1
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Wagstaffe HR, Thwaites RS, Reynaldi A, Sidhu JK, McKendry R, Ascough S, Papargyris L, Collins AM, Xu J, Lemm NM, Siggins MK, Chain BM, Killingley B, Kalinova M, Mann A, Catchpole A, Davenport MP, Openshaw PJM, Chiu C. Mucosal and systemic immune correlates of viral control after SARS-CoV-2 infection challenge in seronegative adults. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadj9285. [PMID: 38335268 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adj9285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Human infection challenge permits in-depth, early, and pre-symptomatic characterization of the immune response, enabling the identification of factors that are important for viral clearance. Here, we performed intranasal inoculation of 34 young adult, seronegative volunteers with a pre-Alpha severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) strain. Of these participants, 18 (53%) became infected and showed an interferon-dominated mediator response with divergent kinetics between nasal and systemic sites. Peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation and proliferation were early and robust but showed distinct kinetic and phenotypic profiles; antigen-specific T cells were largely CD38+Ki67+ and displayed central and effector memory phenotypes. Both mucosal and systemic antibodies became detectable around day 10, but nasal antibodies plateaued after day 14 while circulating antibodies continued to rise. Intensively granular measurements in nasal mucosa and blood allowed modeling of immune responses to primary SARS-CoV-2 infection that revealed CD8+ T cell responses and early mucosal IgA responses strongly associated with viral control, indicating that these mechanisms should be targeted for transmission-reducing intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R Wagstaffe
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ryan S Thwaites
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Arnold Reynaldi
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Jasmin K Sidhu
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Richard McKendry
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stephanie Ascough
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Loukas Papargyris
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ashley M Collins
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jiayun Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nana-Marie Lemm
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew K Siggins
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Benny M Chain
- UCL Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ben Killingley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Miles P Davenport
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Christopher Chiu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
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2
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Nguyen THO, Rowntree LC, Chua BY, Thwaites RS, Kedzierska K. Defining the balance between optimal immunity and immunopathology in influenza virus infection. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01029-1. [PMID: 38698083 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses remain a global threat to human health, with continued pandemic potential. In this Review, we discuss our current understanding of the optimal immune responses that drive recovery from influenza virus infection, highlighting the fine balance between protective immune mechanisms and detrimental immunopathology. We describe the contribution of innate and adaptive immune cells, inflammatory modulators and antibodies to influenza virus-specific immunity, inflammation and immunopathology. We highlight recent human influenza virus challenge studies that advance our understanding of susceptibility to influenza and determinants of symptomatic disease. We also describe studies of influenza virus-specific immunity in high-risk groups following infection and vaccination that inform the design of future vaccines to promote optimal antiviral immunity, particularly in vulnerable populations. Finally, we draw on lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic to refocus our attention to the ever-changing, highly mutable influenza A virus, predicted to cause future global pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise C Rowntree
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendon Y Chua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ryan S Thwaites
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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3
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Liu YG, Zhang SS, Jin SW, Xia TJ, Liao YH, Pan RL, Yan MZ, Chang Q. Anti-inflammatory effect and pharmacokinetics of dehydroandrographolide, an active component of Andrographis paniculata, on Poly(I:C)-induced acute lung injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116456. [PMID: 38552441 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common and critical respiratory disorder caused by various factors, with viral infection being the leading contributor. Dehydroandrographolide (DAP), a constituent of the Chinese herbal plant Andrographis paniculata, exhibits a range of activities including anti-inflammatory, in vitro antiviral and immune-enhancing effects. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects and pharmacokinetics (PK) profile of DAP in ALI mice induced by intratracheal instillation of Poly(I:C) (PIC). The results showed that oral administration of DAP (10-40 mg/kg) effectively suppressed the increase in lung wet-dry weight ratio, total cells, total protein content, accumulation of immune cells, inflammatory cytokines and neutrophil elastase levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of PIC-treated mice. DAP concentrations, determined by an LC-MS/MS method, in plasma after receiving DAP (20 mg/kg) were unchanged compared to those in normal mice. However, DAP concentrations and relative PK parameters in the lungs were significantly altered in PIC-treated mice, exhibiting a relatively higher maximum concentration, larger AUC, and longer elimination half-life than those in the lungs of normal mice. These results demonstrated that DAP could improve lung edema and inflammation in ALI mice, and suggested that lung injury might influence the PK properties of DAP, leading to increased lung distribution and residence. Our study provides evidence that DAP displays significant anti-inflammatory activity against viral lung injury and is more likely to distribute to damaged lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Guang Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Su-Wei Jin
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tian-Ji Xia
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yong-Hong Liao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Rui-Le Pan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ming-Zhu Yan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Qi Chang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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4
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Parsons EL, Kim JS, Malloy AMW. Development of innate and adaptive immunity to RSV in young children. Cell Immunol 2024; 399-400:104824. [PMID: 38615612 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Infection of the respiratory tract with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is common and occurs repeatedly throughout life with most severe disease occurring at the extremes of age: in young infants and the elderly. Effective anti-viral therapeutics are not available and therefore prevention has been the primary strategy for reducing the disease burden. Our current understanding of respiratory mucosal cell biology and the immune response within the respiratory tract is inadequate to prevent infection caused by a pathogen like RSV that does not disseminate outside of this environment. Gaps in our understanding of the activation of innate and adaptive immunity in response to RSV and the role of age upon infection also limit improvements in the design of therapeutics and vaccines for young infants. However, advancements in structural biology have improved our ability to characterize antibodies against viral proteins and in 2023 the first vaccines for those over 60 years and pregnant women became available, potentially reducing the burden of disease. This review will examine our current understanding of the critical facets of anti-RSV immune responses in infants and young children as well as highlight areas where more research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jisung S Kim
- Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, USA
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5
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Chi H, Pepper M, Thomas PG. Principles and therapeutic applications of adaptive immunity. Cell 2024; 187:2052-2078. [PMID: 38670065 PMCID: PMC11177542 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity provides protection against infectious and malignant diseases. These effects are mediated by lymphocytes that sense and respond with targeted precision to perturbations induced by pathogens and tissue damage. Here, we review key principles underlying adaptive immunity orchestrated by distinct T cell and B cell populations and their extensions to disease therapies. We discuss the intracellular and intercellular processes shaping antigen specificity and recognition in immune activation and lymphocyte functions in mediating effector and memory responses. We also describe how lymphocytes balance protective immunity against autoimmunity and immunopathology, including during immune tolerance, response to chronic antigen stimulation, and adaptation to non-lymphoid tissues in coordinating tissue immunity and homeostasis. Finally, we discuss extracellular signals and cell-intrinsic programs underpinning adaptive immunity and conclude by summarizing key advances in vaccination and engineering adaptive immune responses for therapeutic interventions. A deeper understanding of these principles holds promise for uncovering new means to improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions and Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Marrella V, Nicchiotti F, Cassani B. Microbiota and Immunity during Respiratory Infections: Lung and Gut Affair. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4051. [PMID: 38612860 PMCID: PMC11012346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial and viral respiratory tract infections are the most common infectious diseases, leading to worldwide morbidity and mortality. In the past 10 years, the importance of lung microbiota emerged in the context of pulmonary diseases, although the mechanisms by which it impacts the intestinal environment have not yet been fully identified. On the contrary, gut microbial dysbiosis is associated with disease etiology or/and development in the lung. In this review, we present an overview of the lung microbiome modifications occurring during respiratory infections, namely, reduced community diversity and increased microbial burden, and of the downstream consequences on host-pathogen interaction, inflammatory signals, and cytokines production, in turn affecting the disease progression and outcome. Particularly, we focus on the role of the gut-lung bidirectional communication in shaping inflammation and immunity in this context, resuming both animal and human studies. Moreover, we discuss the challenges and possibilities related to novel microbial-based (probiotics and dietary supplementation) and microbial-targeted therapies (antibacterial monoclonal antibodies and bacteriophages), aimed to remodel the composition of resident microbial communities and restore health. Finally, we propose an outlook of some relevant questions in the field to be answered with future research, which may have translational relevance for the prevention and control of respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Marrella
- UOS Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, 20138 Milan, Italy;
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Nicchiotti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20089 Milan, Italy;
| | - Barbara Cassani
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20089 Milan, Italy;
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Reperant L, Russell CA, Osterhaus A. Scientific highlights of the 9th ESWI Influenza Conference. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2024; 6:5. [PMID: 38561784 PMCID: PMC10986029 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-024-00099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The European Scientific Working Group on Influenza (ESWI) held the 9th ESWI Influenza Conference in Valencia from 17-20 September 2023. Here we provide a summary of twelve key presentations, covering major topics on influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) including: infection processes beyond acute respiratory disease, long COVID, vaccines against influenza and RSV, the implications of the potential extinction of influenza B virus Yamagata lineage, and the threats posed by zoonotic highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin A Russell
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Osterhaus
- Center of Infection Medicine and Zoonosis Research and the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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8
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Xu X, Qiao D, Brasier AR. Cooperative interaction of interferon regulatory factor -1 and bromodomain-containing protein 4 on RNA polymerase activation for intrinsic innate immunity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1366235. [PMID: 38601157 PMCID: PMC11004252 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1366235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The human orthopneumovirus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), is the causative agent of severe lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) and exacerbations of chronic lung diseases. In immune competent hosts, RSV productively infects highly differentiated epithelial cells, where it elicits robust anti-viral, cytokine and remodeling programs. By contrast, basal cells are relatively resistant to RSV infection, in part, because of constitutive expression of an intrinsic innate immune response (IIR) consisting of a subgroup of interferon (IFN) responsive genes. The mechanisms controlling the intrinsic IIR are not known. Methods Here, we use human small airway epithelial cell hSAECs as a multipotent airway stem cell model to examine regulatory control of an intrinsic IIR pathway. Results We find hSAECs express patterns of intrinsic IIRs, highly conserved with pluri- and multi-potent stem cells. We demonstrate a core intrinsic IIR network consisting of Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Antigen 2 (Bst2), Interferon Induced Transmembrane Protein 1 (IFITM1) and Toll-like receptor (TLR3) expression are directly under IRF1 control. Moreover, expression of this intrinsic core is rate-limited by ambient IRF1• phospho-Ser 2 CTD RNA Polymerase II (pSer2 Pol II) complexes binding to their proximal promoters. In response to RSV infection, the abundance of IRF1 and pSer2 Pol II binding is dramatically increased, with IRF1 complexing to the BRD4 chromatin remodeling complex (CRC). Using chromatin immunoprecipitation in IRF1 KD cells, we find that the binding of BRD4 is IRF1 independent. Using a small molecule inhibitor of the BRD4 acetyl lysine binding bromodomain (BRD4i), we further find that BRD4 bromodomain interactions are required for stable BRD4 promoter binding to the intrinsic IIR core promoters, as well as for RSV-inducible pSer2 Pol II recruitment. Surprisingly, BRD4i does not disrupt IRF1-BRD4 interactions, but disrupts both RSV-induced BRD4 and IRF1 interactions with pSer2 Pol II. Conclusions We conclude that the IRF1 functions in two modes- in absence of infection, ambient IRF1 mediates constitutive expression of the intrinsic IIR, whereas in response to RSV infection, the BRD4 CRC independently activates pSer2 Pol II to mediates robust expression of the intrinsic IIR. These data provide insight into molecular control of anti-viral defenses of airway basal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
| | - Dianhua Qiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
| | - Allan R. Brasier
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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9
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Lapuente D, Winkler TH, Tenbusch M. B-cell and antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2: infection, vaccination, and hybrid immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:144-158. [PMID: 37945737 PMCID: PMC10805925 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01095-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019 prompted scientific, medical, and biotech communities to investigate infection- and vaccine-induced immune responses in the context of this pathogen. B-cell and antibody responses are at the center of these investigations, as neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are an important correlate of protection (COP) from infection and the primary target of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine modalities. In addition to absolute levels, nAb longevity, neutralization breadth, immunoglobulin isotype and subtype composition, and presence at mucosal sites have become important topics for scientists and health policy makers. The recent pandemic was and still is a unique setting in which to study de novo and memory B-cell (MBC) and antibody responses in the dynamic interplay of infection- and vaccine-induced immunity. It also provided an opportunity to explore new vaccine platforms, such as mRNA or adenoviral vector vaccines, in unprecedented cohort sizes. Combined with the technological advances of recent years, this situation has provided detailed mechanistic insights into the development of B-cell and antibody responses but also revealed some unexpected findings. In this review, we summarize the key findings of the last 2.5 years regarding infection- and vaccine-induced B-cell immunity, which we believe are of significant value not only in the context of SARS-CoV-2 but also for future vaccination approaches in endemic and pandemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Lapuente
- Institut für klinische und molekulare Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas H Winkler
- Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 1, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Institut für klinische und molekulare Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 1, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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10
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Noh HE, Rha MS. Mucosal Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in the Respiratory Tract. Pathogens 2024; 13:113. [PMID: 38392851 PMCID: PMC10892713 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The respiratory tract, the first-line defense, is constantly exposed to inhaled allergens, pollutants, and pathogens such as respiratory viruses. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that the coordination of innate and adaptive immune responses in the respiratory tract plays a crucial role in the protection against invading respiratory pathogens. Therefore, a better understanding of mucosal immunity in the airways is critical for the development of novel therapeutics and next-generation vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other respiratory viruses. Since the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, our knowledge of mucosal immune responses in the airways has expanded. In this review, we describe the latest knowledge regarding the key components of the mucosal immune system in the respiratory tract. In addition, we summarize the host immune responses in the upper and lower airways following SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, and discuss the impact of allergic airway inflammation on mucosal immune responses against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Eun Noh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
| | - Min-Seok Rha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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11
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Comeaux CA, Bart S, Bastian AR, Klyashtornyy V, De Paepe E, Omoruyi E, van der Fits L, van Heesbeen R, Heijnen E, Callendret B, Sadoff J. Safety, Immunogenicity, and Regimen Selection of Ad26.RSV.preF-Based Vaccine Combinations: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 1/2a Study. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:19-29. [PMID: 37433021 PMCID: PMC10786248 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ad26.RSV.preF is an adenovirus serotype 26 vector-based respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine encoding a prefusion conformation-stabilized RSV fusion protein (preF) that demonstrated robust humoral and cellular immunogenicity and showed promising efficacy in a human challenge study in younger adults. Addition of recombinant RSV preF protein might enhance RSV-specific humoral immune responses, especially in older populations. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2a study compared the safety and immunogenicity of Ad26.RSV.preF alone and varying doses of Ad26.RSV.preF-RSV preF protein combinations in adults aged ≥60 years. This report includes data from cohort 1 (initial safety, n = 64) and cohort 2 (regimen selection, n = 288). Primary immunogenicity and safety analyses were performed 28 days postvaccination (cohort 2) for regimen selection. RESULTS All vaccine regimens were well tolerated, with similar reactogenicity profiles among them. Combination regimens induced greater humoral immune responses (virus-neutralizing and preF-specific binding antibodies) and similar cellular ones (RSV-F-specific T cells) as compared with Ad26.RSV.preF alone. Vaccine-induced immune responses remained above baseline up to 1.5 years postvaccination. CONCLUSIONS All Ad26.RSV.preF-based regimens were well tolerated. A combination regimen comprising Ad26.RSV.preF, which elicits strong humoral and cellular responses, and RSV preF protein, which increases humoral responses, was selected for further development. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT03502707.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephan Bart
- Trial Professionals Consultant Group, Inc., Woodstock, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Esther Heijnen
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jerald Sadoff
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, the Netherlands
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12
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Zhang X, Zhang J, Chen S, He Q, Bai Y, Liu J, Wang Z, Liang Z, Chen L, Mao Q, Xu M. Progress and challenges in the clinical evaluation of immune responses to respiratory mucosal vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:362-370. [PMID: 38444382 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2326094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Following the coronavirus disease pandemic, respiratory mucosal vaccines that elicit both mucosal and systemic immune responses have garnered increasing attention. However, human physiological characteristics pose significant challenges in the evaluation of mucosal immunity, which directly impedes the development and application of respiratory mucosal vaccines. AREAS COVERED This study summarizes the characteristics of immune responses in the respiratory mucosa and reviews the current status and challenges in evaluating immune response to respiratory mucosal vaccines. EXPERT OPINION Secretory Immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) is a major effector molecule at mucosal sites and a commonly used indicator for evaluating respiratory mucosal vaccines. However, the unique physiological structure of the respiratory tract pose significant challenges for the clinical collection and detection of S-IgA. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a sampling method with high collection efficiency and acceptance, a sensitive detection method, reference materials for mucosal antibodies, and to establish a threshold for S-IgA that correlates with clinical protection. Sample collection is even more challenging when evaluating mucosal cell immunity. Therefore, a mucosal cell sampling method with high operability and high tolerance should be established. Targets of the circulatory system capable of reflecting mucosal cellular immunity should also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jialu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Si Chen
- Drug and Vaccine Research Center, Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongfang Wang
- Drug and Vaccine Research Center, Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Drug and Vaccine Research Center, Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qunying Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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13
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Lobby JL, Danzy S, Holmes KE, Lowen AC, Kohlmeier JE. Both Humoral and Cellular Immunity Limit the Ability of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines to Promote T Cell Responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:107-116. [PMID: 37982700 PMCID: PMC10842048 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
One potential advantage of live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) is their ability to establish both virus-specific Ab and tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) in the respiratory mucosa. However, it is hypothesized that pre-existing immunity from past infections and/or immunizations prevents LAIV from boosting or generating de novo CD8+ T cell responses. To determine whether we can overcome this limitation, we generated a series of drifted influenza A/PR8 LAIVs with successive mutations in the hemagglutinin protein, allowing for increasing levels of escape from pre-existing Ab. We also inserted a CD8+ T cell epitope from the Sendai virus nucleoprotein (NP) to assess both generation of a de novo T cell response and boosting of pre-existing influenza-specific CD8+ T cells following LAIV immunization. Increasing the level of escape from Ab enabled boosting of pre-existing TRM, but we were unable to generate de novo Sendai virus NP+ CD8+ TRM following LAIV immunization in PR8 influenza-immune mice, even with LAIV strains that can fully escape pre-existing Ab. As these data suggested a role for cell-mediated immunity in limiting LAIV efficacy, we investigated several scenarios to assess the impact of pre-existing LAIV-specific TRM in the upper and lower respiratory tract. Ultimately, we found that deletion of the immunodominant influenza NP366-374 epitope allowed for sufficient escape from cellular immunity to establish de novo CD8+ TRM. When combined, these studies demonstrate that both pre-existing humoral and cellular immunity can limit the effectiveness of LAIV, which is an important consideration for future design of vaccine vectors against respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L. Lobby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322 USA
| | - Shamika Danzy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322 USA
| | - Katie E. Holmes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322 USA
| | - Anice C. Lowen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322 USA
| | - Jacob E. Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322 USA
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14
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Zhou J, Uddback I, Kohlmeier JE, Christensen JP, Thomsen AR. Vaccine induced memory CD8 + T cells efficiently prevent viral transmission from the respiratory tract. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1322536. [PMID: 38164135 PMCID: PMC10757911 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1322536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mucosal immunization eliciting local T-cell memory has been suggested for improved protection against respiratory infections caused by viral variants evading pre-existing antibodies. However, it remains unclear whether T-cell targeted vaccines suffice for prevention of viral transmission and to which extent local immunity is important in this context. Methods To study the impact of T-cell vaccination on the course of viral respiratory infection and in particular the capacity to inhibit viral transmission, we used a mouse model involving natural murine parainfluenza infection with a luciferase encoding virus and an adenovirus based nucleoprotein targeting vaccine. Results and discussion Prior intranasal immunization inducing strong mucosal CD8+ T cell immunity provided an almost immediate shut-down of the incipient infection and completely inhibited contact based viral spreading. If this first line of defense did not operate, as in parentally immunized mice, recirculating T cells participated in accelerated viral control that reduced the intensity of inter-individual transmission. These observations underscore the importance of pursuing the development of mucosal T-cell inducing vaccines for optimal protection of the individual and inhibition of inter-individual transmission (herd immunity), while at the same time explain why induction of a strong systemic T-cell response may still impact viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Zhou
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Uddback
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob E. Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Allan Randrup Thomsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Xu H, Zhou R, Chen Z. Tissue-Resident Memory T Cell: Ontogenetic Cellular Mechanism and Clinical Translation. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 214:249-259. [PMID: 37586053 PMCID: PMC10719502 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence has indicated the essential role of tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells for frontline protection against viral infection and for cancer immune surveillance (Mueller SN, Mackay LK. Tissue-resident memory T cells: local specialists in immune defense. Nat Rev Immunol 2016, 16, 79-89. doi:10.1038/nri.2015.3.). TRM cells are transcriptionally, phenotypically, and functionally distinct from circulating memory T (Tcirm) cells. It is necessary to understand the unique ontogenetic mechanism, migratory regulation, and biological function of TRM cells. In this review, we discuss recent insights into cellular mechanisms and discrete responsiveness in different tissue microenvironments underlying TRM cell development. We also emphasize the translational potential of TRM cells by focusing on their establishment in association with improved protection in mucosal tissues against various types of diseases and effective strategies for eliciting TRM cells in both pre-clinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Xu
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Runhong Zhou
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
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16
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Lakerveld AJ, Gelderloos AT, Schepp RM, de Haan CAM, van Binnendijk RS, Rots NY, van Beek J, van Els CACM, van Kasteren PB. Difference in respiratory syncytial virus-specific Fc-mediated antibody effector functions between children and adults. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 214:79-93. [PMID: 37605554 PMCID: PMC10711356 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are a major cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and older adults, for which there is no known correlate of protection. Increasing evidence suggests that Fc-mediated antibody effector functions have an important role, but little is known about the development, heterogeneity, and durability of these functional responses. In light of future vaccine strategies, a clear view of the immunological background and differences between various target populations is of crucial importance. In this study, we have assessed both quantitative and qualitative aspects of RSV-specific serum antibodies, including IgG/IgA levels, IgG subclasses, antibody-dependent complement deposition, cellular phagocytosis, and NK cell activation (ADNKA). Samples were collected cross-sectionally in different age groups (11-, 24-, and 46-month-old children, adults, and older adults; n = 31-35 per group) and longitudinally following natural RSV infection in (older) adults (2-36 months post-infection; n = 10). We found that serum of 24-month-old children induces significantly lower ADNKA than the serum of adults (P < 0.01), which is not explained by antibody levels. Furthermore, in (older) adults we observed boosting of antibody levels and functionality at 2-3 months after RSV infection, except for ADNKA. The strongest decrease was subsequently observed within the first 9 months, after which levels remained relatively stable up to three years post-infection. Together, these data provide a comprehensive overview of the functional landscape of RSV-specific serum antibodies in the human population, highlighting that while antibodies reach adult levels already at a young age, ADNKA requires more time to fully develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke J Lakerveld
- Center for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Anne T Gelderloos
- Center for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger M Schepp
- Center for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A M de Haan
- Section Virology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Robert S van Binnendijk
- Center for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke Y Rots
- Center for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Josine van Beek
- Center for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cécile A C M van Els
- Center for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Section Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Puck B van Kasteren
- Center for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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17
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Bartsch YC, Cizmeci D, Yuan D, Mehta N, Tolboom J, De Paepe E, van Heesbeen R, Sadoff J, Comeaux CA, Heijnen E, Callendret B, Alter G, Bastian AR. Vaccine-induced antibody Fc-effector functions in humans immunized with a combination Ad26.RSV.preF/RSV preF protein vaccine. J Virol 2023; 97:e0077123. [PMID: 37902399 PMCID: PMC10688327 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00771-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause serious illness in older adults (i.e., those aged ≥60 years). Because options for RSV prophylaxis and treatment are limited, the prevention of RSV-mediated illness in older adults remains an important unmet medical need. Data from prior studies suggest that Fc-effector functions are important for protection against RSV infection. In this work, we show that the investigational Ad26.RSV.preF/RSV preF protein vaccine induced Fc-effector functional immune responses in adults aged ≥60 years who were enrolled in a phase 1/2a regimen selection study of Ad26.RSV.preF/RSV preF protein. These results demonstrate the breadth of the immune responses induced by the Ad26.RSV.preF/RSV preF protein vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannic C. Bartsch
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deniz Cizmeci
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dansu Yuan
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nickita Mehta
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeroen Tolboom
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, South Holland, the Netherlands
| | | | - Roy van Heesbeen
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, South Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Jerald Sadoff
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, South Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Christy A. Comeaux
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, South Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Heijnen
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, South Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Benoit Callendret
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, South Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Diniz MO, Maini MK, Swadling L. T cell control of SARS-CoV-2: When, which, and where? Semin Immunol 2023; 70:101828. [PMID: 37651850 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Efficient immune protection against viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 requires the coordinated activity of innate immunity, B and T cells. Accumulating data point to a critical role for T cells not only in the clearance of established infection, but also for aborting viral replication independently of humoral immunity. Here we review the evidence supporting the contribution of antiviral T cells and consider which of their qualitative features favour efficient control of infection. We highlight how studies of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviridae in animals and humans have provided important lessons on the optimal timing (When), functionality and specificity (Which), and location (Where) of antiviral T cells. We discuss the clinical implications, particularly for the development of next-generation vaccines, and emphasise areas requiring further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana O Diniz
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Pears Building, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Pears Building, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Pears Building, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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19
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Spearman P, Jin H, Knopp K, Xiao P, Gingerich MC, Kidd J, Singh K, Tellier M, Radziewicz H, Wu S, McGregor M, Freda B, Wang Z, John SP, Villinger FJ, He B. Intranasal parainfluenza virus type 5 (PIV5)-vectored RSV vaccine is safe and immunogenic in healthy adults in a phase 1 clinical study. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj7611. [PMID: 37878713 PMCID: PMC10599610 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj7611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can lead to serious disease in infants, and no approved RSV vaccine is available for infants. This first in-human clinical trial evaluated a single dose of BLB201, a PIV5-vectored RSV vaccine administrated via intranasal route, for safety and immunogenicity in RSV-seropositive healthy adults (33 to 75 years old). No severe adverse events (SAEs) were reported. Solicited local and systemic AEs were reported by <50% of participants and were mostly mild in intensity. Vaccine virus shedding was detected in 17% of participants. Nasal RSV-specific immunoglobulin A responses were detected in 48%, the highest level observed in adults among all intranasal RSV vaccines evaluated in humans. RSV-neutralizing antibodies titers in serum rose ≥1.5-fold. Peripheral blood RSV F-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells increased from ≤0.06% at baseline to ≥0.26 and 0.4% after vaccination, respectively, in >93% participants. The safety and immunogenicity profile of BLB201 in RSV-seropositive adults supports the further clinical development of BLB201.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Spearman
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Hong Jin
- Blue Lake Biotechnology Inc., 111 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kristeene Knopp
- Blue Lake Biotechnology Inc., 111 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Peng Xiao
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA 70560, USA
| | | | - Jamie Kidd
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Karnail Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Marinka Tellier
- Blue Lake Biotechnology Inc., 111 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Henry Radziewicz
- Blue Lake Biotechnology Inc., 111 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Samuel Wu
- Blue Lake Biotechnology Inc., 111 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Matthew McGregor
- Blue Lake Biotechnology Inc., 111 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Barbara Freda
- Blue Lake Biotechnology Inc., 111 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Zhaoti Wang
- Blue Lake Biotechnology Inc., 111 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Susan P. John
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA 70560, USA
| | - Francois J. Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA 70560, USA
| | - Biao He
- Blue Lake Biotechnology Inc., 111 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA
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20
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Mitsi E, Diniz MO, Reiné J, Collins AM, Robinson RE, Hyder-Wright A, Farrar M, Liatsikos K, Hamilton J, Onyema O, Urban BC, Solórzano C, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Sheehan E, Lambe T, Draper SJ, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Maini MK, Ferreira DM. Respiratory mucosal immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 after infection and vaccination. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6815. [PMID: 37884506 PMCID: PMC10603102 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42433-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory mucosal immunity induced by vaccination is vital for protection from coronavirus infection in animal models. In humans, the capacity of peripheral vaccination to generate sustained immunity in the lung mucosa, and how this is influenced by prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, is unknown. Here we show using bronchoalveolar lavage samples that donors with history of both infection and vaccination have more airway mucosal SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and memory B cells than those only vaccinated. Infection also induces populations of airway spike-specific memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that are not expanded by vaccination alone. Airway mucosal T cells induced by infection have a distinct hierarchy of antigen specificity compared to the periphery. Spike-specific T cells persist in the lung mucosa for 7 months after the last immunising event. Thus, peripheral vaccination alone does not appear to induce durable lung mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2, supporting an argument for the need for vaccines targeting the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Mitsi
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Mariana O Diniz
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Jesús Reiné
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrea M Collins
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ryan E Robinson
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Angela Hyder-Wright
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Madlen Farrar
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Josh Hamilton
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Onyia Onyema
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Britta C Urban
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Carla Solórzano
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Emma Sheehan
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon J Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Daniela M Ferreira
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
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21
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Nussbaum J, Cao X, Railkar RA, Sachs JR, Spellman DS, Luk J, Shaw CA, Cejas PJ, Citron MP, Al-Ibrahim M, Han D, Pagnussat S, Stoch SA, Lai E, Bett AJ, Espeseth AS. Evaluation of a stabilized RSV pre-fusion F mRNA vaccine: Preclinical studies and Phase 1 clinical testing in healthy adults. Vaccine 2023; 41:6488-6501. [PMID: 37777449 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes a substantial proportion of respiratory tract infections worldwide. Although RSV reinfections occur throughout life, older adults, particularly those with underlying comorbidities, are at risk for severe complications from RSV. There is no RSV vaccine available to date, and treatment of RSV in adults is largely supportive. A correlate of protection for RSV has not yet been established, but antibodies targeting the pre-fusion conformation of the RSV F glycoprotein play an important role in RSV neutralization. We previously reported a Phase 1 study of an mRNA-based vaccine (V171) expressing a pre-fusion-stabilized RSV F protein (mDS-Cav1) in healthy adults. Here, we evaluated an mRNA-based vaccine (V172) expressing a further stabilized RSV pre-fusion F protein (mVRC1). mVRC1 is a single chain version of RSV F with interprotomer disulfides in addition to the stabilizing mutations present in the mDS-Cav1 antigen. The immunogenicity of the two mRNA-based vaccines encoding mVRC1 (V172) or a sequence-optimized version of mDS-Cav1 to improve transcriptional fidelity (V171.2) were compared in RSV-naïve and RSV-experienced African green monkeys (AGMs). V172 induced higher neutralizing antibody titers than V171.2 and demonstrated protection in the AGM challenge model. We conducted a Phase 1, randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of 25 μg, 100 μg, 200 μg, or 300 μg of V172 in healthy older adults (60-79 years old; N = 112) and 100 μg, 200 μg, or 300 μg of V172 in healthy younger adults (18-49 years old; N = 48). The primary clinical objectives were to evaluate the safety and tolerability of V172, and the secondary objective was to evaluate RSV serum neutralization titers. The most commonly reported solicited adverse events were injection-site pain, injection-site swelling, headache, and tiredness. V172 was generally well tolerated in older and younger adults and increased serum neutralizing antibody titers, pre-fusion F-specific competing antibody titers, and RSV F-specific T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xin Cao
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
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22
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Díaz FE, McGill JL. Modeling Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection: Recent Contributions and Future Directions Using the Calf Model of Bovine RSV Disease. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1180-1186. [PMID: 37782855 PMCID: PMC10558079 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The human orthopneumovirus (human respiratory syncytial virus [RSV]) is a leading cause of respiratory disease in children worldwide and a significant cause of infant mortality in low- and middle-income countries. The natural immune response to the virus has a preponderant role in disease progression, with a rapid neutrophil infiltration and dysbalanced T cell response in the lungs associated with severe disease in infants. The development of preventive interventions against human RSV has been difficult partly due to the need to use animal models that only partially recapitulate the immune response as well as the disease progression seen in human infants. In this brief review, we discuss the contributions of the calf model of RSV infection to understanding immunity to RSV and in developing vaccine and drug candidates, focusing on recent research areas. We propose that the bovine model of RSV infection is a valuable alternative for assessing the translational potential of interventions aimed at the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián E. Díaz
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jodi L. McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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23
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Sportiello M, Poindexter A, Reilly EC, Geber A, Lambert Emo K, Jones TN, Topham DJ. Mouse Memory CD8 T Cell Subsets Defined by Tissue-Resident Memory Integrin Expression Exhibit Distinct Metabolic Profiles. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:652-669. [PMID: 37855738 PMCID: PMC10615656 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells (TRM) principally reside in peripheral nonlymphoid tissues, such as lung and skin, and confer protection against a variety of illnesses ranging from infections to cancers. The functions of different memory CD8 T cell subsets have been linked with distinct metabolic pathways and differ from other CD8 T cell subsets. For example, skin-derived memory T cells undergo fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation to a greater degree than circulating memory and naive cells. Lung TRMs defined by the cell-surface expression of integrins exist as distinct subsets that differ in gene expression and function. We hypothesize that TRM subsets with different integrin profiles will use unique metabolic programs. To test this, differential expression and pathway analysis were conducted on RNA sequencing datasets from mouse lung TRMs yielding significant differences related to metabolism. Next, metabolic models were constructed, and the predictions were interrogated using functional metabolite uptake assays. The levels of oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial mass, and neutral lipids were measured. Furthermore, to investigate the potential relationships to TRM development, T cell differentiation studies were conducted in vitro with varying concentrations of metabolites. These demonstrated that lipid conditions impact T cell survival, and that glucose concentration impacts the expression of canonical TRM marker CD49a, with no effect on central memory-like T cell marker CCR7. In summary, it is demonstrated that mouse resident memory T cell subsets defined by integrin expression in the lung have unique metabolic profiles, and that nutrient abundance can alter differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Sportiello
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Alexis Poindexter
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Emma C. Reilly
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Adam Geber
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Kris Lambert Emo
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Taylor N. Jones
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - David J. Topham
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
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Bouzya B, Rouxel RN, Sacconnay L, Mascolo R, Nols L, Quique S, François L, Atas A, Warter L, Dezutter N, Lorin C. Immunogenicity of an AS01-adjuvanted respiratory syncytial virus prefusion F (RSVPreF3) vaccine in animal models. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:143. [PMID: 37773185 PMCID: PMC10541443 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00729-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes a high disease burden in older adults. An effective vaccine for this RSV-primed population may need to boost/elicit robust RSV-neutralizing antibody responses and recall/induce RSV-specific T cell responses. To inform the selection of the vaccine formulation for older adults, RSVPreF3 (RSV fusion glycoprotein engineered to maintain the prefusion conformation) with/without AS01 adjuvant was evaluated in mice and bovine RSV infection-primed cattle. In mice, RSVPreF3/AS01 elicited robust RSV-A/B-specific neutralization titers and RSV F-specific polyfunctional CD4+ T cell responses exceeding those induced by non-adjuvanted RSVPreF3. In primed bovines, RSVPreF3/AS01 tended to induce higher pre-/post-vaccination fold-increases in RSV-A/B-specific neutralization titers relative to non-adjuvanted and Alum-adjuvanted RSVPreF3 formulations, and elicited higher RSV F-specific CD4+ T cell frequencies relative to the non-adjuvanted vaccine. Though AS01 adjuvanticity varied by animal species and priming status, RSVPreF3/AS01 elicited/boosted RSV-A/B-specific neutralization titers and RSV F-specific CD4+ T cell responses in both animal models, which supported its further clinical evaluation as prophylactic candidate vaccine for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronan Nicolas Rouxel
- GSK, Rue de l'Institut 89, 1330, Rixensart, Belgium
- MSD Animal Health, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5006, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | - Loïc François
- Akkodis, Belgium c/o GSK, Rue de l'Institut 89, 1330, Rixensart, Belgium
| | - Anne Atas
- GSK, Rue de l'Institut 89, 1330, Rixensart, Belgium
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25
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Agac A, Kolbe SM, Ludlow M, Osterhaus ADME, Meineke R, Rimmelzwaan GF. Host Responses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:1999. [PMID: 37896776 PMCID: PMC10611157 DOI: 10.3390/v15101999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are a constant public health problem, especially in infants and older adults. Virtually all children will have been infected with RSV by the age of two, and reinfections are common throughout life. Since antigenic variation, which is frequently observed among other respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 or influenza viruses, can only be observed for RSV to a limited extent, reinfections may result from short-term or incomplete immunity. After decades of research, two RSV vaccines were approved to prevent lower respiratory tract infections in older adults. Recently, the FDA approved a vaccine for active vaccination of pregnant women to prevent severe RSV disease in infants during their first RSV season. This review focuses on the host response to RSV infections mediated by epithelial cells as the first physical barrier, followed by responses of the innate and adaptive immune systems. We address possible RSV-mediated immunomodulatory and pathogenic mechanisms during infections and discuss the current vaccine candidates and alternative treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Guus F. Rimmelzwaan
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (A.A.); (S.M.K.); (M.L.); (A.D.M.E.O.); (R.M.)
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26
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Miles MA, Liong S, Liong F, Coward-Smith M, Trollope GS, Oseghale O, Erlich JR, Brooks RD, Logan JM, Hickey S, Wang H, Bozinovski S, O’Leary JJ, Brooks DA, Selemidis S. TLR7 promotes chronic airway disease in RSV-infected mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1240552. [PMID: 37795093 PMCID: PMC10545951 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1240552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) commonly infects the upper respiratory tract (URT) of humans, manifesting with mild cold or flu-like symptoms. However, in infants and the elderly, severe disease of the lower respiratory tract (LRT) often occurs and can develop into chronic airway disease. A better understanding of how an acute RSV infection transitions to a LRT chronic inflammatory disease is critically important to improve patient care and long-term health outcomes. To model acute and chronic phases of the disease, we infected wild-type C57BL/6 and toll-like receptor 7 knockout (TLR7 KO) mice with RSV and temporally assessed nasal, airway and lung inflammation for up to 42 days post-infection. We show that TLR7 reduced viral titers in the URT during acute infection but promoted pronounced pathogenic and chronic airway inflammation and hyperreactivity in the LRT. This study defines a hitherto unappreciated molecular mechanism of lower respiratory pathogenesis to RSV, highlighting the potential of TLR7 modulation to constrain RSV pathology to the URT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Miles
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Stella Liong
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Felicia Liong
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Madison Coward-Smith
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Gemma S. Trollope
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Osezua Oseghale
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Jonathan R. Erlich
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert D. Brooks
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jessica M. Logan
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Shane Hickey
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hao Wang
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - John J. O’Leary
- Discipline of Histopathology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Sir Patrick Dun’s Laboratory, Central Pathology Laboratory, St James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Doug A. Brooks
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Discipline of Histopathology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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27
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Longet S, Paul S. Pivotal role of tissue-resident memory lymphocytes in the control of mucosal infections: can mucosal vaccination induce protective tissue-resident memory T and B cells? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1216402. [PMID: 37753095 PMCID: PMC10518612 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1216402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Longet
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Groupe sur l'immunité des muqueuses et agents pathogènes (GIMAP), Université Jean Monnet, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Inserm, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Stephane Paul
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Groupe sur l'immunité des muqueuses et agents pathogènes (GIMAP), Université Jean Monnet, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Inserm, Saint-Etienne, France
- Centre d'investigation clinique (CIC) 1408 Inserm Vaccinology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- Immunology Department, iBiothera Reference Center, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
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Qiao D, Xu X, Zhang Y, Yang J, Brasier AR. RSV replication modifies the XBP1s binding complex on the IRF1 upstream enhancer to potentiate the mucosal anti-viral response. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1197356. [PMID: 37564646 PMCID: PMC10411192 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1197356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The unfolded protein response (UPR) has emerged as an important signaling pathway mediating anti-viral defenses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infection. Earlier we found that RSV replication predominantly activates the evolutionarily conserved Inositol Requiring Enzyme 1α (IRE1α)-X-Box Binding Protein 1 spliced (XBP1s) arm of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) producing inflammation, metabolic adaptation and cellular plasticity, yet the mechanisms how the UPR potentiates inflammation are not well understood. Methods To understand this process better, we examined the genomic response integrating RNA-seq and Cleavage Under Targets and Release Using Nuclease (CUT&RUN) analyses. These data were integrated with an RNA-seq analysis conducted on RSV-infected small airway cells ± an IRE1α RNAse inhibitor. Results We identified RSV induced expression changes in ~3.2K genes; of these, 279 required IRE1α and were enriched in IL-10/cytokine signaling pathways. From this data set, we identify those genes directly under XBP1s control by CUT&RUN. Although XBP1s binds to ~4.2 K high-confidence genomic binding sites, surprisingly only a small subset of IL10/cytokine signaling genes are directly bound. We further apply CUT&RUN to find that RSV infection enhances XBP1s loading on 786 genomic sites enriched in AP1/Fra-1, RELA and SP1 binding sites. These control a subset of cytokine regulatory factor genes including IFN response factor 1 (IRF1), CSF2, NFKB1A and DUSP10. Focusing on the downstream role of IRF1, selective knockdown (KD) and overexpression experiments demonstrate IRF1 induction controls type I and -III interferon (IFN) and IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression, demonstrating that ISG are indirectly regulated by XBP1 through IRF1 transactivation. Examining the mechanism of IRF1 activation, we observe that XBP1s directly binds a 5' enhancer sequence whose XBP1s loading is increased by RSV. The functional requirement for the enhancer is demonstrated by targeting a dCas9-KRAB silencer, reducing IRF1 activation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation shows that XBP1 is required, but not sufficient, for RSV-induced recruitment of activated phospho-Ser2 Pol II to the enhancer. Discussion We conclude that XBP1s is a direct activator of a core subset of IFN and cytokine regulatory genes in response to RSV. Of these IRF1 is upstream of the type III IFN and ISG response. We find that RSV modulates the XBP1s binding complex on the IRF1 5' enhancer whose activation is required for IRF1 expression. These findings provide novel insight into how the IRE1α-XBP1s pathway potentiates airway mucosal anti-viral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianhua Qiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
| | - Xiaofang Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
| | - Yueqing Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Allan R. Brasier
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (ICTR), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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29
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Pacheco GA, Andrade CA, Gálvez NM, Vázquez Y, Rodríguez-Guilarte L, Abarca K, González PA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Characterization of the humoral and cellular immunity induced by a recombinant BCG vaccine for the respiratory syncytial virus in healthy adults. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1215893. [PMID: 37533867 PMCID: PMC10390696 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1215893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is responsible for most respiratory tract infections in infants. Even though currently there are no approved hRSV vaccines for newborns or infants, several candidates are being developed. rBCG-N-hRSV is a vaccine candidate previously shown to be safe in a phase I clinical trial in adults (clinicaltrials.gov identifier #NCT03213405). Here, secondary immunogenicity analyses were performed on these samples. Methods PBMCs isolated from immunized volunteers were stimulated with hRSV or mycobacterial antigens to evaluate cytokines and cytotoxic T cell-derived molecules and the expansion of memory T cell subsets. Complement C1q binding and IgG subclass composition of serum antibodies were assessed. Results Compared to levels detected prior to vaccination, perforin-, granzyme B-, and IFN-γ-producing PBMCs responding to stimulus increased after immunization, along with their effector memory response. N-hRSV- and mycobacterial-specific antibodies from rBCG-N-hRSV-immunized subjects bound C1q. Conclusion Immunization with rBCG-N-hRSV induces cellular and humoral immune responses, supporting that rBCG-N-hRSV is immunogenic and safe in healthy individuals. Clinical trial registration https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/, identifier NCT03213405.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspar A. Pacheco
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina A. Andrade
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás M.S. Gálvez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yaneisi Vázquez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Linmar Rodríguez-Guilarte
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katia Abarca
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediá trica, División de Pediatría, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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30
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Cheon IS, Son YM, Sun J. Tissue-resident memory T cells and lung immunopathology. Immunol Rev 2023; 316:63-83. [PMID: 37014096 PMCID: PMC10524334 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Rapid reaction to microbes invading mucosal tissues is key to protect the host against disease. Respiratory tissue-resident memory T (TRM ) cells provide superior immunity against pathogen infection and/or re-infection, due to their presence at the site of pathogen entry. However, there has been emerging evidence that exuberant TRM -cell responses contribute to the development of various chronic respiratory conditions including pulmonary sequelae post-acute viral infections. In this review, we have described the characteristics of respiratory TRM cells and processes underlying their development and maintenance. We have reviewed TRM -cell protective functions against various respiratory pathogens as well as their pathological activities in chronic lung conditions including post-viral pulmonary sequelae. Furthermore, we have discussed potential mechanisms regulating the pathological activity of TRM cells and proposed therapeutic strategies to alleviate TRM -cell-mediated lung immunopathology. We hope that this review provides insights toward the development of future vaccines or interventions that can harness the superior protective abilities of TRM cells, while minimizing the potential for immunopathology, a particularly important topic in the era of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Su Cheon
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Young Min Son
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea 17546
| | - Jie Sun
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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31
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De C, Pickles RJ, Yao W, Liao B, Boone A, Choi M, Battaglia DM, Askin FB, Whitmire JK, Silvestri G, Garcia JV, Wahl A. Human T cells efficiently control RSV infection. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e168110. [PMID: 37159271 PMCID: PMC10393221 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.168110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection causes significant morbidity and mortality in infants, immunocompromised individuals, and older individuals. There is an urgent need for effective antivirals and vaccines for high-risk individuals. We used 2 complementary in vivo models to analyze RSV-associated human lung pathology and human immune correlates of protection. RSV infection resulted in widespread human lung epithelial damage, a proinflammatory innate immune response, and elicited a natural adaptive human immune response that conferred protective immunity. We demonstrated a key role for human T cells in controlling RSV infection. Specifically, primed human CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells effectively and independently control RSV replication in human lung tissue in the absence of an RSV-specific antibody response. These preclinical data support the development of RSV vaccines, which also elicit effective T cell responses to improve RSV vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrav De
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
- Center for AIDS Research
| | - Raymond J. Pickles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wenbo Yao
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
- Center for AIDS Research
| | - Baolin Liao
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
- Center for AIDS Research
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Allison Boone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mingyu Choi
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
- Center for AIDS Research
| | - Diana M. Battaglia
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
- Center for AIDS Research
| | | | - Jason K. Whitmire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
- Department of Genetics, and
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - J. Victor Garcia
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
- Center for AIDS Research
| | - Angela Wahl
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
- Center for AIDS Research
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32
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Fraser R, Orta-Resendiz A, Mazein A, Dockrell DH. Upper respiratory tract mucosal immunity for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:255-267. [PMID: 36764906 PMCID: PMC9868365 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccination significantly reduces morbidity and mortality, but has less impact on viral transmission rates, thus aiding viral evolution, and the longevity of vaccine-induced immunity rapidly declines. Immune responses in respiratory tract mucosal tissues are crucial for early control of infection, and can generate long-term antigen-specific protection with prompt recall responses. However, currently approved SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are not amenable to adequate respiratory mucosal delivery, particularly in the upper airways, which could account for the high vaccine breakthrough infection rates and limited duration of vaccine-mediated protection. In view of these drawbacks, we outline a strategy that has the potential to enhance both the efficacy and durability of existing SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, by inducing robust memory responses in the upper respiratory tract (URT) mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupsha Fraser
- The University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Aurelio Orta-Resendiz
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, HIV, Inflammation and Persistence Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Alexander Mazein
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - David H Dockrell
- The University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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33
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Wang Y, Ge F, Wang J, Li H, Zheng B, Li W, Chen S, Zheng X, Deng Y, Wang Y, Zeng R. Mycobacterium bovis BCG Given at Birth Followed by Inactivated Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Prevents Vaccine-Enhanced Disease by Promoting Trained Macrophages and Resident Memory T Cells. J Virol 2023; 97:e0176422. [PMID: 36779760 PMCID: PMC10062174 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01764-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infects more than 60% of infants in their first year of life. Since an experimental formalin-inactivated (FI) RSV vaccine tested in the 1960s caused enhanced respiratory disease (ERD), few attempts have been made to vaccinate infants. ERD is characterized by Th2-biased responses, lung inflammation, and poor protective immune memory. Innate immune memory displays an increased nonspecific effector function upon restimulation, a process called trained immunity, or a repressed effector function upon restimulation, a process called tolerance, which participates in host defense and inflammatory disease. Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) given at birth can induce trained immunity as well as heterologous Th1 responses. We speculate that BCG given at birth followed by FI-RSV may alleviate ERD and enhance protection through promoting trained immunity and balanced Th immune memory. Neonatal mice were given BCG at birth and then vaccinated with FI-RSV+Al(OH)3. BCG/FI-RSV+Al(OH)3 induced trained macrophages, tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM), and specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in lungs and inhibited Th2 and Th17 cell immune memory, all of which contributed to inhibition of ERD and increased protection. Notably, FI-RSV+Al(OH)3 induced tolerant macrophages, while BCG/FI-RSV+Al(OH)3 prevented the innate tolerance through promoting trained macrophages. Moreover, inhibition of ERD was attributed to trained macrophages or TRM in lungs but not memory T cells in spleens. Therefore, BCG given at birth to regulate trained immunity and TRM may be a new strategy for developing safe and effective RSV killed vaccines for young infants. IMPORTANCE RSV is the leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection of infants. ERD, characterized by Th2-biased responses, inflammation, and poor immune memory, has been an obstacle to the development of safe and effective killed RSV vaccines. Innate immune memory participates in host defense and inflammatory disease. BCG given at birth can induce trained immunity as well as heterologous Th1 responses. Our results showed that BCG/FI-RSV+Al(OH)3 induced trained macrophages, TRM, specific CTL, and balanced Th cell immune memory, which contributed to inhibition of ERD and increased protection. Notably, FI-RSV+Al(OH)3 induced tolerant macrophages, while BCG/FI-RSV+Al(OH)3 prevented tolerance through promoting trained macrophages. Moreover, inhibition of ERD was attributed to trained macrophages or TRM in lungs but not memory T cells in spleens. BCG at birth as an adjuvant to regulate trained immunity and TRM may be a new strategy for developing safe and effective RSV killed vaccines for young infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Ge
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junhai Wang
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanglin Li
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Boyang Zheng
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Wenjian Li
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Shunyan Chen
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Zheng
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yuqing Deng
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yueling Wang
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruihong Zeng
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Saeland E, van der Fits L, Bolder R, Heemskerk-van der Meer M, Drijver J, van Polanen Y, Vaneman C, Tettero L, Cox F, Serroyen J, Jorgensen MJ, Langedijk JPM, Schuitemaker H, Callendret B, Zahn RC. Combination Ad26.RSV.preF/preF protein vaccine induces superior protective immunity compared with individual vaccine components in preclinical models. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:45. [PMID: 36949051 PMCID: PMC10033289 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00637-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe respiratory disease for which no licensed vaccine is available. We have previously shown that a prefusion (preF) conformation-stabilized RSV F protein antigen and an adenoviral vector encoding RSV preF protein (Ad26.RSV.preF) are immunogenic and protective in animals when administered as single components. Here, we evaluated a combination of the 2 components, administered as a single injection. Strong induction of both humoral and cellular responses was shown in RSV-naïve and pre-exposed mice and pre-exposed African green monkeys (AGMs). Both components of the combination vaccine contributed to humoral immune responses, while the Ad26.RSV.preF component was the main contributor to cellular immune responses in both mice and AGMs. Immunization with the combination elicited superior protection against RSV A2 challenge in cotton rats. These results demonstrate the advantage of a combination vaccine and support further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirikur Saeland
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Renske Bolder
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joke Drijver
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Freek Cox
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Serroyen
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew J Jorgensen
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Roland C Zahn
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
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Humphries DC, O’Connor RA, Stewart HL, Quinn TM, Gaughan EE, Mills B, Williams GO, Stone JM, Finlayson K, Chabaud-Riou M, Boudet F, Dhaliwal K, Pavot V. Specific in situ immuno-imaging of pulmonary-resident memory lymphocytes in human lungs. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1100161. [PMID: 36845117 PMCID: PMC9951616 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1100161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pulmonary-resident memory T cells (TRM) and B cells (BRM) orchestrate protective immunity to reinfection with respiratory pathogens. Developing methods for the in situ detection of these populations would benefit both research and clinical settings. Methods To address this need, we developed a novel in situ immunolabelling approach combined with clinic-ready fibre-based optical endomicroscopy (OEM) to detect canonical markers of lymphocyte tissue residency in situ in human lungs undergoing ex vivo lung ventilation (EVLV). Results Initially, cells from human lung digests (confirmed to contain TRM/BRM populations using flow cytometry) were stained with CD69 and CD103/CD20 fluorescent antibodies and imaged in vitro using KronoScan, demonstrating it's ability to detect antibody labelled cells. We next instilled these pre-labelled cells into human lungs undergoing EVLV and confirmed they could still be visualised using both fluorescence intensity and lifetime imaging against background lung architecture. Finally, we instilled fluorescent CD69 and CD103/CD20 antibodies directly into the lung and were able to detect TRM/BRM following in situ labelling within seconds of direct intra-alveolar delivery of microdoses of fluorescently labelled antibodies. Discussion In situ, no wash, immunolabelling with intra-alveolar OEM imaging is a novel methodology with the potential to expand the experimental utility of EVLV and pre-clinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan C. Humphries
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,Research & Development, Sanofi, Marcy L’Etoile, France
| | - Richard A. O’Connor
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel L. Stewart
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tom M. Quinn
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Erin E. Gaughan
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Beth Mills
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth O.S. Williams
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James M. Stone
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,Centre for Photonic and Physics, Bath University, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Finlayson
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Kevin Dhaliwal
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Kevin Dhaliwal, ; Vincent Pavot,
| | - Vincent Pavot
- Research & Development, Sanofi, Marcy L’Etoile, France,*Correspondence: Kevin Dhaliwal, ; Vincent Pavot,
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Jenkins VA, Hoet B, Hochrein H, De Moerlooze L. The Quest for a Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine for Older Adults: Thinking beyond the F Protein. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020382. [PMID: 36851260 PMCID: PMC9963583 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of paediatric respiratory tract infection and causes a significant health burden in older adults. Natural immunity to RSV is incomplete, permitting recurrent symptomatic infection over an individual's lifespan. When combined with immunosenescence, this increases older adults' susceptibility to more severe disease symptoms. As RSV prophylaxis is currently limited to infants, older adults represent an important target population for RSV vaccine development. The relationship between RSV and our immune systems is complex, and these interactions require deeper understanding to tailor an effective vaccine candidate towards older adults. To date, vaccine candidates targeting RSV antigens, including pre-F, F, G (A), G (B), M2-1, and N, have shown efficacy against RSV infection in older adults in clinical trial settings. Although vaccine candidates have demonstrated robust neutralising IgG and cellular responses, it is important that research continues to investigate the RSV immune response in order to further understand how the choice of antigenic target site may impact vaccine effectiveness. In this article, we discuss the Phase 3 vaccine candidates being tested in older adults and review the hurdles that must be overcome to achieve effective protection against RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Jenkins
- Bavarian Nordic AG, 6301 Zug, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-79-558-89-39
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37
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Dvorkin J, De Luca J, Alvarez-Paggi D, Caballero MT. Responding to Higher-Than-Expected Infant Mortality Rates from Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV): Improving Treatment and Reporting Strategies. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:595-605. [PMID: 36733921 PMCID: PMC9888399 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s373584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has a major role in respiratory infections in young infants around the world. However, substantial progress has been made in recent years in the field of RSV. A wide variety of observational studies and clinical trials published in the past decade provide a thorough idea of the health and economic burden of RSV disease in the developing world. In this review, we discuss the impact of RSV burden of disease, major gaps in disease estimations, and challenges in generating new therapeutic options and an immune response against the virus, and briefly describe next generation technologies that are being evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dvorkin
- Fundación INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Damian Alvarez-Paggi
- Fundación INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mauricio T Caballero
- Fundación INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina,Correspondence: Mauricio T Caballero, Fundación INFANT, Gavilán 94, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Email
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Rodríguez-Guilarte L, Ramírez MA, Andrade CA, Kalergis AM. LAG-3 Contribution to T Cell Downmodulation during Acute Respiratory Viral Infections. Viruses 2023; 15:147. [PMID: 36680187 PMCID: PMC9865459 DOI: 10.3390/v15010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
LAG-3 is a type I transmembrane protein expressed on immune cells, such as activated T cells, and binds to MHC class II with high affinity. LAG-3 is an inhibitory receptor, and its multiple biological activities on T cell activation and effector functions play a regulatory role in the immune response. Immunotherapies directed at immune checkpoints, including LAG-3, have become a promising strategy for controlling malignant tumors and chronic viral diseases. Several studies have suggested an association between the expression of LAG-3 with an inadequate immune response during respiratory viral infections and the susceptibility to reinfections, which might be a consequence of the inhibition of T cell effector functions. However, important information relative to therapeutic potential during acute viral lower respiratory tract infections and the mechanism of action of the LAG-3 checkpoint remains to be characterized. In this article, we discuss the contribution of LAG-3 to the impairment of T cells during viral respiratory infections. Understanding the host immune response to respiratory infections is crucial for developing effective vaccines and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linmar Rodríguez-Guilarte
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Mario A. Ramírez
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Catalina A. Andrade
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
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John L, Miah K, Benner A, Mai EK, Kriegsmann K, Hundemer M, Kaudewitz D, Müller-Tidow C, Jordan K, Goldschmidt H, Raab MS, Giesen N. Impact of novel agent therapies on immune cell subsets and infectious complications in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1078725. [PMID: 37152008 PMCID: PMC10160457 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1078725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Methods To examine the effects of modern second-generation novel agent therapy on immune cell subsets, in particular CD4+-T-cells, and infectious complications in patients with relapsed/refractory MM (RRMM), we conducted a prospective cohort study in 112 RRMM patients. Results Substantially decreased CD4+-T-cells <200/µl before initiation of relapse therapy were detected in 27.7% of patients and were associated with a higher number of previous lines of therapy. Relapse therapy with carfilzomib or pomalidomide showed a significant further decrease of CD4+-T-cells. All novel agents led to a significant decrease of B-cell counts. Overall, infections were frequent with 21.3% of patients requiring antibacterial therapy within the first 3 months of relapse therapy, 5.6% requiring hospitalization. However, in the setting of standard antimicrobial prophylaxis in RRMM patients with very low CD4+-T-cells, no significant association of CD4+T-cell count and an increased risk of infection could be detected. Discussion Our findings imply that reduced CD4+-T-cell numbers and infections are common in patients with RRMM. We also demonstrate an association with the number of previous therapies and certain substances suggesting an increased need for personalized prophylaxis strategies for opportunistic infections in this patient cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas John
- Department of Medicine V - Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Lukas John,
| | - Kaya Miah
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Axel Benner
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elias K. Mai
- Department of Medicine V - Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Kriegsmann
- Department of Medicine V - Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Hundemer
- Department of Medicine V - Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Kaudewitz
- Department of Medicine V - Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Department of Medicine V - Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karin Jordan
- Department of Medicine V - Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Ernst von Bergmann Hospital, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hartmut Goldschmidt
- Department of Medicine V - Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc S. Raab
- Department of Medicine V - Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicola Giesen
- Department of Medicine V - Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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40
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Mazur NI, Terstappen J, Baral R, Bardají A, Beutels P, Buchholz UJ, Cohen C, Crowe JE, Cutland CL, Eckert L, Feikin D, Fitzpatrick T, Fong Y, Graham BS, Heikkinen T, Higgins D, Hirve S, Klugman KP, Kragten-Tabatabaie L, Lemey P, Libster R, Löwensteyn Y, Mejias A, Munoz FM, Munywoki PK, Mwananyanda L, Nair H, Nunes MC, Ramilo O, Richmond P, Ruckwardt TJ, Sande C, Srikantiah P, Thacker N, Waldstein KA, Weinberger D, Wildenbeest J, Wiseman D, Zar HJ, Zambon M, Bont L. Respiratory syncytial virus prevention within reach: the vaccine and monoclonal antibody landscape. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 23:e2-e21. [PMID: 35952703 PMCID: PMC9896921 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00291-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus is the second most common cause of infant mortality and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in older adults (aged >60 years). Efforts to develop a respiratory syncytial virus vaccine or immunoprophylaxis remain highly active. 33 respiratory syncytial virus prevention candidates are in clinical development using six different approaches: recombinant vector, subunit, particle-based, live attenuated, chimeric, and nucleic acid vaccines; and monoclonal antibodies. Nine candidates are in phase 3 clinical trials. Understanding the epitopes targeted by highly neutralising antibodies has resulted in a shift from empirical to rational and structure-based vaccine and monoclonal antibody design. An extended half-life monoclonal antibody for all infants is likely to be within 1 year of regulatory approval (from August, 2022) for high-income countries. Live-attenuated vaccines are in development for older infants (aged >6 months). Subunit vaccines are in late-stage trials for pregnant women to protect infants, whereas vector, subunit, and nucleic acid approaches are being developed for older adults. Urgent next steps include ensuring access and affordability of a respiratory syncytial virus vaccine globally. This review gives an overview of respiratory syncytial virus vaccines and monoclonal antibodies in clinical development highlighting different target populations, antigens, and trial results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie I Mazur
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jonne Terstappen
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ranju Baral
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation & Access, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Azucena Bardají
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigaçao em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique; Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Philippe Beutels
- Centre for Health Economics Research & Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; School of Public Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ursula J Buchholz
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | - Cheryl Cohen
- University of the Witwatersrand, Centre for Respiratory Disease and Meningitis at the National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Pediatrics & Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Clare L Cutland
- African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Linda Eckert
- Obstetrics & Gynecology, Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel Feikin
- Department of Immunisations, Vaccines & Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tiffany Fitzpatrick
- Yale School of Public Health Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Youyi Fong
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Division, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | - Terho Heikkinen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Deborah Higgins
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation & Access, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Keith P Klugman
- Pneumonia Program, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Philippe Lemey
- Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Yvette Löwensteyn
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Flor M Munoz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Patrick K Munywoki
- Kenyan Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Harish Nair
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marta C Nunes
- South African Medical Research Council, Wits Vaccines & Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit and Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation, South African Research Chair Initiative in Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Octavio Ramilo
- Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Peter Richmond
- School of Medicine, Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tracy J Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | - Charles Sande
- Kenyan Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kilifi, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Padmini Srikantiah
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Program and Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Naveen Thacker
- Deep Children Hospital & Research Centre, Gandhidham, India
| | - Kody A Waldstein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - Dan Weinberger
- Yale School of Public Health Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joanne Wildenbeest
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Dexter Wiseman
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Heather J Zar
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, Red Cross Children's Hospital and SA-MRC unit of Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maria Zambon
- Reference Microbiology, Public Health England, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Louis Bont
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; ReSViNET Foundation, Julius Clinical, Zeist, Netherlands.
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41
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Brasier AR. Innate Immunity, Epithelial Plasticity, and Remodeling in Asthma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1426:265-285. [PMID: 37464126 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32259-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune responses (IIR) of the epithelium play a critical role in the initiation and progression of asthma. The core of the IIR is an intracellular signaling pathway activated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to limit the spread of infectious organisms. This chapter will focus on the epithelium as the major innate sentinel cell and its role in acute exacerbations (AEs). Although the pathways of how the IIR activates the NFκB transcription factor, triggering cytokine secretion, dendritic cell activation, and Th2 polarization are well-described, recent exciting work has developed mechanistic insights into how chronic activation of the IIR is linked to mucosal adaptive responses. These adaptations include changes in cell state, now called epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP). EMP is a coordinated, genomic response to airway injury disrupting epithelial barrier function, expanding the basal lamina, and producing airway remodeling. EMP is driven by activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), a transcriptional response producing metabolic shunting of glucose through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) to protein N-glycosylation. NFκB signaling and UPR activation pathways potentiate each other in remodeling the basement membrane. Understanding of injury-repair process of epithelium provides new therapeutic targets for precision approaches to the treatment of asthma exacerbations and their sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan R Brasier
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (ICTR), School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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42
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Ogura H, Gohda J, Lu X, Yamamoto M, Takesue Y, Son A, Doi S, Matsushita K, Isobe F, Fukuda Y, Huang TP, Ueno T, Mambo N, Murakami H, Kawaguchi Y, Inoue JI, Shirai K, Yamasaki S, Hirata JI, Ishido S. Dysfunctional Sars-CoV-2-M protein-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in patients recovering from severe COVID-19. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7063. [PMID: 36526616 PMCID: PMC9758236 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34655-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the importance of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in virus clearance is evident in COVID-19, the characteristics of virus-specific CTLs related to disease severity have not been fully explored. Here we show that the phenotype of virus-specific CTLs against immunoprevalent epitopes in COVID-19 convalescents might differ according to the course of the disease. We establish a cellular screening method that uses artificial antigen presenting cells, expressing HLA-A*24:02, the costimulatory molecule 4-1BBL, SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins S, M, and N and non-structural proteins ORF3a and nsp6/ORF1a. The screen implicates SARS-CoV-2 M protein as a frequent target of IFNγ secreting CD8+ T cells, and identifies M198-206 as an immunoprevalent epitope in our cohort of HLA-A*24:02 positive convalescent COVID-19 patients recovering from mild, moderate and severe disease. Further exploration of M198-206-specific CD8+ T cells with single cell RNA sequencing reveals public TCRs in virus-specific CD8+ T cells, and shows an exhausted phenotype with less differentiated status in cells from the severe group compared to cells from the moderate group. In summary, this study describes a method to identify T cell epitopes, indicate that dysfunction of virus-specific CTLs might be an important determinant of clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Ogura
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Microbiology, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Jin Gohda
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XResearch Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiuyuan Lu
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Mizuki Yamamoto
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XResearch Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Takesue
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Infection Control and Prevention, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo, Japan ,Tokoname City Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Aoi Son
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Microbiology, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Sadayuki Doi
- grid.513274.60000 0004 0569 8532Kawanishi City Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | - Fumitaka Isobe
- Kyowa Marina Hospital/Wellhouse Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | | | - Takamasa Ueno
- grid.274841.c0000 0001 0660 6749Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naomi Mambo
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiromoto Murakami
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kawaguchi
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XResearch Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDivision of Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun-ichiro Inoue
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XResearch Platform Office, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Shirai
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan ,grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Division of Molecular Design, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan ,grid.136304.30000 0004 0370 1101Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Hirata
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishido
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Microbiology, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo, Japan
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43
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Unique properties of tissue-resident memory T cells in the lungs: implications for COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 23:329-335. [PMID: 36494455 PMCID: PMC9735123 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00815-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells were originally identified as a tissue-sequestered population of memory T cells that show lifelong persistence in non-lymphoid organs. That definition has slowly evolved with the documentation of TRM cells having variable terms of tissue residency combined with a capacity to return to the wider circulation. Nonetheless, reductionist experiments have identified an archetypical population of TRM cells showing intrinsic permanent residency in a wide range of non-lymphoid organs, with one notable exception: the lungs. Despite the fact that memory T cells generated during a respiratory infection are maintained in the circulation, local TRM cell numbers in the lung decline concomitantly with a decay in T cell-mediated protection. This Perspective describes the mechanisms that underpin long-term T cell lodgement in non-lymphoid tissues and explains why residency is transient for select TRM cell subsets. In doing so, it highlights the unusual nature of memory T cell egress from the lungs and speculates on the broader disease implications of this process, especially during infection with SARS-CoV-2.
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Künzli M, O’Flanagan SD, LaRue M, Talukder P, Dileepan T, Stolley JM, Soerens AG, Quarnstrom CF, Wijeyesinghe S, Ye Y, McPartlan JS, Mitchell JS, Mandl CW, Vile R, Jenkins MK, Ahmed R, Vezys V, Chahal JS, Masopust D. Route of self-amplifying mRNA vaccination modulates the establishment of pulmonary resident memory CD8 and CD4 T cells. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eadd3075. [PMID: 36459542 PMCID: PMC9832918 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.add3075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory tract resident memory T cells (TRM), typically generated by local vaccination or infection, can accelerate control of pulmonary infections that evade neutralizing antibody. It is unknown whether mRNA vaccination establishes respiratory TRM. We generated a self-amplifying mRNA vaccine encoding the influenza A virus nucleoprotein that is encapsulated in modified dendron-based nanoparticles. Here, we report how routes of immunization in mice, including contralateral versus ipsilateral intramuscular boosts, or intravenous and intranasal routes, influenced influenza-specific cell-mediated and humoral immunity. Parabiotic surgeries revealed that intramuscular immunization was sufficient to establish CD8 TRM in the lung and draining lymph nodes. Contralateral, compared with ipsilateral, intramuscular boosting broadened the distribution of lymph node TRM and T follicular helper cells but slightly diminished resulting levels of serum antibody. Intranasal mRNA delivery established modest circulating CD8 and CD4 T cell memory but augmented distribution to the respiratory mucosa. Combining intramuscular immunizations with an intranasal mRNA boost achieved high levels of both circulating T cell memory and lung TRM. Thus, routes of mRNA vaccination influence humoral and cell-mediated immunity, and intramuscular prime-boosting establishes lung TRM that can be further expanded by an additional intranasal immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Künzli
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stephen D. O’Flanagan
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Madeleine LaRue
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Thamotharampillai Dileepan
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - J. Michael Stolley
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrew G. Soerens
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Clare F. Quarnstrom
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sathi Wijeyesinghe
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yanqi Ye
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Jason S. Mitchell
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Richard Vile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Marc K. Jenkins
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vaiva Vezys
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - David Masopust
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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45
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Lamichhane P, Schmidt ME, Terhüja M, Varga SM, Snider TA, Rostad CA, Oomens AGP. A live single-cycle RSV vaccine expressing prefusion F protein. Virology 2022; 577:51-64. [PMID: 36306605 PMCID: PMC10104964 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Live-attenuated Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines given intranasally have potential to provide comprehensive protection, including lung-resident immunity. It has however proven challenging to impart both sufficient safety and efficacy in a vaccine. To achieve the latter, we used a trans-complementing approach to generate live single-cycle RSV vaccines expressing the prefusion form (preF) of the viral fusion protein (F), either membrane-anchored or secreted. Both viruses were tested for their ability to induce a protective immune response in mice after intranasal prime-boost vaccination. The secreted preF vaccine failed to induce a protective response. The anchored preF vaccine induced anti-preF antibodies and antiviral T cells, and protected mice from lung pathology and viral shedding after challenge. Neither vaccine induced anti-G antibodies, for reasons unknown. In spite of the latter and single-cycle replication, the membrane-anchored preF vaccine was protective and demonstrates potential for development of an efficacious live vaccine with a stable safety phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramila Lamichhane
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Megan E Schmidt
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Megolhubino Terhüja
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Steven M Varga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Timothy A Snider
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Christina A Rostad
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Antonius G P Oomens
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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46
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Liechti T, Iftikhar Y, Mangino M, Beddall M, Goss CW, O’Halloran JA, Mudd PA, Roederer M. Immune phenotypes that are associated with subsequent COVID-19 severity inferred from post-recovery samples. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7255. [PMID: 36433939 PMCID: PMC9700777 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34638-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe COVID-19 causes profound immune perturbations, but pre-infection immune signatures contributing to severe COVID-19 remain unknown. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified strong associations between severe disease and several chemokine receptors and molecules from the type I interferon pathway. Here, we define immune signatures associated with severe COVID-19 using high-dimensional flow cytometry. We measure the cells of the peripheral immune system from individuals who recovered from mild, moderate, severe or critical COVID-19 and focused only on those immune signatures returning to steady-state. Individuals that suffered from severe COVID-19 show reduced frequencies of T cell, mucosal-associated invariant T cell (MAIT) and dendritic cell (DC) subsets and altered chemokine receptor expression on several subsets, such as reduced levels of CCR1 and CCR2 on monocyte subsets. Furthermore, we find reduced frequencies of type I interferon-producing plasmacytoid DCs and altered IFNAR2 expression on several myeloid cells in individuals recovered from severe COVID-19. Thus, these data identify potential immune mechanisms contributing to severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Liechti
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Maryland, 20892 USA
| | - Yaser Iftikhar
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Maryland, 20892 USA
| | - Massimo Mangino
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College of London, London, UK ,grid.420545.20000 0004 0489 3985NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St Thomas’ Foundation Trust, London, SE1 9RT UK
| | - Margaret Beddall
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Maryland, 20892 USA
| | - Charles W. Goss
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Jane A. O’Halloran
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Philip A. Mudd
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA ,grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Maryland, 20892 USA
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47
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Schott BH, Wang L, Zhu X, Harding AT, Ko ER, Bourgeois JS, Washington EJ, Burke TW, Anderson J, Bergstrom E, Gardener Z, Paterson S, Brennan RG, Chiu C, McClain MT, Woods CW, Gregory SG, Heaton NS, Ko DC. Single-cell genome-wide association reveals that a nonsynonymous variant in ERAP1 confers increased susceptibility to influenza virus. CELL GENOMICS 2022; 2:100207. [PMID: 36465279 PMCID: PMC9718543 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2022.100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
During pandemics, individuals exhibit differences in risk and clinical outcomes. Here, we developed single-cell high-throughput human in vitro susceptibility testing (scHi-HOST), a method for rapidly identifying genetic variants that confer resistance and susceptibility. We applied this method to influenza A virus (IAV), the cause of four pandemics since the start of the 20th century. scHi-HOST leverages single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to simultaneously assign genetic identity to cells in mixed infections of cell lines of European, African, and Asian origin, reveal associated genetic variants for viral burden, and identify expression quantitative trait loci. Integration of scHi-HOST with human challenge and experimental validation demonstrated that a missense variant in endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1; rs27895) increased IAV burden in cells and human volunteers. rs27895 exhibits population differentiation, likely contributing to greater permissivity of cells from African populations to IAV. scHi-HOST is a broadly applicable method and resource for decoding infectious-disease genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Schott
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, 0048B CARL Building Box 3053, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Liuyang Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, 0048B CARL Building Box 3053, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Xinyu Zhu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, 0048B CARL Building Box 3053, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alfred T Harding
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, 0048B CARL Building Box 3053, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Emily R Ko
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Hospital Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke Regional Hospital, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Bourgeois
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, 0048B CARL Building Box 3053, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Erica J Washington
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas W Burke
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jack Anderson
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Emma Bergstrom
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Zoe Gardener
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Suzanna Paterson
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Richard G Brennan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christopher Chiu
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Micah T McClain
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC 27705, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christopher W Woods
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC 27705, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Simon G Gregory
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicholas S Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, 0048B CARL Building Box 3053, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dennis C Ko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, 0048B CARL Building Box 3053, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Lead contact
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48
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Ren H, Li H, Cao L, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Guo J, Zhang Y, Liu H, Xu W. Intranasal immunization with HRSV prefusion F protein and CpG adjuvant elicits robust protective effects in mice. Vaccine 2022; 40:6830-6838. [PMID: 36253219 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in elderly individuals and young children/infants and can cause bronchiolitis and even death. There is no licensed HRSV vaccine. An ideal vaccine should induce high titers of neutralizing antibodies and a Th1-biased immune response. In this study, we used EXPI293 cells to express the fusion (F) protein with a prefusion conformation (PrF) and compared the safety and efficacy of intranasal immunization with PrF in combination with two mucosal adjuvants (CpG ODN and liposomes) in mice. After two intranasal administrations, mice in the PrF + CpG group produced high titers of neutralizing antibodies (4961) and a Th1-biased immune response compared with the PrF + Lipo group. The lung viral load of mice in the PrF + CpG group was significantly reduced (3.5 log) compared with that in the adjuvant control group, and the survival rate was 100 %, while the survival rate of mice in the PrF + Lipo group was only 67 %. At the same time, this immunization strategy reduced the pathological damage to the lungs in mice. In conclusion, the combination of PrF and CpG adjuvant is immunogenic, elicits a Th1 type immune response, and completely protects mice from a lethal HRSV challenge. It is worthy of further evaluation as an HRSV vaccine in clinical trials. Clinical trial registration. This study was not related to human participation or experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Ren
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Cao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yangzi Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jinyuan Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hongtu Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Wenbo Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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49
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Hassert M, Harty JT. Tissue resident memory T cells- A new benchmark for the induction of vaccine-induced mucosal immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1039194. [PMID: 36275668 PMCID: PMC9581298 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1039194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, the gold-standard benchmark for vaccine immunogenicity has been the induction of neutralizing antibodies detectable in the serum of peripheral blood. However, in recent years there has been a new appreciation for the mucosa as an important site for vaccine induced immunity. As a point of first contact, the mucosal tissue represents a major site of immune based detection and restriction of pathogen entry and dissemination. Tissue resident memory T cells (Trm) are one of the critical cell types involved in this early detection and restriction of mucosal pathogens. Following tissue-specific infection or vaccination, Trm lodge themselves within tissues and can perform rapid sensing and alarm functions to control local re-infections, in an effort that has been defined as important for restriction of a number of respiratory pathogens including influenza and respiratory syncytial virus. Despite this characterized importance, only minor attention has been paid to the importance of Trm as a benchmark for vaccine immunogenicity. The purpose of this review is to highlight the functions of Trm with particular emphasis on respiratory infections, and to suggest the inclusion of Trm elicitation as a benchmark for vaccine immunogenicity in animal models, and where possible, human samples.
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50
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Neuwirth T, Knapp K, Stary G. (Not) Home alone: Antigen presenting cell - T Cell communication in barrier tissues. Front Immunol 2022; 13:984356. [PMID: 36248804 PMCID: PMC9556809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.984356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Priming of T cells by antigen presenting cells (APCs) is essential for T cell fate decisions, enabling T cells to migrate to specific tissues to exert their effector functions. Previously, these interactions were mainly explored using blood-derived cells or animal models. With great advances in single cell RNA-sequencing techniques enabling analysis of tissue-derived cells, it has become clear that subsets of APCs are responsible for priming and modulating heterogeneous T cell effector responses in different tissues. This composition of APCs and T cells in tissues is essential for maintaining homeostasis and is known to be skewed in infection and inflammation, leading to pathological T cell responses. This review highlights the commonalities and differences of T cell priming and subsequent effector function in multiple barrier tissues such as the skin, intestine and female reproductive tract. Further, we provide an overview of how this process is altered during tissue-specific infections which are known to cause chronic inflammation and how this knowledge could be harnessed to modify T cell responses in barrier tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Neuwirth
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katja Knapp
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Stary
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria,*Correspondence: Georg Stary,
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