1
|
Yamagata A, Ito K, Suzuki T, Dohmae N, Terada T, Shirouzu M. Structural basis for antiepileptic drugs and botulinum neurotoxin recognition of SV2A. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3027. [PMID: 38637505 PMCID: PMC11026379 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
More than one percent of people have epilepsy worldwide. Levetiracetam (LEV) is a successful new-generation antiepileptic drug (AED), and its derivative, brivaracetam (BRV), shows improved efficacy. Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2a (SV2A), a putative membrane transporter in the synaptic vesicles (SVs), has been identified as a target of LEV and BRV. SV2A also serves as a receptor for botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), which is the most toxic protein and has paradoxically emerged as a potent reagent for therapeutic and cosmetic applications. Nevertheless, no structural analysis on AEDs and BoNT recognition by full-length SV2A has been available. Here we describe the cryo-electron microscopy structures of the full-length SV2A in complex with the BoNT receptor-binding domain, BoNT/A2 HC, and either LEV or BRV. The large fourth luminal domain of SV2A binds to BoNT/A2 HC through protein-protein and protein-glycan interactions. LEV and BRV occupy the putative substrate-binding site in an outward-open conformation. A propyl group in BRV creates additional contacts with SV2A, explaining its higher binding affinity than that of LEV, which was further supported by label-free spectral shift assay. Numerous LEV derivatives have been developed as AEDs and positron emission tomography (PET) tracers for neuroimaging. Our work provides a structural framework for AEDs and BoNT recognition of SV2A and a blueprint for the rational design of additional AEDs and PET tracers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yamagata
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Kaori Ito
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tohru Terada
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikako Shirouzu
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hernández González JE, de Araujo AS. Alchemical Calculation of Relative Free Energies for Charge-Changing Mutations at Protein-Protein Interfaces Considering Fixed and Variable Protonation States. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:6807-6822. [PMID: 37851531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The calculation of relative free energies (ΔΔG) for charge-changing mutations at protein-protein interfaces through alchemical methods remains challenging due to variations in the system's net charge during charging steps, the possibility of mutated and contacting ionizable residues occurring in various protonation states, and undersampling issues. In this study, we present a set of strategies, collectively termed TIRST/TIRST-H+, to address some of these challenges. Our approaches combine thermodynamic integration (TI) with the prediction of pKa shifts to calculate ΔΔG values. Moreover, special sets of restraints are employed to keep the alchemically transformed molecules separated. The accuracy of the devised approaches was assessed on a large and diverse data set comprising 164 point mutations of charged residues (Asp, Glu, Lys, and Arg) to Ala at the protein-protein interfaces of complexes with known three-dimensional structures. Mean absolute and root-mean-square errors ranging from 1.38 to 1.66 and 1.89 to 2.44 kcal/mol, respectively, and Pearson correlation coefficients of ∼0.6 were obtained when testing the approaches on the selected data set using the GPU-TI module of Amber18 suite and the ff14SB force field. Furthermore, the inclusion of variable protonation states for the mutated acid residues improved the accuracy of the predicted ΔΔG values. Therefore, our results validate the use of TIRST/TIRST-H+ in prospective studies aimed at evaluating the impact of charge-changing mutations to Ala on the stability of protein-protein complexes.
Collapse
|
3
|
Joensuu M, Syed P, Saber SH, Lanoue V, Wallis TP, Rae J, Blum A, Gormal RS, Small C, Sanders S, Jiang A, Mahrhold S, Krez N, Cousin MA, Cooper‐White R, Cooper‐White JJ, Collins BM, Parton RG, Balistreri G, Rummel A, Meunier FA. Presynaptic targeting of botulinum neurotoxin type A requires a tripartite PSG-Syt1-SV2 plasma membrane nanocluster for synaptic vesicle entry. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112095. [PMID: 37226896 PMCID: PMC10308369 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique nerve terminal targeting of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) is due to its capacity to bind two receptors on the neuronal plasma membrane: polysialoganglioside (PSG) and synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2 (SV2). Whether and how PSGs and SV2 may coordinate other proteins for BoNT/A recruitment and internalization remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the targeted endocytosis of BoNT/A into synaptic vesicles (SVs) requires a tripartite surface nanocluster. Live-cell super-resolution imaging and electron microscopy of catalytically inactivated BoNT/A wildtype and receptor-binding-deficient mutants in cultured hippocampal neurons demonstrated that BoNT/A must bind coincidentally to a PSG and SV2 to target synaptic vesicles. We reveal that BoNT/A simultaneously interacts with a preassembled PSG-synaptotagmin-1 (Syt1) complex and SV2 on the neuronal plasma membrane, facilitating Syt1-SV2 nanoclustering that controls endocytic sorting of the toxin into synaptic vesicles. Syt1 CRISPRi knockdown suppressed BoNT/A- and BoNT/E-induced neurointoxication as quantified by SNAP-25 cleavage, suggesting that this tripartite nanocluster may be a unifying entry point for selected botulinum neurotoxins that hijack this for synaptic vesicle targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merja Joensuu
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Parnayan Syed
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Saber H Saber
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Vanessa Lanoue
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Tristan P Wallis
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - James Rae
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Ailisa Blum
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Rachel S Gormal
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Christopher Small
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Shanley Sanders
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Anmin Jiang
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Stefan Mahrhold
- Institut für ToxikologieMedizinische Hochschule HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Nadja Krez
- Institut für ToxikologieMedizinische Hochschule HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Michael A Cousin
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Hugh Robson BuildingUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Muir Maxwell Epilepsy CentreUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing BrainUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Ruby Cooper‐White
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- School of Chemical EngineeringThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Justin J Cooper‐White
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- School of Chemical EngineeringThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- UQ Centre for Stem Cell Ageing and Regenerative EngineeringThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Brett M Collins
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Centre for Microscopy and MicroanalysisThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Giuseppe Balistreri
- Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Department of Virology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Andreas Rummel
- Institut für ToxikologieMedizinische Hochschule HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Frédéric A Meunier
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jaiswal D, Verma S, Nair DT, Salunke DM. Antibody multispecificity: A necessary evil? Mol Immunol 2022; 152:153-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
5
|
Pirazzini M, Montecucco C, Rossetto O. Toxicology and pharmacology of botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins: an update. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1521-1539. [PMID: 35333944 PMCID: PMC9095541 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins cause the neuroparalytic syndromes of tetanus and botulism, respectively, by delivering inside different types of neurons, metalloproteases specifically cleaving the SNARE proteins that are essential for the release of neurotransmitters. Research on their mechanism of action is intensively carried out in order to devise improved therapies based on antibodies and chemical drugs. Recently, major results have been obtained with human monoclonal antibodies and with single chain antibodies that have allowed one to neutralize the metalloprotease activity of botulinum neurotoxin type A1 inside neurons. In addition, a method has been devised to induce a rapid molecular evolution of the metalloprotease domain of botulinum neurotoxin followed by selection driven to re-target the metalloprotease activity versus novel targets with respect to the SNARE proteins. At the same time, an intense and wide spectrum clinical research on novel therapeutics based on botulinum neurotoxins is carried out, which are also reviewed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pirazzini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy.,Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca di Miologia, CIR-Myo, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Cesare Montecucco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy. .,Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Ornella Rossetto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy.,Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca di Miologia, CIR-Myo, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kang BH, Lax BM, Wittrup KD. Yeast Surface Display for Protein Engineering: Library Generation, Screening, and Affinity Maturation. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2491:29-62. [PMID: 35482183 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2285-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Yeast surface display is a powerful directed evolution method for developing and engineering protein molecules to attain desired properties. Here, updated protocols are presented for purposes of identification of lead binders and their affinity maturation. Large libraries are screened by magnetic bead selections followed by flow cytometric selections. Upon identification and characterization of single clones, their affinities are improved by an iterative process of mutagenesis and fluorescence-activated cell sorting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byong H Kang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brianna M Lax
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - K Dane Wittrup
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lam KH, Tremblay JM, Perry K, Ichtchenko K, Shoemaker CB, Jin R. Probing the structure and function of the protease domain of botulinum neurotoxins using single-domain antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010169. [PMID: 34990480 PMCID: PMC8769338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are among the deadliest of bacterial toxins. BoNT serotype A and B in particular pose the most serious threat to humans because of their high potency and persistence. To date, there is no effective treatment for late post-exposure therapy of botulism patients. Here, we aim to develop single-domain variable heavy-chain (VHH) antibodies targeting the protease domains (also known as the light chain, LC) of BoNT/A and BoNT/B as antidotes for post-intoxication treatments. Using a combination of X-ray crystallography and biochemical assays, we investigated the structures and inhibition mechanisms of a dozen unique VHHs that recognize four and three non-overlapping epitopes on the LC of BoNT/A and BoNT/B, respectively. We show that the VHHs that inhibit the LC activity occupy the extended substrate-recognition exosites or the cleavage pocket of LC/A or LC/B and thus block substrate binding. Notably, we identified several VHHs that recognize highly conserved epitopes across BoNT/A or BoNT/B subtypes, suggesting that these VHHs exhibit broad subtype efficacy. Further, we identify two novel conformations of the full-length LC/A, that could aid future development of inhibitors against BoNT/A. Our studies lay the foundation for structure-based engineering of protein- or peptide-based BoNT inhibitors with enhanced potencies and cross-subtypes properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwok-ho Lam
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline M. Tremblay
- Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kay Perry
- NE-CAT, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Konstantin Ichtchenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Charles B. Shoemaker
- Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rongsheng Jin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Linciano S, Wong EL, Mazzocato Y, Chinellato M, Scaravetti T, Caregnato A, Cacco V, Romanyuk Z, Angelini A. Guidelines, Strategies, and Principles for the Directed Evolution of Cross-Reactive Antibodies Using Yeast Surface Display Technology. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2491:251-262. [PMID: 35482195 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2285-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ability of cross-reactive antibodies to bind multiple related or unrelated targets derived from different species provides not only superior therapeutic efficacy but also a better assessment of treatment toxicity, thereby facilitating the transition from preclinical models to human clinical studies. This chapter provides some guidelines for the directed evolution of cross-reactive antibodies using yeast surface display technology. Cross-reactive antibodies are initially isolated from a naïve library by combining highly avid magnetic bead separations followed by multiple cycles of flow cytometry sorting. Once initial cross-reactive clones are identified, sequential rounds of mutagenesis and two-pressure selection strategies are applied to engineer cross-reactive antibodies with improved affinity and yet retained or superior cross-reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Linciano
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - Ee Lin Wong
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - Ylenia Mazzocato
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - Monica Chinellato
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Tiziano Scaravetti
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - Alberto Caregnato
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - Veronica Cacco
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - Zhanna Romanyuk
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - Alessandro Angelini
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy.
- European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT), Ca' Bottacin, Venice, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Teixeira AAR, D'Angelo S, Erasmus MF, Leal-Lopes C, Ferrara F, Spector LP, Naranjo L, Molina E, Max T, DeAguero A, Perea K, Stewart S, Buonpane RA, Nastri HG, Bradbury ARM. Simultaneous affinity maturation and developability enhancement using natural liability-free CDRs. MAbs 2022; 14:2115200. [PMID: 36068722 PMCID: PMC9467613 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2115200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Affinity maturation is often a necessary step for the development of potent therapeutic molecules. Many different diversification strategies have been used for antibody affinity maturation, including error-prone PCR, chain shuffling, and targeted complementary-determining region (CDR) mutation. Although effective, they can negatively impact antibody stability or alter epitope recognition. Moreover, they do not address the presence of sequence liabilities, such as glycosylation, asparagine deamidation, aspartate isomerization, aggregation motifs, and others. Such liabilities, if present or inadvertently introduced, can potentially create the need for new rounds of engineering, or even abolish the value of the antibody as a therapeutic molecule. Here, we demonstrate a sequence agnostic method to improve antibody affinities, while simultaneously eliminating sequence liabilities and retaining the same epitope binding as the parental antibody. This was carried out using a defined collection of natural CDRs as the diversity source, purged of sequence liabilities, and matched to the antibody germline gene family. These CDRs were inserted into the lead molecule in one or two sites at a time (LCDR1-2, LCDR3, HCDR1-2) while retaining the HCDR3 and framework regions unchanged. The final analysis of 92 clones revealed 81 unique variants, with each of 24 tested variants having the same epitope specificity as the parental molecule. Of these, the average affinity improved by over 100 times (to 96 pM), and the best affinity improvement was 231-fold (to 32 pM).
Collapse
|
10
|
Rudenko N, Fursova K, Shepelyakovskaya A, Karatovskaya A, Brovko F. Antibodies as Biosensors' Key Components: State-of-the-Art in Russia 2020-2021. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21227614. [PMID: 34833687 PMCID: PMC8624206 DOI: 10.3390/s21227614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The recognition of biomolecules is crucial in key areas such as the timely diagnosis of somatic and infectious diseases, food quality control, and environmental monitoring. This determines the need to develop highly sensitive display devices based on the achievements of modern science and technology, characterized by high selectivity, high speed, low cost, availability, and small size. Such requirements are met by biosensor systems—devices for reagent-free analysis of compounds that consist of a biologically sensitive element (receptor), a transducer, and a working solution. The diversity of biological material and methods for its immobilization on the surface or in the volume of the transducer and the use of nanotechnologies have led to the appearance of an avalanche-like number of different biosensors, which, depending on the type of biologically sensitive element, can be divided into three groups: enzyme, affinity, and cellular/tissue. Affinity biosensors are one of the rapidly developing areas in immunoassay, where the key point is to register the formation of an antigen–antibody complex. This review analyzes the latest work by Russian researchers concerning the production of molecules used in various immunoassay formats as well as new fundamental scientific data obtained as a result of their use.
Collapse
|
11
|
A Four-Monoclonal Antibody Combination Potently Neutralizes Multiple Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotypes C and D. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090641. [PMID: 34564645 PMCID: PMC8472335 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human botulism can be caused by botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotypes A to G. Here, we present an antibody-based antitoxin composed of four human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against BoNT/C, BoNT/D, and their mosaic toxins. This work built on our success in generating protective mAbs to BoNT /A, B and E serotypes. We generated mAbs from human immune single-chain Fv (scFv) yeast-display libraries and isolated scFvs with high affinity for BoNT/C, BoNT/CD, BoNT/DC and BoNT/D serotypes. We identified four mAbs that bound non-overlapping epitopes on multiple serotypes and mosaic BoNTs. Three of the mAbs underwent molecular evolution to increase affinity. A four-mAb combination provided high-affinity binding and BoNT neutralization of both serotypes and their mosaic toxins. The mAbs have potential utility as therapeutics and as diagnostics capable of recognizing and neutralizing BoNT/C and BoNT/D serotypes and their mosaic toxins. A derivative of the four-antibody combination (NTM-1634) completed a Phase 1 clinical trial (Snow et al., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2019) with no drug-related serious adverse events.
Collapse
|
12
|
Brier S, Rasetti-Escargueil C, Wijkhuisen A, Simon S, Marechal M, Lemichez E, Popoff MR. Characterization of a highly neutralizing single monoclonal antibody to botulinum neurotoxin type A. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21540. [PMID: 33817838 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002492r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Compared to conventional antisera strategies, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represent an alternative and safer way to treat botulism, a fatal flaccid paralysis due to botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs). In addition, mAbs offer the advantage to be produced in a reproducible manner. We previously identified a unique and potent mouse mAb (TA12) targeting BoNT/A1 with high affinity and neutralizing activity. In this study, we characterized the molecular basis of TA12 neutralization by combining Hydrogen/Deuterium eXchange Mass Spectrometry (HDX-MS) with site-directed mutagenesis and functional studies. We found that TA12 recognizes a conformational epitope located at the interface between the HCN and HCC subdomains of the BoNT/A1 receptor-binding domain (HC ). The TA12-binding interface shares common structural features with the ciA-C2 VHH epitope and lies on the face opposite recognized by ciA-C2- and the CR1/CR2-neutralizing mAbs. The single substitution of N1006 was sufficient to affect TA12 binding to HC confirming the position of the epitope. We further uncovered that the TA12 epitope overlaps with the BoNT/A1-binding site for both the neuronal cell surface receptor synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2 isoform C (SV2C) and the GT1b ganglioside. Hence, TA12 potently blocks the entry of BoNT/A1 into neurons by interfering simultaneously with the binding of SV2C and to a lower extent GT1b. Our study reveals the unique neutralization mechanism of TA12 and emphasizes on the potential of using single mAbs for the treatment of botulism type A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Brier
- Biological NMR Technological Platform, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3528, Paris, France
| | | | - Anne Wijkhuisen
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la santé, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Stéphanie Simon
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la santé, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Maud Marechal
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, UMR CNRS 2001, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Lemichez
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, UMR CNRS 2001, Paris, France
| | - Michel R Popoff
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, UMR CNRS 2001, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Taleghani N, Taghipour F. Diagnosis of COVID-19 for controlling the pandemic: A review of the state-of-the-art. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 174:112830. [PMID: 33339696 PMCID: PMC7694563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To date, health organizations and countries around the world are struggling to completely control the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Scientists and researchers are developing tests for the rapid detection of individuals who may carry the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), while striving to find a suitable vaccine to immunize healthy individuals. As there are clinically reported cases of asymptomatic carriers of SARS-CoV-2, fast and accurate diagnosis plays an important role in the control and further prevention of this disease. Herein, we present recent technologies and techniques that have been implemented for the diagnosis of COVID-19. We summarize the methods created by different research institutes as well as the commercial devices and kits developed by companies for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. The description of the existing methods is followed by highlighting their advantages and challenges. Finally, we propose some promising techniques that could potentially be applied to the detection of SARS-CoV-2, and tracing the asymptomatic carriers of COVID-19 rapidly and accurately in the early stages of infection, based on reviewing the research studies on the detection of similar infectious viruses, especially severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Taleghani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Fariborz Taghipour
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Two VHH Antibodies Neutralize Botulinum Neurotoxin E1 by Blocking Its Membrane Translocation in Host Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100616. [PMID: 32992561 PMCID: PMC7599855 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin serotype E (BoNT/E) is one of the major causes of human botulism, which is a life-threatening disease caused by flaccid paralysis of muscles. After receptor-mediated toxin internalization into motor neurons, the translocation domain (HN) of BoNT/E transforms into a protein channel upon vesicle acidification in endosomes and delivers its protease domain (LC) across membrane to enter the neuronal cytosol. It is believed that the rapid onset of BoNT/E intoxication compared to other BoNT serotypes is related to its swift internalization and translocation. We recently identified two neutralizing single-domain camelid antibodies (VHHs) against BoNT/E1 termed JLE-E5 and JLE-E9. Here, we report the crystal structures of these two VHHs bound to the LCHN domain of BoNT/E1. The structures reveal that these VHHs recognize two distinct epitopes that are partially overlapping with the putative transmembrane regions on HN, and therefore could physically block membrane association of BoNT/E1. This is confirmed by our in vitro studies, which show that these VHHs inhibit the structural change of BoNT/E1 at acidic pH and interfere with BoNT/E1 association with lipid vesicles. Therefore, these two VHHs neutralize BoNT/E1 by preventing the transmembrane delivery of LC. Furthermore, structure-based sequence analyses show that the 3-dimensional epitopes of these two VHHs are largely conserved across many BoNT/E subtypes, suggesting a broad-spectrum protection against the BoNT/E family. In summary, this work improves our understanding of the membrane translocation mechanism of BoNT/E and paves the way for developing VHHs as diagnostics or therapeutics for the treatment of BoNT/E intoxication.
Collapse
|
15
|
The Novel Clostridial Neurotoxin Produced by Strain IBCA10-7060 Is Immunologically Equivalent to BoNT/HA. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 12:toxins12010009. [PMID: 31877649 PMCID: PMC7020490 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) comprise seven agreed-on serotypes, A through G. In 2014, a novel chimeric neurotoxin produced by clostridial strain IBCA10-7060 was reported as BoNT/H, with subsequent names of BoNT/FA or BoNT/HA based on sequence homology of the N-terminus to BoNT/F, the C-terminus to BoNT/A and neutralization studies. The purpose of this study was to define the immunologic identity of the novel BoNT. Methods: monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the novel BoNT/H N-terminus were generated by antibody repertoire cloning and yeast display after immunization with BoNT/H LC-HN or BoNT/F LC-HN. Results: 21 unique BoNT/H LC-HN mAbs were obtained; 15 from the BoNT/H LC-HN immunized library (KD 0.78 nM to 182 nM) and six from the BoNT/F-immunized libraries (KD 20.5 nM to 1490 nM). A total of 15 of 21 mAbs also bound catalytically inactive BoNT/H holotoxin. The mAbs bound nine non-overlapping epitopes on the BoNT/H LC-HN. None of the mAbs showed binding to BoNT serotypes A-G, nor any of the seven subtypes of BoNT/F, except for one mAb that weakly bound BoNT/F5. Conclusions: The results, combined with the chimeric structure and neutralization by anti-A, but not anti-F antitoxin indicate that immunologically the novel BoNT is BoNT/HA. This determination has significant implications for existing countermeasures and potential vulnerabilities.
Collapse
|
16
|
Chiu ML, Goulet DR, Teplyakov A, Gilliland GL. Antibody Structure and Function: The Basis for Engineering Therapeutics. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040055. [PMID: 31816964 PMCID: PMC6963682 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies and antibody-derived macromolecules have established themselves as the mainstay in protein-based therapeutic molecules (biologics). Our knowledge of the structure–function relationships of antibodies provides a platform for protein engineering that has been exploited to generate a wide range of biologics for a host of therapeutic indications. In this review, our basic understanding of the antibody structure is described along with how that knowledge has leveraged the engineering of antibody and antibody-related therapeutics having the appropriate antigen affinity, effector function, and biophysical properties. The platforms examined include the development of antibodies, antibody fragments, bispecific antibody, and antibody fusion products, whose efficacy and manufacturability can be improved via humanization, affinity modulation, and stability enhancement. We also review the design and selection of binding arms, and avidity modulation. Different strategies of preparing bispecific and multispecific molecules for an array of therapeutic applications are included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark L. Chiu
- Drug Product Development Science, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Dennis R. Goulet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, P.O. Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA;
| | - Alexey Teplyakov
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA; (A.T.); (G.L.G.)
| | - Gary L. Gilliland
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA; (A.T.); (G.L.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) and tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) are the most potent toxins known and cause botulism and tetanus, respectively. BoNTs are also widely utilized as therapeutic toxins. They contain three functional domains responsible for receptor-binding, membrane translocation, and proteolytic cleavage of host proteins required for synaptic vesicle exocytosis. These toxins also have distinct features: BoNTs exist within a progenitor toxin complex (PTC), which protects the toxin and facilitates its absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, whereas TeNT is uniquely transported retrogradely within motor neurons. Our increasing knowledge of these toxins has allowed the development of engineered toxins for medical uses. The discovery of new BoNTs and BoNT-like proteins provides additional tools to understand the evolution of the toxins and to engineer toxin-based therapeutics. This review summarizes the progress on our understanding of BoNTs and TeNT, focusing on the PTC, receptor recognition, new BoNT-like toxins, and therapeutic toxin engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Dong
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Geoffrey Masuyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Pål Stenmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; .,Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nagy E, Nagy G, Power CA, Badarau A, Szijártó V. Anti-bacterial Monoclonal Antibodies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1053:119-153. [PMID: 29549638 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72077-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The failing efficacy of antibiotics and the high mortality rate among high-risk patients calls for new treatment modalities for bacterial infections. Due to the vastly divergent pathogenesis of human pathogens, each microbe requires a tailored approach. The main modes of action of anti-bacterial antibodies are virulence factor neutralization, complement-mediated bacterial lysis and enhancement of opsonophagocytic uptake and killing (OPK). Gram-positive bacteria cannot be lysed by complement and their pathogenesis often involves secreted toxins, therefore typically toxin-neutralization and OPK activity are required to prevent and ameliorate disease. In fact, the success stories in terms of approved products, in the anti-bacterial mAb field are based on toxin neutralization (Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium difficile). In contrast, Gram-negative bacteria are vulnerable to antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis, while their pathogenesis rarely relies on secreted exotoxins, and involves the pro-inflammatory endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide). Given the complexity of bacterial pathogenesis, antibody therapeutics are expected to be most efficient upon targeting more than one virulence factor and/or combining different modes of action. The improved understanding of bacterial pathogenesis combined with the versatility and maturity of antibody discovery technologies available today are pivotal for the design of novel anti-bacterial therapeutics. The intensified research generating promising proof-of-concept data, and the increasing number of clinical programs with anti-bacterial mAbs, indicate that the field is ready to fulfill its promise in the coming years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Nagy
- Arsanis Biosciences GmbH/Arsanis, Inc, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gábor Nagy
- Arsanis Biosciences GmbH/Arsanis, Inc, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Surana S, Tosolini AP, Meyer IF, Fellows AD, Novoselov SS, Schiavo G. The travel diaries of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins. Toxicon 2018; 147:58-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
20
|
Sivelle C, Sierocki R, Ferreira-Pinto K, Simon S, Maillere B, Nozach H. Fab is the most efficient format to express functional antibodies by yeast surface display. MAbs 2018; 10:720-729. [PMID: 29708852 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1468952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple formats are available for engineering of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) by yeast surface display, but they do not all lead to efficient expression of functional molecules. We therefore expressed four anti-tumor necrosis factor and two anti-IpaD mAbs as single-chain variable fragment (scFv), antigen-binding fragment (Fab) or single-chain Fabs and compared their expression levels and antigen-binding efficiency. Although the scFv and scFab formats are widely used in the literature, 2 of 6 antibodies were either not or weakly expressed. In contrast, all 6 antibodies expressed as Fab revealed strong binding and high affinity, comparable to that of the soluble form. We also demonstrated that the variations in expression did not affect Fab functionality and were due to variations in light chain display and not to misfolded dimers. Our results suggest that Fab is the most versatile format for the engineering of mAbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coline Sivelle
- a Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay , Gif/Yvette , France
| | - Raphaël Sierocki
- a Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay , Gif/Yvette , France
| | - Kelly Ferreira-Pinto
- a Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay , Gif/Yvette , France
| | - Stéphanie Simon
- b Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches en Immunoanalyse, Université Paris-Saclay , Gif/Yvette , France
| | - Bernard Maillere
- a Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay , Gif/Yvette , France
| | - Hervé Nozach
- a Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay , Gif/Yvette , France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Next-generation antibodies for post-translational modifications. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 51:141-148. [PMID: 29753204 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing demands for antibodies to post-translational modifications (PTMs), fundamental difficulties in molecular recognition of PTMs hinder the generation of highly functional anti-PTM antibodies using conventional methods. Recently, advanced approaches in protein engineering and design that have been established for biologics development were applied to successfully generating highly functional anti-PTM antibodies. Furthermore, structural analyses of anti-PTM antibodies revealed unprecedented binding modes that substantially increased the antigen-binding surface. These features deepen the understanding of mechanisms underlying specific recognition of PTMs, which may lead to more effective approaches for generating anti-PTM antibodies with exquisite specificity and high affinity.
Collapse
|
22
|
Li M, Lee D, Obi CR, Freeberg JK, Farr-Jones S, Tomic MT. An ambient temperature-stable antitoxin of nine co-formulated antibodies for botulism caused by serotypes A, B and E. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197011. [PMID: 29746518 PMCID: PMC5944936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Safe and effective antitoxins to treat and prevent botulism are needed for biodefense. We have developed recombinant antibody-based therapeutics for botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotypes A, B, and E. The mechanism of action of this antitoxin requires that three mAbs bind one toxin molecule to achieve clearance. Here we present a co-formulation of an antitoxin to the three most important serotypes. Combining these antibodies obviates the need to identify the serotype causing intoxication prior to drug administration, which would facilitate administration. The lyophilized powder formulation contains nine mAbs, three mAbs for each of the three serotypes (A, B, E). The formulation was stored as a liquid and lyophilized powder for up to one year, and characterized by binding affinity and multiple physicochemical methods. No significant increase in soluble higher order aggregates, cleavage products, or change in charge isoforms was measured after storage as a lyophilized powder at 50°C for one year. Furthermore, toxin-domain binding ELISA data indicated that each of the individual antibodies in the lyophilized drug product showed essentially full binding capability to their respective toxin domains after being stored at 50°C for one year. Physicochemical characterization of the formulation demonstrated the nine individual mAbs were remarkably stable. This work demonstrates feasibility of lyophilized, oligoclonal antibody therapies for biodefense with ambient temperature stability, that would facilitate stockpiling, distribution, and administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiang Li
- XOMA Corp., Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Dennis Lee
- XOMA Corp., Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Chidi R. Obi
- XOMA Corp., Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Shauna Farr-Jones
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Milan T. Tomic
- XOMA Corp., Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Davies JR, Hackett GS, Liu SM, Acharya KR. High resolution crystal structures of the receptor-binding domain of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A and FA. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4552. [PMID: 29576992 PMCID: PMC5866713 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The binding specificity of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) is primarily a consequence of their ability to bind to multiple receptors at the same time. BoNTs consist of three distinct domains, a metalloprotease light chain (LC), a translocation domain (HN) and a receptor-binding domain (HC). Here we report the crystal structure of HC/FA, complementing an existing structure through the modelling of a previously unresolved loop which is important for receptor-binding. Our HC/FA structure also contains a previously unidentified disulphide bond, which we have also observed in one of two crystal forms of HC/A1. This may have implications for receptor-binding and future recombinant toxin production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Davies
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sai Man Liu
- Ipsen Bioinnovation Limited, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - K Ravi Acharya
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
A Single Tri-Epitopic Antibody Virtually Recapitulates the Potency of a Combination of Three Monoclonal Antibodies in Neutralization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10020084. [PMID: 29462889 PMCID: PMC5848185 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The standard of treatment for botulism, equine antitoxin, is a foreign protein with associated safety issues and a short serum half-life which excludes its use as a prophylactic antitoxin and makes it a less-than-optimal therapeutic. Due to these limitations, a recombinant monoclonal antibody (mAb) product is preferable. It has been shown that combining three mAbs that bind non-overlapping epitopes leads to highly potent botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) neutralization. Recently, a triple human antibody combination for BoNT/A has demonstrated potent toxin neutralization in mouse models with no serious adverse events when tested in a Phase I clinical trial. However, a triple antibody therapeutic poses unique development and manufacturing challenges. Thus, potentially to streamline development of BoNT antitoxins, we sought to achieve the potency of multiple mAb combinations in a single IgG-based molecule that has a long serum half-life. The design, production, and testing of a single tri-epitopic IgG1-based mAb (TeAb) containing the binding sites of each of the three parental BoNT/A mAbs yielded an antibody of nearly equal potency to the combination. The approach taken here could be applied to the design and creation of other multivalent antibodies that could be used for a variety of applications, including toxin elimination.
Collapse
|
25
|
Mahmud MN, Oda M, Usui D, Inoshima Y, Ishiguro N, Kamatari YO. A multispecific monoclonal antibody G2 recognizes at least three completely different epitope sequences with high affinity. Protein Sci 2017; 26:2162-2169. [PMID: 28791742 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody (mAb) G2 possesses an unusual characteristic of reacting with at least three proteins (ATP6V1C1, SEPT3, and C6H10orf76) other than its original antigen, chicken prion protein (ChPrP). The epitopes on ChPrP and ATP6V1C1 have been identified previously. In this study, we identified the epitope in the third protein, SEPT3. Interestingly, there was no amino acid sequence similarity among the epitopes on the three proteins. These epitopes had high binding affinities to G2 (KD = ∼10-7 M for monovalent binding and KD = ∼10-9 M for divalent binding), as determined using a SPR biosensor. This is the first report on a three-in-one mAb recognizing completely different epitope sequences with high affinity. Additionally, competitive ELISA indicated that the binding sites on G2, specific for the three different epitopes, overlapped, suggesting that the antigen-binding site may be flexible in the free form and capable of adapting to at least three different conformations to enable interactions with three different antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Nuruddin Mahmud
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Masayuki Oda
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Daiki Usui
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Yasuo Inoshima
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Naotaka Ishiguro
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yuji O Kamatari
- Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yao G, Lam KH, Weisemann J, Peng L, Krez N, Perry K, Shoemaker CB, Dong M, Rummel A, Jin R. A camelid single-domain antibody neutralizes botulinum neurotoxin A by blocking host receptor binding. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7438. [PMID: 28785006 PMCID: PMC5547058 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07457-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody treatment is currently the only available countermeasure for botulism, a fatal illness caused by flaccid paralysis of muscles due to botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) intoxication. Among the seven major serotypes of BoNT/A-G, BoNT/A poses the most serious threat to humans because of its high potency and long duration of action. Prior to entering neurons and blocking neurotransmitter release, BoNT/A recognizes motoneurons via a dual-receptor binding process in which it engages both the neuron surface polysialoganglioside (PSG) and synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2 (SV2). Previously, we identified a potent neutralizing antitoxin against BoNT/A1 termed ciA-C2, derived from a camelid heavy-chain-only antibody (VHH). In this study, we demonstrate that ciA-C2 prevents BoNT/A1 intoxication by inhibiting its binding to neuronal receptor SV2. Furthermore, we determined the crystal structure of ciA-C2 in complex with the receptor-binding domain of BoNT/A1 (HCA1) at 1.68 Å resolution. The structure revealed that ciA-C2 partially occupies the SV2-binding site on HCA1, causing direct interference of HCA1 interaction with both the N-glycan and peptide-moiety of SV2. Interestingly, this neutralization mechanism is similar to that of a monoclonal antibody in clinical trials, despite that ciA-C2 is more than 10-times smaller. Taken together, these results enlighten our understanding of BoNT/A1 interactions with its neuronal receptor, and further demonstrate that inhibiting toxin binding to the host receptor is an efficient countermeasure strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Yao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Kwok-Ho Lam
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jasmin Weisemann
- Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lisheng Peng
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nadja Krez
- Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kay Perry
- NE-CAT and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA
| | - Charles B Shoemaker
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Min Dong
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andreas Rummel
- Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rongsheng Jin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Galán A, Comor L, Horvatić A, Kuleš J, Guillemin N, Mrljak V, Bhide M. Library-based display technologies: where do we stand? MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 12:2342-58. [PMID: 27306919 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00219f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, library-based display technologies have been staggeringly optimized since their appearance in order to mimic the process of natural molecular evolution. Display technologies are essential for the isolation of specific high-affinity binding molecules (proteins, polypeptides, nucleic acids and others) for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in cancer, infectious diseases, autoimmune, neurodegenerative, inflammatory pathologies etc. Applications extend to other fields such as antibody and enzyme engineering, cell-free protein synthesis and the discovery of protein-protein interactions. Phage display technology is the most established of these methods but more recent fully in vitro alternatives, such as ribosome display, mRNA display, cis-activity based (CIS) display and covalent antibody display (CAD), as well as aptamer display and in vitro compartmentalization, offer advantages over phage in library size, speed and the display of unnatural amino acids and nucleotides. Altogether, they have produced several molecules currently approved or in diverse stages of clinical or preclinical testing and have provided researchers with tools to address some of the disadvantages of peptides and nucleotides such as their low affinity, low stability, high immunogenicity and difficulty to cross membranes. In this review we assess the fundamental technological features and point out some recent advances and applications of display technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asier Galán
- ERA Chair FP7, Internal diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Lubos Comor
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Anita Horvatić
- ERA Chair FP7, Internal diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Josipa Kuleš
- ERA Chair FP7, Internal diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nicolas Guillemin
- ERA Chair FP7, Internal diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Vladimir Mrljak
- ERA Chair FP7, Internal diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mangesh Bhide
- ERA Chair FP7, Internal diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia. and Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovakia and Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Koenig P, Sanowar S, Lee CV, Fuh G. Tuning the specificity of a Two-in-One Fab against three angiogenic antigens by fully utilizing the information of deep mutational scanning. MAbs 2017; 9:959-967. [PMID: 28585908 PMCID: PMC5540083 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1337618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies developed for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes need to demonstrate highly defined binding specificity profiles. Engineering of an antibody to enhance or reduce binding to related antigens is often needed to achieve the desired biologic activity without safety concern. Here, we describe a deep sequencing-aided engineering strategy to fine-tune the specificity of an angiopoietin-2 (Ang2)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) dual action Fab, 5A12.1 for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration. This antibody utilizes overlapping complementarity-determining region (CDR) sites for dual Ang2/VEGF interaction with KD in the sub-nanomolar range. However, it also exhibits significant (KD of 4 nM) binding to angiopoietin-1, which has high sequence identity with Ang2. We generated a large phage-displayed library of 5A12.1 Fab variants with all possible single mutations in the 6 CDRs. By tracking the change of prevalence of each mutation during various selection conditions, we identified 35 mutations predicted to decrease the affinity for Ang1 while maintaining the affinity for Ang2 and VEGF. We confirmed the specificity profiles for 25 of these single mutations as Fab protein. Structural analysis showed that some of the Fab mutations cluster near a potential Ang1/2 epitope residue that differs in the 2 proteins, while others are up to 15 Å away from the antigen-binding site and likely influence the binding interaction remotely. The approach presented here provides a robust and efficient method for specificity engineering that does not require prior knowledge of the antigen antibody interaction and can be broadly applied to antibody specificity engineering projects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Koenig
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Sanowar
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chingwei V. Lee
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Germaine Fuh
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
RBC Adherence of Immune Complexes Containing Botulinum Toxin Improves Neutralization and Macrophage Uptake. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9050173. [PMID: 28534855 PMCID: PMC5450721 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9050173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the paralytic disease botulism, the botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) passes through the bloodstream to reach and inactivate neuromuscular junctions. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) may be useful BoNT countermeasures, as mAb combinations can rapidly clear BoNT from the blood circulation. We have previously shown that the BoNT-neutralizing potency of mAbs can be improved through red blood cell (RBC) immunoadherence. For example, a fusion protein (FP) that adheres biotinylated mAbs to the RBC surface enabled a pair of mAbs to neutralize 5000 LD50 BoNT/A in the mouse protection assay. Here, we added two mAbs to that combination, creating a 4-mAb:FP complex that neutralized 40,000 LD50 BoNT/A in vivo, and analyzed functional correlates of neutralization. The FP enhanced potency of BoNT/A immune complexes, providing the greatest magnitude of benefit to the 4-mAb combination. RBC binding of a BoNT/A complexed with 4-mAb:FP exhibited a bi-phasic clearance process in vivo. Most of the complexes were cleared within five minutes; the rest were cleared gradually over many hours. Peritoneal macrophages showed better uptake of the 4-mAb complex than the 3-mAb complex, and this was not affected by the presence of the FP. However, the addition of RBCs to the 4-mAb:FP BoNT/A doubled macrophage uptake of the complexes. Lastly, the 4-mAb:FP BoNT/A complex synergistically induced M2 macrophage polarization, as indicated by IL-10 expression, whether or not RBCs were present. RBC-targeted immunoadherence through the FP is a potent enhancer of mAb-mediated BoNT/A neutralization in vivo, and can have positive effects on BoNT/A sequestration, immune complex uptake, and macrophage activation.
Collapse
|
30
|
A three monoclonal antibody combination potently neutralizes multiple botulinum neurotoxin serotype F subtypes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174187. [PMID: 28323873 PMCID: PMC5360321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human botulism is primarily caused by botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotypes A, B and E, with around 1% caused by serotype F (BoNT/F). BoNT/F comprises at least seven different subtypes with the amino acid sequence difference between subtypes as high as 36%. The sequence differences present a significant challenge for generating monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that can bind, detect and neutralize all BoNT/F subtypes. We used repertoire cloning of immune mouse antibody variable (V) regions and yeast display to generate a panel of 33 lead single chain Fv (scFv) mAbs that bound one or more BoNT/F subtypes with a median equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of 4.06 × 10-9 M. By diversifying the V-regions of the lead mAbs and selecting for cross reactivity we generated five mAbs that bound each of the seven subtypes. Three scFv binding non-overlapping epitopes were converted to IgG that had KD for the different BoNT/F subtypes ranging from 2.2×10-8 M to 1.47×10-12 pM. An equimolar combination of the mAbs was able to potently neutralize BoNT/F1, F2, F4 and F7 in the mouse neutralization assay. The mAbs have potential utility as diagnostics capable of recognizing the known BoNT/F subtypes and could be developed as antitoxins to prevent and treat type F botulism.
Collapse
|
31
|
Pirazzini M, Rossetto O. Challenges in searching for therapeutics against Botulinum Neurotoxins. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:497-510. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1303476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
32
|
Yao G, Lam KH, Perry K, Weisemann J, Rummel A, Jin R. Crystal Structure of the Receptor-Binding Domain of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type HA, Also Known as Type FA or H. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9030093. [PMID: 28282873 PMCID: PMC5371848 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9030093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), which have been exploited as cosmetics and muscle-disorder treatment medicines for decades, are well known for their extreme neurotoxicity to humans. They pose a potential bioterrorism threat because they cause botulism, a flaccid muscular paralysis-associated disease that requires immediate antitoxin treatment and intensive care over a long period of time. In addition to the existing seven established BoNT serotypes (BoNT/A–G), a new mosaic toxin type termed BoNT/HA (aka type FA or H) was reported recently. Sequence analyses indicate that the receptor-binding domain (HC) of BoNT/HA is ~84% identical to that of BoNT/A1. However, BoNT/HA responds differently to some potent BoNT/A-neutralizing antibodies (e.g., CR2) that target the HC. Therefore, it raises a serious concern as to whether BoNT/HA poses a new threat to our biosecurity. In this study, we report the first high-resolution crystal structure of BoNT/HA-HC at 1.8 Å. Sequence and structure analyses reveal that BoNT/HA and BoNT/A1 are different regarding their binding to cell-surface receptors including both polysialoganglioside (PSG) and synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2 (SV2). Furthermore, the new structure also provides explanations for the ~540-fold decreased affinity of antibody CR2 towards BoNT/HA compared to BoNT/A1. Taken together, these new findings advance our understanding of the structure and function of this newly identified toxin at the molecular level, and pave the way for the future development of more effective countermeasures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Yao
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Kwok-Ho Lam
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Kay Perry
- NE-CAT and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Building 436E, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Jasmin Weisemann
- Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Andreas Rummel
- Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Rongsheng Jin
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ren S, Shin HS, Gedi V, Dua P, Lee DK, Kim S. Selection of DNA Aptamers Against Botulinum Neurotoxin E for Development of Fluorescent Aptasensor. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Dongguk University; Seoul 100-715 Korea
| | - Hye-Soo Shin
- Global Research Laboratory (GRL) for RNAi Medicine, Department of Chemistry; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Korea
| | - Vinayakumar Gedi
- Global Research Laboratory (GRL) for RNAi Medicine, Department of Chemistry; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Korea
| | - Pooja Dua
- Global Research Laboratory (GRL) for RNAi Medicine, Department of Chemistry; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Korea
| | - Dong-Ki Lee
- Global Research Laboratory (GRL) for RNAi Medicine, Department of Chemistry; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Korea
| | - Soyoun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Dongguk University; Seoul 100-715 Korea
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yao G, Zhang S, Mahrhold S, Lam KH, Stern D, Bagramyan K, Perry K, Kalkum M, Rummel A, Dong M, Jin R. N-linked glycosylation of SV2 is required for binding and uptake of botulinum neurotoxin A. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2016; 23:656-62. [PMID: 27294781 PMCID: PMC5033645 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A1 (BoNT/A1), a licensed drug widely used for medical and cosmetic applications, exerts its action by invading motoneurons. Here we report a 2.0-Å-resolution crystal structure of the BoNT/A1 receptor-binding domain in complex with its neuronal receptor, glycosylated human SV2C. We found that the neuronal tropism of BoNT/A1 requires recognition of both the peptide moiety and an N-linked glycan on SV2. This N-glycan-which is conserved in all SV2 isoforms across vertebrates-is essential for BoNT/A1 binding to neurons and for its potent neurotoxicity. The glycan-binding interface on SV2 is targeted by a human BoNT/A1-neutralizing antibody currently licensed as an antibotulism drug. Our studies reveal a new paradigm of host-pathogen interactions, in which pathogens exploit conserved host post-translational modifications, thereby achieving highly specific receptor binding while also tolerating genetic changes across multiple isoforms of receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Yao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Sicai Zhang
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stefan Mahrhold
- Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kwok-ho Lam
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Daniel Stern
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens - Biological Toxins (ZBS3), Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karine Bagramyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California USA
| | - Kay Perry
- NE-CAT and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois USA
| | - Markus Kalkum
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California USA
| | - Andreas Rummel
- Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Min Dong
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rongsheng Jin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Grossman I, Ilani T, Fleishman SJ, Fass D. Overcoming a species-specificity barrier in development of an inhibitory antibody targeting a modulator of tumor stroma. Protein Eng Des Sel 2016; 29:135-47. [PMID: 26819240 PMCID: PMC4795942 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzv067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The secreted disulfide catalyst Quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase-1 (QSOX1) affects extracellular matrix organization and is overexpressed in various adenocarcinomas and associated stroma. Inhibition of extracellular human QSOX1 by a monoclonal antibody decreased tumor cell migration in a cell co-culture model and hence may have therapeutic potential. However, the species specificity of the QSOX1 monoclonal antibody has been a setback in assessing its utility as an anti-metastatic agent in vivo, a common problem in the antibody therapy industry. We therefore used structurally guided engineering to expand the antibody species specificity, improving its affinity toward mouse QSOX1 by at least four orders of magnitude. A crystal structure of the re-engineered variant, complexed with its mouse antigen, revealed that the antibody accomplishes dual-species targeting through altered contacts between its heavy and light chains, plus replacement of bulky aromatics by flexible side chains and versatile water-bridged polar interactions. In parallel, we produced a surrogate antibody targeting mouse QSOX1 that exhibits a new QSOX1 inhibition mode. This set of three QSOX1 inhibitory antibodies is compatible with various mouse models for pre-clinical trials and biotechnological applications. In this study we provide insights into structural blocks to cross-reactivity and set up guideposts for successful antibody design and re-engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Grossman
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Tal Ilani
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sarel Jacob Fleishman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Deborah Fass
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Fan Y, Barash JR, Lou J, Conrad F, Marks JD, Arnon SS. Immunological Characterization and Neutralizing Ability of Monoclonal Antibodies Directed Against Botulinum Neurotoxin Type H. J Infect Dis 2016; 213:1606-14. [PMID: 26936913 PMCID: PMC4837907 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only Clostridium botulinum strain IBCA10-7060 produces the recently described novel botulinum neurotoxin type H (BoNT/H). BoNT/H (N-terminal two-thirds most homologous to BoNT/F and C-terminal one-third most homologous to BoNT/A) requires antitoxin to toxin ratios ≥1190:1 for neutralization by existing antitoxins. Hence, more potent and safer antitoxins against BoNT/H are needed. METHODS We therefore evaluated our existing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to BoNT/A and BoNT/F for BoNT/H binding, created yeast-displayed mutants to select for higher-affinity-binding mAbs by using flow cytometry, and evaluated the mAbs' ability to neutralize BoNT/H in the standard mouse bioassay. RESULTS Anti-BoNT/A HCC-binding mAbs RAZ1 and CR2 bound BoNT/H with high affinity. However, only 1 of 6 BoNT/F mAbs (4E17.2A) bound BoNT/H but with an affinity >800-fold lower (equilibrium dissociation binding constant [KD] = 7.56 × 10(-8)M) than its BoNT/F affinity (KD= 9.1 × 10(-11)M), indicating that the N-terminal two-thirds of BoNT/H is immunologically unique. The affinity of 4E17.2A for BoNT/H was increased >500-fold to KD= 1.48 × 10(-10)M (mAb 4E17.2D). A combination of mAbs RAZ1, CR2, and 4E17.2D completely protected mice challenged with 280 mouse median lethal doses of BoNT/H at a mAb dose as low as 5 µg of total antibody. CONCLUSIONS This 3-mAb combination potently neutralized BoNT/H and represents a potential human antitoxin that could be developed for the prevention and treatment of type H botulism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Fan
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital
| | - Jason R Barash
- Infant Botulism Treatment and Prevention Program, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, Richmond
| | - Jianlong Lou
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital
| | - Fraser Conrad
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital
| | - James D Marks
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital
| | - Stephen S Arnon
- Infant Botulism Treatment and Prevention Program, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, Richmond
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Purpose of review This review highlights recent developments in HIV-1 antibody engineering and discusses the effects of increased polyreactivity on serum half-lives of engineered antibodies. Recent findings Recent studies have uncovered a wealth of information about the relationship between the sequences and efficacies of anti-HIV-1 antibodies through a combination of bioinformatics, structural characterization and in vivo studies. This knowledge has stimulated efforts to enhance antibody breadth and potency for therapeutic use. Although some engineered antibodies have shown increased polyreactivity and short half-lives, promising efforts are circumventing these problems. Summary Antibodies are desirable as therapeutics due to their ability to recognize targets with both specificity and high affinity. Furthermore, the ability of antibodies to stimulate Fc-mediated effector functions can increase their utility. Thus, mAbs have become central to strategies for the treatment of various diseases. Using both targeted and library-based approaches, antibodies can be engineered to improve their therapeutic properties. This article will discuss recent antibody engineering efforts to improve the breadth and potency of anti-HIV-1 antibodies. The polyreactivity of engineered HIV-1 bNAbs and the effect on serum half-life will be explored along with strategies to overcome problems introduced by engineering antibodies. Finally, advances in creating bispecific anti-HIV-1 reagents are discussed.
Collapse
|
38
|
Rummel A. Two Feet on the Membrane: Uptake of Clostridial Neurotoxins. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 406:1-37. [PMID: 27921176 DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The extraordinary potency of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) and tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) is mediated by their high neurospecificity, targeting peripheral cholinergic motoneurons leading to flaccid and spastic paralysis, respectively, and successive respiratory failure. Complex polysialo gangliosides accumulate BoNT and TeNT on the plasma membrane. The ganglioside binding in BoNT/A, B, E, F, G, and TeNT occurs via a conserved ganglioside-binding pocket within the most carboxyl-terminal 25 kDa domain HCC, whereas BoNT/C, DC, and D display here two different ganglioside binding sites. This enrichment step facilitates subsequent binding of BoNT/A, B, DC, D, E, F, and G to the intraluminal domains of the synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2 (SV2) isoforms A-C and synaptotagmin-I/-II, respectively. Whereas an induced α-helical 20-mer Syt peptide binds via side chain interactions to the tip of the HCC domain of BoNT/B, DC and G, the preexisting, quadrilateral β-sheet helix of SV2C-LD4 binds the clinically most relevant serotype BoNT/A mainly through backbone-backbone interactions at the interface of HCC and HCN. In addition, the conserved, complex N559-glycan branch of SV2C establishes extensive interactions with BoNT/A resulting in delayed dissociation providing BoNT/A more time for endocytosis into synaptic vesicles. An analogous interaction occurs between SV2A/B and BoNT/E. Altogether, the nature of BoNT-SV2 recognition clearly differs from BoNT-Syt. Subsequently, the synaptic vesicle is recycled and the bound neurotoxin is endocytosed. Acidification of the vesicle lumen triggers membrane insertion of the translocation domain, pore formation, and finally translocation of the enzymatically active light chain into the neuronal cytosol to halt release of neurotransmitters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Rummel
- Institut Für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30623, Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tu C, Terraube V, Tam ASP, Stochaj W, Fennell BJ, Lin L, Stahl M, LaVallie ER, Somers W, Finlay WJJ, Mosyak L, Bard J, Cunningham O. A Combination of Structural and Empirical Analyses Delineates the Key Contacts Mediating Stability and Affinity Increases in an Optimized Biotherapeutic Single-chain Fv (scFv). J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1267-76. [PMID: 26515064 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.688010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fully-human single-chain Fv (scFv) proteins are key potential building blocks of bispecific therapeutic antibodies, but they often suffer from manufacturability and clinical development limitations such as instability and aggregation. The causes of these scFv instability problems, in proteins that should be theoretically stable, remains poorly understood. To inform the future development of such molecules, we carried out a comprehensive structural analysis of the highly stabilized anti-CXCL13 scFv E10. E10 was derived from the parental 3B4 using complementarity-determining region (CDR)-restricted mutagenesis and tailored selection and screening strategies, and carries four mutations in VL-CDR3. High-resolution crystal structures of parental 3B4 and optimized E10 scFvs were solved in the presence and absence of human CXCL13. In parallel, a series of scFv mutants was generated to interrogate the individual contribution of each of the four mutations to stability and affinity improvements. In combination, these analyses demonstrated that the optimization of E10 was primarily mediated by removing clashes between both the VL and the VH, and between the VL and CXCL13. Importantly, a single, germline-encoded VL-CDR3 residue mediated the key difference between the stable and unstable forms of the scFv. This work demonstrates that, aside from being the critical mediators of specificity and affinity, CDRs may also be the primary drivers of biotherapeutic developability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tu
- From Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140 and
| | - Virginie Terraube
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer R&D, Grange Castle Business Park, Dublin D22, Ireland
| | - Amy Sze Pui Tam
- From Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140 and
| | - Wayne Stochaj
- From Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140 and
| | - Brian J Fennell
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer R&D, Grange Castle Business Park, Dublin D22, Ireland
| | - Laura Lin
- From Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140 and
| | - Mark Stahl
- From Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140 and
| | - Edward R LaVallie
- From Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140 and
| | - Will Somers
- From Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140 and
| | - William J J Finlay
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer R&D, Grange Castle Business Park, Dublin D22, Ireland
| | - Lydia Mosyak
- From Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140 and
| | - Joel Bard
- From Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140 and
| | - Orla Cunningham
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer R&D, Grange Castle Business Park, Dublin D22, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lee J, Brennan MB, Wilton R, Rowland CE, Rozhkova EA, Forrester S, Hannah DC, Carlson J, Shevchenko EV, Schabacker DS, Schaller RD. Fast, Ratiometric FRET from Quantum Dot Conjugated Stabilized Single Chain Variable Fragments for Quantitative Botulinum Neurotoxin Sensing. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:7161-7167. [PMID: 26397120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) presents a significant hazard under numerous realistic scenarios. The standard detection scheme for this fast-acting toxin is a lab-based mouse lethality assay that is sensitive and specific, but slow (∼2 days) and requires expert administration. As such, numerous efforts have aimed to decrease analysis time and reduce complexity. Here, we describe a sensitive ratiometric fluorescence resonance energy transfer scheme that utilizes highly photostable semiconductor quantum dot (QD) energy donors and chromophore conjugation to compact, single chain variable antibody fragments (scFvs) to yield a fast, fieldable sensor for BoNT with a 20-40 pM detection limit, toxin quantification, adjustable dynamic range, sensitivity in the presence of interferents, and sensing times as fast as 5 min. Through a combination of mutations, we achieve stabilized scFv denaturation temperatures of more than 60 °C, which bolsters fieldability. We also describe adaptation of the assay into a microarray format that offers persistent monitoring, reuse, and multiplexing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joonseok Lee
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Melissa B Brennan
- Biosciences, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Rosemarie Wilton
- Biosciences, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Clare E Rowland
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Elena A Rozhkova
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Sara Forrester
- Global Security Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Daniel C Hannah
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Julia Carlson
- College of Agricultural & Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Elena V Shevchenko
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Daniel S Schabacker
- Global Security Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Richard D Schaller
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Eylenstein R, Weinfurtner D, Härtle S, Strohner R, Böttcher J, Augustin M, Ostendorp R, Steidl S. Molecular basis of in vitro affinity maturation and functional evolution of a neutralizing anti-human GM-CSF antibody. MAbs 2015; 8:176-86. [PMID: 26406987 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1099774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
X-ray structure analysis of 4 antibody Fab fragments, each in complex with human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), was performed to investigate the changes at the protein-protein binding interface during the course of in vitro affinity maturation by phage display selection. The parental antibody MOR03929 was compared to its derivatives MOR04252 (CDR-H2 optimized), MOR04302 (CDR-L3 optimized) and MOR04357 (CDR-H2 and CDR-L3 optimized). All antibodies bind to a conformational epitope that can be divided into 3 sub-epitopes. Specifically, MOR04357 binds to a region close to the GM-CSF N-terminus (residues 11-24), a short second sub-epitope (residues 83-89) and a third at the C-terminus (residues 112-123). Modifications introduced during affinity maturation in CDR-H2 and CDR-L3 led to the establishment of additional hydrogen bonds and van der Waals contacts, respectively, providing a rationale for the observed improvement in binding affinity and neutralization potency. Once GM-CSF is complexed to the antibodies, modeling predicts a sterical clash with GM-CSF binding to GM-CSF receptor α and β chain. This predicted mutually exclusive binding was confirmed by a GM-CSF receptor α chain ligand binding inhibition assay. Finally, high throughput sequencing of clones obtained after affinity maturation phage display pannings revealed highly selected consensus sequences for CDR-H2 as well for CDR-L3, which are in accordance with the sequence of the highest affinity antibody MOR04357. The resolved crystal structures highlight the criticality of these strongly selected residues for high affinity interaction with GM-CSF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roy Eylenstein
- a MorphoSys AG ; Lena-Christ-Str. 48; 82152 Martinsried ; Germany.,d These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Daniel Weinfurtner
- a MorphoSys AG ; Lena-Christ-Str. 48; 82152 Martinsried ; Germany.,d These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Stefan Härtle
- a MorphoSys AG ; Lena-Christ-Str. 48; 82152 Martinsried ; Germany
| | - Ralf Strohner
- a MorphoSys AG ; Lena-Christ-Str. 48; 82152 Martinsried ; Germany
| | - Jark Böttcher
- b Proteros Biostructures GmbH ; Bunsenstr. 7a; 82152 Martinsried ; Germany.,c Current affiliation: Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11,1121 Vienna , Austria
| | - Martin Augustin
- b Proteros Biostructures GmbH ; Bunsenstr. 7a; 82152 Martinsried ; Germany
| | - Ralf Ostendorp
- a MorphoSys AG ; Lena-Christ-Str. 48; 82152 Martinsried ; Germany
| | - Stefan Steidl
- a MorphoSys AG ; Lena-Christ-Str. 48; 82152 Martinsried ; Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Rasetti-Escargueil C, Avril A, Chahboun S, Tierney R, Bak N, Miethe S, Mazuet C, Popoff MR, Thullier P, Hust M, Pelat T, Sesardic D. Development of human-like scFv-Fc antibodies neutralizing Botulinum toxin serotype B. MAbs 2015; 7:1161-77. [PMID: 26381852 PMCID: PMC4966489 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1082016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are responsible for human botulism, a life-threatening disease characterized by flaccid muscle paralysis that occurs naturally by food poisoning or colonization of the gastrointestinal tract by BoNT-producing clostridia. BoNTs have been classified as category A agents by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. To date, 7 subtypes of BoNT/B were identified showing that subtypes B1 (16 strains) and B2 (32 strains) constitute the vast majority of BoNT/B strains. Neutralizing antibodies are required for the development of anti-botulism drugs to deal with the potential risk. In this study, macaques (Macaca fascicularis) were immunized with recombinant light chain (LC) or heavy chain (HC) of BoNT/B2, followed by the construction of 2 hyper-immune phage display libraries. The best single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) isolated from each library were selected according to their affinities and cross reactivity with BoNT/B1 toxin subtype. These scFvs against LC and HC were further analyzed by assessing the inhibition of in vitro endopeptidase activity of BoNT/B1 and B2 and neutralization of BoNT/B1 and B2 toxin-induced paralysis in the mouse ex vivo phrenic nerve assay. The antibodies B2–7 (against HC) and BLC3 (against LC) were produced as scFv-Fc, and, when tested individually, neutralized BoNT/B1 and BoNT/B2 in a mouse ex vivo phrenic nerve assay. Whereas only scFv-Fc BLC3 alone protected mice against BoNT/B2-induced paralysis in vivo, when B2–7 and BLC3 were combined they exhibited potent synergistic protection. The present study provided an opportunity to assess the extent of antibody-mediated neutralization of BoNT/B1 and BoNT/B2 subtypes in ex vivo and in vitro assays, and to confirm the benefit of the synergistic effect of antibodies targeting the 2 distinct functional domains of the toxin in vivo. Notably, the framework regions of the most promising antibodies (B2–7 and BLC3) are close to the human germline sequences, which suggest that they may be well tolerated in potential clinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rasetti-Escargueil
- a Division of Bacteriology; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), a centre of Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency ; Hertfordshire UK
| | - Arnaud Avril
- b Département des Maladies Infectieuses ; Unité Interaction Hôte-Pathogène; Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA) ; Brétigny-sur-Orge , France
| | - Siham Chahboun
- b Département des Maladies Infectieuses ; Unité Interaction Hôte-Pathogène; Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA) ; Brétigny-sur-Orge , France
| | - Rob Tierney
- a Division of Bacteriology; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), a centre of Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency ; Hertfordshire UK
| | - Nicola Bak
- a Division of Bacteriology; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), a centre of Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency ; Hertfordshire UK
| | - Sebastian Miethe
- c Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik; Technische Universität Braunschweig ; Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Christelle Mazuet
- d Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines; Institut Pasteur ; Paris , France
| | - Michel R Popoff
- d Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines; Institut Pasteur ; Paris , France
| | - Philippe Thullier
- b Département des Maladies Infectieuses ; Unité Interaction Hôte-Pathogène; Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA) ; Brétigny-sur-Orge , France
| | - Michael Hust
- c Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik; Technische Universität Braunschweig ; Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Thibaut Pelat
- b Département des Maladies Infectieuses ; Unité Interaction Hôte-Pathogène; Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA) ; Brétigny-sur-Orge , France
| | - Dorothea Sesardic
- a Division of Bacteriology; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), a centre of Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency ; Hertfordshire UK
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Rummel A. The long journey of botulinum neurotoxins into the synapse. Toxicon 2015; 107:9-24. [PMID: 26363288 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) cause the disease botulism, a flaccid paralysis of the muscle. They are also very effective, widely used medicines applied locally in sub-nanogram quantities. BoNTs are released together with several non-toxic, associated proteins as progenitor toxin complexes (PCT) by Clostridium botulinum to become highly potent oral poisons ingested via contaminated food. They block the neurotransmission in susceptible animals and humans already in nanogram quantities due to their specific ability to enter motoneurons and to cleave only selected neuronal proteins involved in neuroexocytosis. BoNTs have developed a sophisticated strategy to passage the gastrointestinal tract and to be absorbed in the intestine of the host to finally attack neurons. A non-toxic non-hemagglutinin (NTNHA) forms a binary complex with BoNT to protect it from gastrointestinal degradation. This binary M-PTC is one component of the bi-modular 14-subunit ∼760 kDa large progenitor toxin complex. The other component is the structurally and functionally independent dodecameric hemagglutinin (HA) complex which facilitates the absorption on the intestinal epithelium by glycan binding. Subsequent to its transcytosis the HA complex disrupts the tight junction of the intestinal barrier from the basolateral side by binding to E-cadherin. Now, the L-PTC can also enter the circulation by paracellular routes in much larger quantities. From here, the dissociated BoNTs reach the neuromuscular junction and accumulate via interaction with polysialo gangliosides, complex glycolipids, on motoneurons at the neuromuscular junction. Subsequently, additional specific binding to luminal segments of synaptic vesicles proteins like SV2 and synaptotagmin leads to their uptake. Finally, the neurotoxins shut down the synaptic vesicle cycle, which they had exploited before to enter their target cells, via specific cleavage of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins, which constitute the core components of the cellular membrane fusion machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Rummel
- Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30623 Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Fan Y, Dong J, Lou J, Wen W, Conrad F, Geren IN, Garcia-Rodriguez C, Smith TJ, Smith LA, Ho M, Pires-Alves M, Wilson BA, Marks JD. Monoclonal Antibodies that Inhibit the Proteolytic Activity of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype/B. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:3405-23. [PMID: 26343720 PMCID: PMC4591640 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7093405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing antibodies (Abs) used to treat botulism cannot enter the cytosol of neurons and bind to botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) at its site of action, and thus cannot reverse paralysis. However, Abs targeting the proteolytic domain of the toxin could inhibit the proteolytic activity of the toxin intracellularly and potentially reverse intoxication, if they could be delivered intracellularly. As such, antibodies that neutralize toxin activity could serve as potent inhibitory cargos for therapeutic antitoxins against botulism. BoNT serotype B (BoNT/B) contains a zinc endopeptidase light chain (LC) domain that cleaves synaoptobrevin-2, a SNARE protein responsible for vesicle fusion and acetylcholine vesicle release. To generate monoclonal Abs (mAbs) that could reverse paralysis, we targeted the protease domain for Ab generation. Single-chain variable fragment (scFv) libraries from immunized mice or humans were displayed on yeast, and 19 unique BoNT/B LC-specific mAbs isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). The equilibrium dissociation constants (KD) of these mAbs for BoNT/B LC ranged from 0.24 nM to 14.3 nM (mean KD 3.27 nM). Eleven mAbs inhibited BoNT/B LC proteolytic activity. The fine epitopes of selected mAbs were identified by alanine-scanning mutagenesis, revealing that inhibitory mAbs bound near the active site, substrate-binding site or the extended substrate-binding site. The results provide mAbs that could prove useful for intracellular reversal of paralysis and identify epitopes that could be targeted by small molecules inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Fan
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, Room 3C-38, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Jianbo Dong
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, Room 3C-38, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Jianlong Lou
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, Room 3C-38, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Weihua Wen
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, Room 3C-38, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Fraser Conrad
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, Room 3C-38, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Isin N Geren
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, Room 3C-38, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Consuelo Garcia-Rodriguez
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, Room 3C-38, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Theresa J Smith
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Leonard A Smith
- Medical Countermeasures Technology, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA.
| | - Mengfei Ho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Melissa Pires-Alves
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Brenda A Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - James D Marks
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, Room 3C-38, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting the Alpha-Exosite of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype/A Inhibit Catalytic Activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135306. [PMID: 26275214 PMCID: PMC4537209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The paralytic disease botulism is caused by botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT), multi-domain proteins containing a zinc endopeptidase that cleaves the cognate SNARE protein, thereby blocking acetylcholine neurotransmitter release. Antitoxins currently used to treat botulism neutralize circulating BoNT but cannot enter, bind to or neutralize BoNT that has already entered the neuron. The light chain endopeptidase domain (LC) of BoNT serotype A (BoNT/A) was targeted for generation of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that could reverse paralysis resulting from intoxication by BoNT/A. Single-chain variable fragment (scFv) libraries from immunized humans and mice were displayed on the surface of yeast, and 19 BoNT/A LC-specific mAbs were isolated by using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Affinities of the mAbs for BoNT/A LC ranged from a KD value of 9.0×10−11 M to 3.53×10−8 M (mean KD 5.38×10−9 M and median KD 1.53×10−9 M), as determined by flow cytometry analysis. Eleven mAbs inhibited BoNT/A LC catalytic activity with IC50 values ranging from 8.3 ~73×10−9 M. The fine epitopes of selected mAbs were also mapped by alanine-scanning mutagenesis, revealing that the inhibitory mAbs bound the α-exosite region remote from the BoNT/A LC catalytic center. The results provide mAbs that could prove useful for intracellular reversal of paralysis post-intoxication and further define epitopes that could be targeted by small molecule inhibitors.
Collapse
|
46
|
Loyau J, Didelot G, Malinge P, Ravn U, Magistrelli G, Depoisier JF, Pontini G, Poitevin Y, Kosco-Vilbois M, Fischer N, Thore S, Rousseau F. Robust Antibody-Antigen Complexes Prediction Generated by Combining Sequence Analyses, Mutagenesis, In Vitro Evolution, X-ray Crystallography and In Silico Docking. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:2647-62. [PMID: 26013163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hu 15C1 is a potent anti-human Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) neutralizing antibody. To better understand the molecular basis of its biological activity, we used a multidisciplinary approach to generate an accurate model of the Hu 15C1-TLR4 complex. By combining site-directed mutagenesis, in vitro antibody evolution, affinity measurements and X-ray crystallography of Fab fragments, we identified key interactions across the Hu 15C1-TLR4 interface. These contact points were used as restraints to predict the structure of the Fab region of Hu 15C1 bound to TLR4 using computational molecular docking. This model was further evaluated and validated by additional site-directed mutagenesis studies. The predicted structure of the Hu 15C1-TLR4 complex indicates that the antibody antagonizes the receptor dimerization necessary for its activation. This study exemplifies how iterative cycles of antibody engineering can facilitate the discovery of components of antibody-target interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Loyau
- Novimmune SA, Chemin des Aulx 14, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Didelot
- Novimmune SA, Chemin des Aulx 14, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Pauline Malinge
- Novimmune SA, Chemin des Aulx 14, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Ulla Ravn
- Novimmune SA, Chemin des Aulx 14, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Yves Poitevin
- Novimmune SA, Chemin des Aulx 14, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicolas Fischer
- Novimmune SA, Chemin des Aulx 14, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Thore
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Rousseau
- Novimmune SA, Chemin des Aulx 14, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhao Q, Ahmed M, Guo HF, Cheung IY, Cheung NKV. Alteration of Electrostatic Surface Potential Enhances Affinity and Tumor Killing Properties of Anti-ganglioside GD2 Monoclonal Antibody hu3F8. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13017-27. [PMID: 25851904 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.650903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganglioside GD2 is highly expressed on neuroectodermal tumors and an attractive therapeutic target for antibodies that have already shown some clinical efficacy. To further improve the current antibodies, which have modest affinity, we sought to improve affinity by using a combined method of random mutagenesis and in silico assisted design to affinity-mature the anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody hu3F8. Using yeast display, mutants in the Fv with enhanced binding over the parental clone were FACS-sorted and cloned. In silico modeling identified the minimal key interacting residues involved in the important charged interactions with the sialic acid groups of GD2. Two mutations, D32H (L-CDR1) and E1K (L-FR1) altered the electrostatic surface potential of the antigen binding site, allowing for an increase in positive charge to enhance the interaction with the negatively charged GD2-pentasaccharide headgroup. Purified scFv and IgG mutant forms were then tested for antigen specificity by ELISA, for tissue specificity by immunohistochemistry, for affinity by BIACORE, for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro, and for anti-tumor efficacy in xenografted humanized mice. The nearly 7-fold improvement in affinity of hu3F8 with a single D32H (L-CDR1) mutation translated into a ∼12-fold improvement in NK92MI-transfected CD16-mediated ADCC, a 6-fold improvement in CD32-mediated ADCC, and a 2.5-fold improvement in complement-mediated cytotoxicity while maintaining restricted normal tissue cross-reactivity and achieving substantial improvement in tumor ablation in vivo. Despite increasing GD2 affinity, the double mutation D32H (L-CDR1) and E1K (L-FR1) did not further improve anti-tumor efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Mahiuddin Ahmed
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Hong-fen Guo
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Irene Y Cheung
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Nai-Kong V Cheung
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kalb SR, Baudys J, Raphael BH, Dykes JK, Lúquez C, Maslanka SE, Barr JR. Functional characterization of botulinum neurotoxin serotype H as a hybrid of known serotypes F and A (BoNT F/A). Anal Chem 2015; 87:3911-7. [PMID: 25731972 DOI: 10.1021/ac504716v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A unique strain of Clostridium botulinum (IBCA10-7060) was recently discovered which produces two toxins: botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotype B and a novel BoNT reported as serotype H. Previous molecular assessment showed that the light chain (LC) of the novel BoNT most resembled the bont of the light chain of known subtype F5, while the C-terminus of the heavy chain (HC) most resembled the binding domain of serotype A. We evaluated the functionality of both toxins produced in culture by first incorporating an immunoaffinity step using monoclonal antibodies to purify BoNT from culture supernatants and tested each immune-captured neurotoxin with full-length substrates vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP-2), synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25), syntaxin, and shortened peptides representing the substrates. The BoNT/B produced by this strain behaved as a typical BoNT/B, having immunoaffinity for anti-B monoclonal antibodies and cleaving both full length VAMP-2 and a peptide based on the sequence of VAMP-2 in the expected location. As expected, there was no activity toward SNAP-25 or syntaxin. The novel BoNT demonstrated immunoaffinity for anti-A monoclonal antibodies but did not cleave SNAP-25 as expected for BoNT/A. Instead, the novel BoNT cleaved VAMP-2 and VAMP-2-based peptides in the same location as BoNT/F5. This is the first discovery of a single botulinum neurotoxin with BoNT/A antigenicity and BoNT/F light chain function. This work suggests that the newly reported serotype H may actually be a hybrid of previously known BoNT serotype A and serotype F, specifically subtype F5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne R Kalb
- †Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Jakub Baudys
- †Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Brian H Raphael
- ‡Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Janet K Dykes
- ‡Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Carolina Lúquez
- ‡Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Susan E Maslanka
- ‡Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - John R Barr
- †Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Melis JPM, Strumane K, Ruuls SR, Beurskens FJ, Schuurman J, Parren PWHI. Complement in therapy and disease: Regulating the complement system with antibody-based therapeutics. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:117-30. [PMID: 25697848 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Complement is recognized as a key player in a wide range of normal as well as disease-related immune, developmental and homeostatic processes. Knowledge of complement components, structures, interactions, and cross-talk with other biological systems continues to grow and this leads to novel treatments for cancer, infectious, autoimmune- or age-related diseases as well as for preventing transplantation rejection. Antibodies are superbly suited to be developed into therapeutics with appropriate complement stimulatory or inhibitory activity. Here we review the design, development and future of antibody-based drugs that enhance or dampen the complement system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul W H I Parren
- Genmab, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Deyev SM, Lebedenko EN, Petrovskaya LE, Dolgikh DA, Gabibov AG, Kirpichnikov MP. Man-made antibodies and immunoconjugates with desired properties: function optimization using structural engineering. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|