repress the proliferation of HGSOC cells and induce cell apoptosis. RNA sequencing analysis indicated that ROR2 overexpression could induce unfold protein response. The results were also confirmed by upregulation of BIP and phosphorylated IRE1α. Furthermore, pro-death factors like CHOP, phosphorylated JNK and phosphorylated c-Jun were also upregulated. IRE1α knockdown or Kira6 treatment could reverse the apoptosis induced by ROR2 overexpression. Finally, tumor xenograft experiment showed ROR2 overexpression could significantly repress the growth rate and volume of transplanted tumors. Conclusions Taken together, ROR2 downregulation was associated with HGSOC development and progression. ROR2 overexpression could repress cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis in HGSOC cells. And the underlying mechanism might be the activation of IRE1α/JNK/CHOP pathway induced by ROR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianfeng Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Linyi People's Hospital, 27 Jiefang Road, Linyi, 276003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Juanjuan Shi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Affiliated Tengzhou Center People's Hospital of Jining Medical University, 181 Xing Tan Road, Tengzhou, 277599, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqing Luan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Wei
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangtao Yu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongluan Mao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peishu Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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García de Herreros A, Duñach M. Intracellular Signals Activated by Canonical Wnt Ligands Independent of GSK3 Inhibition and β-Catenin Stabilization. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101148. [PMID: 31557964 PMCID: PMC6829497 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to non-canonical ligands, canonical Wnts promote the stabilization of β-catenin, which is a prerequisite for formation of the TCF4/β-catenin transcriptional complex and activation of its target genes. This pathway is initiated by binding of Wnt ligands to the Frizzled/LRP5/6 receptor complex, and it increases the half-life of β-catenin by precluding the phosphorylation of β-catenin by GSK3 and its binding to the βTrCP1 ubiquitin ligase. Other intercellular signals are also activated by Wnt ligands that do not inhibit GSK3 and increase β-catenin protein but that either facilitate β-catenin transcriptional activity or stimulate other transcriptional factors that cooperate with it. In this review, we describe the layers of complexity of these signals and discuss their crosstalk with β-catenin in activation of transcriptional targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio García de Herreros
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Unidad Asociada CSIC, and Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mireia Duñach
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, CEB, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
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Abstract
Background: Despite advances in immunotherapeutic strategies for neuroblastoma (NBL), relapse remains a significant cause of mortality for high risk patients. The discovery of novel tumor associated antigens to improve efficacy and minimize the toxicities of immunotherapy is therefore warranted. Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-like Orphan Receptor-1 and 2 (ROR1 and ROR2) have been found to be expressed in several malignancies with limited expression in healthy tissues. Objectives: Given their role in tumor migration and proliferation and the fact that they were originally cloned from a NBL cell line, we hypothesized that ROR1 and ROR2 could serve as potential targets for anti-ROR1 and anti-ROR2 based immunotherapies in NBL. Methods: We characterized the mRNA and protein expression of ROR1 and ROR2 in NBL cell lines and tissue microarrays of patient samples. To explore the potential of ROR1 targeting, we performed in vitro cytotoxicity assays against NBL using NK92 cells as effector cells. Results: Both ROR1 and ROR2 are expressed across all stages of NBL. In patients with non-MYC amplified tumors, expression of ROR1/ROR2 correlated with survival and prognosis. Moreover, in a proof-of-concept experiment, pretreatment of NBL cell line with anti-ROR1 antibody showed additive cytotoxicity with NK92 cells. Conclusions: ROR1 and ROR2 could serve as novel targets for immunotherapy in NBL. The additive effect of anti-ROR1 antibodies with NK cells needs to be explored further to evaluate the possibility of combining anti-ROR1 antibodies with immune effectors such as NK92 cells as a potential off-the shelf immunotherapy for NBL and other ROR1 expressing malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Dave
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, The George Washington University , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Donna Butcher
- Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute , Frederick , Maryland , USA
| | - Miriam Anver
- Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute , Frederick , Maryland , USA
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, The George Washington University , Washington , DC , USA
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Saleh RR, Antrás JF, Peinado P, Pérez-Segura P, Pandiella A, Amir E, Ocaña A. Prognostic value of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor (ROR) family in cancer: A meta-analysis. Cancer Treat Rev 2019; 77:11-19. [PMID: 31174180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Identification of membrane proteins expressed exclusively on tumor cells is a goal for cancer drug development. The receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor type 1 and 2 (ROR1/2), are type-I transmembrane proteins expressed in cancer but not in adult normal tissue. Here, we explore the prognostic role ROR1/2 expression on patient outcome. METHODS A systematic search of electronic databases identified publications exploring the effect of ROR1/2 on overall survival (OS). Hazard ratios (HR) from collected data were pooled in a meta-analysis using generic inverse-variance and random effects modeling. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on disease site or tumor type. RESULTS Twenty five studies met the inclusion criteria. ROR1 was associated with worse overall survival (HR 2.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.62-2.80; P < 0.001) with subgroup analysis showing the strongest association between ROR1 and OS was in lung cancer. There was no significant difference between solid tumors and hematological malignancies (HR 2.15, 95% CI 1.52-3.06 vs. HR 2.02, 95% CI 1.46-2.84; subgroup difference P = 0.80). ROR2 was also associated with worse OS (HR 1.84, 95% CI 1.43-2.38; P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between disease sites although the highest association seen was in head and neck cancers (HR 3.19, 95% CI 1.13-8.97) and the lowest in gynecological cancers (HR 1.19, 95% CI 0.71-2.00; subgroup difference P = 0.10). CONCLUSIONS ROR1 and ROR2 expression is associated with adverse outcome in several tumors. ROR1/2 warrants study as a target for developmental therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy R Saleh
- Division of Medical Oncology & Hematology, Department of Medicine, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jesús Fuentes Antrás
- Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Medical Oncology Department. Hospital Clínico San Carlos, and IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Peinado
- Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Medical Oncology Department. Hospital Clínico San Carlos, and IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Pérez-Segura
- Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Medical Oncology Department. Hospital Clínico San Carlos, and IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Atanasio Pandiella
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain; CIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eitan Amir
- Division of Medical Oncology & Hematology, Department of Medicine, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alberto Ocaña
- Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Medical Oncology Department. Hospital Clínico San Carlos, and IdISSC, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain; Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Castilla-La Mancha University (UCLM), Albacete, Spain.
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Li Y, Han X, Xu W, Rao Z, Li X. Purification and characterization of the extracellular region of human receptor tyrosine kinase like orphan receptor 2 ( ROR2). Protein Expr Purif 2019; 158:74-80. [PMID: 30826310 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) is a co-receptor for some Wnt proteins including Wnt5a that activate the noncanonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway. Upregulation of ROR2 is associated with several cancer forms. The extracellular region of ROR2, which contains an immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain, a Frizzled like cysteine-rich domain (CRD) and a Kringle domain, is a potential anticancer drug target. The structural and biochemical properties of the ROR2 extracellular region remain largely unexplored. Here we describe the mapping and purification, using a baculovirus - insect cell system, of a near-full-length ROR2 extracellular fragment (residues 53-402), which is well-behaved and suitable for future structural and biochemical analysis. We show that the extracellular region of ROR2 per se is monomeric in solution. Different monoclonal antibodies raised against the purified ROR2 protein can specifically recognize the protein and can either inhibit or activate the PCP activity in a cell-based assay, and are thus potentially useful for future mechanistic and therapeutic/diagnostic studies. The biological relevance of these antibodies further demonstrates that the purified recombinant ROR2 protein is properly folded and biochemically active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Collage of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xu Han
- Collage of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wenqing Xu
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Zihe Rao
- Collage of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Collage of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Hellmann I, Waldmeier L, Bannwarth-Escher MC, Maslova K, Wolter FI, Grawunder U, Beerli RR. Novel Antibody Drug Conjugates Targeting Tumor-Associated Receptor Tyrosine Kinase ROR2 by Functional Screening of Fully Human Antibody Libraries Using Transpo-mAb Display on Progenitor B Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2490. [PMID: 30450096 PMCID: PMC6224377 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) has been identified as a highly relevant tumor-associated antigen in a variety of cancer indications of high unmet medical need, including renal cell carcinoma and osteosarcoma, making it an attractive target for targeted cancer therapy. Here, we describe the de novo discovery of fully human ROR2-specific antibodies and potent antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) derived thereof by combining antibody discovery from immune libraries of human immunoglobulin transgenic animals using the Transpo-mAb mammalian cell-based IgG display platform with functional screening for internalizing antibodies using a secondary ADC assay. The discovery strategy entailed immunization of transgenic mice with the cancer antigen ROR2, harboring transgenic IgH and IgL chain gene loci with limited number of fully human V, D, and J gene segments. This was followed by recovering antibody repertoires from the immunized animals, expressing and screening them as full-length human IgG libraries by transposon-mediated display in progenitor B lymphocytes ("Transpo-mAb Display") for ROR2 binding. Individual cellular "Transpo-mAb" clones isolated by single cell sorting and capable of expressing membrane-bound as well as secreted human IgG were directly screened during antibody discovery, not only for high affinity binding to human ROR2, but also functionally as ADCs using a cytotoxicity assay with a secondary anti-human IgG-toxin-conjugate. Using this strategy, we identified and validated 12 fully human, monoclonal anti-human ROR2 antibodies with nanomolar affinities that are highly potent as ADCs and could be promising candidates for the therapy of human cancer. The screening for functional and internalizing antibodies during the early phase of antibody discovery demonstrates the utility of the mammalian cell-based Transpo-mAb Display platform to select for functional binders and as a powerful tool to improve the efficiency for the development of therapeutically relevant ADCs.
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Henry CE, Llamosas E, Daniels B, Coopes A, Tang K, Ford CE. ROR1 and ROR2 play distinct and opposing roles in endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2018; 148:576-584. [PMID: 29395309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In recent years, the Wnt signalling pathway and the ROR1 and ROR2 receptors have been implicated in a range of gynecological cancers. These receptors have been described as prospective therapeutic targets, and this study investigated such potential in an endometrial cancer context. METHOD Immunohistochemistry for ROR1 and ROR2 was performed in a patient cohort, and expression was correlated with clinicopathological parameters including type, stage, grade, myometrial invasion, lymphovascular involvement, patient age and survival. The functional role of these receptors in endometrial cancer was investigated via siRNA knockdown of ROR1 and ROR2 in three cell line models (KLE, RL95-2 and MFE-319). Effects on proliferation, adhesion, migration and invasion were measured. RESULTS High ROR1 expression in patient samples correlated with worse overall survival (p = 0.0169) while high ROR2 expression correlated with better overall survival (p = 0.06). ROR1 knockdown in KLE cells significantly decreased proliferation (p = 0.047) and reduced migration and invasion. ROR2 knockdown in RL95-2 cells increased cell migration and invasion (p = 0.011). Double ROR1 and ROR2 knockdown in MFE-319 cells decreased adhesion and significantly increased cell migration (P = 0.008) and invasion (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION ROR1 and ROR2 play distinct roles in endometrial cancer. ROR1 may promote tumor progression, similar to its role in ovarian cancer, while ROR2 may act as a tumor suppressor in endometrioid endometrial cancer, similar to its role in colorectal cancer. With several ROR-targeting therapies currently in development and phase I clinical trials for other tumor types, this study supports the potential of these receptors as therapeutic targets for women with endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Henry
- Gynaecological Cancer Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - E Llamosas
- Gynaecological Cancer Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - B Daniels
- Medicines Policy Research Unit, Centre for Big Data Research in Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - A Coopes
- Gynaecological Cancer Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - K Tang
- South Eastern Area Laboratory Services Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Australia
| | - C E Ford
- Gynaecological Cancer Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Australia.
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Abstract
Background We have reported that the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt/RhoA signaling pathway mediates Wnt5a-induced cell migration of osteosarcoma cells. However, the specific receptors responding to Wnt5a ligand remain poorly defined in osteosarcoma metastasis. Methods Wound healing assays were used to measure the migration rate of osteosarcoma cells transfected with shRNA or siRNA specific against ROR2 or indicated constructs. We evaluated the RhoA activation in osteosarcoma MG-63 and U2OS cells with RhoA activation assay. A panel of inhibitors of PI3K and Akt treated osteosarcoma cells and blocked kinase activity. Western blotting assays were employed to measure the expression and activation of Akt. Clonogenic assays were used to measure the cell proliferation of ROR2-knockdown or ROR2-overexpressed osteosarcoma cells. Results Wnt5a-induced osteosarcoma cell migration was largely abolished by shRNA or siRNA specific against ROR2. Overexpression of RhoA-CA (GFP-RhoA-V14) was able to rescue the Wnt5a-induced cell migration blocked by ROR2 knockdown. The Wnt5a-induced activation of RhoA was mostly blocked by ROR2 knockdown, and elevated by ROR2 overexpression, respectively. Furthermore, we found that Wnt5a-induced cell migration was significantly retarded by RhoA-siRNA transfection or pretreatment of HS-173 (PI3Kα inhibitor), MK-2206 (Akt inhibitor), A-674563 (Akt1 inhibitor), or CCT128930 (Akt2 inhibitor). The activation of Akt was upregulated or downregulated by transfected with ROR2-Flag or ROR2-siRNA, respectively. Lastly, Wnt5a/ROR2 signaling does not alter the cell proliferation of MG-63 osteosarcoma cells. Conclusions Taken together, we demonstrate that ROR2 receptor responding to Wnt5a ligand activates PI3K/Akt/RhoA signaling and promotes the migration of osteosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Dai
- Department of Orthopedics, Binhai County People's Hospital, Binhai, 224500 Jiangsu China
| | - Ting Yan
- Safety Assessment and Research Center for Drug, Pesticide and Veterinary Drug of Jiangsu Province, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu China
| | - Ailiang Zhang
- Spine Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003 Jiangsu China
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Henry C, Hacker N, Ford C. Silencing ROR1 and ROR2 inhibits invasion and adhesion in an organotypic model of ovarian cancer metastasis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:112727-112738. [PMID: 29348860 PMCID: PMC5762545 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elevated expression of the ROR1 and ROR2 Wnt receptors has been noted in both the tumour and stromal compartments of ovarian cancer patient tissue samples. In vitro studies have suggested these receptors play a role in ovarian cancer metastasis. However, these previous studies have utilised simple 2D in vitro models to investigate cancer cell growth and migration, which does not allow investigation of stromal involvement in Wnt driven metastasis. AIM To investigate targeting ROR1 and ROR2 using a primary co-culture 3D model of epithelial ovarian cancer dissemination to the omentum. METHODS Primary fibroblasts (NOF) and mesothelial (HPMC) cells were isolated from fresh samples of omentum collected from women with benign or non-metastatic conditions and cultured with collagen to produce a organotypic 3D model. Stable shRNA knockdown of ROR1, ROR2 and double ROR1/ROR2 in OVCAR4 cells were plated onto the 3D model to measure adhesion, or using a transwell to measure invasion. Gene expression changes in primary cells upon OVCAR4 interaction was evaluated using indirect transwell co-culture. RESULTS Double knockdown of ROR1 and ROR2 strongly inhibited cell adhesion (p<0.05) and invasion (P<0.05) to the omentum model. ROR2 was up regulated in primary fibroblasts when cultured with OVCAR4 (P=0.05) and ectopic overexpression of ROR2 in NOFs inhibited cell proliferation (P<0.01) but increased cell migration. CONCLUSION The combination of ROR1 and ROR2 signalling influences ovarian cancer dissemination to the omentum, however ROR2 may also play a role in stromal activation during metastasis. Therefore, targeting both ROR1 and ROR2 may be a powerful approach to treating ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Henry
- Gynaecological Cancer Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Neville Hacker
- Gynaecological Cancer Centre, Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, Australia
| | - Caroline Ford
- Gynaecological Cancer Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Peng H, Nerreter T, Chang J, Qi J, Li X, Karunadharma P, Martinez GJ, Fallahi M, Soden J, Freeth J, Beerli RR, Grawunder U, Hudecek M, Rader C. Mining Naïve Rabbit Antibody Repertoires by Phage Display for Monoclonal Antibodies of Therapeutic Utility. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2954-2973. [PMID: 28818634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their high affinities and specificities, rabbit monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have demonstrated value and potential primarily as basic research and diagnostic reagents, but, in some cases, also as therapeutics. To accelerate access to rabbit mAbs bypassing immunization, we generated a large naïve rabbit antibody repertoire represented by a phage display library encompassing >10 billion independent antibodies in chimeric rabbit/human Fab format and validated it by next-generation sequencing. Panels of rabbit mAbs selected from this library against two emerging cancer targets, ROR1 and ROR2, revealed high diversity, affinity, and specificity. Moreover, ROR1- and ROR2-targeting rabbit mAbs demonstrated therapeutic utility as components of chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cells, further corroborating the value of the naïve rabbit antibody library as a rich and virtually unlimited source of rabbit mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyong Peng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Thomas Nerreter
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jing Chang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Junpeng Qi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Xiuling Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | | | | | - Mohammad Fallahi
- Informatics Core, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jo Soden
- Retrogenix Ltd, Whaley Bridge, High Peak, SK23 7LY, United Kingdom
| | - Jim Freeth
- Retrogenix Ltd, Whaley Bridge, High Peak, SK23 7LY, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Michael Hudecek
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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Wu ZC, Xiong L, Wang LX, Miao XY, Liu ZR, Li DQ, Zou Q, Liu KJ, Zhao H, Yang ZL. Comparative study of ROR2 and WNT5a expression in squamous/adenosquamous carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:2601-2612. [PMID: 28465645 PMCID: PMC5394524 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i14.2601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the expression and clinical pathological significance of ROR2 and WNT5a in gallbladder squamous/adenosquamous carcinoma (SC/ASC) and adenocarcinoma (AC). METHODS EnVision immunohistochemistry was used to stain for ROR2 and WNT5a in 46 SC/ASC patients and 80 AC patients. RESULTS Poorly differentiated AC among AC patients aged > 45 years were significantly more frequent compared with SC/ASC patients, while tumors with a maximal diameter > 3 cm in the SC/ASC group were significantly more frequent compared with the AC group. Positive ROR2 and WNT5a expression was significantly lower in SC/ASC or AC with a maximal mass diameter ≤ 3 cm, a TNM stage of I + II, no lymph node metastasis, no surrounding invasion, and radical resection than in patients with a maximal mass diameter > 3 cm, TNM stage IV, lymph node metastasis, surrounding invasion, and no resection. Positive ROR2 expression in patients with highly differentiated SC/ASC was significantly lower than in patients with poorly differentiated SC/ASC. Positive ROR2 and WNT5a expression levels in highly differentiated AC were significantly lower than in poorly differentiated AC. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that differentiation degree, maximal mass diameter, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, surrounding invasion, surgical procedure and the ROR2 and WNT5a expression levels were closely related to average survival of SC/ASC or AC. The survival of SC/ASC or AC patients with positive expression of ROR2 and WNT5a was significantly shorter than that of patients with negative expression results. Cox multivariate analysis revealed that poor differentiation, a maximal diameter of the mass ≥ 3 cm, TNM stage III or IV, lymph node metastasis, surrounding invasion, unresected surgery and positive ROR2 or WNT5a expression in the SC/ASC or AC patients were negatively correlated with the postoperative survival rate and positively correlated with mortality, which are risk factors and independent prognostic predictors. CONCLUSION SC/ASC or AC patients with positive ROR2 or WNT5a expression generally have a poor prognosis.
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Abstract
ROR-family receptor tyrosine kinases form a small subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), characterized by a conserved, unique domain architecture. ROR RTKs are evolutionary conserved throughout the animal kingdom and act as alternative receptors and coreceptors of WNT ligands. The intracellular signaling cascades activated downstream of ROR receptors are diverse, including but not limited to ROR-Frizzled-mediated activation of planar cell polarity signaling, RTK-like signaling, and antagonistic regulation of WNT/β-Catenin signaling. In line with their diverse repertoire of signaling functions, ROR receptors are involved in the regulation of multiple processes in embryonic development such as development of the axial and paraxial mesoderm, the nervous system and the neural crest, the axial and appendicular skeleton, and the kidney. In humans, mutations in the ROR2 gene cause two distinct developmental syndromes, recessive Robinow syndrome (RRS; MIM 268310) and dominant brachydactyly type B1 (BDB1; MIM 113000). In Robinow syndrome patients and animal models, the development of multiple organs is affected, whereas BDB1 results only in shortening of the distal phalanges of fingers and toes, reflecting the diversity of functions and signaling activities of ROR-family RTKs. In this chapter, we give an overview on ROR receptor structure and function. We discuss their signaling functions and role in vertebrate embryonic development with a focus on those developmental processes that are affected by mutations in the ROR2 gene in human patients.
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Henry C, Llamosas E, Knipprath-Meszaros A, Schoetzau A, Obermann E, Fuenfschilling M, Caduff R, Fink D, Hacker N, Ward R, Heinzelmann-Schwarz V, Ford C. Targeting the ROR1 and ROR2 receptors in epithelial ovarian cancer inhibits cell migration and invasion. Oncotarget 2016; 6:40310-26. [PMID: 26515598 PMCID: PMC4741897 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM In recent years, the Wnt signalling pathway has been implicated in epithelial ovarian cancer and its members have potential as diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic targets. Here we investigated the role of two Wnt receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), ROR1 and ROR2, and their putative ligand, Wnt5a, in ovarian cancer. METHODS Immunohistochemistry for ROR2 was performed in a large patient cohort, including benign controls, borderline tumours and epithelial ovarian cancer. In addition, siRNA was used to silence ROR1, ROR2 and Wnt5a individually, and together, in two ovarian cancer cell lines, and the effects on cell proliferation, adhesion, migration and invasion were measured. RESULTS ROR2 expression is significantly increased in ovarian cancer patients compared to patients with benign disease. In vitro assays showed that silencing either receptor inhibits ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion, and concurrently silencing both receptors has an even stronger inhibitory effect on proliferation, migration and invasion. CONCLUSIONS ROR2 expression is increased in epithelial ovarian cancer, and silencing ROR2 and its sister receptor ROR1 has a strong inhibitory effect on the ability of ovarian cancer cells to proliferate, migrate and invade through an extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Henry
- Metastasis Research Group, Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Estelle Llamosas
- Metastasis Research Group, Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexandra Knipprath-Meszaros
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Hospital for Women, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Schoetzau
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Hospital for Women, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ellen Obermann
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maya Fuenfschilling
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rosemarie Caduff
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Fink
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Neville Hacker
- Gynaecological Cancer Centre, Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robyn Ward
- Department of Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Viola Heinzelmann-Schwarz
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Hospital for Women, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Ford
- Metastasis Research Group, Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
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Abstract
To understand how cells form tissues, we need to understand how the tyrosine kinases are involved in controlling cell mechanics, whether they act directly as parts of mechanosensing machines or indirectly. Cells test the critical parameter of matrix rigidity by locally contracting ("pinching") matrices and measuring forces, and the depletion of contractile units causes transformation. We report here that knocking down the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), AXL, and ROR2, alters rigidity sensing and increases the magnitude or duration of local contraction events, respectively. Phospho-AXL and ROR2 localize to contraction units and bind major contractile components, tropomyosin 2.1 (AXL), myosin IIA (AXL), and filamin A (ROR2). At a molecular level, phosphorylated AXL localizes to active myosin filaments and phosphorylates tropomyosin at a tyrosine critical for adhesion formation. ROR2 binding of ligand is unnecessary, but binding filamin A helps function. Thus, AXL and ROR2 alter rigidity sensing and consequently morphogenic processes by directly controlling local mechanosensory contractions without ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Zi Zhao Lieu
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Haguy Wolfenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Feroz M. Hameed
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Alexander D. Bershadsky
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michael P. Sheetz
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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Ma SSQ, Henry CE, Llamosas E, Higgins R, Daniels B, Hesson LB, Hawkins NJ, Ward RL, Ford CE. Validation of specificity of antibodies for immunohistochemistry: the case of ROR2. Virchows Arch 2016; 470:99-108. [PMID: 27631337 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-016-2019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt signalling receptor receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) is implicated in numerous human cancers. However, there have been conflicting reports regarding ROR2 expression, some studies showing upregulation and others downregulation of ROR2 in the same cancer type. The majority of these studies used immunohistochemistry (IHC) to detect ROR2 protein, without validation of the used antibodies. There appears to be currently no consensus on the antibody best suited for ROR2 detection or how ROR2 expression changes in various cancer types. We examined three commercially available ROR2 antibodies and found that only one bound specifically to ROR2. Another antibody cross-reacted with other proteins, and the third failed to detect ROR2 at all. ROR2 detection by IHC on 107 patient samples using the ROR2 specific antibody showed that the majority of colorectal cancers show loss of ROR2 protein. We found no association between ROR2 staining and poor patient survival, as had been previously reported. These results question the previously reported association between ROR2 and poor patient survival in colorectal cancer. Future studies should use fully validated antibodies when detecting ROR2 protein, as non-specific staining can lead to irrelevant observations and misinterpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean S Q Ma
- Adult Cancer Program, Level 2, Metastasis Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Claire E Henry
- Adult Cancer Program, Level 2, Metastasis Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Estelle Llamosas
- Adult Cancer Program, Level 2, Metastasis Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Rupert Higgins
- Adult Cancer Program, Level 2, Metastasis Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Benjamin Daniels
- Faculty of Medicine, Medicines Policy Research Unit, Centre for Big Data Research in Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Luke B Hesson
- Colorectal Cancer Group, Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Caroline E Ford
- Adult Cancer Program, Level 2, Metastasis Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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Arabzadeh S, Hossein G, Salehi-Dulabi Z, Zarnani AH. WNT5A- ROR2 is induced by inflammatory mediators and is involved in the migration of human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV-3. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2016; 21:9. [PMID: 28536612 PMCID: PMC5415827 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-016-0003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Wnt5A, which is a member of the non-transforming Wnt protein family, is implicated in inflammatory processes. It is also highly expressed by ovarian cancer cells. ROR2, which is a member of the Ror-family of receptor tyrosine kinases, acts as a receptor or co-receptor for Wnt5A. The Wnt5A–ROR2 signaling pathway plays essential roles in the migration and invasion of several types of tumor cell and influences their cell polarity. We investigated the modulation of Wnt5A–ROR2 by inflammatory mediators and its involvement in the migration of the human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV-3. Methods SKOV-3 cells were treated with LPS (lipopolysaccharide), LTA (lipoteichoic acid) and recombinant human IL-6 alone or in combination with STAT3 inhibitor (S1155S31-201) or NF-kB inhibitor (BAY11-7082) for 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h. The Wnt5A and ROR2 expression levels were determined at the gene and protein levels. Cells were transfected with specific siRNA against Wnt5A in the absence or presence of human anti-ROR2 antibody and cell migration was assessed using transwells. Results There was a strong downregulation of Wnt5A expression in the presence of STAT3 or NF-kB inhibitors. Cell stimulation with LTA or IL-6 for 8 h led to significantly increased levels of Wnt5A (5- and 3-fold higher, respectively). LPS, LTA or IL-6 treatment significantly increased ROR2 expression (2-fold after 48 h). LPS- or LTA-induced Wnt5A or ROR2 expression was abrogated in the presence of STAT3 inhibitor (p < 0.001). IL-6-induced Wnt5A expression was abrogated by both STAT3 and NF-kB inhibitors (p < 0.001). Although not significant, IL-6-induced ROR2 expression showed a modest decrease when STAT3 inhibitor was used. Moreover, cell migration was decreased by 80 % in siRNA Wnt5A-transfected cells in the presence of anti-human ROR2 antibody (p < 0.001). Conclusions This study revealed for the first time that inflammatory mediators modulate Wnt5A and ROR2 through NF-kB and STAT3 transcription factors and this may play a role in ovarian cancer cell migration. The results described here provide new insight into the role of the Wnt5A–ROR2 complex in ovarian cancer progression in relation to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Arabzadeh
- Department of Animal Physiology, Developmental Biology Laboratory, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghamartaj Hossein
- Department of Animal Physiology, Developmental Biology Laboratory, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Salehi-Dulabi
- Department of Animal Physiology, Developmental Biology Laboratory, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hassan Zarnani
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ma SS, Srivastava S, Llamosas E, Hawkins NJ, Hesson LB, Ward RL, Ford CE. ROR2 is epigenetically inactivated in the early stages of colorectal neoplasia and is associated with proliferation and migration. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:508. [PMID: 27440078 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2576-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is closely linked to Wnt signalling, with 94 % of cases exhibiting a Wnt related mutation. ROR2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is thought to repress β-catenin dependent Wnt signalling. Our study aims to determine if ROR2 is epigenetically silenced in CRC and determine if in vitro silencing of ROR2 potentiates Wnt signalling, and alters the proliferative, migratory or invasive potential of cells. Methods ROR2 expression was examined in CRC cell lines and patient adenomas using qRT-PCR, while COBRA and bisulphite sequencing was used to analyse ROR2 promoter methylation. 258 patient primary tumour samples from publicly available databases were also examined for ROR2 expression and methylation. In addition, the functional effects of ROR2 modulation were investigated in HCT116 cells following ROR2 siRNA knockdown and in RKO and SW620 cells following ectopic ROR2 expression. Results Reduced ROR2 expression was found to correlate with ROR2 promoter hypermethylation in colorectal cancer cell lines, carcinomas and adenomas. ROR2 expression was downregulated in 76.7 % (23/30) of CRC cell lines with increasing ROR2 promoter hypermethylation correlating with progressively lower expression. Analysis of 239 primary tumour samples from a publicly available cohort also found a significant correlation between reduced ROR2 expression and increased promoter methylation. Methylation analysis of 88 adenomas and 47 normal mucosa samples found greater percentage of adenoma samples to be methylated. Additional analysis also revealed that adenoma samples with reduced ROR2 expression also possessed ROR2 promoter hypermethylation. ROR2 knockdown in the CRC cell line HCT116 significantly decreased expression of the β-catenin independent Wnt targets genes JNK and NFATC1, increased cellular proliferation and migration but decreased invasion. When ROR2 was ectopically expressed in RKO and SW620 cells, there was no significant change to either cellular proliferation or migration. Conclusion ROR2 is frequently epigenetically inactivated by promoter hypermethylation in the early stages of colorectal neoplasia and this may contribute to colorectal cancer progression by increasing cellular proliferation and migration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2576-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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45
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Abstract
Robinow syndrome is a rare entity characterized by short stature and abnormalities of the head, face and external genitalia. It is otherwise called 'fetal face syndrome' due to its resemblance with fetal face. We present an eight-year-old female child who came with mesomelic short stature, abnormal facial features, multiple sets of teeth (both deciduous and permanent), pectus excavatum, umbilical hernia, limb abnormalities like shortening of fore arm, simian crease, broad thumbs and other fingers, clinodactyly, abnormal carrying angle, absent labia minora, absent clitoris. Apart from physical appearance she was having diversification of recti and umbilical hernia. Due to the several physical presentation mild systemic involvement it was diagnosed as autosomal dominant robinow syndrome. She is now on follow up and planned for a cosmetic surgery to repair facial defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhankar Mishra
- Junior Resident, Department of Paediatrics, MKCG Medical College , Berhampur, Odisha, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Agarwalla
- Associate Professor, Department of Paediatrics, MKCG Medical College , Berhampur, Odisha, India
| | - Swayanprava Pradhan
- Senior Resident, Department of Paediatrics, MKCG Medical College , Berhampur, Odisha, India
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Martinez S, Scerbo P, Giordano M, Daulat AM, Lhoumeau AC, Thomé V, Kodjabachian L, Borg JP. The PTK7 and ROR2 Protein Receptors Interact in the Vertebrate WNT/Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) Pathway. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:30562-72. [PMID: 26499793 PMCID: PMC4683276 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.697615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-canonical WNT/planar cell polarity (WNT/PCP) pathway plays important roles in morphogenetic processes in vertebrates. Among WNT/PCP components, protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7) is a tyrosine kinase receptor with poorly defined functions lacking catalytic activity. Here we show that PTK7 associates with receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) to form a heterodimeric complex in mammalian cells. We demonstrate that PTK7 and ROR2 physically and functionally interact with the non-canonical WNT5A ligand, leading to JNK activation and cell movements. In the Xenopus embryo, Ptk7 functionally interacts with Ror2 to regulate protocadherin papc expression and morphogenesis. Furthermore, we show that Ptk7 is required for papc activation induced by Wnt5a. Interestingly, we find that Wnt5a stimulates the release of the tagged Ptk7 intracellular domain, which can translocate into the nucleus and activate papc expression. This study reveals novel molecular mechanisms of action of PTK7 in non-canonical WNT/PCP signaling that may promote cell and tissue movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Martinez
- From the CRCM, Cell Polarity, Cell Signaling, and Cancer "Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer", INSERM, U1068, 13009 Marseille, France, the Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France, the Aix-Marseille Université, 13284 Marseille, France, the CNRS, UMR7258, 13009 Marseille, France, and
| | - Pierluigi Scerbo
- the Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Marilyn Giordano
- From the CRCM, Cell Polarity, Cell Signaling, and Cancer "Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer", INSERM, U1068, 13009 Marseille, France, the Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France, the Aix-Marseille Université, 13284 Marseille, France, the CNRS, UMR7258, 13009 Marseille, France, and
| | - Avais M Daulat
- From the CRCM, Cell Polarity, Cell Signaling, and Cancer "Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer", INSERM, U1068, 13009 Marseille, France, the Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France, the Aix-Marseille Université, 13284 Marseille, France, the CNRS, UMR7258, 13009 Marseille, France, and
| | - Anne-Catherine Lhoumeau
- From the CRCM, Cell Polarity, Cell Signaling, and Cancer "Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer", INSERM, U1068, 13009 Marseille, France, the Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France, the Aix-Marseille Université, 13284 Marseille, France, the CNRS, UMR7258, 13009 Marseille, France, and
| | - Virginie Thomé
- the Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Kodjabachian
- the Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Paul Borg
- From the CRCM, Cell Polarity, Cell Signaling, and Cancer "Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer", INSERM, U1068, 13009 Marseille, France, the Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France, the Aix-Marseille Université, 13284 Marseille, France, the CNRS, UMR7258, 13009 Marseille, France, and
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Ford CE, Henry C, Llamosas E, Djordjevic A, Hacker N. Wnt signalling in gynaecological cancers: A future target for personalised medicine? Gynecol Oncol 2015; 140:345-51. [PMID: 26432042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The three major gynaecological cancers, ovarian, uterine and cervical, contribute a significant burden to global cancer mortality, and affect women in both developed and developing countries. However, unlike other cancer types that have seen rapid advances and incorporation of targeted treatments in recent years, personalised medicine is not yet a reality in the treatment of gynaecological cancers. Advances in sequencing technology and international collaborations and initiatives such as The Cancer Genome Atlas are now revealing the molecular basis of these cancers, and highlighting key signalling pathways involved. One pathway which plays a role in all three cancer types, is the Wnt signalling pathway. This complex developmental pathway is altered in most human malignancies, and members of this pathway, particularly the recently linked ROR receptor tyrosine kinases may be attractive future therapeutic targets. This review provides an up-to-date summary of research into Wnt signalling and ovarian, uterine and cervical cancers, and discusses the potential of the Wnt pathway as a future target for personalised medicine in gynaecological cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Ford
- Metastasis Research Group, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Australia.
| | - C Henry
- Metastasis Research Group, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - E Llamosas
- Metastasis Research Group, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - A Djordjevic
- Metastasis Research Group, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - N Hacker
- Royal Hospital for Women, School of Women and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Australia
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Sun B, Ye X, Lin L, Shen M, Jiang T. Up-regulation of ROR2 is associated with unfavorable prognosis and tumor progression in cervical cancer. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015; 8:856-861. [PMID: 25755786 PMCID: PMC4348873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the clinical significance of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) in cervical cancer. METHODS We examined ROR2 levels in 8 pairs of surgically resected cervical cancer and adjacent normal cervical tissues by real-time PCR. Moreover, we performed immunohistochemistry to examine ROR2 expression in 94 paraffin-embedded cervical cancer samples and analyzed the association between ROR2 expression, clinicopathologic factors and prognosis. RESULTS ROR2 expression was up-regulated in cervical cancer tissues compared with adjacent normal cervix. In paraffin-embedded cervical cancer samples, high expression of ROR2 was shown in 40 (42.6%) of 94 cases, also, it was significantly associated with tumor stage (P = 0.018) and lymph nodes metastasis (P = 0.013). Moreover, survival analysis showed that ROR2 expression was an independent prognostic factor of poor overall and recurrent free survival (P = 0.045 and 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION These results indicate that ROR2 is significantly correlated with cancer progression and poor prognosis in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518035, China
| | - Xiufeng Ye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518035, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518035, China
| | - Mei Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, China
| | - Taotao Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, China
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Dong S, Wang Y, Tao S, Zheng F. Mutation screening in candidate genes in four Chinese brachydactyly families. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2015; 45:94-99. [PMID: 25696018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant brachydactyly (BD) is a skeletal disorder with several subtypes, including brachydactyly type A1 (BDA1) and brachydactyly type B1 (BDB1). Mutations in Indian hedgehog (IHH) are usually associated with BDA1, whereas heterozygous mutations in receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) are mainly responsible for BDB1. On the basis of the clinical phenotype identification, we screened IHH and ROR2 by the candidate gene approach using PCR direct sequencing. We found three known mutations of IHH (c.283_285delGAG, p.E95del; c.298 G>A, p.D100N; c.300C>G, p.D100E) in three Chinese families with BDA1, and a novel heterozygous nonsense mutation of ROR2 (c.2273C>A, p.S758X) in a BDB1 family. It was noted that c.300C>G mutation was a new nucleotide substitution compared to the reported c.300C>A, which led to the same amino acid change (p.D100E). The novel nonsense mutation p.S758X was verified by absence in the unaffected family members and the 100 randomly-selected controls. In this paper, we report three recurrent mutations with a new nucleotide substitution of IHH in three Chinese families with BDA1 and a novel nonsense mutation in BDB1 pedigree. We therefore recommend the approach of candidate gene screening as the first choice for genetic testing for BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufang Dong
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan
| | - Yinghui Wang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan
| | - Shengxiang Tao
- Department of Orthopedic, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Zheng
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan
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Mei H, Lian S, Zhang S, Wang W, Mao Q, Wang H. High expression of ROR2 in cancer cell correlates with unfavorable prognosis in colorectal cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 453:703-9. [PMID: 25301559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.09.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) is a transmembrane protein that belongs to a conserved family of tyrosine kinase receptors involved in several functional processes. ROR2 is overexpressed in various types of solid tumors; however, the expression of ROR2, as well as its functional and prognostic significance has yet to be evaluated in colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, one-step quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analysis using tissue microarrays were used to evaluate ROR2 expression in CRC and to investigate the association between ROR2 expression and patient prognosis. We observed that the expression of ROR2 mRNA and protein was significantly higher in CRC specimens compared with normal, tumor-adjacent tissues (both p<0.05). Cytoplasmic ROR2 expression was related to TNM stage (p=0.041) and lymph node metastasis (N) (p=0.015). Kaplan-Meier and multivariate analyses suggested that high cytoplasmic ROR2 expression (p=0.001), poor tumor differentiation (p=0.001), and advanced TNM stage (p=0.001) and high preoperative CEA level (p<0.001) were significantly associated with unfavorable survival of CRC patients. These results suggest that ROR2 expression is correlated with malignant attributes of CRC and may serve as an indicator for poor prognosis in patients with CRC.
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