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Nemzow L, Boehringer T, Mayenburg J, Beaton-Green LA, Wilkins RC, Turner HC. Interlaboratory comparison of high-throughput protein biomarker assay quantifications for radiation exposure classification. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301418. [PMID: 38683751 PMCID: PMC11057749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
In the event of a widespread radiological incident, thousands of individuals will require rapid assessment of exposure using validated biodosimetry assays to inform clinical triage. In this scenario, multiple biodosimetry laboratories may be necessary for large-volume sample processing. To meet this need, we have developed a high-throughput assay for the rapid measurement of intracellular protein biomarkers in human peripheral blood samples using an Imaging Flow Cytometry (IFC) platform. The objective of this work was to harmonize and validate the reproducibility of our blood biomarker assay for radiation exposure across three IFC instruments, two located at Columbia University (CU) and the third at Health Canada. The Center for Radiological Research (CRR) at CU served as the central laboratory and reference instrument, where samples were prepared in triplicate, labeled with two radiation responsive leukocyte biomarkers (BAX and phosphor-p53 (Ser37)), and distributed for simultaneous interrogation by each IFC. Initial tests showed that significantly different baseline biomarker measurements were generated on each instrument when using the same acquisition settings, suggesting that harmonization of signal intensities is necessary. Subsequent tests harmonized biomarker measurements after irradiation by modulating laser intensity using two reference materials: unstained samples and standardized rainbow beads. Both methods generated measurements on each instrument without significant differences between the new and references instruments, allowing for the use of one master template to quantify biomarker expression across multiple instruments. Deming regression analyses of 0-5 Gy dose-response curves showed overall good correlation of BAX and p53 values across new and reference instruments. While Bland-Altman analyses indicated low to moderate instrument biases, ROC Curve analyses ultimately show successful discrimination between exposed and unexposed samples on each instrument (AUC values > 0.85).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Nemzow
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas Boehringer
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jessica Mayenburg
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ruth C. Wilkins
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Helen C. Turner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
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2
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Lazarski CA, Hanley PJ. Review of flow cytometry as a tool for cell and gene therapy. Cytotherapy 2024; 26:103-112. [PMID: 37943204 PMCID: PMC10872958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Quality control testing and analytics are critical for the development and manufacture of cell and gene therapies, and flow cytometry is a key quality control and analytical assay that is used extensively. However, the technical scope of characterization assays and safety assays must keep apace as the breadth of cell therapy products continues to expand beyond hematopoietic stem cell products into producing novel adoptive immune therapies and gene therapy products. Flow cytometry services are uniquely positioned to support the evolving needs of cell therapy facilities, as access to flow cytometers, new antibody clones and improved fluorochrome reagents becomes more egalitarian. This report will outline the features, logistics, limitations and the current state of flow cytometry within the context of cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Lazarski
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technology for Immunotherapy, Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA; The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Patrick J Hanley
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technology for Immunotherapy, Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA; The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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3
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Cioffi G, Dannhauser D, Rossi D, Netti PA, Causa F. Unknown cell class distinction via neural network based scattering snapshot recognition. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:5060-5074. [PMID: 37854558 PMCID: PMC10581789 DOI: 10.1364/boe.492028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Neural network-based image classification is widely used in life science applications. However, it is essential to extrapolate a correct classification method for unknown images, where no prior knowledge can be utilised. Under a closed set assumption, unknown images will be inevitably misclassified, but this can be genuinely overcome choosing an open-set classification approach, which first generates an in-distribution of identified images to successively discriminate out-of-distribution images. The testing of such image classification for single cell applications in life science scenarios has yet to be done but could broaden our expertise in quantifying the influence of prediction uncertainty in deep learning. In this framework, we implemented the open-set concept on scattering snapshots of living cells to distinguish between unknown and known cell classes, targeting four different known monoblast cell classes and a single tumoral unknown monoblast cell line. We also investigated the influence on experimental sample errors and optimised neural network hyperparameters to obtain a high unknown cell class detection accuracy. We discovered that our open-set approach exhibits robustness against sample noise, a crucial aspect for its application in life science. Moreover, the presented open-set based neural network reveals measurement uncertainty out of the cell prediction, which can be applied to a wide range of single cell classifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Cioffi
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB) and Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - David Dannhauser
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB) and Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Rossi
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo A. Netti
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB) and Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Filippo Causa
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB) and Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
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4
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Macchia I, La Sorsa V, Urbani F, Moretti S, Antonucci C, Afferni C, Schiavoni G. Eosinophils as potential biomarkers in respiratory viral infections. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1170035. [PMID: 37483591 PMCID: PMC10358847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1170035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are bone marrow-derived granulocytes that, under homeostatic conditions, account for as much as 1-3% of peripheral blood leukocytes. During inflammation, eosinophils can rapidly expand and infiltrate inflamed tissues, guided by cytokines and alarmins (such as IL-33), adhesion molecules and chemokines. Eosinophils play a prominent role in allergic asthma and parasitic infections. Nonetheless, they participate in the immune response against respiratory viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus and influenza. Notably, respiratory viruses are associated with asthma exacerbation. Eosinophils release several molecules endowed with antiviral activity, including cationic proteins, RNases and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. On the other hand, eosinophils release several cytokines involved in homeostasis maintenance and Th2-related inflammation. In the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, emerging evidence indicates that eosinophils can represent possible blood-based biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and severity prediction of disease. In particular, eosinopenia seems to be an indicator of severity among patients with COVID-19, whereas an increased eosinophil count is associated with a better prognosis, including a lower incidence of complications and mortality. In the present review, we provide an overview of the role and plasticity of eosinophils focusing on various respiratory viral infections and in the context of viral and allergic disease comorbidities. We will discuss the potential utility of eosinophils as prognostic/predictive immune biomarkers in emerging respiratory viral diseases, particularly COVID-19. Finally, we will revisit some of the relevant methods and tools that have contributed to the advances in the dissection of various eosinophil subsets in different pathological settings for future biomarker definition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iole Macchia
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina La Sorsa
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Urbani
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Moretti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Antonucci
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Afferni
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Schiavoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Gao J, Luo Y, Li H, Zhao Y, Zhao J, Han X, Han J, Lin H, Qian F. Deep Immunophenotyping of Human Whole Blood by Standardized Multi-parametric Flow Cytometry Analyses. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:309-328. [PMID: 37325713 PMCID: PMC10260734 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-022-00092-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Immunophenotyping is proving crucial to understanding the role of the immune system in health and disease. High-throughput flow cytometry has been used extensively to reveal changes in immune cell composition and function at the single-cell level. Here, we describe six optimized 11-color flow cytometry panels for deep immunophenotyping of human whole blood. A total of 51 surface antibodies, which are readily available and validated, were selected to identify the key immune cell populations and evaluate their functional state in a single assay. The gating strategies for effective flow cytometry data analysis are included in the protocol. To ensure data reproducibility, we provide detailed procedures in three parts, including (1) instrument characterization and detector gain optimization, (2) antibody titration and sample staining, and (3) data acquisition and quality checks. This standardized approach has been applied to a variety of donors for a better understanding of the complexity of the human immune system. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43657-022-00092-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Yali Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Helian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Yiran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Jialin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Xuling Han
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Jingxuan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Huiqin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Feng Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Institute of Immunophenome, International Human Phenome Institutes (Shanghai), Shanghai, 200433 China
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6
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Co-Infection of the Epstein-Barr Virus and the Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122709. [PMID: 36560713 PMCID: PMC9782805 DOI: 10.3390/v14122709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The two human tumor viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), have been mostly studied in isolation. Recent studies suggest that co-infection with both viruses as observed in one of their associated malignancies, namely primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), might also be required for KSHV persistence. In this review, we discuss how EBV and KSHV might support each other for persistence and lymphomagenesis. Moreover, we summarize what is known about their innate and adaptive immune control which both seem to be required to ensure asymptomatic persistent co-infection with these two human tumor viruses. A better understanding of this immune control might allow us to prepare for vaccination against EBV and KSHV in the future.
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7
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A roadmap for translational cancer glycoimmunology at single cell resolution. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:143. [PMID: 35428302 PMCID: PMC9013178 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells can evade immune responses by exploiting inhibitory immune checkpoints. Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapies based on anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies have been extensively explored over the recent years to unleash otherwise compromised anti-cancer immune responses. However, it is also well established that immune suppression is a multifactorial process involving an intricate crosstalk between cancer cells and the immune systems. The cancer glycome is emerging as a relevant source of immune checkpoints governing immunosuppressive behaviour in immune cells, paving an avenue for novel immunotherapeutic options. This review addresses the current state-of-the-art concerning the role played by glycans controlling innate and adaptive immune responses, while shedding light on available experimental models for glycoimmunology. We also emphasize the tremendous progress observed in the development of humanized models for immunology, the paramount contribution of advances in high-throughput single-cell analysis in this context, and the importance of including predictive machine learning algorithms in translational research. This may constitute an important roadmap for glycoimmunology, supporting careful adoption of models foreseeing clinical translation of fundamental glycobiology knowledge towards next generation immunotherapies.
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8
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Navas A, Van de Wijer L, Jacobs-Cleophas M, Schimmel-Naber AM, van Cranenbroek B, van der Heijden WA, van der Lei RJ, Vergara Z, Netea MG, van der Ven AJAM, Kapinsky M, Koenen HJPM, Joosten LAB. Comprehensive phenotyping of circulating immune cell subsets in people living with HIV. J Immunol Methods 2022; 507:113307. [PMID: 35760096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Systemic chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction are recognized as drivers of the development of non-AIDS related comorbidities (NARCs) in people living with HIV (PLHIV). In order to lower the risk of NARCs, it is critical to elucidate what is the contribution of alterations in the composition and function of circulating immune cells to NARCs-related pathogenesis. Findings from previous immunophenotyping studies in PLHIV are highly heterogeneous and it is not fully understood to what extent phenotypic changes on immune cells play a role in the dysregulated inflammatory response observed. In this study, three flow cytometry panels were designed and standardized to phenotypically and functionally identify the main circulating immune cell subsets in PLHIV. To reduce variability, up to 10 markers out of the approximately 20 markers in each panel were used in a custom dry format DURA Innovations (LUCID product line). Intra-assay precision tests performed for the selected cell subsets showed that the three panels had a %CV below 18% for percent of positive cells and the MFI (mean fluorescent intensity) of lineage markers. Our reported pipeline for immunophenotypic analysis facilitated the discrimination of 1153 cell populations, providing an integrated overview of circulating innate and adaptative immune cells as well as the cells' functional status in terms of activation, exhaustion, and maturation. When combined with unsupervised computational techniques, this standardized immunophenotyping approach may support the discovery of novel phenotypes with clinical relevance in NARCs and demonstrate future utility in other immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Navas
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Lisa Van de Wijer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Maartje Jacobs-Cleophas
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - A Marlies Schimmel-Naber
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bram van Cranenbroek
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter A van der Heijden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Roelof J van der Lei
- Beckman Coulter Life Sciences, 5350 Lakeview Pkwy S Drive Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Zaida Vergara
- Beckman Coulter Life Sciences, 5350 Lakeview Pkwy S Drive Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - André J A M van der Ven
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Kapinsky
- Beckman Coulter Life Sciences, 5350 Lakeview Pkwy S Drive Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Hans J P M Koenen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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2021 White Paper on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis: ISR for Biomarkers, Liquid Biopsies, Spectral Cytometry, Inhalation/Oral & Multispecific Biotherapeutics, Accuracy/LLOQ for Flow Cytometry ( Part 2 - Recommendations on Biomarkers/CDx Assays Development & Validation, Cytometry Validation & Innovation, Biotherapeutics PK LBA Regulated Bioanalysis, Critical Reagents & Positive Controls Generation). Bioanalysis 2022; 14:627-692. [PMID: 35578974 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The 15th edition of the Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (15th WRIB) was held on 27 September to 1 October 2021. Even with a last-minute move from in-person to virtual, an overwhelmingly high number of nearly 900 professionals representing pharma and biotech companies, contract research organizations (CROs), and multiple regulatory agencies still eagerly convened to actively discuss the most current topics of interest in bioanalysis. The 15th WRIB included three Main Workshops and seven Specialized Workshops that together spanned 1 week in order to allow exhaustive and thorough coverage of all major issues in bioanalysis, biomarkers, immunogenicity, gene therapy, cell therapy and vaccines. Moreover, in-depth workshops on biomarker assay development and validation (BAV) (focused on clarifying the confusion created by the increased use of the term "context of use" [COU]); mass spectrometry of proteins (therapeutic, biomarker and transgene); state-of-the-art cytometry innovation and validation; and critical reagent and positive control generation were the special features of the 15th edition. This 2021 White Paper encompasses recommendations emerging from the extensive discussions held during the workshop, and is aimed to provide the bioanalytical community with key information and practical solutions on topics and issues addressed, in an effort to enable advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2021 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three parts for editorial reasons. This publication (Part 2) covers the recommendations on ISR for Biomarkers, Liquid Biopsies, Spectral Cytometry, Inhalation/Oral & Multispecific Biotherapeutics, Accuracy/LLOQ for Flow Cytometry. Part 1A (Endogenous Compounds, Small Molecules, Complex Methods, Regulated Mass Spec of Large Molecules, Small Molecule, PoC), Part 1B (Regulatory Agencies' Inputs on Bioanalysis, Biomarkers, Immunogenicity, Gene & Cell Therapy and Vaccine) and Part 3 (TAb/NAb, Viral Vector CDx, Shedding Assays; CRISPR/Cas9 & CAR-T Immunogenicity; PCR & Vaccine Assay Performance; ADA Assay Comparability & Cut Point Appropriateness) are published in volume 14 of Bioanalysis, issues 9 and 11 (2022), respectively.
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Rodriguez-Esteban R, Duarte J, Teixeira PC, Richard F, Koltsova S, So WV. Prediction of standard cell types and functional markers from textual descriptions of flow cytometry gating definitions using machine learning. CYTOMETRY. PART B, CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2022; 102:220-227. [PMID: 35253974 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.22065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A key step in clinical flow cytometry data analysis is gating, which involves the identification of cell populations. The process of gating produces a set of reportable results, which are typically described by gating definitions. The non-standardized, non-interpreted nature of gating definitions represents a hurdle for data interpretation and data sharing across and within organizations. Interpreting and standardizing gating definitions for subsequent analysis of gating results requires a curation effort from experts. Machine learning approaches have the potential to help in this process by predicting expert annotations associated with gating definitions. METHODS We created a gold-standard dataset by manually annotating thousands of gating definitions with cell type and functional marker annotations. We used this dataset to train and test a machine learning pipeline able to predict standard cell types and functional marker genes associated with gating definitions. RESULTS The machine learning pipeline predicted annotations with high accuracy for both cell types and functional marker genes. Accuracy was lower for gating definitions from assays belonging to laboratories from which limited or no prior data was available in the training. Manual error review ensured that resulting predicted annotations could be reused subsequently as additional gold-standard training data. CONCLUSIONS Machine learning methods are able to consistently predict annotations associated with gating definitions from flow cytometry assays. However, a hybrid automatic and manual annotation workflow would be recommended to achieve optimal results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Rodriguez-Esteban
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - José Duarte
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Priscila C Teixeira
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Richard
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Svetlana Koltsova
- Curation Department, Rancho BioSciences LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - W Venus So
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center New York, New York, USA
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11
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Civelekoglu O, Wang N, Arifuzzman A, Boya M, Sarioglu AF. Automated lightless cytometry on a microchip with adaptive immunomagnetic manipulation. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 203:114014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Guo J, Amini S, Lei Q, Ping Y, Agola JO, Wang L, Zhou L, Cao J, Franco S, Noureddine A, Miserez A, Zhu W, Brinker CJ. Robust and Long-Term Cellular Protein and Enzymatic Activity Preservation in Biomineralized Mammalian Cells. ACS NANO 2022; 16:2164-2175. [PMID: 35143166 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Preservation of evolved biological structure and function in robust engineering materials is of interest for storage of biological samples before diagnosis and development of vaccines, sensors, and enzymatic reactors and has the potential to avoid cryopreservation and its associated cold-chain issues. Here, we demonstrate that "freezing cells in amorphous silica" is a powerful technique for long-term preservation of whole mammalian cell proteomic structure and function at room temperature. Biomimetic silicification employs the crowded protein microenvironment of mammalian cells as a catalytic framework to proximally transform monomeric silicic acid into silicates forming a nanoscopic silica shell over all biomolecular interfaces. Silicification followed by dehydration preserves and passivates proteomic information within a nanoscale thin silica coating that exhibits size selective permeability (<3.6 nm), preventing protein leaching and protease degradation of cellular contents, while providing access of small molecular constituents for cellular enzymatic reaction. Exposure of dehydrated silicified cells to mild etchant or prolonged hydrolysis removes the silica, completely rerevealing biomolecular components and restoring their accessibility and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Guo
- Center for Micro-Engineered Materials and the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Shahrouz Amini
- Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Qi Lei
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Ping
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jacob Ongudi Agola
- Center for Micro-Engineered Materials and the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Liang Zhou
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangfan Cao
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Stefan Franco
- Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Achraf Noureddine
- Center for Micro-Engineered Materials and the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Ali Miserez
- Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Wei Zhu
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - C Jeffrey Brinker
- Center for Micro-Engineered Materials and the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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Chun B, Pucilowska J, Chang S, Kim I, Nikitin B, Koguchi Y, Redmond WL, Bernard B, Rajamanickam V, Polaske N, Fields PA, Conrad V, Schmidt M, Urba WJ, Conlin AK, McArthur HL, Page DB. Changes in T-cell subsets and clonal repertoire during chemoimmunotherapy with pembrolizumab and paclitaxel or capecitabine for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-004033. [PMID: 35086949 PMCID: PMC8796261 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemoimmunotherapy is a standard treatment for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), however, the impacts of different chemotherapies on T-cell populations, which could correlate with clinical activity, are not known. Quantifying T-cell populations with flow cytometry and T-cell receptor (TCR) immunosequencing may improve our understanding of how chemoimmunotherapy affects T-cell subsets, and to what extent clonal shifts occur during treatment. TCR immunosequencing of intratumoral T cells may facilitate the identification and monitoring of putatively tumor-reactive T-cell clones within the blood. METHODS Blood and tumor biopsies were collected from patients with metastatic TNBC enrolled in a phase Ib clinical trial of first or second-line pembrolizumab with paclitaxel or capecitabine. Using identical biospecimen processing protocols, blood samples from a cohort of patients treated for early-stage breast cancer were obtained for comparison. Treatment-related immunological changes in peripheral blood and intratumoral T cells were characterized using flow cytometry and TCR immunosequencing. Clonal proliferation rates of T cells were compared based on intratumoral enrichment. RESULTS When combined with pembrolizumab, paclitaxel and capecitabine resulted in similar time-dependent lymphodepletions across measured peripheral T-cell subsets. Their effects were more modest than that observed following curative-intent dose-dense anthracycline and cyclophosphamide (ddAC) (average fold-change in CD3+ cells, capecitabine: -0.42, paclitaxel: -0.56, ddAC: -1.21). No differences in T-cell clonality or richness were observed following capecitabine or paclitaxel-based treatments. Regression modeling identified differences in the emergence of novel T-cell clones that were not detected at baseline (odds compared with ddAC, capecitabine: 0.292, paclitaxel: 0.652). Pembrolizumab with paclitaxel or capecitabine expanded T-cell clones within tumors; however, these clones did not always expand within the blood. Proliferation rates within the blood were similar between clones that were enriched and those that were not enriched within tumors. CONCLUSION Chemoimmunotherapy for metastatic TNBC with pembrolizumab and capecitabine or paclitaxel resulted in similar peripheral T-cell subset lymphodepletion without altering T-cell clonal diversity. Regression modeling methods are applicable in immune monitoring studies, such as this to identify the odds of novel T-cell clones emerging during treatment, and proliferation rates of tumor-enriched T-cell clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brie Chun
- Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Joanna Pucilowska
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - ShuChing Chang
- Medical Data Research Center, Providence St Joseph Health, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Isaac Kim
- Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Benjamin Nikitin
- Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Yoshinobu Koguchi
- Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - William L Redmond
- Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Brady Bernard
- Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Computational Immuno-Oncology and Bioinformatics Core, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Venkatesh Rajamanickam
- Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Computational Immuno-Oncology and Bioinformatics Core, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Paul A Fields
- Adaptive Biotechnologies Corp, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Valerie Conrad
- Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Mark Schmidt
- Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Walter J Urba
- Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Alison K Conlin
- Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Heather L McArthur
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - David B Page
- Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
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15
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Cossarizza A, Chang HD, Radbruch A, Abrignani S, Addo R, Akdis M, Andrä I, Andreata F, Annunziato F, Arranz E, Bacher P, Bari S, Barnaba V, Barros-Martins J, Baumjohann D, Beccaria CG, Bernardo D, Boardman DA, Borger J, Böttcher C, Brockmann L, Burns M, Busch DH, Cameron G, Cammarata I, Cassotta A, Chang Y, Chirdo FG, Christakou E, Čičin-Šain L, Cook L, Corbett AJ, Cornelis R, Cosmi L, Davey MS, De Biasi S, De Simone G, del Zotto G, Delacher M, Di Rosa F, Di Santo J, Diefenbach A, Dong J, Dörner T, Dress RJ, Dutertre CA, Eckle SBG, Eede P, Evrard M, Falk CS, Feuerer M, Fillatreau S, Fiz-Lopez A, Follo M, Foulds GA, Fröbel J, Gagliani N, Galletti G, Gangaev A, Garbi N, Garrote JA, Geginat J, Gherardin NA, Gibellini L, Ginhoux F, Godfrey DI, Gruarin P, Haftmann C, Hansmann L, Harpur CM, Hayday AC, Heine G, Hernández DC, Herrmann M, Hoelsken O, Huang Q, Huber S, Huber JE, Huehn J, Hundemer M, Hwang WYK, Iannacone M, Ivison SM, Jäck HM, Jani PK, Keller B, Kessler N, Ketelaars S, Knop L, Knopf J, Koay HF, Kobow K, Kriegsmann K, Kristyanto H, Krueger A, Kuehne JF, Kunze-Schumacher H, Kvistborg P, Kwok I, Latorre D, Lenz D, Levings MK, Lino AC, Liotta F, Long HM, Lugli E, MacDonald KN, Maggi L, Maini MK, Mair F, Manta C, Manz RA, Mashreghi MF, Mazzoni A, McCluskey J, Mei HE, Melchers F, Melzer S, Mielenz D, Monin L, Moretta L, Multhoff G, Muñoz LE, Muñoz-Ruiz M, Muscate F, Natalini A, Neumann K, Ng LG, Niedobitek A, Niemz J, Almeida LN, Notarbartolo S, Ostendorf L, Pallett LJ, Patel AA, Percin GI, Peruzzi G, Pinti M, Pockley AG, Pracht K, Prinz I, Pujol-Autonell I, Pulvirenti N, Quatrini L, Quinn KM, Radbruch H, Rhys H, Rodrigo MB, Romagnani C, Saggau C, Sakaguchi S, Sallusto F, Sanderink L, Sandrock I, Schauer C, Scheffold A, Scherer HU, Schiemann M, Schildberg FA, Schober K, Schoen J, Schuh W, Schüler T, Schulz AR, Schulz S, Schulze J, Simonetti S, Singh J, Sitnik KM, Stark R, Starossom S, Stehle C, Szelinski F, Tan L, Tarnok A, Tornack J, Tree TIM, van Beek JJP, van de Veen W, van Gisbergen K, Vasco C, Verheyden NA, von Borstel A, Ward-Hartstonge KA, Warnatz K, Waskow C, Wiedemann A, Wilharm A, Wing J, Wirz O, Wittner J, Yang JHM, Yang J. Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition). Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2708-3145. [PMID: 34910301 PMCID: PMC11115438 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202170126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The third edition of Flow Cytometry Guidelines provides the key aspects to consider when performing flow cytometry experiments and includes comprehensive sections describing phenotypes and functional assays of all major human and murine immune cell subsets. Notably, the Guidelines contain helpful tables highlighting phenotypes and key differences between human and murine cells. Another useful feature of this edition is the flow cytometry analysis of clinical samples with examples of flow cytometry applications in the context of autoimmune diseases, cancers as well as acute and chronic infectious diseases. Furthermore, there are sections detailing tips, tricks and pitfalls to avoid. All sections are written and peer-reviewed by leading flow cytometry experts and immunologists, making this edition an essential and state-of-the-art handbook for basic and clinical researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Hyun-Dong Chang
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biotechnology, Technische Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Addo
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Immanuel Andrä
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Francesco Andreata
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Eduardo Arranz
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Petra Bacher
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel & Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sudipto Bari
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vincenzo Barnaba
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano & Neuro Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cristian G. Beccaria
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - David Bernardo
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dominic A. Boardman
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jessica Borger
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chotima Böttcher
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonie Brockmann
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University, New York City, USA
| | - Marie Burns
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Garth Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ilenia Cammarata
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Cassotta
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Yinshui Chang
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Fernando Gabriel Chirdo
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos - IIFP (UNLP-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Eleni Christakou
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Luka Čičin-Šain
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Laura Cook
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Alexandra J. Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Cornelis
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Martin S. Davey
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sara De Biasi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Gabriele De Simone
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Michael Delacher
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Francesca Di Rosa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - James Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Inserm U1223, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jun Dong
- Cell Biology, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), An Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Dörner
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regine J. Dress
- Institute of Systems Immunology, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Charles-Antoine Dutertre
- Institut National de la Sante Et de la Recherce Medicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisee-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Sidonia B. G. Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pascale Eede
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilien Evrard
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christine S. Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Feuerer
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Fillatreau
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS, UMR8253, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Aida Fiz-Lopez
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Marie Follo
- Department of Medicine I, Lighthouse Core Facility, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gemma A. Foulds
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Julia Fröbel
- Immunology of Aging, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- Department of Medicine, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Giovanni Galletti
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anastasia Gangaev
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - José Antonio Garrote
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jens Geginat
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicholas A. Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paola Gruarin
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Haftmann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leo Hansmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (CVK), Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher M. Harpur
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrian C. Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Guido Heine
- Division of Allergy, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Carolina Hernández
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Hoelsken
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Qing Huang
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Samuel Huber
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna E. Huber
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hundemer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - William Y. K. Hwang
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Hematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Executive Offices, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabine M. Ivison
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter K. Jani
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Baerbel Keller
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nina Kessler
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Steven Ketelaars
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Knop
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hui-Fern Koay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katja Kobow
- Department of Neuropathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katharina Kriegsmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H. Kristyanto
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Krueger
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jenny F. Kuehne
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heike Kunze-Schumacher
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Pia Kvistborg
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Immanuel Kwok
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Daniel Lenz
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Megan K. Levings
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andreia C. Lino
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesco Liotta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Heather M. Long
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Katherine N. MacDonald
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mala K. Maini
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Florian Mair
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Calin Manta
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Armin Manz
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Alessio Mazzoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Henrik E. Mei
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz Melchers
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Melzer
- Clinical Trial Center Leipzig, Leipzig University, Härtelstr.16, −18, Leipzig, 04107, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Leticia Monin
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Luis Enrique Muñoz
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Miguel Muñoz-Ruiz
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Franziska Muscate
- Department of Medicine, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ambra Natalini
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Katrin Neumann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Immunology Programme, Life Science Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jana Niemz
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Samuele Notarbartolo
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Lennard Ostendorf
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura J. Pallett
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Amit A. Patel
- Institut National de la Sante Et de la Recherce Medicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisee-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Gulce Itir Percin
- Immunology of Aging, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Giovanna Peruzzi
- Center for Life Nano & Neuro Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - A. Graham Pockley
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Katharina Pracht
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Systems Immunology, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Irma Pujol-Autonell
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Nadia Pulvirenti
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Quatrini
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Kylie M. Quinn
- School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, RMIT University, Bundorra, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hefin Rhys
- Flow Cytometry Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Maria B. Rodrigo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Chiara Romagnani
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carina Saggau
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel & Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lieke Sanderink
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Inga Sandrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Schauer
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel & Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans U. Scherer
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Schiemann
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank A. Schildberg
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kilian Schober
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Mikrobiologisches Institut – Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Janina Schoen
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schüler
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Axel R. Schulz
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schulz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Schulze
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonia Simonetti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Jeeshan Singh
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katarzyna M. Sitnik
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Regina Stark
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin – BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
- Sanquin Research – Adaptive Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Starossom
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Stehle
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Szelinski
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonard Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Immunology Programme, Life Science Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Attila Tarnok
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Tornack
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Timothy I. M. Tree
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jasper J. P. van Beek
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Willem van de Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | | | - Chiara Vasco
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Nikita A. Verheyden
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anouk von Borstel
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kirsten A. Ward-Hartstonge
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Waskow
- Immunology of Aging, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annika Wiedemann
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anneke Wilharm
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - James Wing
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Oliver Wirz
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jens Wittner
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jennie H. M. Yang
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Juhao Yang
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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16
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With great power comes great responsibility: high-dimensional spectral flow cytometry to support clinical trials. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:1597-1616. [PMID: 34708658 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry is a powerful technology used in research, drug development and clinical sample analysis for cell identification and characterization, allowing for the simultaneous interrogation of multiple targets on various cell subsets from limited samples. Recent advancements in instrumentation and fluorochrome availability have resulted in significant increases in the complexity and dimensionality of flow cytometry panels. Though this increase in panel size allows for detection of a broader range of markers and sub-populations, even in restricted biological samples, it also comes with many challenges in panel design, optimization, and downstream data analysis and interpretation. In the current paper we describe the practices we established for development of high-dimensional panels on the Aurora spectral flow cytometer to aid clinical sample analysis.
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17
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Dannhauser D, Rossi D, Palatucci AT, Rubino V, Carriero F, Ruggiero G, Ripaldi M, Toriello M, Maisto G, Netti PA, Terrazzano G, Causa F. Non-invasive and label-free identification of human natural killer cell subclasses by biophysical single-cell features in microfluidic flow. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:4144-4154. [PMID: 34515262 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00651g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are indicated as favorite candidates for innovative therapeutic treatment and are divided into two subclasses: immature regulatory NK CD56bright and mature cytotoxic NK CD56dim. Therefore, the ability to discriminate CD56dim from CD56bright could be very useful because of their higher cytotoxicity. Nowadays, NK cell classification is routinely performed by cytometric analysis based on surface receptor expression. Here, we present an in-flow, label-free and non-invasive biophysical analysis of NK cells through a combination of light scattering and machine learning (ML) for NK cell subclass classification. In this respect, to identify relevant biophysical cell features, we stimulated NK cells with interleukine-15 inducing a subclass transition from CD56bright to CD56dim. We trained our ML algorithm with sorted NK cell subclasses (≥86% accuracy). Next, we applied our NK cell classification algorithm to cells stimulated over time, to investigate the transition of CD56bright to CD56dim and their biophysical feature changes. Finally, we tested our approach on several proband samples, highlighting the potential of our measurement approach. We show a label-free way for the robust identification of NK cell subclasses based on biophysical features, which can be applied in both cell biology and cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dannhauser
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB) and Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy.
| | - Domenico Rossi
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palatucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze (DiS), Università della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Valentina Rubino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia Carriero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Ruggiero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Mimmo Ripaldi
- Dipartimento Oncologia AORN Santobono Pausilipon Hospital, Via Posillipo, 226, 80123, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Toriello
- Dipartimento Oncologia AORN Santobono Pausilipon Hospital, Via Posillipo, 226, 80123, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Maisto
- Dipartimento Oncologia AORN Santobono Pausilipon Hospital, Via Posillipo, 226, 80123, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Antonio Netti
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB) and Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy.
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Terrazzano
- Dipartimento di Scienze (DiS), Università della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Filippo Causa
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB) and Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy.
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18
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Veninga A, Baaten CCFMJ, De Simone I, Tullemans BME, Kuijpers MJE, Heemskerk JWM, van der Meijden PEJ. Effects of Platelet Agonists and Priming on the Formation of Platelet Populations. Thromb Haemost 2021; 122:726-738. [PMID: 34689320 PMCID: PMC9197595 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Platelets from healthy donors display heterogeneity in responsiveness to agonists. The response thresholds of platelets are controlled by multiple bioactive molecules, acting as negatively or positively priming substances. Higher circulating levels of priming substances adenosine and succinate, as well as the occurrence of hypercoagulability, have been described for patients with ischaemic heart disease. Here, we present an improved methodology of flow cytometric analyses of platelet activation and the characterisation of platelet populations following activation and priming by automated clustering analysis.Platelets were treated with adenosine, succinate, or coagulated plasma before stimulation with CRP-XL, 2-MeSADP, or TRAP6 and labelled for activated integrin αIIbβ3 (PAC1), CD62P, TLT1, CD63, and GPIX. The Super-Enhanced Dmax subtraction algorithm and 2% marker (quadrant) setting were applied to identify populations, which were further defined by state-of-the-art clustering techniques (tSNE, FlowSOM).Following activation, five platelet populations were identified: resting, aggregating (PAC1 + ), secreting (α- and dense-granules; CD62P + , TLT1 + , CD63 + ), aggregating plus α-granule secreting (PAC1 + , CD62P + , TLT1 + ), and fully active platelet populations. The type of agonist determined the distribution of platelet populations. Adenosine in a dose-dependent way suppressed the fraction of fully activated platelets (TRAP6 > 2-MeSADP > CRP-XL), whereas succinate and coagulated plasma increased this fraction (CRP-XL > TRAP6 > 2-MeSADP). Interestingly, a subset of platelets showed a constant response (aggregating, secreting, or aggregating plus α-granule secreting), which was hardly affected by the stimulus strength or priming substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Veninga
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Constance C F M J Baaten
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.,Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Ilaria De Simone
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Bibian M E Tullemans
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke J E Kuijpers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.,Thrombosis Expertise Center, Heart and Vascular Center, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W M Heemskerk
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Paola E J van der Meijden
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.,Thrombosis Expertise Center, Heart and Vascular Center, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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19
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A user's guide to multicolor flow cytometry panels for comprehensive immune profiling. Anal Biochem 2021; 627:114210. [PMID: 34033799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multicolor flow cytometry is an essential tool for studying the immune system in health and disease, allowing users to extract longitudinal multiparametric data from patient samples. The process is complicated by substantial variation in performance between each flow cytometry instrument, and analytical errors are therefore common. Here, we present an approach to overcome such limitations by applying a systematic workflow for pairing colors to markers optimized for the equipment intended to run the experiments. The workflow is exemplified by the design of four comprehensive flow cytometry panels for patients with hematological cancer. Methods for quality control, titration of antibodies, compensation, and staining of cells for obtaining optimal results are also addressed. Finally, to handle the large amounts of data generated by multicolor flow cytometry, unsupervised clustering techniques are used to identify significant subpopulations not detected by conventional sequential gating.
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20
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Carstensen S, Holz O, Hohlfeld JM, Müller M. Quantitative analysis of endotoxin-induced inflammation in human lung cells by Chipcytometry. Cytometry A 2021; 99:967-976. [PMID: 33860615 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Chipcytometry is a tool that uses iterative staining cycles with multiple antibodies for a detailed characterization of cells. Cell recognition is based on morphological features. Cells fixed on microfluidic chips can be stored and shipped enabling a centralized analysis, which is important for assessments in multi-center clinical trials. The method was initially implemented for the analysis of cells from peripheral blood. We adapted it to more heterogeneous human lung cells from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and induced sputum (IS). We aimed to assess the performance of Chipcytometry to detect and quantify the endotoxin induced inflammatory response in healthy subjects. BAL and IS samples of 10 healthy subjects were collected prior to and following segmental and inhaled endotoxin challenge. Samples were analyzed by Chipcytometry and were compared with flow cytometry, and differential cell count (DCC). Chipcytometry clearly detected the endotoxin induced inflammatory response which was characterized by a massive increase of neutrophils (BAL: 2.5% to 54.7%; IS: 40.5% to 71.1%) and monocytes (BAL: 7.7% to 24.7%; IS: 8.0% to 14.5%). While some differences between detection methods exist, the overall results were comparable. The ability of Chipcytometry to verify fluorescent signals with morphological features improved the precision of rare cell analysis such as of induced sputum lymphocytes. In conclusion, Chipcytometry enables the quantitative analysis of cells from BAL fluid and IS. Advantages over DCC and flow cytometry include the storage of cells on chips, the ability for re-analysis and the mapping of surface marker binding to morphological information. It therefore appears to be a promising method for use in clinical respiratory drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Carstensen
- Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Olaf Holz
- Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens M Hohlfeld
- Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Meike Müller
- Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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21
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Stark HL, Wang HC, Kuburic J, Alzhrani A, Hester J, Issa F. Immune Monitoring for Advanced Cell Therapy Trials in Transplantation: Which Assays and When? Front Immunol 2021; 12:664244. [PMID: 33841448 PMCID: PMC8027493 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.664244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of immune regulatory cellular therapies, including regulatory T cells and mesenchymal stromal cells, have emerged as novel alternative therapies for the control of transplant alloresponses. Clinical studies have demonstrated their feasibility and safety, however developing our understanding of the impact of cellular therapeutics in vivo requires advanced immune monitoring strategies. To accurately monitor the immune response, a combination of complementary methods is required to measure the cellular and molecular phenotype as well as the function of cells involved. In this review we focus on the current immune monitoring strategies and discuss which methods may be utilized in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Stark
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hayson C Wang
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Division of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jasmina Kuburic
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alaa Alzhrani
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Hester
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fadi Issa
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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22
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Horn S, Ahmed MIM, Geldmacher C, Marandu TF, Osei-Mensah J, Debrah A, Layland LE, Hoerauf A, Kroidl I. Flow cytometric analysis of cell lineage and immune activation markers using minimal amounts of human whole blood-Field method for remote settings. J Immunol Methods 2021; 491:112989. [PMID: 33571509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.112989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Remote laboratory settings - such as those where studies on neglected tropical diseases are performed - often lack specialized equipment required for flow cytometric analysis of immune cell subsets, which complicates evaluations on a single cell level using peripheral blood. Our aim was to establish a method to use whole blood for phenotypic characterization of T-cells for specific markers including CD3, CD4, HLA-DR, CD38, CCR5, CD27, CD45RA, CD25, and FoxP3. This method uses 100 μL whole blood which is stained for extracellular markers, lysed, and cryopreserved at -20 °C at a field laboratory before transferring to liquid nitrogen for long-term storage and transportation. Cells can then be transported to a central laboratory for flow cytometry analysis. The method was initially established using samples from healthy donors; expression levels after cryopreservation were comparable to fresh whole blood samples from the same individuals. Moreover, data sets were also comparable to those which were stored in liquid nitrogen for up to one year. The method was then transferred to field studies in a remote area of Ghana which was used to observe its practicality and robustness in limited resource settings. Collectively, the low amount of whole blood (such as that taken from a finger prick), lack of any specialized equipment, and ease of use make this method suitable for utilization in remote field locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Horn
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, LMU University Hospital Munich, Germany
| | - Mohamed I M Ahmed
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, LMU University Hospital Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Christof Geldmacher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, LMU University Hospital Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas F Marandu
- National Institute for Medical Research Mbeya Medical Research Center, Mbeya, Tanzania; University of Dar es Salaam-Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania
| | - Jubin Osei-Mensah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research (KCCR), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Alex Debrah
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Laura E Layland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Inge Kroidl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, LMU University Hospital Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany.
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23
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Mandala W, Harawa V, Munyenyembe A, Soko M, Longwe H. Optimization of stimulation and staining conditions for intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) for determination of cytokine-producing T cells and monocytes. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:184-193. [PMID: 35492400 PMCID: PMC9040130 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Mandala
- Clinical Sciences Department, Academy of Medical Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, Thyolo, Malawi
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Corresponding author. Clinical Sciences Department, Academy of Medical Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 5196, Limbe, Malawi.
| | - Visopo Harawa
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - Monica Soko
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Herbert Longwe
- ICAP at Columbia University in South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
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24
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Guo J, Wang H, Xiong S, Zhang X, Zhang C, Yang D, Zhang J, Zhai Z. Simplified flow cytometry scoring for diagnosis and prognosis of myelodysplastic symptom. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:7449-7458. [PMID: 33312381 PMCID: PMC7724332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A flow cytometric score (FCM-score) to diagnose myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) was proposed in 2012 that used four parameters to distinguish low-grade MDS from non-clonal cytopenias. This study was carried out to further simplify the method for better clinical application. Combinations of antibodies CD34, CD19, CD33 and CD45 were analyzed for the four parameters. Compared with the published method that used low side scatter (SSC) and CD45 expression to separate B lymphocyte progenitor cells and myeloblasts, our method (MFCM-Score) used CD19 and CD33 to separate B lymphocyte progenitor cells and myeloblasts within the CD34+CD45dimm population. Subjects were analyzed and compared using the two schemes. In addition, the relationships between the MFCM-Score and the Revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R) for MDS were analyzed. There was no significant difference between the MFCM-score and FCM-score in the diagnosis of MDS (P > 0.05); MFCM-score had a positive correlation with the IPSS-R prognosis classification for MDS (Spearman r = 0.848, P < 0.001). All parameters in the MFCM-score were positively correlated to the IPSS-R grades in MDS (P < 0.01). Our work demonstrates that the FCM score using four parameters is simple and practical for screening MDS patients and the MFCM-score could be used to evaluate the risk of MDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Guo
- Department of Laboratory, Fuyang People’s HospitalFuyang, China
- Department of Hematology, Hematological Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
| | - Huiping Wang
- Department of Hematology, Hematological Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
| | - Shudao Xiong
- Department of Hematology, Hematological Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Laboratory, Fuyang People’s HospitalFuyang, China
| | - Cui Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Hematological Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
| | - Dongdong Yang
- Department of Hematology, Hematological Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
| | - Jiakui Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Hematological Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
| | - Zhimin Zhai
- Department of Hematology, Hematological Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
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25
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Czechowska K, Lannigan J, Wang L, Arcidiacono J, Ashhurst TM, Barnard RM, Bauer S, Bispo C, Bonilla DL, Brinkman RR, Cabanski M, Chang HD, Chakrabarti L, Chojnowski G, Cotleur B, Degheidy H, Dela Cruz GV, Eck S, Elliott J, Errington R, Filby A, Gagnon D, Gardner R, Green C, Gregory M, Groves CJ, Hall C, Hammes F, Hedrick M, Hoffman R, Icha J, Ivaska J, Jenner DC, Jones D, Kerckhof FM, Kukat C, Lanham D, Leavesley S, Lee M, Lin-Gibson S, Litwin V, Liu Y, Molloy J, Moore JS, Müller S, Nedbal J, Niesner R, Nitta N, Ohlsson-Wilhelm B, Paul NE, Perfetto S, Portat Z, Props R, Radtke S, Rayanki R, Rieger A, Rogers S, Rubbens P, Salomon R, Schiemann M, Sharpe J, Sonder SU, Stewart JJ, Sun Y, Ulrich H, Van Isterdael G, Vitaliti A, van Vreden C, Weber M, Zimmermann J, Vacca G, Wallace P, Tárnok A. Cyt-Geist: Current and Future Challenges in Cytometry: Reports of the CYTO 2018 Conference Workshops. Cytometry A 2020; 95:598-644. [PMID: 31207046 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanne Lannigan
- Flow Cytometry Core, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, 1300 Jefferson Park Ave., Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Lili Wang
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8312, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Judith Arcidiacono
- Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Thomas M Ashhurst
- Sydney Cytometry Facility, Discipline of Pathology, and Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruth M Barnard
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Steven Bauer
- Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Cláudia Bispo
- UCSF Parnassus Flow Cytometry Core Facility, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, California
| | - Diana L Bonilla
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ryan R Brinkman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Maciej Cabanski
- Novartis Pharma AG, Fabrikstrasse 10-4.27.02, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hyun-Dong Chang
- Schwiete-Laboratory Microbiota and Inflammation, German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lina Chakrabarti
- Research and Development, MedImmune, an AstraZeneca Company, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Grace Chojnowski
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | | | - Heba Degheidy
- Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Gelo V Dela Cruz
- Flow Cytometry Platform, Novo Nordisk Center for Stem Cell Biology - Danstem, University of Copenhagen, 3B Blegdamsvej, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steven Eck
- Research and Development, MedImmune, an AstraZeneca Company, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - John Elliott
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8312, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | | | - Andy Filby
- Newcastle University, Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE1 7RU, UK
| | | | - Rui Gardner
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Flow Cytometry Core, New York, New York
| | | | - Michael Gregory
- Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Christopher J Groves
- Research and Development, MedImmune, an AstraZeneca Company, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | | | - Frederik Hammes
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jaroslav Icha
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Dominic C Jenner
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Chemical Biological and Radiological Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
| | | | - Frederiek-Maarten Kerckhof
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian Kukat
- FACS & Imaging Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, 50931, Köln, Germany
| | | | | | - Michael Lee
- The University California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, California
| | - Sheng Lin-Gibson
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8312, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Virginia Litwin
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Flow Cytometry Core, New York, New York
| | | | - Jenny Molloy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | | | - Susann Müller
- Working Group Flow Cytometry, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jakub Nedbal
- Marylou Ingram ISAC Scholar, King's College London, UK
| | - Raluca Niesner
- Marylou Ingram ISAC Scholar, German Rheumatism Research Centre, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nao Nitta
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo
| | - Betsy Ohlsson-Wilhelm
- SciGro, North Central Office, Foster Plaza 5, Suite 300/PMB 20, 651 Holiday Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicole E Paul
- LMA CyTOF Core, Dana-Faber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen Perfetto
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ziv Portat
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Life Sciences Core Facilities, Flow Cytometry Unit, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ruben Props
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefan Radtke
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, Washington
| | - Radhika Rayanki
- Research and Development, MedImmune, an AstraZeneca Company, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Aja Rieger
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Flow Cytometry Facility, Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, 6-020C Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, Canada
| | - Samson Rogers
- TTP plc, Melbourn Science Park, Melbourn, Hertfordshire SG8 6EE, UK
| | - Peter Rubbens
- KERMIT, Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Robert Salomon
- Garvan-Weizmann Centre for Cellular Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthias Schiemann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - John Sharpe
- Cytonome/ST LLC, 9 Oak Park Drive, Bedford, Massachusetts
| | | | - Jennifer J Stewart
- Flow Contract Site Laboratory, LLC 18323, Bothell, Everett Highway, Suite 110, Bothell, Washington
| | | | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gert Van Isterdael
- VIB Flow Core, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Caryn van Vreden
- Sydney Cytometry Facility and Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Michael Weber
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jacob Zimmermann
- Mucosal Immunology and Host-Microbial Mutualism laboratories, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Paul Wallace
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York
| | - Attila Tárnok
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department Therapy Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
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26
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Fu W, Min J, Jiang W, Li Y, Zhang W. Separation, characterization and identification of microplastics and nanoplastics in the environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 721:137561. [PMID: 32172100 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) have globally been detected in aquatic and marine environments, which has raised scientific interests and public health concerns during the past decade. MPs are those polymeric particles with at least one dimension <5 mm. MPs possess complex physicochemical properties that vary their mobility, bioavailability and toxicity toward organisms and interactions with their surrounding pollutants. Similar to nanomaterials and nanoparticles, accurate and reliable detection and measurement of MPs or nanoplastics and their characteristics are important to warrant a comprehensive understanding of their environmental and ecological impacts. This review elaborates the principles and applications of diverse analytical instruments or techniques for separation, characterization and quantification of MPs in the environment. The strength and weakness of different instrumental methods in separation, morphological, physical classification, chemical characterization and quantification for MPs are critically compared and analyzed. There is a demand for standardized experimental procedures and characterization analysis due to the complex transformation, cross-contamination and heterogeneous properties of MPs in size and chemical compositions. Moreover, this review highlights emerging and promising characterization techniques that may have been overlooked by research communities to study MPs. The future research efforts may need to develop and implement new analytical tools and combinations of hyphenated technologies to complement respective limitations of detection and yield reliable characterization information for MPs. The goal of this critical review is to facilitate the research of plastic particles and pollutants in the environment and understanding of their environmental and human health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyi Fu
- John A. Reif, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiacheng Min
- John A. Reif, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyu Jiang
- John A. Reif, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Zhang
- John A. Reif, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Silva MH, Lepzien R, Ols S, Dahlberg B, Grunewald J, Loré K, Smed-Sörensen A, Correia-Neves M, Empadinhas N, Färnert A, Källenius G, Sundling C. Stabilization of blood for long-term storage can affect antibody-based recognition of cell surface markers. J Immunol Methods 2020; 481-482:112792. [PMID: 32387697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Whole-blood fixation provides a rapid and simplified method for cell preservation compared to isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). This can be especially important for sample acquisition and storage in resource-limited settings. However, some caveats have been reported, such as reduced cell marker recognition. Here, we evaluated the whole-blood proteomic stabilizer PROT1 and compared recognition of 53 common cell markers in fixed buffy coats and cryopreserved PBMCs isolated from the same donor. Several antibodies completely lost their binding to the cells, while others presented with partial loss of marker recognition or no effect at all. Based on the screened antibodies, we designed two antibody panels allowing phenotyping of B cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells and also T cells and NK cells in both fixed and non-fixed material. Taken together, our observations suggest that antibodies intended to be used with fixed blood first need to be evaluated for marker recognition and staining intensity, in comparison with fresh samples or cryopreserved PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Hugo Silva
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rico Lepzien
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benita Dahlberg
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Grunewald
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Smed-Sörensen
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margarida Correia-Neves
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Empadinhas
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; IIIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Anna Färnert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Källenius
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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28
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Multicentre Harmonisation of a Six-Colour Flow Cytometry Panel for Naïve/Memory T Cell Immunomonitoring. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:1938704. [PMID: 32322591 PMCID: PMC7153001 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1938704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Personalised medicine in oncology needs standardised immunological assays. Flow cytometry (FCM) methods represent an essential tool for immunomonitoring, and their harmonisation is crucial to obtain comparable data in multicentre clinical trials. The objective of this study was to design a harmonisation workflow able to address the most effective issues contributing to intra- and interoperator variabilities in a multicentre project. Methods The Italian National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, ISS) managed a multiparametric flow cytometric panel harmonisation among thirteen operators belonging to five clinical and research centres of Lazio region (Italy). The panel was based on a backbone mixture of dried antibodies (anti-CD3, anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-CD45RA, and anti-CCR7) to detect naïve/memory T cells, recognised as potential prognostic/predictive immunological biomarkers in cancer immunotherapies. The coordinating centre distributed frozen peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and fresh whole blood (WB) samples from healthy donors, reagents, and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) to participants who performed experiments by their own equipment, in order to mimic a real-life scenario. Operators returned raw and locally analysed data to ISS for central analysis and statistical elaboration. Results Harmonised and reproducible results were obtained by sharing experimental set-up and procedures along with centralising data analysis, leading to a reduction of cross-centre variability for naïve/memory subset frequencies particularly in the whole blood setting. Conclusion Our experimental and analytical working process proved to be suitable for the harmonisation of FCM assays in a multicentre setting, where high-quality data are required to evaluate potential immunological markers, which may contribute to select better therapeutic options.
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29
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Generation of TCR-engineered reference cell samples to control T-cell assay performance. Methods Enzymol 2020. [PMID: 31948547 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
In vitro cellular assays analyzing antigen-specific T cells are characterized by their high complexity and require controlled conditions to lower experimental variations. Without standard cellular reagents, it is difficult to compare results over time and across institutions. To overcome this problem, a simple and robust technology was developed to generate TCR-engineered reference samples (TERS) containing defined numbers of antigen-specific T cells. Utilization of TERS enables performance control of three main T-cell assays: MHC-peptide multimer staining, IFN-γ ELISpot and cytokine flow cytometry. TERS continuously deliver stable results and can be stored for longer periods of time. Here, an optimized manufacturing protocol, based on the electroporation of stable T-cell receptor in vitro-transcribed mRNA, is provided for versatile in-house production of TERS. Included are a guideline to optimize the electroporation settings on locally available electroporation devices and a step-by-step protocol for the production process.
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30
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Rossi D, Dannhauser D, Telesco M, Netti PA, Causa F. CD4+ versus CD8+ T-lymphocyte identification in an integrated microfluidic chip using light scattering and machine learning. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3888-3898. [PMID: 31641710 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00695h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
T lymphocytes are a group of cells representing the main effectors of human adaptive immunity. Characterization of the most representative T-lymphocyte subclasses, CD4+ and CD8+, is challenging, but has a significant impact on clinical decisions. Up to now, T lymphocytes have been identified by quite complex cytometric assays, which are based on antibody labeling. However, a label-free approach based on pure biophysical evaluation at a single-cell level could enable the ability to distinguish between these subclasses. Here, we report a light-scattering approach, supported by accurate data mining, to evaluate cell biophysical properties on an integrated microfluidic chip. In order to perform single-cell optical analysis in viscoelastic fluids, such a chip is composed of mixing, alignment, readout and collection sections. In particular, we measured the cell dimensions, the refractive index of the cell nucleus, the refractive index of the cytosol, and the nucleus-to-cytosol ratio. Combining measurement of biophysical properties and machine learning allows us to both distinguish and count human CD4+ and CD8+ cells with an accuracy of 79%. An enhanced identification accuracy of 88% can be achieved by stimulating the cells with a selective anti-apoptotic protein, which results in increased biophysical differences between CD4+ and CD8+ cells. This approach has been successfully validated by analysis of samples that recapitulate physiological and pathological scenarios (CD4+/CD8+ ratios). The results are encouraging for the possible application of our approach in hematological clinical routines, as well as in diagnosis and follow-up of specific pathologies, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Rossi
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - David Dannhauser
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Telesco
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo A Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy and Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB) and Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy.
| | - Filippo Causa
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB) and Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy.
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31
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Baron U, Werner J, Schildknecht K, Schulze JJ, Mulu A, Liebert UG, Sack U, Speckmann C, Gossen M, Wong RJ, Stevenson DK, Babel N, Schürmann D, Baldinger T, Bacchetta R, Grützkau A, Borte S, Olek S. Epigenetic immune cell counting in human blood samples for immunodiagnostics. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/452/eaan3508. [PMID: 30068569 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan3508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immune cell profiles provide valuable diagnostic information for hematologic and immunologic diseases. Although it is the most widely applied analytical approach, flow cytometry is limited to liquid blood. Moreover, either analysis must be performed with fresh samples or cell integrity needs to be guaranteed during storage and transport. We developed epigenetic real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays for analysis of human leukocyte subpopulations. After method establishment, whole blood from 25 healthy donors and 97 HIV+ patients as well as dried spots from 250 healthy newborns and 24 newborns with primary immunodeficiencies were analyzed. Concordance between flow cytometric and epigenetic data for neutrophils and B, natural killer, CD3+ T, CD8+ T, CD4+ T, and FOXP3+ regulatory T cells was evaluated, demonstrating substantial equivalence between epigenetic qPCR analysis and flow cytometry. Epigenetic qPCR achieves both relative and absolute quantifications. Applied to dried blood spots, epigenetic immune cell quantification was shown to identify newborns suffering from various primary immunodeficiencies. Using epigenetic qPCR not only provides a precise means for immune cell counting in fresh-frozen blood but also extends applicability to dried blood spots. This method could expand the ability for screening immune defects and facilitates diagnostics of unobservantly collected samples, for example, in underdeveloped areas, where logistics are major barriers to screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo Baron
- Ivana Türbachova Laboratory for Epigenetics, Epiontis GmbH, Precision for Medicine Group, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeannette Werner
- Ivana Türbachova Laboratory for Epigenetics, Epiontis GmbH, Precision for Medicine Group, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstantin Schildknecht
- Ivana Türbachova Laboratory for Epigenetics, Epiontis GmbH, Precision for Medicine Group, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Janika J Schulze
- Ivana Türbachova Laboratory for Epigenetics, Epiontis GmbH, Precision for Medicine Group, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andargaschew Mulu
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University Leipzig, 04009 Leipzig, Germany.,Armauer Hansen Research Institute, 1005 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Uwe-Gerd Liebert
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University Leipzig, 04009 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sack
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University Leipzig, 04009 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Speckmann
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency and Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Gossen
- Institute of Biomaterial Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 14513 Teltow, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ronald J Wong
- Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David K Stevenson
- Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nina Babel
- Marienhospital Herne, Medizinische Klinik I, Universität Bochum, 44625 Herne, Germany
| | - Dirk Schürmann
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tina Baldinger
- Ivana Türbachova Laboratory for Epigenetics, Epiontis GmbH, Precision for Medicine Group, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rosa Bacchetta
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andreas Grützkau
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Immune Monitoring Core Facility, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Borte
- ImmunoDeficiencyCenter Leipzig, Municipal Hospital St. Georg Leipzig, 04129 Leipzig, Germany. .,Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge at Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Olek
- Ivana Türbachova Laboratory for Epigenetics, Epiontis GmbH, Precision for Medicine Group, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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32
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Kalina T. Reproducibility of Flow Cytometry Through Standardization: Opportunities and Challenges. Cytometry A 2019; 97:137-147. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Kalina
- CLIP‐Childhood Leukemia Investigation Prague, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology2nd Medical School, Charles University and University Hospital Motol Prague Czech Republic
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33
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Kalina T, Lundsten K, Engel P. Relevance of Antibody Validation for Flow Cytometry. Cytometry A 2019; 97:126-136. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Kalina
- CLIP‐Childhood Leukemia Investigation Prague, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Medical SchoolCharles University and University Hospital Motol Prague Czech Republic
| | | | - Pablo Engel
- Department of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
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34
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Cossarizza A, Chang HD, Radbruch A, Acs A, Adam D, Adam-Klages S, Agace WW, Aghaeepour N, Akdis M, Allez M, Almeida LN, Alvisi G, Anderson G, Andrä I, Annunziato F, Anselmo A, Bacher P, Baldari CT, Bari S, Barnaba V, Barros-Martins J, Battistini L, Bauer W, Baumgart S, Baumgarth N, Baumjohann D, Baying B, Bebawy M, Becher B, Beisker W, Benes V, Beyaert R, Blanco A, Boardman DA, Bogdan C, Borger JG, Borsellino G, Boulais PE, Bradford JA, Brenner D, Brinkman RR, Brooks AES, Busch DH, Büscher M, Bushnell TP, Calzetti F, Cameron G, Cammarata I, Cao X, Cardell SL, Casola S, Cassatella MA, Cavani A, Celada A, Chatenoud L, Chattopadhyay PK, Chow S, Christakou E, Čičin-Šain L, Clerici M, Colombo FS, Cook L, Cooke A, Cooper AM, Corbett AJ, Cosma A, Cosmi L, Coulie PG, Cumano A, Cvetkovic L, Dang VD, Dang-Heine C, Davey MS, Davies D, De Biasi S, Del Zotto G, Cruz GVD, Delacher M, Bella SD, Dellabona P, Deniz G, Dessing M, Di Santo JP, Diefenbach A, Dieli F, Dolf A, Dörner T, Dress RJ, Dudziak D, Dustin M, Dutertre CA, Ebner F, Eckle SBG, Edinger M, Eede P, Ehrhardt GR, Eich M, Engel P, Engelhardt B, Erdei A, Esser C, Everts B, Evrard M, Falk CS, Fehniger TA, Felipo-Benavent M, Ferry H, Feuerer M, Filby A, Filkor K, Fillatreau S, Follo M, Förster I, Foster J, Foulds GA, Frehse B, Frenette PS, Frischbutter S, Fritzsche W, Galbraith DW, Gangaev A, Garbi N, Gaudilliere B, Gazzinelli RT, Geginat J, Gerner W, Gherardin NA, Ghoreschi K, Gibellini L, Ginhoux F, Goda K, Godfrey DI, Goettlinger C, González-Navajas JM, Goodyear CS, Gori A, Grogan JL, Grummitt D, Grützkau A, Haftmann C, Hahn J, Hammad H, Hämmerling G, Hansmann L, Hansson G, Harpur CM, Hartmann S, Hauser A, Hauser AE, Haviland DL, Hedley D, Hernández DC, Herrera G, Herrmann M, Hess C, Höfer T, Hoffmann P, Hogquist K, Holland T, Höllt T, Holmdahl R, Hombrink P, Houston JP, Hoyer BF, Huang B, Huang FP, Huber JE, Huehn J, Hundemer M, Hunter CA, Hwang WYK, Iannone A, Ingelfinger F, Ivison SM, Jäck HM, Jani PK, Jávega B, Jonjic S, Kaiser T, Kalina T, Kamradt T, Kaufmann SHE, Keller B, Ketelaars SLC, Khalilnezhad A, Khan S, Kisielow J, Klenerman P, Knopf J, Koay HF, Kobow K, Kolls JK, Kong WT, Kopf M, Korn T, Kriegsmann K, Kristyanto H, Kroneis T, Krueger A, Kühne J, Kukat C, Kunkel D, Kunze-Schumacher H, Kurosaki T, Kurts C, Kvistborg P, Kwok I, Landry J, Lantz O, Lanuti P, LaRosa F, Lehuen A, LeibundGut-Landmann S, Leipold MD, Leung LY, Levings MK, Lino AC, Liotta F, Litwin V, Liu Y, Ljunggren HG, Lohoff M, Lombardi G, Lopez L, López-Botet M, Lovett-Racke AE, Lubberts E, Luche H, Ludewig B, Lugli E, Lunemann S, Maecker HT, Maggi L, Maguire O, Mair F, Mair KH, Mantovani A, Manz RA, Marshall AJ, Martínez-Romero A, Martrus G, Marventano I, Maslinski W, Matarese G, Mattioli AV, Maueröder C, Mazzoni A, McCluskey J, McGrath M, McGuire HM, McInnes IB, Mei HE, Melchers F, Melzer S, Mielenz D, Miller SD, Mills KH, Minderman H, Mjösberg J, Moore J, Moran B, Moretta L, Mosmann TR, Müller S, Multhoff G, Muñoz LE, Münz C, Nakayama T, Nasi M, Neumann K, Ng LG, Niedobitek A, Nourshargh S, Núñez G, O’Connor JE, Ochel A, Oja A, Ordonez D, Orfao A, Orlowski-Oliver E, Ouyang W, Oxenius A, Palankar R, Panse I, Pattanapanyasat K, Paulsen M, Pavlinic D, Penter L, Peterson P, Peth C, Petriz J, Piancone F, Pickl WF, Piconese S, Pinti M, Pockley AG, Podolska MJ, Poon Z, Pracht K, Prinz I, Pucillo CEM, Quataert SA, Quatrini L, Quinn KM, Radbruch H, Radstake TRDJ, Rahmig S, Rahn HP, Rajwa B, Ravichandran G, Raz Y, Rebhahn JA, Recktenwald D, Reimer D, e Sousa CR, Remmerswaal EB, Richter L, Rico LG, Riddell A, Rieger AM, Robinson JP, Romagnani C, Rubartelli A, Ruland J, Saalmüller A, Saeys Y, Saito T, Sakaguchi S, de-Oyanguren FS, Samstag Y, Sanderson S, Sandrock I, Santoni A, Sanz RB, Saresella M, Sautes-Fridman C, Sawitzki B, Schadt L, Scheffold A, Scherer HU, Schiemann M, Schildberg FA, Schimisky E, Schlitzer A, Schlosser J, Schmid S, Schmitt S, Schober K, Schraivogel D, Schuh W, Schüler T, Schulte R, Schulz AR, Schulz SR, Scottá C, Scott-Algara D, Sester DP, Shankey TV, Silva-Santos B, Simon AK, Sitnik KM, Sozzani S, Speiser DE, Spidlen J, Stahlberg A, Stall AM, Stanley N, Stark R, Stehle C, Steinmetz T, Stockinger H, Takahama Y, Takeda K, Tan L, Tárnok A, Tiegs G, Toldi G, Tornack J, Traggiai E, Trebak M, Tree TI, Trotter J, Trowsdale J, Tsoumakidou M, Ulrich H, Urbanczyk S, van de Veen W, van den Broek M, van der Pol E, Van Gassen S, Van Isterdael G, van Lier RA, Veldhoen M, Vento-Asturias S, Vieira P, Voehringer D, Volk HD, von Borstel A, von Volkmann K, Waisman A, Walker RV, Wallace PK, Wang SA, Wang XM, Ward MD, Ward-Hartstonge KA, Warnatz K, Warnes G, Warth S, Waskow C, Watson JV, Watzl C, Wegener L, Weisenburger T, Wiedemann A, Wienands J, Wilharm A, Wilkinson RJ, Willimsky G, Wing JB, Winkelmann R, Winkler TH, Wirz OF, Wong A, Wurst P, Yang JHM, Yang J, Yazdanbakhsh M, Yu L, Yue A, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Ziegler SM, Zielinski C, Zimmermann J, Zychlinsky A. Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (second edition). Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:1457-1973. [PMID: 31633216 PMCID: PMC7350392 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201970107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 689] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
These guidelines are a consensus work of a considerable number of members of the immunology and flow cytometry community. They provide the theory and key practical aspects of flow cytometry enabling immunologists to avoid the common errors that often undermine immunological data. Notably, there are comprehensive sections of all major immune cell types with helpful Tables detailing phenotypes in murine and human cells. The latest flow cytometry techniques and applications are also described, featuring examples of the data that can be generated and, importantly, how the data can be analysed. Furthermore, there are sections detailing tips, tricks and pitfalls to avoid, all written and peer-reviewed by leading experts in the field, making this an essential research companion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy
| | - Hyun-Dong Chang
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Acs
- Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dieter Adam
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sabine Adam-Klages
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - William W. Agace
- Mucosal Immunology group, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nima Aghaeepour
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine; Biomedical Data Sciences; and Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Allez
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, INSERM U1160, and Gastroenterology Department, Hôpital Saint-Louis – APHP, Paris, France
| | | | - Giorgia Alvisi
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | | | - Immanuel Andrä
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Achille Anselmo
- Flow Cytometry Core, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Petra Bacher
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Institut für Klinische Molekularbiologie, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Sudipto Bari
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Vincenzo Barnaba
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Bauer
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Baumgart
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Comparative Medicine & Dept. Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bianka Baying
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mary Bebawy
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Beisker
- Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, München, Germany
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent University - VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alfonso Blanco
- Flow Cytometry Core Technologies, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dominic A. Boardman
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jessica G. Borger
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Giovanna Borsellino
- Neuroimmunology and Flow Cytometry Units, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Philip E. Boulais
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- The Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Dirk Brenner
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Infection and Immunity, Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Odense University Hospital, Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, University of Southern Denmark, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense, Denmark
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Ryan R. Brinkman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anna E. S. Brooks
- University of Auckland, School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Center, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
- Focus Group “Clinical Cell Processing and Purification”, Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Büscher
- Biophysics, R&D Engineering, Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Timothy P. Bushnell
- Department of Pediatrics and Shared Resource Laboratories, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Federica Calzetti
- University of Verona, Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Verona, Italy
| | - Garth Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ilenia Cammarata
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Xuetao Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Susanna L. Cardell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefano Casola
- The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (FOM), Milan, Italy
| | - Marco A. Cassatella
- University of Verona, Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavani
- National Institute for Health, Migration and Poverty (INMP), Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Celada
- Macrophage Biology Group, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucienne Chatenoud
- Université Paris Descartes, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | | | - Sue Chow
- Divsion of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eleni Christakou
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institutes of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ National Health Service, Foundation Trust and King’s College London, UK
| | - Luka Čičin-Šain
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplants, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Laura Cook
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anne Cooke
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrea M. Cooper
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Alexandra J. Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antonio Cosma
- National Cytometry Platform, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Infection and Immunity, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Pierre G. Coulie
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ana Cumano
- Unit Lymphopoiesis, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ljiljana Cvetkovic
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Van Duc Dang
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chantip Dang-Heine
- Clinical Research Unit, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin S. Davey
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Derek Davies
- Flow Cytometry Scientific Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Sara De Biasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Gelo Victoriano Dela Cruz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology – DanStem, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Delacher
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, Germany
| | - Silvia Della Bella
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Dellabona
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Günnur Deniz
- Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - James P. Di Santo
- Innate Immunty Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1223, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesco Dieli
- University of Palermo, Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Palermo, Italy
| | - Andreas Dolf
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Dörner
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Dept. Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Regine J. Dress
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charles-Antoine Dutertre
- Program in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Friederike Ebner
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Sidonia B. G. Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthias Edinger
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Pascale Eede
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neuropathology, Germany
| | | | - Marcus Eich
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pablo Engel
- University of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Anna Erdei
- Department of Immunology, University L. Eotvos, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Charlotte Esser
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bart Everts
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maximilien Evrard
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Christine S. Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, MHH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Todd A. Fehniger
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mar Felipo-Benavent
- Laboratory of Cytomics, Joint Research Unit CIPF-UVEG, Principe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain
| | - Helen Ferry
- Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Markus Feuerer
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andrew Filby
- The Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Simon Fillatreau
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France
| | - Marie Follo
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Universitaetsklinikum FreiburgLighthouse Core Facility, Zentrum für Translationale Zellforschung, Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Irmgard Förster
- Immunology and Environment, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Gemma A. Foulds
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Britta Frehse
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Paul S. Frenette
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- The Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Stefan Frischbutter
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology
| | - Wolfgang Fritzsche
- Nanobiophotonics Department, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena, Germany
| | - David W. Galbraith
- School of Plant Sciences and Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
- Honorary Dean of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Anastasia Gangaev
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Brice Gaudilliere
- Stanford Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Ricardo T. Gazzinelli
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Minas, Laboratory of Immunopatology, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Department of Mecicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jens Geginat
- INGM - Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare “Ronmeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, Milan, Italy
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicholas A. Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Keisuke Goda
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Jose M. González-Navajas
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Center for Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carl S. Goodyear
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrea Gori
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan
| | - Jane L. Grogan
- Cancer Immunology Research, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Andreas Grützkau
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Haftmann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Hahn
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - Hamida Hammad
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | | | - Leo Hansmann
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Goran Hansson
- Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Susanne Hartmann
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Hauser
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anja E. Hauser
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - David L. Haviland
- Flow Cytometry, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Hedley
- Divsion of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniela C. Hernández
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medical Department I, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guadalupe Herrera
- Cytometry Service, Incliva Foundation. Clinic Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - Christoph Hess
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas Höfer
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Hoffmann
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kristin Hogquist
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tristan Holland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Höllt
- Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Computer Graphics and Visualization, Department of Intelligent Systems, TU Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pleun Hombrink
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica P. Houston
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Bimba F. Hoyer
- Rheumatologie/Klinische Immunologie, Klinik für Innere Medizin I und Exzellenzzentrum Entzündungsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fang-Ping Huang
- Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Johanna E. Huber
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hundemer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher A. Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - William Y. K. Hwang
- Department of Hematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Executive Offices, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anna Iannone
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Clinical and Public Health, Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Florian Ingelfinger
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine M Ivison
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter K. Jani
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatriz Jávega
- Laboratory of Cytomics, Joint Research Unit CIPF-UVEG, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology/Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Toralf Kaiser
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomas Kalina
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Kamradt
- Jena University Hospital, Institute of Immunology, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Baerbel Keller
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Steven L. C. Ketelaars
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ahad Khalilnezhad
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Srijit Khan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jan Kisielow
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - Hui-Fern Koay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katja Kobow
- Department of Neuropathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jay K. Kolls
- John W Deming Endowed Chair in Internal Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Wan Ting Kong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Korn
- Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Kriegsmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hendy Kristyanto
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Kroneis
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology & Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Krueger
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jenny Kühne
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, MHH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Kukat
- FACS & Imaging Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Désirée Kunkel
- Flow & Mass Cytometry Core Facility, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- BCRT Flow Cytometry Lab, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Heike Kunze-Schumacher
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Pia Kvistborg
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Immanuel Kwok
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Landry
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olivier Lantz
- INSERM U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Paola Lanuti
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I.-Me.T.), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesca LaRosa
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Agnès Lehuen
- Institut Cochin, CNRS8104, INSERM1016, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Michael D. Leipold
- The Human Immune Monitoring Center (HIMC), Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Leslie Y.T. Leung
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Megan K. Levings
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andreia C. Lino
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Dept. Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesco Liotta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Yanling Liu
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Lohoff
- Inst. f. Med. Mikrobiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- King’s College London, “Peter Gorer” Department of Immunobiology, London, UK
| | | | - Miguel López-Botet
- IMIM(Hospital de Mar Medical Research Institute), University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amy E. Lovett-Racke
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Erik Lubberts
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herve Luche
- Centre d’Immunophénomique - CIPHE (PHENOMIN), Aix Marseille Université (UMS3367), Inserm (US012), CNRS (UMS3367), Marseille, France
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
- Flow Cytometry Core, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Sebastian Lunemann
- Department of Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Holden T. Maecker
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Orla Maguire
- Flow and Image Cytometry Shared Resource, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Florian Mair
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kerstin H. Mair
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS and Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rudolf A. Manz
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Aaron J. Marshall
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Glòria Martrus
- Department of Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ivana Marventano
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Wlodzimierz Maslinski
- National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II and Istituto per l’Endocrinologia e l’Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Vittoria Mattioli
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Lab of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Christian Maueröder
- Cell Clearance in Health and Disease Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alessio Mazzoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mairi McGrath
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helen M. McGuire
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, and Discipline of Pathology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Iain B. McInnes
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Henrik E. Mei
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz Melchers
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Melzer
- Clinical Trial Center Leipzig, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephen D. Miller
- Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Dept. of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern Univ. Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kingston H.G. Mills
- Trinity College Dublin, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hans Minderman
- Flow and Image Cytometry Shared Resource, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jenny Mjösberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jonni Moore
- Abramson Cancer Center Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting Shared Resource, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Barry Moran
- Trinity College Dublin, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesu Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Tim R. Mosmann
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Susann Müller
- Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department Environmental Microbiology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Institute for Innovative Radiotherapy (iRT), Experimental Immune Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Luis Enrique Muñoz
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - Christian Münz
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba city, Chiba, Japan
| | - Milena Nasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Katrin Neumann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Discipline of Dermatology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Antonia Niedobitek
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sussan Nourshargh
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - José-Enrique O’Connor
- Laboratory of Cytomics, Joint Research Unit CIPF-UVEG, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Aaron Ochel
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Oja
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Ordonez
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC-CSIC/USAL), Cytometry Service, University of Salamanca, CIBERONC and Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eva Orlowski-Oliver
- Burnet Institute, AMREP Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Inflammation and Oncology, Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Raghavendra Palankar
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Isabel Panse
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kovit Pattanapanyasat
- Center of Excellence for Flow Cytometry, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Malte Paulsen
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dinko Pavlinic
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Livius Penter
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pärt Peterson
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Christian Peth
- Biophysics, R&D Engineering, Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Jordi Petriz
- Functional Cytomics Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, UAB, Badalona, Spain
| | - Federica Piancone
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Winfried F. Pickl
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - A. Graham Pockley
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- Chromocyte Limited, Electric Works, Sheffield, UK
| | - Malgorzata Justyna Podolska
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen
- Department for Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Rheumatology and Immunology, AG Munoz, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zhiyong Poon
- Department of Hematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Katharina Pracht
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Sally A. Quataert
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Linda Quatrini
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesu Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Kylie M. Quinn
- School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neuropathology, Germany
| | - Tim R. D. J. Radstake
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susann Rahmig
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis, Leibniz-Institute on Aging, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Rahn
- Preparative Flow Cytometry, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bartek Rajwa
- Bindley Biosciences Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Gevitha Ravichandran
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yotam Raz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan A. Rebhahn
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Dorothea Reimer
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Ester B.M. Remmerswaal
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Renal Transplant Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Richter
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Laura G. Rico
- Functional Cytomics Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, UAB, Badalona, Spain
| | - Andy Riddell
- Flow Cytometry Scientific Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Aja M. Rieger
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - J. Paul Robinson
- Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Chiara Romagnani
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medical Department I, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Rubartelli
- Cell Biology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Fakultät für Medizin, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Yvan Saeys
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Takashi Saito
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Francisco Sala de-Oyanguren
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Ludwig Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Biology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Yvonne Samstag
- Heidelberg University, Institute of Immunology, Section of Molecular Immunology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sharon Sanderson
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, NIHR BRC, University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK
| | - Inga Sandrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, IRCCS, Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Ramon Bellmàs Sanz
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, MHH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marina Saresella
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Birgit Sawitzki
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Medical Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Linda Schadt
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans U. Scherer
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Schiemann
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank A. Schildberg
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Schlitzer
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Josephine Schlosser
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Schmid
- Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Schmitt
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kilian Schober
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Schraivogel
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schüler
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Reiner Schulte
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
| | - Axel Ronald Schulz
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian R. Schulz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cristiano Scottá
- King’s College London, “Peter Gorer” Department of Immunobiology, London, UK
| | - Daniel Scott-Algara
- Institut Pasteur, Cellular Lymphocytes Biology, Immunology Departement, Paris, France
| | - David P. Sester
- TRI Flow Cytometry Suite (TRI.fcs), Translational Research Institute, Wooloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Katarzyna M. Sitnik
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Silvano Sozzani
- Dept. Molecular Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniel E. Speiser
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and CHUV, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Anders Stahlberg
- Lundberg Laboratory for Cancer, Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Natalie Stanley
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine; Biomedical Data Sciences; and Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Regina Stark
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christina Stehle
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medical Department I, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobit Steinmetz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Kiyoshi Takeda
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Leonard Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Attila Tárnok
- Departement for Therapy Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Gisa Tiegs
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Julia Tornack
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- BioGenes GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabetta Traggiai
- Novartis Biologics Center, Mechanistic Immunology Unit, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, NIBR, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Trebak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, PA, United States
| | - Timothy I.M. Tree
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institutes of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ National Health Service, Foundation Trust and King’s College London, UK
| | | | - John Trowsdale
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sophia Urbanczyk
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Willem van de Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Maries van den Broek
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Vesicle Observation Center; Biomedical Engineering & Physics; Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry; Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, The Netherlands
| | - Sofie Van Gassen
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - René A.W. van Lier
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Veldhoen
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Paulo Vieira
- Unit Lymphopoiesis, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Core Unit ImmunoCheck
| | - Anouk von Borstel
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Paul K. Wallace
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sa A. Wang
- Dept of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xin M. Wang
- The Scientific Platforms, the Westmead Institute for Medical Research, the Westmead Research Hub, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Klaus Warnatz
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gary Warnes
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary London University, London, UK
| | - Sarah Warth
- BCRT Flow Cytometry Lab, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Claudia Waskow
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis, Leibniz-Institute on Aging, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Carsten Watzl
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Leonie Wegener
- Biophysics, R&D Engineering, Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Thomas Weisenburger
- Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annika Wiedemann
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Dept. Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wienands
- Institute for Cellular & Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anneke Wilharm
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert John Wilkinson
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa and Department of Medicine, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
- Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Gerald Willimsky
- Cooperation Unit for Experimental and Translational Cancer Immunology, Institute of Immunology (Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - James B. Wing
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rieke Winkelmann
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas H. Winkler
- Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver F. Wirz
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Alicia Wong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Peter Wurst
- University Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jennie H. M. Yang
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institutes of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ National Health Service, Foundation Trust and King’s College London, UK
| | - Juhao Yang
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alice Yue
- School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Hanlin Zhang
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Susanne Maria Ziegler
- Department of Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christina Zielinski
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TranslaTUM, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jakob Zimmermann
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (Department of Biomedical Research), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Evaluation of sample stability for cellular kinetics and pharmacodynamic flow cytometry methods. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:1881-1884. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the sample stability for a cellular kinetics and a pharmacodynamic flow cytometry methods. First, the blood collection tubes were compared for the enumeration of chimeric antigen receptor-T cells in human whole blood. Blood samples with chimeric antigen receptor-T cells were stable up to 3 days at room temperature in both conventional EDTA and Cyto-Chex® blood collection tubes (Streck Laboratories, NE, USA), but with better consistency in Cyto-Chex-BCT than conventional EDTA tubes. Second, sample storage temperatures were compared for the basophil activation test in human whole blood samples. The samples were stable up to 3 days for basophil activation test when stored at refrigerator temperature, but not stable when stored at room temperature. It is crucial during the development of method to evaluate all the variables which might impact sample integrity.
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Diks AM, Bonroy C, Teodosio C, Groenland RJ, de Mooij B, de Maertelaere E, Neirynck J, Philippé J, Orfao A, van Dongen JJM, Berkowska MA. Impact of blood storage and sample handling on quality of high dimensional flow cytometric data in multicenter clinical research. J Immunol Methods 2019; 475:112616. [PMID: 31181213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining reliable and reproducible high quality data in multicenter clinical research settings requires design of optimal standard operating procedures. While the need for standardization in sample processing and data analysis is well-recognized, the impact of sample handling in the pre-analytical phase remains underestimated. We evaluated the impact of sample storage time (≈transport time) and temperature, type of anticoagulant, and limited blood volume on reproducibility of flow cytometric studies. EDTA and Na-Heparin samples processed with the EuroFlow bulk lysis protocol, stained and stored at 4 °C showed fairly stable expression of cell surface markers and distribution of the major leukocyte populations for up to 72 h. Additional sample fixation (1% PFA, Fix & Perm) did not have any beneficial effects. Blood samples stored for <24 h at room temperature before processing and staining seemed suitable for reliable immunophenotyping, although losses in absolute cell numbers were observed. The major losses were observed in myeloid cells and monocytes, while lymphocytes seemed less affected. Expression of cell surface markers and population distribution were more stable in Na-Heparin blood than in EDTA blood. However, storage of Na-Heparin samples was associated with faster decrease in leukocyte counts over time. Whole blood fixation strategies (Cyto-Chex, TransFix) improved long-term population distribution, but were detrimental for expression of cellular markers. The main conclusions from this study on healthy donor blood samples were successfully confirmed in EDTA clinical (patient) blood samples with different time delays until processing. Finally, we recognized the need for adjustments in bulk lysis in case of insufficient blood volumes. Despite clear overall conclusions, individual markers and cell populations had different preferred conditions. Therefore, specific guidelines for sample handling should always be adjusted to the clinical application and the main target leukocyte population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Diks
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - C Bonroy
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - C Teodosio
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - R J Groenland
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - B de Mooij
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - E de Maertelaere
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Neirynck
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Philippé
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Orfao
- Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC; CIBERONC CB16/12/00400), Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS Research Support Platform), University of Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - J J M van Dongen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - M A Berkowska
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Cardoso CC, Santos-Silva MC. Eight-color panel for immune phenotype monitoring by flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 2019; 468:40-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
Immunophenotyping using flow cytometry highly benefits from multiplexing samples for generation of more robust data, because of reduction of antibody consumption, batch effect and technical variations. One way to multiplex is via fluorescent cell barcoding (FCB) prior to staining procedure.FCB is a high-throughput multiplexed assay using various concentrations of different fluorescent dyes. Individual samples are uniquely labeled, then mixed together, stained and analyzed as a single sample, decreasing technical variations and increasing throughput and speed of acquisition. In addition, FCB simplifies implementation of normalization using a bridge control sample.In this chapter, we illustrate the protocol for FCB and recommendations for choosing barcoding dyes and concentrations among other technical considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Giudice
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | | | - Angélique Biancotto
- Precision Immunology, Immunology and Inflammation Research Therapeutic Area, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Immunophenotyping Using Dried and Lyophilized Reagents. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2032:69-79. [PMID: 31522413 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9650-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Antibody reagents that are used for flow cytometry immunophenotyping have traditionally been prepared by combining individual liquid antibody conjugates into mixtures. These cocktails have limited shelf-life, and their preparation is time-consuming and prone to laboratory error. Manufacturers of these reagents, in collaboration with several clinical and research centers, have made advances in constructing dried antibody cocktails which have addressed many of the problems inherent in preparing the liquid cocktails on the lab bench. This chapter discusses methods for the use of dried reagents.
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40
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Ivison S, Malek M, Garcia RV, Broady R, Halpin A, Richaud M, Brant RF, Wang SI, Goupil M, Guan Q, Ashton P, Warren J, Rajab A, Urschel S, Kumar D, Streitz M, Sawitzki B, Schlickeiser S, Bijl JJ, Wall DA, Delisle JS, West LJ, Brinkman RR, Levings MK. A standardized immune phenotyping and automated data analysis platform for multicenter biomarker studies. JCI Insight 2018; 3:121867. [PMID: 30518691 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis and validation of flow cytometry-based biomarkers in clinical studies are limited by the lack of standardized protocols that are reproducible across multiple centers and suitable for use with either unfractionated blood or cryopreserved PBMCs. Here we report the development of a platform that standardizes a set of flow cytometry panels across multiple centers, with high reproducibility in blood or PBMCs from either healthy subjects or patients 100 days after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Inter-center comparisons of replicate samples showed low variation, with interindividual variation exceeding inter-center variation for most populations (coefficients of variability <20% and interclass correlation coefficients >0.75). Exceptions included low-abundance populations defined by markers with indistinct expression boundaries (e.g., plasmablasts, monocyte subsets) or populations defined by markers sensitive to cryopreservation, such as CD62L and CD45RA. Automated gating pipelines were developed and validated on an independent data set, revealing high Spearman's correlations (rs >0.9) with manual analyses. This workflow, which includes pre-formatted antibody cocktails, standardized protocols for acquisition, and validated automated analysis pipelines, can be readily implemented in multicenter clinical trials. This approach facilitates the collection of robust immune phenotyping data and comparison of data from independent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Ivison
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mehrnoush Malek
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rosa V Garcia
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Raewyn Broady
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anne Halpin
- Alberta Transplant Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Manon Richaud
- Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rollin F Brant
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Szu-I Wang
- Alberta Transplant Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mathieu Goupil
- Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Qingdong Guan
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health/Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba/Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Peter Ashton
- Toronto General Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason Warren
- Health Sciences Centre, Diagnostic Services Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Amr Rajab
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simon Urschel
- Alberta Transplant Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Deepali Kumar
- Toronto General Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mathias Streitz
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Sawitzki
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Schlickeiser
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janetta J Bijl
- Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Donna A Wall
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health/Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba/Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Lori J West
- Alberta Transplant Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ryan R Brinkman
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Megan K Levings
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Wagar LE, DiFazio RM, Davis MM. Advanced model systems and tools for basic and translational human immunology. Genome Med 2018; 10:73. [PMID: 30266097 PMCID: PMC6162943 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-018-0584-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There are fundamental differences between humans and the animals we typically use to study the immune system. We have learned much from genetically manipulated and inbred animal models, but instances in which these findings have been successfully translated to human immunity have been rare. Embracing the genetic and environmental diversity of humans can tell us about the fundamental biology of immune cell types and the elasticity of the immune system. Although people are much more immunologically diverse than conventionally housed animal models, tools and technologies are now available that permit high-throughput analysis of human samples, including both blood and tissues, which will give us deep insights into human immunity in health and disease. As we gain a more detailed picture of the human immune system, we can build more sophisticated models to better reflect this complexity, both enabling the discovery of new immunological mechanisms and facilitating translation into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E Wagar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Robert M DiFazio
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Super-silent FRET Sensor Enables Live Cell Imaging and Flow Cytometric Stratification of Intracellular Serine Protease Activity in Neutrophils. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13490. [PMID: 30201982 PMCID: PMC6131393 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases are released by neutrophils to act primarily as antimicrobial proteins but excessive and unbalanced serine protease activity results in serious host tissue damage. Here the synthesis of a novel chemical sensor based on a multi-branched fluorescence quencher is reported. It is super-silent, exhibiting no fluorescence until de-quenched by the exemplar serine protease human neutrophil elastase, rapidly enters human neutrophils, and is inhibited by serine protease inhibitors. This sensor allows live imaging of intracellular serine protease activity within human neutrophils and demonstrates that the unique combination of a multivalent scaffold combined with a FRET peptide represents a novel and efficient strategy to generate super-silent sensors that permit the visualisation of intracellular proteases and may enable point of care whole blood profiling of neutrophils.
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Pitoiset F, Cassard L, El Soufi K, Boselli L, Grivel J, Roux A, Klatzmann D, Chaput N, Rosenzwajg M. Deep phenotyping of immune cell populations by optimized and standardized flow cytometry analyses. Cytometry A 2018; 93:793-802. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Pitoiset
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology- Immunotherapy (I3); F-75005 Paris France
- Biotherapy (CIC-BTi) and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B); Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP; F-75651 Paris France
| | - Lydie Cassard
- Laboratory of Immunomonitoring in Oncology; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, CNRS-UMS 3655 and INSERM-US23; Villejuif F-94805 France
| | - Karim El Soufi
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology- Immunotherapy (I3); F-75005 Paris France
- Biotherapy (CIC-BTi) and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B); Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP; F-75651 Paris France
| | - Lisa Boselli
- Laboratory of Immunomonitoring in Oncology; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, CNRS-UMS 3655 and INSERM-US23; Villejuif F-94805 France
| | - Jonathan Grivel
- Laboratory of Immunomonitoring in Oncology; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, CNRS-UMS 3655 and INSERM-US23; Villejuif F-94805 France
| | - Alexandra Roux
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology- Immunotherapy (I3); F-75005 Paris France
- Biotherapy (CIC-BTi) and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B); Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP; F-75651 Paris France
| | - David Klatzmann
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology- Immunotherapy (I3); F-75005 Paris France
- Biotherapy (CIC-BTi) and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B); Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP; F-75651 Paris France
| | - Nathalie Chaput
- Laboratory of Immunomonitoring in Oncology; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, CNRS-UMS 3655 and INSERM-US23; Villejuif F-94805 France
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University Paris-Sud; Chatenay-Malabry F-92296 France
| | - Michelle Rosenzwajg
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology- Immunotherapy (I3); F-75005 Paris France
- Biotherapy (CIC-BTi) and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B); Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP; F-75651 Paris France
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Identifying Therapeutic Targets for Sepsis Research: A Characterization Study of the Inflammatory Players in the Cecal Ligation and Puncture Model. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:5130463. [PMID: 30174555 PMCID: PMC6098915 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5130463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During sepsis, disturbed gastrointestinal motility and increased mucosal permeability can aggravate sepsis due to the increased risk of bacterial translocation. To help identify new therapeutic targets, there is a need for animal models that mimic the immunological changes in the gastrointestinal tract as observed during human sepsis. We therefore characterized in detail the gastrointestinal neuroimmune environment in the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model, which is the gold standard animal model of microbial sepsis. Mice were sacrificed at day 2 and day 7, during which gastrointestinal motility was assessed and cytokines were measured in the serum and the colon. In the spleen, lymph nodes, ileum, and colon, subsets of leukocyte populations were identified by flow cytometry. Septic animals displayed an impaired gastrointestinal motility at day 2 and day 7. Two days post-CLP, increased serum and colonic levels of proinflammatory cytokines were measured. Flow cytometry revealed an influx of neutrophils in the colon and ileum, increased numbers of macrophages in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes, and an enhanced number of mast cells in all tissues. At day 7 post-CLP, lymphocyte depletion was observed in all tissues coinciding with increased IL-10 and TGF-β levels, as well as increased colonic levels of IL-17A and IFN-γ. Thus, CLP-induced sepsis in mice results in simultaneous activation of pro- and anti-inflammatory players at day 2 and day 7 in different tissues, mimicking human sepsis.
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Bidmon N, Kind S, Welters MJP, Joseph-Pietras D, Laske K, Maurer D, Hadrup SR, Schreibelt G, Rae R, Sahin U, Gouttefangeas C, Britten CM, van der Burg SH. Development of an RNA-based kit for easy generation of TCR-engineered lymphocytes to control T-cell assay performance. J Immunol Methods 2018; 458:74-82. [PMID: 29684430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based assays to monitor antigen-specific T-cell responses are characterized by their high complexity and should be conducted under controlled conditions to lower multiple possible sources of assay variation. However, the lack of standard reagents makes it difficult to directly compare results generated in one lab over time and across institutions. Therefore TCR-engineered reference samples (TERS) that contain a defined number of antigen-specific T cells and continuously deliver stable results are urgently needed. We successfully established a simple and robust TERS technology that constitutes a useful tool to overcome this issue for commonly used T-cell immuno-assays. To enable users to generate large-scale TERS, on-site using the most commonly used electroporation (EP) devices, an RNA-based kit approach, providing stable TCR mRNA and an optimized manufacturing protocol were established. In preparation for the release of this immuno-control kit, we established optimal EP conditions on six devices and initiated an extended RNA stability study. Furthermore, we coordinated on-site production of TERS with 4 participants. Finally, a proficiency panel was organized to test the unsupervised production of TERS at different laboratories using the kit approach. The results obtained show the feasibility and robustness of the kit approach for versatile in-house production of cellular control samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bidmon
- Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz (TRON gGmbH), Freiligrathstraße 12, Mainz 55131, Germany; BioNTech AG, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sonja Kind
- BioNTech AG, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Marij J P Welters
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, ZA 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah Joseph-Pietras
- ECMC, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Karoline Laske
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Dominik Maurer
- Immatics biotechnologies GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Sine Reker Hadrup
- Laboratory of Hematology, University Hospital Herlev, Ringvej 75, Herlev DK-2730, Denmark
| | - Gerty Schreibelt
- Dept. of Tumor Immunology, Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, P.O. Box 9101, Nijmegen, HB 6500, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Rae
- Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz (TRON gGmbH), Freiligrathstraße 12, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Ugur Sahin
- Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz (TRON gGmbH), Freiligrathstraße 12, Mainz 55131, Germany; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, Mainz D-55131, Germany; BioNTech AG, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Cécile Gouttefangeas
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Cedrik M Britten
- Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz (TRON gGmbH), Freiligrathstraße 12, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, ZA 2333, The Netherlands.
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Happle C, Meyer-Decking L, Dreier A, Wetzke M, Gläsener S, Grychtol R, Braubach P, Jablonka A, Haid S, Jirmo AC, Habener A, Skuljec J, Hansen G. Improved protocol for simultaneous analysis of leukocyte subsets and epithelial cells from murine and human lung. Exp Lung Res 2018; 44:127-136. [PMID: 29677457 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2018.1432721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study and isolate lung cells by flow cytometry, enzymatic digestion and generation of single cell suspensions is required. This significantly influences expression of cellular epitopes and protocols need to be adapted for the best isolation and subsequent analysis of specific cellular subsets. MATERIALS AND METHODS We optimized protocols for the simultaneous isolation and characterization of specific human and murine lung cell types. For alveolar epithelial cells (AEC), a primarily dispase based digestion method and for leukocytes, a primarily collagenase based technique was adapted. Protocols were applied in parallel in either single experimental mice or human lung specimens. RESULTS Optimized dispase/DNase digestion yielded a high percentage of Epcam+CD45-CD31- AEC as assessed by flow cytometry. Epcam+CD45-CD3-CD11b-CD11c-CD16/32-CD19-CD31-F4/80- AEC were readily sortable with high purity and typical morphology and function upon in vitro stimulation with lipopolysaccharide or respiratory-syncytial-virus (RSV) infection. To analyze lung leukocytes, specimens were digested with an adapted collagenase/DNase protocol yielding high percentages of viable leukocytes with typical morphology, function, and preserved subset specific leukocyte markers. Both protocols could be applied simultaneously in a single experimental mouse post mortem. Application of both digestion methods in primary human lung specimens yielded similar results with high proportions of Epcam+CD45- human AEC after dispase/DNase digestion and preservation of human T cell epitopes after collagenase/DNase digestion. CONCLUSION The here described protocols were optimized for the simple and efficient isolation of murine and human lung cells. In contrast to previously described techniques, they permit simultaneous in-depth characterization of pulmonary epithelial cells and leukocyte subsets such as T helper, cytotoxic T, and B cells from one sample. As such, they may help to comprehensively and sustainably characterize murine and human lung specimens and facilitate studies on the role of lung immune cells in different respiratory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Happle
- a Department of Pediatrics, Allergology, and Neonatology , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany.,b German Center for Lung Research , Biomedical Research in End Stage and Obstructive Lung Disease/ BREATH Hannover , Germany
| | - Lena Meyer-Decking
- a Department of Pediatrics, Allergology, and Neonatology , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Anika Dreier
- a Department of Pediatrics, Allergology, and Neonatology , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany.,b German Center for Lung Research , Biomedical Research in End Stage and Obstructive Lung Disease/ BREATH Hannover , Germany
| | - Martin Wetzke
- a Department of Pediatrics, Allergology, and Neonatology , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Stephanie Gläsener
- b German Center for Lung Research , Biomedical Research in End Stage and Obstructive Lung Disease/ BREATH Hannover , Germany
| | - Ruth Grychtol
- a Department of Pediatrics, Allergology, and Neonatology , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany.,b German Center for Lung Research , Biomedical Research in End Stage and Obstructive Lung Disease/ BREATH Hannover , Germany
| | - Peter Braubach
- b German Center for Lung Research , Biomedical Research in End Stage and Obstructive Lung Disease/ BREATH Hannover , Germany.,c Department of Pathology , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Alexandra Jablonka
- d Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany.,e German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) , Standort Hannover-Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Sibylle Haid
- f Experimental Virology and TWINCORE , a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Hannover , Germany
| | - Adan Chari Jirmo
- a Department of Pediatrics, Allergology, and Neonatology , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany.,b German Center for Lung Research , Biomedical Research in End Stage and Obstructive Lung Disease/ BREATH Hannover , Germany
| | - Anika Habener
- a Department of Pediatrics, Allergology, and Neonatology , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany.,b German Center for Lung Research , Biomedical Research in End Stage and Obstructive Lung Disease/ BREATH Hannover , Germany
| | - Jelena Skuljec
- a Department of Pediatrics, Allergology, and Neonatology , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Gesine Hansen
- a Department of Pediatrics, Allergology, and Neonatology , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany.,b German Center for Lung Research , Biomedical Research in End Stage and Obstructive Lung Disease/ BREATH Hannover , Germany
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Lanuti P, Simeone P, Rotta G, Almici C, Avvisati G, Azzaro R, Bologna G, Budillon A, Di Cerbo M, Di Gennaro E, Di Martino ML, Diodato A, Doretto P, Ercolino E, Falda A, Gregorj C, Leone A, Losa F, Malara N, Marini M, Mastroroberto P, Mollace V, Morelli M, Muggianu E, Musolino G, Neva A, Pierdomenico L, Pinna S, Piovani G, Roca MS, Russo D, Scotti L, Tirindelli MC, Trunzo V, Venturella R, Vitagliano C, Zullo F, Marchisio M, Miscia S. A standardized flow cytometry network study for the assessment of circulating endothelial cell physiological ranges. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5823. [PMID: 29643468 PMCID: PMC5895616 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating endothelial cells (CEC) represent a restricted peripheral blood (PB) cell subpopulation with high potential diagnostic value in many endothelium-involving diseases. However, whereas the interest in CEC studies has grown, the standardization level of their detection has not. Here, we undertook the task to align CEC phenotypes and counts, by standardizing a novel flow cytometry approach, within a network of six laboratories. CEC were identified as alive/nucleated/CD45negative/CD34bright/CD146positive events and enumerated in 269 healthy PB samples. Standardization was demonstrated by the achievement of low inter-laboratory Coefficients of Variation (CVL), calculated on the basis of Median Fluorescence Intensity values of the most stable antigens that allowed CEC identification and count (CVL of CD34bright on CEC ~ 30%; CVL of CD45 on Lymphocytes ~ 20%). By aggregating data acquired from all sites, CEC numbers in the healthy population were captured (medianfemale = 9.31 CEC/mL; medianmale = 11.55 CEC/mL). CEC count biological variability and method specificity were finally assessed. Results, obtained on a large population of donors, demonstrate that the established procedure might be adopted as standardized method for CEC analysis in clinical and in research settings, providing a CEC physiological baseline range, useful as starting point for their clinical monitoring in endothelial dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Lanuti
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G.d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I.-Me.T.), University "G.d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Pasquale Simeone
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G.d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I.-Me.T.), University "G.d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | | | - Camillo Almici
- Laboratory for Stem Cells Manipulation and Cryopreservation, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Avvisati
- Hematology, Stem Cell Transplantation, Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | - Rosa Azzaro
- Transfusion Service, Department of Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Bologna
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G.d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I.-Me.T.), University "G.d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Alfredo Budillon
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Department of Research, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Melania Di Cerbo
- Hematology, Stem Cell Transplantation, Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | - Elena Di Gennaro
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Department of Research, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Di Martino
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Sciences "M. Aresu", University of Cagliari Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Annamaria Diodato
- Transfusion Service, Department of Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Napoli, Italy
| | - Paolo Doretto
- Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, AAS5, Pordenone Hospital, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Eva Ercolino
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G.d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I.-Me.T.), University "G.d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Falda
- Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, AAS5, Pordenone Hospital, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Chiara Gregorj
- Hematology, Stem Cell Transplantation, Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Leone
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Department of Research, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Losa
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Sciences "M. Aresu", University of Cagliari Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Natalia Malara
- Department of Health Science University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mirella Marini
- Laboratory for Stem Cells Manipulation and Cryopreservation, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Pasquale Mastroroberto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Department of Health Science University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michele Morelli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Emma Muggianu
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Sciences "M. Aresu", University of Cagliari Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Musolino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Arabella Neva
- Laboratory for Stem Cells Manipulation and Cryopreservation, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Pierdomenico
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G.d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I.-Me.T.), University "G.d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Silvia Pinna
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Sciences "M. Aresu", University of Cagliari Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Piovani
- Department Molecular Medicine and Translational, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Serena Roca
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Department of Research, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Domenico Russo
- Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lorenza Scotti
- Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Tirindelli
- Hematology, Stem Cell Transplantation, Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | - Valentina Trunzo
- Department of Health Science University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberta Venturella
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carlo Vitagliano
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Department of Research, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Fulvio Zullo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marco Marchisio
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G.d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
- Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I.-Me.T.), University "G.d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
| | - Sebastiano Miscia
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G.d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I.-Me.T.), University "G.d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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Centrally Determined Standardization of Flow Cytometry Methods Reduces Interlaboratory Variation in a Prospective Multicenter Study. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2017; 8:e126. [PMID: 29095427 PMCID: PMC5717516 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2017.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Flow cytometry (FC) aids in characterization of cellular and molecular factors involved in pathologic immune responses. Although FC has potential to facilitate early drug development in inflammatory bowel disease, interlaboratory variability limits its use in multicenter trials. Standardization of methods may address this limitation. We compared variability in FC-aided quantitation of T-cell responses across international laboratories using three analytical strategies. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from three healthy donors, stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin at a central laboratory, fixed, frozen, and shipped to seven international laboratories. Permeabilization and staining was performed in triplicate at each laboratory using a common protocol and centrally provided reagents. Gating was performed using local gating with a local strategy (LGLS), local gating with a central strategy (LGCS), and central gating (CG). Median cell percentages were calculated across triplicates and donors, and reported for each condition and strategy. The coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated across laboratories. Between-strategy comparisons were made using a two-way analysis of variance adjusting for donor. RESULTS Mean interlaboratory CV ranged from 1.8 to 102.1% depending on cell population and gating strategy (LGLS, 4.4-102.1%; LGCS, 10.9-65.6%; CG, 1.8-20.9%). Mean interlaboratory CV differed significantly across strategies and was consistently lower with CG. CONCLUSIONS Central gating was the only strategy with mean CVs consistently lower than 25%, which is a proposed standard for pharmacodynamic and exploratory biomarker assays.
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Single-cell screening of multiple biophysical properties in leukemia diagnosis from peripheral blood by pure light scattering. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12666. [PMID: 28979002 PMCID: PMC5627307 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Histology and histopathology are based on the morphometric observations of quiescent cells. Their diagnostic potential could largely benefit from a simultaneous screening of intrinsic biophysical properties at single-cell level. For such a purpose, we analyzed light scattering signatures of individual mononuclear blood cells in microfluidic flow. In particular, we extracted a set of biophysical properties including morphometric (dimension, shape and nucleus-to-cytosol ratio) and optical (optical density) ones to clearly discriminate different cell types and stages. By considering distinctive ranges of biophysical properties along with the obtained relative cell frequencies, we can identify unique cell classes corresponding to specific clinical conditions (p < 0.01). Based on such a straightforward approach, we are able to discriminate T-, B-lymphocytes, monocytes and beyond that first results on different stages of lymphoid and myeloid leukemia cells are presented. This work shows that the simultaneous screening of only three biophysical properties enables a clear distinction between pathological and physiological mononuclear blood stream cells. We believe our approach could represent a useful tool for a label-free analysis of biophysical single-cell signatures.
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Best practices in performing flow cytometry in a regulated environment: feedback from experience within the European Bioanalysis Forum. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:1253-1264. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry is a powerful tool that can be used for the support of (pre)clinical studies. Although various white papers are available that describe the set-up and validation of the instrumentation (the flow cytometer) and validation of flow cytometry methods, to date no guidelines exist that address the requirements for performing flow cytometry in a regulated environment. In this manuscript, the European Bioanalysis Forum presents additional practice guidance on the use of flow cytometry in the support of drug development programs and addresses areas that are not covered in the previous publications. The concepts presented here are based on the consensus of discussions in the European Bioanalysis Forum Topic Team 32, in meetings in Barcelona, Limelette and multiple telephone conferences.
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