Alcohol-abuse drug disulfiram targets cancer via p97 segregase adaptor NPL4

Cuproptosis nanoprodrug-initiated self-promoted cascade reactions for postoperative tumor therapy

Cancer metastasis and recurrence remain a regular cause of postoperative death in patients, implying that extra consolidation treatment strategies are needed. Here, a cuproptosis nanoprodrug, termed as Lipo@CP@DQ NPs, is developed to initiate self-promoted cascade reactions to achieve the combinational effect of cuproptosis, in situ chemotherapy, and oxidative stress amplification for effectively suppressing tumor recurrence and metastasis after postoperative treatment. Lipo@CP@DQ NPs are fabricated by loading copper peroxides (Cu2O2, CP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-repsonsive prodrug DQ into liposomal nanoparticles. Lipo@CP@DQ NPs rapidly dissociate in the acidic tumor microenvironment to release copper ions, H2O2, and prodrug DQ. Subsequently, the excessive accumulation of Cu ions induces cuproptosis and produces highly cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals (•OH). Meanwhile, the self-supplied H2O2 catalyzes the decomposition of DQ to diethyldithiocarbamate (DTC), which is chelated with self-supplied Cu ions to form the anticancer compound, Cu(DTC)2. The another decomposition product, quinone methide (QM), acts as a glutathione (GSH) scavenger for oxidative stress amplification. The synergistic effect of Lipo@CP@DQ NPs-mediated cuproptosis, in situ chemotherapy, and oxidative stress amplification effectively inhibits the growth and postoperative recurrence of triple-negative breast cancer. This work furnishes a strategy for developing cuproptosis-based nanomedicines for effective antitumor treatment after surgery.

A mitochondria-interfering nanocomplex cooperates with photodynamic therapy to boost antitumor immunity

Immunotherapeutics against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) hold great promise. In this work, we provide a combination therapy for simultaneous increasing tumor immunogenicity and down-regulating programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) to boost antitumor immunity in TNBC. We prepare bis (diethyldithiocarbamate)-copper/indocyanine green nanoparticles (CuET/ICG NPs) simply in aqueous with one-pot method. CuET/ICG NPs interfere mitochondria, reduce oxygen consumption, and alleviate tumor hypoxia to potentiate photodynamic therapy (PDT) for amplifying immunogenic cell death (ICD). Meanwhile, mitochondria dysfunction leads to energy stress and activates AMPK pathway. As a result, CuET/ICG NPs downregulates membrane PD-L1 (mPD-L1) on both 4T1 cancer cells and cancer stem cells (CSCs) through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated pathway in hypoxia. Cooperatively, the combinational therapy activates antitumor immunity and triggers long lasting immune memory response to resist tumor re-challenge. Our study represents an attempt that conquers tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment with simple biomedical materials and multimodality treatments.

Cuproptosis: mechanisms and nanotherapeutic strategies in cancer and beyond

Cuproptosis, a novel form of copper (Cu)-dependent programmed cell death, is induced by directly binding Cu species to lipoylated components of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Since its discovery in 2022, cuproptosis has been closely linked to the field of materials science, offering a biological basis and bright prospects for the use of Cu-based nanomaterials in various disease treatments. Owing to the unique physicochemical properties of nanomaterials, Cu delivery nanosystems can specifically increase Cu levels at disease sites, inducing cuproptosis to achieve disease treatment while minimizing the undesirable release of Cu in normal tissues. This innovative nanomaterial-mediated cuproptosis, termed as "nanocuproptosis", positions at the intersection of chemistry, materials science, pharmaceutical science, and clinical medicine. This review aims to comprehensively summarize and discuss recent advancements in cuproptosis across various diseases, with a particular focus on cancer. It delves into the biochemical basis of nanomaterial-mediated cuproptosis, the rational design for cuproptosis inducers, strategies for enhancing therapeutic specificity, and cuproptosis-centric synergistic cancer therapeutics. Beyond oncology, this review also explores the expanded applications of cuproptosis, such as antibacterial, wound healing, and bone tissue engineering, highlighting its great potential to open innovative therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, the clinical potential of cuproptosis is assessed from basic, preclinical to clinical research. Finally, this review addresses current challenges, proposes potential solutions, and discusses the future prospects of this burgeoning field, highlighting cuproptosis nanomedicine as a highly promising alternative to current clinical therapeutics.

Adaptor-Specific Peptide Inhibitors of the Ubiquitin-Chain-Dependent Unfolding Activity of the Human p97(VCP)-UFD1-NPL4 Complex

The AAA-ATPase p97, a key component of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), collaborates with its cofactor, the UFD1-NPL4 (UN) heterodimer, to unfold ubiquitinated substrates leading to proteasomal degradation. In this study, we report the development of novel peptide inhibitors that specifically target the p97-UN complex. These inhibitors are designed based on the NPL4-binding motif (NBM) of UFD1 and disrupt the interaction between p97 and the UN heterodimer. Our results demonstrate that these peptides effectively inhibit the unfolding activity of p97-UN, suggesting their potential as a therapeutic strategy for diseases associated with UPS dysfunction, such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. This work provides the first mechanistic insights into the inhibition of p97-UN by high-affinity peptide inhibitors and introduces promising candidates for drug development targeting the stable p97-UN complex in cells.

Impact of proteostasis workload on sensitivity to proteasome inhibitors in multiple myeloma

Genomic alterations and enormous monoclonal immunoglobulin production cause multiple myeloma to heavily depend on proteostasis mechanisms, including protein folding and degradation. These findings support the use of proteasome inhibitors for treating multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. Myeloma treatment has evolved, especially with the availability of new drugs, such as proteasome inhibitors, into therapeutic strategies for both frontline and relapsed/refractory disease settings. However, proteasome inhibitors are generally not effective enough to cure most patients. Natural resistance and eventual acquired resistance led to relapsed/refractory disease and poor prognosis. Advances in the understanding of cellular proteostasis and the development of innovative drugs that also target other proteostasis network components offer opportunities to exploit the intrinsic vulnerability of myeloma cells. This review outlines recent findings on the molecular mechanisms regulating cellular proteostasis pathways, as well as resistance, sensitivity, and escape strategies developed against proteasome inhibitors and provides a rationale and examples for novel combinations of proteasome inhibitors with FDA-approved drugs and investigational drugs targeting the NRF1 (NFE2L1)-mediated proteasome bounce-back response, redox homeostasis, heat shock response, unfolding protein response, autophagy, and VCP/p97 to increase proteotoxic stress, which can improve the efficacy of antimyeloma therapy based on proteasome inhibitors.

Boosting Energy Deprivation via Synchronous Interventions of Oxidative Phosphorylation and Glycolysis for Cancer Therapy with 1,8-Naphthyridine-Piperazine-Dithiocarbamate Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes

Bioenergetic therapy targeting mitochondrial bioenergy is a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer. However, its clinical efficacy is limited by the metabolic adaptability of tumor cells, as they can switch between glycolytic and oxidative phosphorylation metabolic phenotypes to maintain energy homeostasis. In this study, we discovered 1,8-naphthyridine-piperazine-dithiocarbamate ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes (RuL1) that enhanced energy deprivation by inhibiting the activity of mitochondrial complex I and III, thereby disrupting oxidative phosphorylation. Simultaneously, RuL1 inhibits glycolysis while unexpectedly activating antitumor immunity. This dual metabolic-immunological targeting resulted in enhanced anticancer activity against MGC-803 cells. To the best of our knowledge, RuL1 is the first ruthenium polypyridyl complex reported to achieve high anticancer activity through dual metabolic inhibition.

Molecular Tweezers Block the Functional Pore of a Protein Machine

We present symmetric multivalent tweezers as the first class of supramolecular elements designed to cover and functionally block a protein pore. As a model, we chose the enzyme p97, a hexameric AAA-ATPase that unfolds or segregates substrate proteins by threading them through a pore and channel at the center of the symmetric p97 hexamer fueled by ATP hydrolysis. In a rational design approach, we developed a new class of p97 inhibitors, guided by molecular modeling. These dock onto lysine residues at the entry of the pore via appropriately positioned molecular tweezers. Ligand binding was accompanied by induction of fluorescence of the built-in binding sensitive luminophores which served as a sensor for affinity determination. We further confirmed specific interaction with p97 as well as concomitant inhibition of ATPase activity and protein substrate unfolding using an array of biophysical methods and state-of-the art biochemical assays. Specific binding was also validated by mutagenesis, demonstrating that inhibition of p97 function was mediated by blocking the pore entrance. Especially C3-symmetric multivalent tweezers potently inhibited ATPase activity and protein substrate processing consistent with the symmetry of the docking site. Our data independently confirm substrate threading as a mechanism for protein unfolding by p97 and highlight multivalent tweezers as a supramolecular strategy to target pores in various proteins. Since p97 and related protein machines are vital for protein quality control and cell survival, the new pore binders may open a new approach to combat diseases and be employed in drug discovery.

Breaking the Chains of Therapeutic Blockade: Pyroptosis-Induced Photothermal-Chemotherapy with Targeted Nanoprobes in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

There is an important clinical need and social significance, especially for young patients, to explore a new breast-conserving strategy that is not dependent on biomarkers for anti-triple-negative breast cancer. Disulfiram, historically employed for the treatment of chronic alcoholism, has recently emerged as a promising antitumor agent in combination with Cu2+. However, reported disulfiram-Cu2+ codelivery regimens often suffer from instability as well as inadequate drug metabolism, which is detrimental to the production and action of the antitumor active ingredient copper(II) bis(diethyldithiocarbamate). To address this obstacle, this study tested nanosystems ICG-CuET@PLGA-CS-HA (IC@PCH) nanoparticles (NPs) carrying the chemotherapeutic agent copper(II) bis(diethyldithiocarbamate) and photosensitizer indocyanine green for the efficient delivery of antitumor drugs. Benefiting from the involvement of hyaluronic acid, the prepared IC@PCH NPs not only targeted CD44 on the surface of tumor cells but also showed a longer in vivo circulation time. The in vitro and in vivo results demonstrated that IC@PCH NP-mediated photothermal-chemotherapy treatment led to pyroptosis via the NLRP3/caspase-1 classical pathway, which had a significant therapeutic effect on triple-negative breast cancer. In addition, targeting IC@PCH NPs allows photoacoustic-magnetic resonance-fluorescence trimodal imaging, which is capable of detecting more insidious cancer foci and opens up new avenues for precise cancer diagnosis and treatment.

The molecular mechanism and therapeutic landscape of copper and cuproptosis in cancer

Copper, an essential micronutrient, plays significant roles in numerous biological functions. Recent studies have identified imbalances in copper homeostasis across various cancers, along with the emergence of cuproptosis, a novel copper-dependent form of cell death that is crucial for tumor suppression and therapeutic resistance. As a result, manipulating copper levels has garnered increasing interest as an innovative approach to cancer therapy. In this review, we first delineate copper homeostasis at both cellular and systemic levels, clarifying copper's protumorigenic and antitumorigenic functions in cancer. We then outline the key milestones and molecular mechanisms of cuproptosis, including both mitochondria-dependent and independent pathways. Next, we explore the roles of cuproptosis in cancer biology, as well as the interactions mediated by cuproptosis between cancer cells and the immune system. We also summarize emerging therapeutic opportunities targeting copper and discuss the clinical associations of cuproptosis-related genes. Finally, we examine potential biomarkers for cuproptosis and put forward the existing challenges and future prospects for leveraging cuproptosis in cancer therapy. Overall, this review enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic landscape of copper and cuproptosis in cancer, highlighting the potential of copper- or cuproptosis-based therapies for cancer treatment.

Cuproptosis-related genes and agents: implications in tumor drug resistance and future perspectives

In the field of tumor treatment, drug resistance remains a significant challenge requiring urgent intervention. Recent developments in cell death research have highlighted cuproptosis, a mechanism of cell death induced by copper, as a promising avenue for understanding tumor biology and addressing drug resistance. Cuproptosis is initiated by the dysregulation of copper homeostasis, which in turn triggers mitochondrial metabolic disruptions and induces proteotoxic stress. This process specifically entails the accumulation of lipoylated proteins and the depletion of iron-sulfur cluster proteins within the context of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Simultaneously, it is accompanied by the activation of distinct signaling pathways that collectively lead to cell death. Emerging evidence highlights the critical role of cuproptosis in addressing tumor drug resistance. However, the core molecular mechanisms of cuproptosis, regulation of the tumor microenvironment, and clinical translation pathways still require further exploration. This review examines the intersection of cuproptosis and tumor drug resistance, detailing the essential roles of cuproptosis-related genes and exploring the therapeutic potential of copper ionophores, chelators, and nanodelivery systems. These mechanisms offer promise for overcoming resistance and advancing tumor precision medicine. By elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying cuproptosis, this study aims to identify novel therapeutic strategies and targets, thereby paving the way for the development of innovative anti-cancer drugs.

p97/VCP is required for piecemeal autophagy of aggresomes

Metazoan cells adapt to the exhaustion of protein quality control (PQC) systems by sequestering aggregation-prone proteins in large, pericentriolar structures termed aggresomes. Defects in both aggresome formation and clearance affect proteostasis and have been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, but aggresome clearance pathways are still underexplored. Here we show that aggresomes comprising endogenous proteins are cleared via selective autophagy requiring the cargo receptor TAX1BP1. TAX1BP1 proximitomes reveal the presence of various PQC systems at aggresomes, including Hsp70 chaperones, the 26S proteasome, and the ubiquitin-selective unfoldase p97/VCP. While Hsp70 and p97/VCP with its cofactors UFD1-NPL4 and FAF1 play key roles in aggresome disassembly, the 26S proteasome is dispensable. We identify aggresomal client proteins that are degraded via different routes, in part in a p97/VCP-dependent manner via aggrephagy. Upon acute inhibition of p97/VCP, aggresomes fail to disintegrate and cannot be incorporated into autophagosomes despite the presence of factors critical for aggrephagosome formation, including p62/SQSTM1, TAX1BP1, and WIPI2. We conclude that the p97/VCP-mediated removal of ubiquitylated aggresomal clients is essential for the disintegration and subsequent piecemeal autophagy of aggresomes.

Liposome-Polymer Nanoparticles Loaded with Copper Diethyldithiocarbamate and 6-Bromo-Indirubin-3'-Oxime Enable the Treatment of Refractive Melanoma

Despite significant advances in cancer immunotherapy, many patients fail to respond to current treatments, outlining the need to develop novel therapeutic modalities. Therapeutic resistance in cancer cells is mediated by significant genomic instability due to their oncogenic transformation and evolutionary pressures inside the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, these cellular and molecular adaptations can result in a significant increase in the baseline endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in TME-resident cells. This can be taken advantage of as a therapeutic strategy by using the metal chelate copper diethyldithiocarbamate (CuET), a potent inhibitor of the p97-UFD1-NPL4 protein complex to induce cytotoxicity and exacerbate ER stress in cancer cells. Here, CuET is combined with the anti-inflammatory drug 6-bromo-indirubin-3'-oxime (BIO), a potent GSK3 inhibitor, to modulate the aberrant inflammatory response inside the TME. However, both CuET and BIO are highly hydrophobic and exhibit poor bioavailability, requiring the development of an appropriate carrier. Herein, it is demonstrated that CuET and BIO can be efficiently loaded into liposomes that are stabilized by poly(vinylpyrrolidone). The liposome-loaded drug combination resulted in a significant decrease of 47% and 76% in the tumor burden of syngeneic B16F10 and YUMM1.7 mouse models, respectively, without any major acute toxicity.

Cuproplasia and cuproptosis, two sides of the coin

Copper is an essential micronutrient in the human body, mainly acting as a crucial cofactor required for a wide range of physiological processes across nearly all cell types. Recent advances revealed that tumor cells seize copper to fulfill their rapid proliferation, metastasis, immune evasion, and so on by reprogramming the copper regulatory network, defined as cuproplasia. Thus, targeting copper chelation to reduce copper levels has been considered a rational tumor therapy strategy. However, overloaded copper ions could be toxic, which leads to the aggregation of lipoylated mitochondrial proteins and the depletion of iron-sulfur clusters, ultimately resulting in cell death, termed cuproptosis. Upon its discovery, cuproptosis has attracted great interest from oncologists, and targeting cuproptosis by copper ionophores exhibits as a potential anti-tumor therapy. In this review, we present the underlying mechanisms involved in cuproplasia and cuproptosis. Additionally, we sum up the chemicals targeting either cuproplasia or cuproptosis for cancer therapy. Further attention should be paid to distinguishing cancer patients who are suitable for targeting cuproplasia or cuproptosis.

Copper in cancer: friend or foe? Metabolism, dysregulation, and therapeutic opportunities

Copper, one of the essential nutrients for the human body, acts as an electron relay in multiple pathways due to its redox properties. Both deficiencies and excesses of copper lead to cellular fragility. Therefore, it can manifest pro- and anti-cancer properties in tumors. Therefore, it is crucial to clarify the copper activity within the cell. We have thoughtfully summarized the metabolic activities of copper from a macro and micro perspective. Cuproptosis, as well as other forms of cell death, is directly or indirectly interfered with by Cu2+, causing cancer cell death. Meanwhile, we did pan-cancer analysis of cuproptosis-related genes to further clarify the roles of these genes. In addition, copper has been found to be involved in multiple pathways within the metastasis of cancer cells. Given the complexity of copper's role, we are compelled to ask: is copper a friend or a foe? Up to now, copper has been used in various clinical applications, including protocols for measurement of copper concentration and bioimaging of radioactive 64Cu. But therapeutically it is still a continuation of the old medicine, and new possibilities need to be explored, such as the use of nanomaterials. Some studies have also shown that copper has considerable interventional power in metabolic cancers, which provides the great applications potential of copper therapy in specific cancer types. This paper reviews the dual roles played by cuproptosis in cancer from the new perspectives of oxidative stress, cell death, and tumor metastasis, and points out the value of its application in specific cancer types, summarizes the value of its testing and imaging from the perspective of clinical application as well as the current feasible options for the new use of the old drugs, and emphasizes the prospects for the application of nano-copper.

Different concentrations of 2-Undecanone triggers repellent and nematicidal responses in Caenorhabditis elegans

The compound 2-undecanone is widely distributed in the natural environment and exhibits a dual-action mechanism against nematodes. It demonstrates repellency and contact toxicity against both Caenorhabditis elegans and Meloidogyne incognita. However, research on the dual-function mechanism of 2-undecanone remains relatively limited. In this study, using chemotaxis experiments, we found that 2-undecanone (at concentrations of 1-5 mg/mL) signal is detected through AWB olfactory sensory neurons in nematode, and then transduced through the cGMP pathway to induce repellent behavior. Moreover, we observed that 2-undecanone (at concentrations of 0.06-0.08 mg/mL) induces intracellular calcium accumulation and causes lysosomal membrane rupture. We further identified Hsp70 A and V-ATPase A as the targets of 2-undecanone responsible for its contact killing effect. Furthermore, 2-undecanone was found to alter sphingomyelin metabolism in both wild-type C. elegans and hsp-1 mutants. This alteration led to decreased acid sphingomyelinase activity, reduced ceramide levels, and increased sphingomyelin levels. These results indicated that 2-undecanone has dual functions and two target receptors Hsp70 A and V-ATPase A against nematodes, and one AWB olfactory neuron repelled nematodes. The dual-action mode of 2-undecanone can decrease the nematodes' tolerance to the compound appropriately, extending its efficacy duration. Understanding the dual function mechanism of action of 2-undecanone will aid in devising innovative approaches for managing nematode control.

Research progress on cuproptosis and copper related anti-tumor therapy

Copper is a trace element which is essential for biological organisms, and its homeostatic balance is important for living organisms to maintain the normal function. When the copper homeostasis is disordered, the cellular function and structure will be disrupted. Excess copper cause oxidative stress and DNA damage in cells, thereby inducing regulated cell death such as apoptosis and necroptosis. Excess copper in mitochondria can bind to lipoylated proteins in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and cause them to aggregate, resulting in proteotoxic stress and eliciting a novel cell death modality: cuproptosis. Cancer cells have a greater demand for copper compared to normal tissue, and high levels of copper ions are closely associated with tumour proliferation and metastasis. The anti-tumor mechanisms of copper include the production of oxidative stress, inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, suppression of angiogenesis, and induction of copper-dependent cell death. Targeting copper is one of the current directions in oncology research, including the use of copper ion carriers to increase intracellular copper levels to induce oxidative stress and cuproptosis, as well as the use of copper ion chelators to reduce copper bioavailability. However, copper complexes have certain toxicity, so their biosafety needs to be improved. Emerging nanotechnology is expected to solve this problem by utilizing copper-based nanomaterials (Cu-based NMs) to deliver copper ions and a variety of drugs with different functions, thereby improving the anti-tumor efficacy and reducing the side effects. Therefore, a thorough understanding of copper metabolic processes and the mechanism of cuproptosis will greatly benefit anti-tumor therapy. This review summarizes the processes of copper metabolism and the mechanism of cuproptosis. In addition, we discuss the current anti-tumor paradigms related to copper, we also discuss current nanotherapeutic approaches to copper mortality and provide prospective insights into the future copper-mediated cancer therapy.

Disulfiram activation of prostaglandin E2 synthesis: a novel antifibrotic mechanism in pulmonary fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by the pathological replacement of alveolar structures with thickened, inelastic fibrous tissue, which significantly hinders gas exchange in the lungs. Disulfiram (DSF), a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for alcohol dependence, has shown potential in various diseases. This study investigates the effects of DSF on IPF and its mechanisms, focusing on the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) pathway. Utilizing primary diseased human lung fibroblast-IPF cells and A549 cells induced with transforming growth factor-beta 1 to model epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), we employed a battery of in vitro assays to assess cellular viability, migratory capacity, and the expression of fibrosis-related genes and proteins. To further substantiate our in vitro findings, a bleomycin-induced mouse model of IPF was treated with DSF, and subjected to a comprehensive evaluation of pulmonary function, histological examination, hydroxyproline assay, and western blot analysis to quantify the extent of fibrosis. DSF reduced cell viability and migration in fibrotic cell models. It increased COX-2 and PGE2 levels, regulated EMT, and extracellular matrix collagen deposition. In vivo, DSF improved pulmonary function and reduced EMT and extracellular matrix accumulation in mice. The COX-2/PGE2 axis was identified as a critical mediator of DSF's effects. DSF exhibits antifibrotic properties in IPF by modulating the COX-2/PGE2 signaling pathway. This study provides a novel therapeutic strategy for IPF and highlights the potential of repurposing DSF for clinical use in this context. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Disulfiram shows promise in treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by targeting the cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E2 pathway, offering a new therapeutic strategy and highlighting its potential for repurposing in this context.

Disulfiram potentiates cisplatin-induced apoptosis in small cell lung cancer via the inhibition of cystathionine β-synthase and H2S

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly malignant neuroendocrine tumor. Platinum-based chemo-resistance is the major issue for the treatment of SCLC. The objective of the study is to identify the drugs that enhance anti-tumor activity of cisplatin (CDDP) in SCLC. Firstly, by a high-throughput drug screening, we found that disulfiram (DSF), a FDA-approved drug that is used to treat alcohol addiction, was able to sensitize CDDP-induced apoptosis in SCLC. RNA-seq analysis revealed that cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) was a potential target of combination treatment of DSF and CDDP in SCLC. CDDP treatment induced CBS expression, while the elevation of CBS expression was down-regulated by DSF and CDDP co-treatment in SCLC. Importantly, the down-regulation of CBS by siRNA silence increased CDDP-induced cellular apoptosis in SCLC. Furthermore, the study found that DSF combined with CDDP decreased the H2S level, and increased the level of ROS. The elevation of H2S level reduced the growth inhibition of SCLC cells by DSF and CDDP co-treatment. Finally, in nude mice bearing SCLC xenografts, DSF and CDDP co-treatment exhibited remarkable anti-tumor activity against SCLC tumors, evidenced by the significant reduction of tumor size, tumor weight and Ki-67 expression as compared with single treatment alone. Therefore, the study indicated that DSF could be re-purposed to potentiate CDDP-induced anti-tumor activity in SCLC, which are worth immediate assessment for SCLC in clinical settings.

A novel feedback regulation loop of METTL11A-MAFG-NPL4 promotes bladder cancer cell proliferation and tumor progression

Abnormal regulation of gene expression results in the malignant proliferation of bladder cancer (BC) cells. We previously demonstrated that NPL4 upregulation promotes BC progression; however, its regulatory and functional mechanisms on downstream genes in BC remain unknown. Transcriptome sequencing and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to identify and confirm METTL11A as a downstream gene of NPL4. Protein interactions were detected through co-immunoprecipitation assays. Cell growth and tumor progression were assessed in vitro and in vivo using colony formation and MTS assays as well as xenograft animal models. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase activity assays were performed to investigate gene transcription regulation. We identified METTL11A as a downstream gene of NPL4, with its upregulation linked to poor outcomes in BC patients. METTL11A facilitates NPL4-regulated BC cell proliferation by promoting cyclin D1 expression. METTL11A enhances MAFG expression and contributes to METTL11A-mediated cell proliferation. Mechanistically, METTL11A interacts with MAFG, preventing its degradation through K6 methylation modification. MAFG and NRF2 bind to the promoter region of NPL4, promoting its transcription. Thus, the METTL11A-MAFG-NPL4 axis forms a positive feedback loop, promoting BC cell proliferation and tumor progression. Targeted inhibition of this regulatory loop could offer a novel therapeutic approach for BC.

Emerging therapeutic strategies in glioblastsoma: drug repurposing, mechanisms of resistance, precision medicine, and technological innovations

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive Grade IV brain tumor with a poor prognosis. It results from genetic mutations, epigenetic changes, and factors within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Traditional treatments like surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy provide limited survival benefits due to the tumor's heterogeneity and resistance mechanisms. This review examines novel approaches for treating GBM, focusing on repurposing existing medications such as antipsychotics, antidepressants, and statins for their potential anti-GBM effects. Advances in molecular profiling, including next-generation sequencing, artificial intelligence (AI), and nanotechnology-based drug delivery, are transforming GBM diagnosis and treatment. The TME, particularly GBM stem cells and immune evasion, plays a key role in therapeutic resistance. Integrating multi-omics data and applying precision medicine show promise, especially in combination therapies and immunotherapies, to enhance clinical outcomes. Addressing challenges such as drug resistance, targeting GBM stem cells, and crossing the blood-brain barrier is essential for improving treatment efficacy. While current treatments offer limited benefits, emerging strategies such as immunotherapies, precision medicine, and drug repurposing show significant potential. Technologies like liquid biopsies, AI-powered diagnostics, and nanotechnology could help overcome obstacles like the blood-brain barrier and GBM stem cells. Ongoing research into combination therapies, targeted drug delivery, and personalized treatments is crucial. Collaborative efforts and robust clinical trials are necessary to translate these innovations into effective therapies, offering hope for improved survival and quality of life for GBM patients.

Metal-based immunogenic cell death inducers for cancer immunotherapy

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) has attracted enormous attention over the past decade due to its unique characteristics in cancer cell death and its role in activating innate and adaptive immune responses against tumours. Many efforts have been dedicated to screening, identifying and discovering ICD inducers, resulting in the validation of several based on metal complexes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of current metal-based ICD inducers, their molecular mechanisms for triggering ICD initiation and subsequent protective antitumour immune responses, along with considerations for validating ICD both in vitro and in vivo. We also aim to offer insights into the future development of metal complexes with enhanced ICD-inducing properties and their applications in potentiating antitumour immunity.

All-stage targeted nanodiscs for glioma treatment by inducing cuproptosis and apoptosis of cancer cells and cancer stem cells

There remain several intractable challenges for chemotherapy in glioma treatment, including the blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB), and tumor heterogeneity caused by cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are resistant to conventional chemotherapy. Here, we established a nano strategy to kill glioma cells and CSCs, combining carfilzomib and bis(diethyldithiocarbamate)copper. The synergistic drug combination disturbed cell protein metabolism at different stages and induced apoptosis and cuproptosis. The Y-shaped targeting ligand pHA-VAP-modified nanodiscs were designed to help the chemotherapeutic agents cross the BBB/BBTB and finally accumulate in tumor site. This all-stage targeting and all-stage treatment nanomedicine significantly prolonged the survival in glioma-bearing mice and might inspire the rational design of advanced drug delivery platforms.

1000 fold Ultra-Photosensitized Fluorescent Protein Mimics Toward Photocatalytic Proximity Labeling and Proteomic Profiling Functions

Photosensitizing fluorescent proteins (FP) (e.g. KillerRed) have been shown not capable of photo-catalytic protein proximity labeling for downstream proteomic profiling applications. To acquire such a function, FP chromophores are engineered in a 12 × 12 combinatorial matrix of synthetic analoges, achieving up to 1000 fold enhancement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production compared to the natural FPs. FP chromophores are shown with larger dipole moments exhibit higher ROS yield toward protein labeling. By conjugating the ultra-photosensitized FP chromophore to HaloTag (namely upsFP tag), its photo-catalytic protein proximity labeling function is demonstrated using nucleophilic amino substrates. Through photochemical characterizations, theoretical calculation, and tandem mass spectrometry, a radical-mediated labeling mechanism is revealed with expanded reactivity toward diverse protein residues via a type I photosensitization pathway. Finally, a proteomic profiling application is showcased using the upsFP tag to resolve the dynamic interactome variations upon TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP43) phase separation and suborganellar translocation. Together, this work demonstrates three orders of magnitude ultra-photosensitization of fluorescent protein chromophore enables photocatalytic protein proximity labeling and profiling functions that are impractical for natural fluorescent proteins.

PEGylated Liposomes of Disulfiram and Paclitaxel: A Promising Chemotherapeutic Combination Against Chemoresistant Breast Cancer

Background: Steric stabilization of liposomes using PEGylation has been used widely in pharmaceutical research to overcome the limitations of conventional liposomes and to extend circulation time. PEGylation tended to improve the physicochemical stability and reverse the chemoresistance in multidrug-resistant (MDR) breast cancer cell lines. In this study, PEGylated formulations of disulfiram (DS) and paclitaxel (PAC) were developed using the ethanol-based proliposome technology. Methods: PEGylated liposomal formulations of disulfiram (DS) and paclitaxel (PAC) were developed using the ethanol-based proliposome approach combined with high-pressure homogenization (HPH). The liposomes were characterized for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, drug loading efficiency (DLE%), and drug entrapment efficiency (DEE%). Cytotoxicity studies were performed on sensitive (MCF7, MDA-MB-231) and chemoresistant (MDA-MB-231PAC10) breast cancer cell lines using the MTT assay to assess the anti-ancer potential of the formulations. Synergistic cytotoxic effects of DS and PAC co-delivery were also evaluated. Results: There was no significant difference in drug loading (DLE%) and drug entrapment efficiency (EE%) between conventional liposomes and the developed PEGylated vesicles. DS demonstrated higher loading in liposomes than PAC, and a greater cytotoxic effect on both sensitive (MCF7 and MDA-MB-231) and chemoresistant (MDA-MB-231PAC10) human breast cancer cell lines. For both DS- and PAC-loaded liposomes, PEGylation did not compromise the cytotoxic effect on both sensitive and chemoresistant cells. Interestingly, the combination of DS- and PAC-loaded PEGylated liposomes had significantly higher cytotoxic effect and lower IC50 than that of each drug alone. Conclusions: Overall, PEGylated liposomal formulation of DS and PAC acted synergistically to reverse the multidrug resistance in breast cancer cells and could serve as a promising system for delivery of PAC and DS simultaneously in one formulation using an alcohol-based proliposome formulation.

Old drugs, new challenges: reassigning drugs for cancer therapies

The "War on Cancer" began with the National Cancer Act of 1971 and despite more than 50 years of effort and numerous successes, there still remains much more work to be done. The major challenge remains the complexity and intrinsic polygenicity of neoplastic diseases. Furthermore, the safety of the antitumor therapies still remains a concern given their often off-target effects. Although the amount of money invested in research and development required to introduce a novel FDA-approved drug has continuously increased, the likelihood for a new cancer drug's approval remains limited. One interesting alternative approach, however, is the idea of repurposing of old drugs, which is both faster and less costly than developing new drugs. Repurposed drugs have the potential to address the shortage of new drugs with the added benefit that the safety concerns are already established. That being said, their interactions with other new drugs in combination therapies, however, should be tested. In this review, we discuss the history of repurposed drugs, some successes and failures, as well as the multiple challenges and obstacles that need to be addressed in order to enhance repurposed drugs' potential for new cancer therapies.

Vitamin A Metabolism and Resistance of Hepatic Metastases to Immunotherapy

The liver is an immune-tolerant organ, allowing for organ transplantation with less immune suppression compared with other organs. It also provides fertile soil for tumor metastases, which tend to be more resistant to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy than metastases in other organs. This resistance may result from the sum of incremental evolutionary adaptions in various cell types to prevent overaction to antigens absorbed from the gut into the portal circulation or it might involve a central mechanism. Here, we propose that metabolism of vitamin A, which is highly concentrated in the liver, is a root source of tolerance and resistance of hepatic metastases to checkpoint blockade. Suppression of retinoic acid synthesis from vitamin A with disulfiram may mitigate tolerance and produce enhanced immunotherapy treatment results for patients with liver metastases.

[64Cu]Cu(DDC)2 NPs: A Novel PET Probe for Noninvasive Visualization of NPL4 Expression in Tumors In Vivo

Nuclear protein localization 4 (NPL4) plays a key role in the ubiquitination pathway and has emerged as a promising target for cancer therapy. The ditiocarb-copper complex, Cu(DDC)2, an anticancer metabolite derived from the antialcoholism drug disulfiram (DSF), exhibits a high affinity for NPL4. Thus, quantifying NPL4 expression in tumors is crucial for ubiquitination research and for developing NPL4-targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. In this study, we replaced the cold copper ion in Cu(DDC)2 with the positron-emitting isotope copper-64 and developed three methods for visualizing NPL4 in tumors in vivo using positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT): (1) an in vivo "synthesis-free" method for preparing [64Cu]Cu(DDC)2, (2) an in vitro synthesis method, and (3) a stabilization method using PEG5000-PLA5000 (PP) to enhance [64Cu]Cu(DDC)2's hydrophilicity by preparing [64Cu]Cu(DDC)2 NPs. Micro-PET/CT imaging showed minimal uptake of [64Cu]Cu(DDC)2 in NPL4-positive tumors with the in vivo "synthesis-free" method, resulting in poor lesion visualization. However, in vitro synthesized [64Cu]Cu(DDC)2 and [64Cu]Cu(DDC)2 NPs successfully visualized NPL4-positive U87MG tumors. Compared to [64Cu]Cu(DDC)2, [64Cu]Cu(DDC)2NPs demonstrated significantly higher tumor uptake (7.2 ± 0.7% ID/g vs 3.8 ± 0.6% ID/g at 12 h postinjection, P = 0.001) and tumor-to-muscle (T/M) ratio (7.8 ± 1.2 vs. 3.2 ± 0.7, P = 0.001). Tumor uptake of [64Cu] Cu (DDC)2NPs was consistent with NPL4 expression levels and was inhibited by an excess of Cu(DDC)2. The optimal PP stabilizer concentration was determined to be 0.0005%. This study successfully developed a PET probe, [64Cu]Cu(DDC)2NPs, and established a novel imaging modality for in vivo visualization of NPL4 expression, potentially guiding future NPL4-targeted therapies.

Localized K63 Ubiquitin Signaling Is Regulated by VCP/p97 During Oxidative Stress

Under stress conditions, cells reprogram their molecular machineries to mitigate damage and promote survival. Ubiquitin signaling is globally increased during oxidative stress, controlling protein fate and supporting stress defenses at several subcellular compartments. However, the rules driving subcellular ubiquitin localization to promote concerted response mechanisms remain understudied. Here, we show that K63-linked polyubiquitin chains, known to promote proteasome-independent pathways, accumulate primarily in noncytosolic compartments during oxidative stress induced by sodium arsenite in mammalian cells. Our subcellular ubiquitin proteomic analyses of noncytosolic compartments expanded 2.5-fold the pool of proteins (2,494) and provided a comprehensive number of sites (10,157) known to be ubiquitinated during arsenite stress, suggesting their involvement in a myriad of cellular pathways. Moreover, subcellular proteome analyses revealed proteins that are recruited to noncytosolic compartments under stress, including a significant enrichment of helper ubiquitin-binding adaptors of the ATPase valosin-containing protein (VCP) that processes ubiquitinated substrates for downstream signaling. We further show that VCP recruitment to noncytosolic compartments under arsenite stress occurs in a ubiquitin-dependent manner mediated by its adaptor NPLOC4. Additionally, we show that VCP and NPLOC4 activities are critical to sustain low levels of noncytosolic K63-linked ubiquitin chains, supporting a cyclical model of ubiquitin conjugation and removal that is disrupted by reactive oxygen species. This work deepens our understanding of the role of localized ubiquitin and VCP signaling in the basic mechanisms of stress response and highlights new pathways and molecular players that are essential to reshape the composition and function of the human subcellular proteome under dynamic environments.

Disulfiram/Cu targeting FOXO6 modulates sensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma to lenvatinib via disrupt choline metabolic

Disulfiram/Cu(DSF/Cu) has a known pharmacokinetic and safety profile, exerting a strong antitumor effect. Oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors including lenvatinib are approved as first-line therapy for treating advanced unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These patients still have limited survival due to drug resistance. Disulfiram/Cu and lenvatinib are the promising antitumor treatments. In this study, we studied whether Disulfiram/Cu increased lenvatinib sensitivity in HCC cells. Moreover, the potential drug targets of Disulfiram/Cu and associated mechanisms were explored. We mainly investigated Autophagic flux was determined via immunofluorescence analysis and confocal microscopy. p-PI3K, p-AKT, p62, LC3B, FOXO6, and CHKA proteins associated with autophagy were detected by immunoblotting. In addition, antitumour activity of Disulfiram/Cu in combination with lenvatinib was examined in vivo through construction of the nude mouse transplant tumor model. Furthermore, our results show disulfiram/Cu combined with lenvatinib exerted the synergistic impact on treating HCC in vitro. Mechanistically, transcriptome combined with metabolome reveals Disulfiram/Cu targeting FOXO6 induction of autophagy mediated inhibits cell growth in hepatocellular carcinoma by downregulating CHKα for inhibiting AKT pathway activation while blocking choline metabolic reprogramming in HCC. These effects mostly explain the tumor-promoting effect of FOXO6 on HCC. In general, the results illustrate the mechanistic associations between metabolites and tumor cell malignant phenotype, contributing to developing new anti-HCC pharmacological treatments by Inhibiting FOXO6 for disrupting choline metabolic pathway.

Repurposing alcohol-abuse drug disulfiram for the treatment of KSHV-infected primary effusion lymphoma by activating antiviral innate immunity

Cancer remains a leading cause of global mortality, characterized by high treatment costs, and generally poor prognoses. Developing new anti-cancer drugs requires substantial investment, extended development timelines, and a high failure rate. Therefore, repurposing existing US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs for other diseases as potential anti-cancer therapies offers a faster and more cost-effective approach. Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is an aggressive B-cell malignancy linked to Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection. In this study, we identified that disulfiram (DSF), an FDA-approved medication for alcohol dependence, acts as a potent inhibitor of KSHV-positive PEL. DSF suppresses PEL cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis through the activation of innate antiviral immunity. Remarkably, DSF effectively impedes KSHV reactivation and virion production in both PEL and endothelial cells. Inhibition of TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1) or interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), essential activators of antiviral innate immunity, reverses DSF's effects on PEL cell survival and KSHV reactivation. Furthermore, DSF treatment significantly hinders the initiation and progression of PEL tumors in a xenograft mouse model, with this effect was notably abolished by TBK1 depletion. Our findings highlighted DSF as a promising therapeutic agent for targeting persistent KSHV infection and treating PEL tumors.

Pseudokinase TRIB3 stabilizes SSRP1 via USP10-mediated deubiquitination to promote multiple myeloma progression

Multiple myeloma (MM), the world's second most common hematologic malignancy, poses considerable clinical challenges due to its aggressive progression and resistance to therapy. Addressing these challenges requires a detailed understanding of the mechanisms driving MM initiation, progression, and therapeutic resistance. This study identifies the pseudokinase tribble homolog 3 (TRIB3) as a high-risk factor that promotes MM malignancy in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, TRIB3 directly interacts with structure-specific recognition protein 1 (SSRP1) and ubiquitin-specific peptidase 10 (USP10), facilitating the formation of a TRIB3/USP10/SSRP1 ternary complex. This complex stabilizes SSRP1 via USP10-mediated deubiquitination, thereby driving MM cell proliferation. Furthermore, a stapled peptide, SP-A, was developed, which effectively disrupts the TRIB3/USP10/SSRP1 complex, leading to a decrease in SSRP1 levels by inhibiting its stabilization through USP10. Notably, SP-A exhibits strong synergistic effects when combined with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. Given the critical role of the TRIB3/USP10/SSRP1 complex in MM pathophysiology, it represents a promising therapeutic target for MM treatment. In MM cells, TRIB3, USP10 and SSRP1 form a ternary complex and TRIB3 enhances the deubiquitinating effect of USP10 on SSRP1, leading to malignant progression of MM. In the case of drug intervention, SP-A attenuates the binding of SSRP1 and USP10 by inhibiting protein interactions between TRIB3 and SSRP1 and promoted SSRP1 protein degradation, leading to significant inhibition of MM development. Visual abstract created with Biorender.

Disulfiram-Loaded PLGA nanoparticles modified with a Phenyl borate chitosan Conjugate enhance hepatic carcinoma treatment

Disulfiram (DSF), which has been traditionally used to treat alcoholism, has been shown to inhibit tumor growth, indicating its potential as an anticancer agent. However, its development and application are hindered by its poor water solubility, instability in physiological environments, and low bioavailability. In this study, phenylboronic acid-chitosan (PBA-CS) grafts were synthesized using the carbodiimide method. PBA-CS-modified DSF PLGA nanoparticles (DSF@PBA-CS-PLGA NPs) were constructed by coating the nanoparticle surfaces with PBA-CS to improve the stability of DSF in physiological environments and enhance its anti-tumor effects. The structures of PBA-CS and the DSF@PBA-CS-PLGA NPs were confirmed using FTIR UVs, DLS, ELS, TEM, 1HNMR, DSC. Our in vitro degradation experiments showed that PBA-CS-PLGA NPs significantly improved the stability of DSF in physiological environments. Cell experiments showed that PBA-CS-PLGA NPs improved drug uptake and strongly inhibited HepG2 cell migration. A mouse tumor model was established using Dutch H22 cells. DSF@PBA-CS-PLGA NPs showed better tumor-targeting ability than DSF@PLGA NPs, with a tumor inhibition rate of more than 60%, and they induced apoptosis and inhibited neovascularization in mouse tumor tissues. Both the in vitro and in vivo experiments indicated that the DSF@PBA-CS-PLGA NPs overcame the limitations of DSF, improving the dissolution rate and stability of the drug, ultimately offering low toxicity, sustained release, and targeted delivery. These findings demonstrated the potential of DSF@PBA-CS-PLGA NPs for hepatic carcinoma therapy.

Diethyldithiocarbamate-copper complex ignites the tumor microenvironment through NKG2D-NKG2DL axis

Advanced metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) with deficient DNA mismatch repair (MMR-d), or immune-hot CRCs, show significantly improved clinical outcomes compared to MMR-proficient (MMR-p), or immune-cold CRCs. While the prior represents about 5% of all CRCs, the latter represent 95% and are characterized by low immunogenicity. This study investigates bis-diethyldithiocarbamate (CuET), a novel anticancer compound, and its impact on the colorectal cancer tumor microenvironment (TME). CuET is shown to convert immunologically inactive tumors into hotbeds of antitumor immune responses, marked by increased lymphocyte infiltration, heightened cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) and T cells, and enhanced non-self recognition by lymphocytes. The potent anticancer cytotoxicity and in vivo safety and efficacy of CuET are established. In summary, CuET transforms the colorectal cancer TME, bolstering NK and T cell cytotoxicity and refining tumor cell recognition through non-classical activation via the NKG2D/NKG2DL axis. This study unveils a novel mechanism of action for CuET: a potent immunomodulator capable of turning cold tumors hot.

Dual-Ligand Assisted Anisotropic Assembly for the Construction of NIR-II Light-Propelled Mesoporous Nanomotors

The advent of autonomous nanomotors presents exciting opportunities for nanodrug delivery. However, significant potential remains for enhancing the asymmetry of nanomotors and advancing the development of second near-infrared (NIR-II) light-propelled nanomotors capable of operating within deep tissues. Herein, we developed a dual-ligand assisted anisotropic assembly strategy that enables precise regulation of the interfacial energy between selenium (Se) nanoparticle and periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO). This strategy facilitates the controllable anisotropic growth of PMO on the Se nanoparticle, leading to the formation of Se&PMO Janus nanohybrids. The exposure ratio of the Se subunit within the Janus nanohybrids can be finely tuned from 0% to 75%. Leveraging the transformability of the Se subunit, a variety of functional MxSe&PMO Janus nanocomposites (MxSe denotes metal selenide) were further derived. As a proof of concept, CuSe&PMO Janus nanohybrids, with NIR-II photothermal properties, were employed as NIR-II light-driven nanomotors. By precisely controlling the exposure ratio of the CuSe subunit within the Janus nanostructure, these CuSe&PMO nanomotors achieved optimal self-propulsion, thus enhancing cellular uptake and promoting deep tumor penetration. Furthermore, the high loading capacity and hydrophobic framework of the PMO subunit enabled the incorporation of hydrophobic disulfiram, thereby significantly boosting the efficacy of synergistic active-motion photothermal therapy.

Disulfiram/copper triggers cGAS-STING innate immunity pathway via ROS-induced DNA damage that potentiates antitumor response to PD-1 checkpoint blockade

Immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs) have emerged as the leading strategy for treating advanced malignancies; however, their clinical efficacy is frequently constrained by primary or acquired resistance. Harnessing innate immune signaling to increase lymphocyte infiltration into tumors has been recognized a promising approach to augment the anti-cancer immune response to ICBs. Disulfiram (DSF), an FDA-approved drug for chronic alcoholism, has shown potent anti-tumor effect, particularly when used in combination with copper (Cu). Here, we demonstrated a combination treatment of DSF and Cu (DSF/Cu) robustly activated cancer cell-intrinsic cGAS-STING-dependent innate immune signaling pathway. Further studies revealed that DSF/Cu caused mitochondrial and nuclear DNA damage and the release of cytosolic dsDNA by inducing excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, thereby triggering innate immunity and enhancing anti-tumor effects. Moreover, DSF/Cu significantly increased the intratumoral infiltration of CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, and potentiated the therapeutic efficacy of PD-1 checkpoint blockade in murine tumor models. Overall, our findings provide a rationale underlying the anti-cancer and immunomodulatory function of DSF/Cu and highlight the potential of repurposing DSF to improve responses to ICBs in cancer patients.

A cuproptosis-based nanomedicine suppresses triple negative breast cancers by regulating tumor microenvironment and eliminating cancer stem cells

Cuproptosis is a new kind of cell death that depends on delivering copper ions into mitochondria to trigger the aggradation of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle proteins and has been observed in various cancer cells. However, whether cuproptosis occurs in cancer stem cells (CSCs) is unexplored thus far, and CSCs often reside in a hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME) of triple negative breast cancers (TNBC), which suppresses the expression of the cuproptosis protein FDX1, thereby diminishing anticancer efficacy of cuproptosis. Herein, a ROS-responsive active targeting cuproptosis-based nanomedicine CuET@PHF is developed by stabilizing copper ionophores CuET nanocrystals with polydopamine and hydroxyethyl starch to eradicate CSCs. By taking advantage of the photothermal effects of CuET@PHF, tumor hypoxia is overcome via tumor mechanics normalization, thereby leading to enhanced cuproptosis and immunogenic cell death in 4T1 CSCs. As a result, the integration of CuET@PHF and mild photothermal therapy not only significantly suppresses tumor growth but also effectively inhibits tumor recurrence and distant metastasis by eliminating CSCs and augmenting antitumor immune responses. This study presents the first evidence of cuproptosis in CSCs, reveals that disrupting hypoxia augments cuproptosis cancer therapy, and establishes a paradigm for potent cancer therapy by simultaneously eliminating CSCs and boosting antitumor immunity.

Targeting ferroptosis in gastrointestinal tumors: Interplay of iron-dependent cell death and autophagy

Ferroptosis is a regulated cell death mechanism distinct from apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis, marked by iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Since its identification in 2012, it has developed into a potential therapeutic target, especially concerning GI disorders like PC, HCC, GC, and CRC. This interest arises from the distinctive role of ferroptosis in the progression of diseases, presenting a new avenue for treatment where existing therapies fall short. Recent studies emphasize the promise of focusing on ferroptosis to fight GI cancers, showcasing its unique pathophysiological mechanisms compared to other types of cell death. By comprehending how ferroptosis aids in the onset and advancement of GI diseases, scientists aim to discover novel drug targets and treatment approaches. Investigating ferroptosis in gastrointestinal disorders reveals exciting possibilities for novel therapies, potentially revolutionizing cancer treatment and providing renewed hope for individuals affected by these tumors.

Nanoparticle-enabled In Situ drug potency activation for enhanced tumor-specific therapy

Cancer treatment faces significant challenges including inadequate tumor specificity, drug resistance, and severe side effects, often resulting in unsatisfactory patient outcomes. Nanomedicines offer a transformative platform for tumor-targeted drug delivery and antitumor potency activation, providing an indispensable strategy for overcoming the severe damage to normal tissues caused by the inherent "always-on" cytotoxicity of conventional therapeutic agents. This review focuses on the emerging concept of "nanoparticle-enabled in situ drug potency activation", where inactive or minimally toxic agents are selectively activated within tumors to enhance the therapeutic efficacy and minimize the adverse effects. We systematically analyzed literature from PubMed and Web of Science databases spanning the last two decades, emphasizing experimental evidence supporting this in situ drug potency activation concept. Key strategies including stimuli-responsive prodrug nanoparticles, metal-induced activation, and bioorthogonal reactions are critically evaluated for their potential to overcome limitations in current cancer therapies. The findings highlight the potential of in situ potency activation as a promising alternative to conventional therapeutics, with far-reaching implications for advancing effective and safe cancer treatments.

Revolutionizing ovarian cancer therapy by drug repositioning for accelerated and cost-effective treatments

Drug repositioning, the practice of identifying novel applications for existing drugs beyond their originally intended medical indications, stands as a transformative strategy revolutionizing pharmaceutical productivity. In contrast to conventional drug development approaches, this innovative method has proven to be exceptionally effective. This is particularly relevant for cancer therapy, where the demand for groundbreaking treatments continues to grow. This review focuses on drug repositioning for ovarian cancer treatment, showcasing a comprehensive exploration grounded in thorough in vitro experiments across diverse cancer cell lines, which are validated through preclinical in vivo models. These insights not only shed light on the efficacy of these drugs but also expand in potential synergies with other pharmaceutical agents, favoring the development of cost-effective treatments for cancer patients.

Targeting the initiator to activate both ferroptosis and cuproptosis for breast cancer treatment: progress and possibility for clinical application

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. Metal metabolism is pivotal for regulating cell fate and drug sensitivity in breast cancer. Iron and copper are essential metal ions critical for maintaining cellular function. The accumulation of iron and copper ions triggers distinct cell death pathways, known as ferroptosis and cuproptosis, respectively. Ferroptosis is characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, while cuproptosis involves copper-induced oxidative stress. They are increasingly recognized as promising targets for the development of anticancer drugs. Recently, compelling evidence demonstrated that the interplay between ferroptosis and cuproptosis plays a crucial role in regulating breast cancer progression. This review elucidates the converging pathways of ferroptosis and cuproptosis in breast cancer. Moreover, we examined the value of genes associated with ferroptosis and cuproptosis in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer, mainly outlining the potential for a co-targeting approach. Lastly, we delve into the current challenges and limitations of this strategy. In general, this review offers an overview of the interaction between ferroptosis and cuproptosis in breast cancer, offering valuable perspectives for further research and clinical treatment.

PD-1+CD8+ T Cell-Mediated Hepatocyte Pyroptosis Promotes Progression of Murine Autoimmune Liver Disease

The specific mechanisms underlying effector pathways in autoimmune liver disease remain enigmatic and therefore constructing appropriate murine models to investigate disease pathogenesis becomes critical. A spontaneous severe murine model of autoimmune liver disease has been previously established in dnTGFβRII Aire-/- mice, exhibiting disease phenotypes that resemble both human primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). The data suggests that auto-reactive liver-specific CD8+ T cells are the primary pathogenic cells in liver injury. In this study, these data are advanced through the use of both single-cell sequencing and extensive in vitro analysis. The results identify a specific expanded pathogenic subset of PD-1+CD8+ T cells in the liver, exhibiting strong functional activity and cytotoxicity against target cells. Depletion of PD-1+CD8+ T cells using CAR-T cells effectively alleviates the disease. GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis is found to be aberrantly activated in the livers of model mice, and treatment with a GSDMD-specific inhibitor significantly inhibits disease progression. In vitro experiments reveal that PD-1+CD8+ T cells can induce the pyroptosis of hepatocytes through elevated production of granzyme B and perforin-1. These results provide a novel explanation for the cytotoxic activity of pathogenic liver PD-1+CD8+ T cells in autoimmune liver diseases and offer potential therapeutic targets.

Mammalian copper homeostasis: physiological roles and molecular mechanisms

In the past decade, evidence for the numerous roles of copper (Cu) in mammalian physiology has grown exponentially. The discoveries of Cu involvement in cell signaling, autophagy, cell motility, differentiation, and regulated cell death (cuproptosis) have markedly extended the list of already known functions of Cu, such as a cofactor of essential metabolic enzymes, a protein structural component, and a regulator of protein trafficking. Novel and unexpected functions of Cu transporting proteins and enzymes have been identified, and new disorders of Cu homeostasis have been described. Significant progress has been made in the mechanistic studies of two classic disorders of Cu metabolism, Menkes disease and Wilson's disease, which paved the way for novel approaches to their treatment. The discovery of cuproptosis and the role of Cu in cell metastatic growth have markedly increased interest in targeting Cu homeostatic pathways to treat cancer. In this review, we summarize the established concepts in the field of mammalian Cu physiology and discuss how new discoveries of the past decade expand and modify these concepts. The roles of Cu in brain metabolism and in cell functional speciation and a recently discovered regulated cell death have attracted significant attention and are highlighted in this review.

Imaging phenotype reveals that disulfirams induce protein insolubility in the mitochondrial matrix

The cell painting assay is useful for understanding cellular phenotypic changes and drug effects. To identify other aspects of well-known chemicals, we screened 258 compounds with the cell painting assay and focused on a mitochondrial punctate phenotype seen with disulfiram. To elucidate the reason for this punctate phenotype, we looked for clues by examining staining steps and gene knockdown as well as examining protein solubility and comparing cell lines. From these results, we found that the punctate phenotype was caused by protein insolubility in the mitochondrial matrix. Interestingly, the punctate phenotype of disulfiram was sensitive to the relative expression of LonP1, a protease in the mitochondrial matrix that regulates proteostasis, suggesting that the punctate phenotype manifests when the protein quality control capacity in the mitochondrial matrix is exceeded. Moreover, we discovered that disulfiram and its derivatives, which have all been reported to increase acetaldehyde in the blood after the in vivo intake of alcohol, induced a punctate phenotype as well. The investigated punctate phenotype not only provides a novel clue for elucidating the common mechanism of action among disulfiram derivatives but is also a novel example of chemical perturbation of proteostasis in the mitochondrial matrix.

PLGA-Nano-Encapsulated Disulfiram Inhibits Cancer Stem Cells and Targets Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a key role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) chemoresistance and metastasis. In this study, we used two NSCLC cell lines to investigate the regulating effect of hypoxia in the induction and maintenance of CSC traits. Our study demonstrated hypoxia-induced stemness and chemoresistance at levels comparable to those in typical CSC sphere culture. Activation of the NF-κB pathway (by transfection of NF-κB-p65) plays a key role in NSCLC CSCs and chemoresistance. Disulfiram (DS), an anti-alcoholism drug, showed a strong in vitro anti-CSC effect. It blocked cancer cell sphere reformation and clonogenicity, synergistically enhanced the cytotoxicity of four anti-NSCLC drugs (doxorubicin, gemcitabine, oxaliplatin and paclitaxel) and reversed hypoxia-induced resistance. The effect of DS on CSCs is copper-dependent. A very short half-life in the bloodstream is the major limitation for the translation of DS into a cancer treatment. Our team previously developed a poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticle encapsulated DS (DS-PLGA) with a long half-life in the bloodstream. Intra venous injection of DS-PLGA in combination with the oral application of copper gluconate has strong anticancer efficacy in a metastatic NSCLC mouse model. Further study may be able to translate DS-PLGA into cancer applications.

Cuproptosis: a promising new target for breast cancer therapy

Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women globally, affecting approximately one-quarter of all female cancer patients and accounting for one-sixth of cancer-related deaths in women. Despite significant advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, breast cancer treatment remains challenging due to issues such as recurrence and metastasis. Recently, a novel form of regulated cell death, termed cuproptosis, has been identified. This process disrupts mitochondrial respiration by targeting the copper-dependent cellular pathways. The role of cuproptosis has been extensively investigated in various therapeutic contexts, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and nanotherapy, with the development of novel drugs significantly improving clinical outcomes. This article aims to further elucidate the connection between cuproptosis and breast cancer, focusing on its therapeutic targets, signaling pathways, and potential biomarkers that could enhance treatment strategies. These insights may offer new opportunities for improved patient care and outcomes in breast cancer therapy.

Cuproptosis in cancer therapy: mechanisms, therapeutic application and future prospects

Cuproptosis is a regulated form of cell death induced by the accumulation of metal ions and is closely linked to aspects of cellular drug resistance, cellular metabolism, and signalling pathways. Due to its crucial role in regulating physiological and pathological processes, cuproptosis has gained increasing significance as a potential target for anticancer drug development. In this review, we introduce the definition of cuproptosis and provide a comprehensive discussion of the mechanisms of cuproptosis. In addition, the methods for the detection of cuproptosis are summarized, and recent advances in cuproptosis in cancer therapy are reviewed, mainly in terms of elesclomol (ES)-mediated cuproptosis and disulfiram (DSF)-mediated cuproptosis, which provided practical value for applications. Finally, the current challenges and future development of cuproptosis-mediated cancer therapy are discussed. In summary, this review highlights recent progress on cuproptosis in cancer therapy, offering novel ideas and strategies for future research and applications.

Disulfiram and cancer immunotherapy: Advanced nano-delivery systems and potential therapeutic strategies

The initial focus of the clinical application of disulfiram was its efficacy in treating alcoholism. However, recent research has revealed its potential as an anti-tumor agent and even as an enhancer of cancer immunotherapy. Disulfiram has received safety approval from the FDA, indicating its safety advantages over other substances used for disease treatment. Although clinical trials have been conducted on strategies involving disulfiram or its combination with other anti-tumor drugs, the treatment outcomes have not yielded satisfactory results, thereby emphasizing the significance of addressing drug delivery as a crucial challenge to be resolved. The need to explore advanced nano-delivery systems and the potential immunotherapy enhancement effect of disulfiram in cancer treatment has increased. This review highlights various ways in which disulfiram can combat cancer and importantly, activate immune-related mechanisms. It also discusses obstacles related to delivering disulfiram and provides existing solutions in terms of drug delivery. These drug delivery strategies offer solutions to address various challenges encountered in diverse delivery methods and aim to achieve enhanced therapeutic effects. The focus is on recent advancements in disulfiram delivery strategies and the future potential of disulfiram in immune regulation.

A cisplatin and disulphiram co-loaded inclusion complex overcomes drug resistance by inhibiting cancer cell stemness in non-small cell lung cancer

Introduction: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for about 80-85% of all lung cancer cases is one of the fastest-growing malignancies in terms of incidence and mortality worldwide and is commonly treated with cisplatin (DDP). Although treatment may initially be effective, the DDP therapy often leads to the development of chemoresistance and treatment failure. Disulphiram (DSF), an old alcohol-aversion drug, has been revealed to help reverse drug resistance in several cancers. In addition, several studies have shown a close relationship between drug resistance and cancer cell stemness.Methods: In this study, DDP and DSF were embedded in hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (CD) to prepare a co-loaded inclusion complex of DDP and DSF (DDP-DSF/CD) with enhanced solubility and therapeutic effects. The effects and mechanism of DSF on the DDP resistance from the perspective of cancer cell stemness were determined.Results: Our data show that DDP-DSF/CD increased cytotoxicity and apoptosis of DDP-resistant A549 (A549/DDP) cells, inhibited stem cell transcriptional regulatory genes and drug resistance-associated proteins and reversed the DDP resistance in vitro and in vivo.Discussion: Overall, DDP-DSF/CD could be a promising formulation for the reversal of DDP resistance in NSCLC by inhibiting cancer cell stemness.

Nematodes exposed to furfural acetone exhibit a species-specific vacuolar H+-ATPase response

Furfural acetone (FAc) is widely used as an additive by the food industry, as well as an intermediate in several fine chemical industries. Its nematicidal activity against the free-living model organism Caenorhabditis elegans and the parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita are well known, but its molecular mechanism of action remains unclear. To deep this subject, we performed 48-h lethal tests on eight nematode species, encompassing free-living, plant-parasitic, and animal-parasitic nematodes. Our results revealed that FAc possesses broad-spectrum nematicidal activity, with potent effects against parasitic nematodes such as Strongyloides stercoralis and M. incognita. In contrast, it exhibited weak activity against the free-living nematode C. elegans, suggesting its potential as a selective nematicide. Our investigation unveiled that FAc binds to the vacuolar H+-ATPase subunits VHA-12 and VHA-13, accelerating intestinal cell necrosis and leading to the death of C. elegans. It is the first discovery that VHA-12 and VHA-13 can serve as target proteins for triggering nematode cell necrosis. The interaction results indicated that FAc targets proteins VHA-12 and VHA-13 of different nematodes and confers broad-spectrum nematicidal activity. And the Spearman analysis results illustrated that the differential nematicidal activity of FAc against various nematodes is attributed to variations in the sequence and structure of the receptor proteins VHA-12 and VHA-13 among different nematode species. Our results illuminate the molecular mechanism underlying the differential toxicity of FAc to different nematodes, and provide valuable data for the comprehensive risk assessment of FAc release into the environment.