1
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Loh L, Carcy S, Krovi HS, Domenico J, Spengler A, Lin Y, Torres J, Palmer W, Norman PJ, Stone M, Brunetti T, Meyer HV, Gapin L. Unraveling the Phenotypic States of Human innate-like T Cells: Comparative Insights with Conventional T Cells and Mouse Models. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.07.570707. [PMID: 38105962 PMCID: PMC10723458 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.07.570707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The "innate-like" T cell compartment, known as Tinn, represents a diverse group of T cells that straddle the boundary between innate and adaptive immunity, having the ability to mount rapid responses following activation. In mice, this ability is acquired during thymic development. We explored the transcriptional landscape of Tinn compared to conventional T cells (Tconv) in the human thymus and blood using single cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometry. We reveal that in human blood, the majority of Tinn cells, including iNKT, MAIT, and Vδ2+Vγ9+ T cells, share an effector program characterized by the expression of unique chemokine and cytokine receptors, and cytotoxic molecules. This program is driven by specific transcription factors, distinct from those governing Tconv cells. Conversely, only a fraction of thymic Tinn cells displays an effector phenotype, while others share transcriptional features with developing Tconv cells, indicating potential divergent developmental pathways. Unlike the mouse, human Tinn cells do not differentiate into multiple effector subsets but develop a mixed type I/type III effector potential. To conduct a comprehensive cross-species analysis, we constructed a murine Tinn developmental atlas and uncovered additional species-specific distinctions, including the absence of type II Tinn cells in humans, which implies distinct immune regulatory mechanisms across species. The study provides insights into the development and functionality of Tinn cells, emphasizing their role in immune responses and their potential as targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyen Loh
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Salomé Carcy
- School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yong Lin
- Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Joshua Torres
- Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - William Palmer
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Paul J. Norman
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | | | - Tonya Brunetti
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Hannah V. Meyer
- Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Laurent Gapin
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
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2
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Joyce S, Okoye GD, Driver JP. Die Kämpfe únd schláchten-the struggles and battles of innate-like effector T lymphocytes with microbes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1117825. [PMID: 37168859 PMCID: PMC10165076 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1117825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The large majority of lymphocytes belong to the adaptive immune system, which are made up of B2 B cells and the αβ T cells; these are the effectors in an adaptive immune response. A multitudinous group of lymphoid lineage cells does not fit the conventional lymphocyte paradigm; it is the unconventional lymphocytes. Unconventional lymphocytes-here called innate/innate-like lymphocytes, include those that express rearranged antigen receptor genes and those that do not. Even though the innate/innate-like lymphocytes express rearranged, adaptive antigen-specific receptors, they behave like innate immune cells, which allows them to integrate sensory signals from the innate immune system and relay that umwelt to downstream innate and adaptive effector responses. Here, we review natural killer T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells-two prototypic innate-like T lymphocytes, which sense their local environment and relay that umwelt to downstream innate and adaptive effector cells to actuate an appropriate host response that confers immunity to infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare Service, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, The Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation and Vanderbilt Center for Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Gosife Donald Okoye
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, The Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation and Vanderbilt Center for Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - John P. Driver
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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3
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Fang Y, Zhu Y, Kramer A, Chen Y, Li YR, Yang L. Graft-versus-Host Disease Modulation by Innate T Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044084. [PMID: 36835495 PMCID: PMC9962599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic cell therapies, defined by genetically mismatched transplantation, have the potential to become a cost-effective solution for cell-based cancer immunotherapy. However, this type of therapy is often accompanied by the development of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), induced by the mismatched major histocompatibility complex (MHC) between healthy donors and recipients, leading to severe complications and death. To address this issue and increase the potential for allogeneic cell therapies in clinical practice, minimizing GvHD is a crucial challenge. Innate T cells, encompassing subsets of T lymphocytes including mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, and gamma delta T (γδ T) cells, offer a promising solution. These cells express MHC-independent T-cell receptors (TCRs), allowing them to avoid MHC recognition and thus GvHD. This review examines the biology of these three innate T-cell populations, evaluates research on their roles in GvHD modulation and allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo HSCT), and explores the potential futures for these therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yichen Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Adam Kramer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yuning Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yan-Ruide Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence: (L.Y.); (Y.-R.L.); Tel.: +1-310-825-8609 (L.Y.); +1-310-254-6086 (Y.-R.L.)
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence: (L.Y.); (Y.-R.L.); Tel.: +1-310-825-8609 (L.Y.); +1-310-254-6086 (Y.-R.L.)
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4
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Baranek T, de Amat Herbozo C, Mallevaey T, Paget C. Deconstructing iNKT cell development at single-cell resolution. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:503-512. [PMID: 35654639 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are increasingly regarded as disease biomarkers and immunotherapeutic targets. However, a greater understanding of their biology is necessary to effectively target these cells in the clinic. The discovery of iNKT1/2/17 cell effector subsets was a milestone in our understanding of iNKT cell development and function. Recent transcriptomic studies have uncovered an even greater heterogeneity and challenge our understanding of iNKT cell ontogeny and effector differentiation. We propose a refined model whereby iNKT cells differentiate through a dynamic and continuous instructive process that requires the accumulation and integration of various signals within the thymus or peripheral tissues. Within this framework, we question the existence of true iNKT2 cells and discuss the parallels between mouse and human iNKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Baranek
- Centre d'Étude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche 1100, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Carolina de Amat Herbozo
- Department of Immunology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Thierry Mallevaey
- Department of Immunology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Christophe Paget
- Centre d'Étude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche 1100, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Tours, Tours, France.
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5
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Lee M, Lee E, Han SK, Choi YH, Kwon DI, Choi H, Lee K, Park ES, Rha MS, Joo DJ, Shin EC, Kim S, Kim JK, Lee YJ. Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies shared differentiation paths of mouse thymic innate T cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4367. [PMID: 32868763 PMCID: PMC7459300 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18155-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT), mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT), and γδ T cells are innate T cells that acquire memory phenotype in the thymus and share similar biological characteristics. However, how their effector differentiation is developmentally regulated is still unclear. Here, we identify analogous effector subsets of these three innate T cell types in the thymus that share transcriptional profiles. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we show that iNKT, MAIT and γδ T cells mature via shared, branched differentiation rather than linear maturation or TCR-mediated instruction. Simultaneous TCR clonotyping analysis reveals that thymic maturation of all three types is accompanied by clonal selection and expansion. Analyses of mice deficient of TBET, GATA3 or RORγt and additional in vivo experiments corroborate the predicted differentiation paths, while human innate T cells from liver samples display similar features. Collectively, our data indicate that innate T cells share effector differentiation processes in the thymus. Innate T cells such as iNKT, MAIT and γδ T cells all develop in the thymus, but their differentiation paths are still unclear. Here, the authors show, using single-cell RNA sequencing, that all three cell types develop via shared and branched differentiation paths that are corroborated by additional results from gene-deficient mice and human liver T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunmin Lee
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Kyu Han
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ha Choi
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Il Kwon
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyobeen Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanghwan Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seo Park
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seok Rha
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dong Jin Joo
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,The Research Institute for Transplantation, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sanguk Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Kyoung Kim
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - You Jeong Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Donado CA, Cao AB, Simmons DP, Croker BA, Brennan PJ, Brenner MB. A Two-Cell Model for IL-1β Release Mediated by Death-Receptor Signaling. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107466. [PMID: 32268091 PMCID: PMC7192215 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a key orchestrator of anti-microbial immunity whose secretion is typically dependent on activation of inflammasomes. However, many pathogens have evolved strategies to evade inflammasome activation. Here we describe an alternative, two-cell model for IL-1β release where invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells use the death receptor pathway to instruct antigen-presenting cells to secrete IL-1β. Following cognate interactions with TLR-primed bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), iNKT cells rapidly translocate intracellular Fas ligand to the surface to engage Fas on BMDCs. Fas ligation activates a caspase-8-dependent signaling cascade in BMDCs that drives IL-1β release largely independent of inflammasomes. The apoptotic program initiated by Fas ligation rapidly transitions into a pyroptosis-like form of cell death mediated by gasdermin D. Together, our findings support a two-cell model for IL-1β secretion that may supersede inflammasome activation when cytosolic triggers fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Donado
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anh B Cao
- Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daimon P Simmons
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ben A Croker
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Patrick J Brennan
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Michael B Brenner
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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7
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Wang J, Guillaume J, Janssens J, Remesh SG, Ying G, Bitra A, Van Calenbergh S, Zajonc DM. A molecular switch in mouse CD1d modulates natural killer T cell activation by α-galactosylsphingamides. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14345-14356. [PMID: 31391251 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I natural killer T (NKT) cells are a population of innate like T lymphocytes that rapidly respond to α-GalCer presented by CD1d via the production of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. While developing novel α-GalCer analogs that were meant to be utilized as potential adjuvants because of their production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Th1 skewers), we generated α-galactosylsphingamides (αGSA). Surprisingly, αGSAs are not potent antigens in vivo despite their strong T-cell receptor (TCR)-binding affinities. Here, using surface plasmon resonance (SPR), antigen presentation assays, and X-ray crystallography (yielding crystal structures of 19 different binary (CD1d-glycolipid) or ternary (CD1d-glycolipid-TCR) complexes at resolutions between 1.67 and 2.85 Å), we characterized the biochemical and structural details of αGSA recognition by murine NKT cells. We identified a molecular switch within murine (m)CD1d that modulates NKT cell activation by αGSAs. We found that the molecular switch involves a hydrogen bond interaction between Tyr-73 of mCD1d and the amide group oxygen of αGSAs. We further established that the length of the acyl chain controls the positioning of the amide group with respect to the molecular switch and works synergistically with Tyr-73 to control NKT cell activity. In conclusion, our findings reveal important mechanistic insights into the presentation and recognition of glycolipids with polar moieties in an otherwise apolar milieu. These observations may inform the development αGSAs as specific NKT cell antagonists to modulate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Joren Guillaume
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonas Janssens
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Soumya G Remesh
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Ge Ying
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Aruna Bitra
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk M Zajonc
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California 92037 .,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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8
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Gherardin NA, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J, Godfrey DI. The Diverse Family of MR1-Restricted T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 201:2862-2871. [PMID: 30397170 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are characterized by a semi-invariant TCR that recognizes vitamin B metabolite Ags presented by the MHC-related molecule MR1. Their Ag restriction determines a unique developmental lineage, imbuing a tissue-homing, preprimed phenotype with antimicrobial function. A growing body of literature indicates that MR1-restricted T cells are more diverse than the MAIT term implies. Namely, it is increasingly clear that TCR α- and TCR β-chain diversity within the MR1-restricted repertoire provides a potential mechanism of Ag discrimination, and context-dependent functional variation suggests a role for MR1-restricted T cells in diverse physiological settings. In this paper, we summarize MR1-restricted T cell biology, with an emphasis on TCR diversity, Ag discrimination, and functional heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; and.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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9
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Jouan Y, Patin EC, Hassane M, Si-Tahar M, Baranek T, Paget C. Thymic Program Directing the Functional Development of γδT17 Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:981. [PMID: 29867959 PMCID: PMC5951931 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
γδT cells comprise a unique T cell sublineage endowed with a wide functional repertoire, which allow them to play important—sometimes opposite—roles in many immune responses associated with infection, cancer, and inflammatory processes. This is largely dependent on the existence of pre-programmed discrete functional subsets that differentiate within the thymus at specific temporal windows of life. Since they represent a major early source of interleukin-17A in many models of immune responses, the γδT17 cell population has recently gained considerable interest. Thus, a better dissection of the developmental program of this effector γδT subset appears critical in understanding their associated immune functions. Several recent reports have provided new exciting insights into the developmental mechanisms that control γδT cell lineage commitment and differentiation. Here, we review the importance of thymic cues and intrinsic factors that shape the developmental program of γδT17 cells. We also discuss the potential future areas of research in γδT17 cell development especially in regards to the recently provided data from deep RNA sequencing technology. Pursuing our understanding into this complex mechanism will undoubtedly provide important clues into the biology of this particular T cell sublineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youenn Jouan
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Emmanuel C Patin
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maya Hassane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Thomas Baranek
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Christophe Paget
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France
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10
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Antunes L, Duarte de Souza A, de Araújo P, Pinto L, Jones M, Stein R, Pitrez P. iNKT cells are increased in children with severe therapy-resistant asthma. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2018; 46:175-180. [PMID: 29279262 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells play complex functions in the immune system, releasing both Th1 and Th2 cytokines. The role of iNKT cells in human asthma is still controversial and never described in severe therapy-resistant asthma in children. The objective of this work was to analyse iNKT frequency in peripheral blood of children with severe therapy-resistant asthma (STRA), compared to children with milder asthma and healthy controls. METHODS Children with asthma (n=136) (non-severe and STRA) from a referral centre and healthy controls (n=40) were recruited. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated, stained with anti-CD3 and anti-iNKT (Vα24Jα18), and analysed through flow cytometry. Atopic status was defined by measuring specific IgE in serum. Airway inflammation was assessed by induced sputum. RESULTS Children with asthma presented an increased frequency of CD3+iNKT+ cells (median 0.38% IQR 0.18-1.9), compared to healthy controls (median 0.26% IQR 0.10-0.43) (p=0.025). Children with STRA also showed an increased frequency of iNKT cells (1.5% IQR 1.05-2.73) compared to healthy controls and non-severe asthmatic children (0.35% IQR 0.15-1.6; p=0.002). The frequency of iNKT cells was not different between atopic and non-atopic children. In addition, iNKT cells were not associated with any inflammatory pattern of induced sputum studied. CONCLUSION Our data suggests that iNKT cells play a role in paediatric asthma, which is also associated with the severity of disease, but independent of the atopic status.
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11
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Vartabedian VF, Savage PB, Teyton L. The processing and presentation of lipids and glycolipids to the immune system. Immunol Rev 2017; 272:109-19. [PMID: 27319346 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The recognition of CD1-lipid complexes by T cells was discovered 20 years ago and has since been an emerging and expanding field of investigation. Unlike protein antigens, which are presented on MHC class I and II molecules, lipids can only be presented by CD1 molecules, a unique family of MHC-like proteins whose singularity is a hydrophobic antigen-binding groove. The processing and loading of lipid antigens inside this groove of CD1 molecules require localization to endosomal and lysosomal subcellular compartments and their acidic pHs. This particular environment provides the necessary glycolytic enzymes and lipases that process lipid and glycolipid antigens, as well as a set of lipid transfer proteins that load the final version of the antigen inside the groove of CD1. The overall sequence of events needed for efficient presentation of lipid antigens is now understood and presented in this review. However, a large number of important details have been elusive. This elusiveness is linked to the inherent technical difficulties of studying lipids and the lipid-protein interface in vitro and in vivo. Here, we will expose some of those limitations and describe new approaches to address them during the characterization of lipids and glycolipids antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent F Vartabedian
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul B Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Luc Teyton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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12
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Anderson KM, Roark CL, Portas M, Aubrey MT, Rosloniec EF, Freed BM. A Molecular Analysis of the Shared Epitope Hypothesis: Binding of Arthritogenic Peptides to DRB1*04 Alleles. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 68:1627-36. [PMID: 26866513 DOI: 10.1002/art.39636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The shared epitope hypothesis posits that amino acids QR/KRAA in positions 70-74 of the DRΒ1 chain are responsible for rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility. However, even DRB1*04 alleles containing the shared epitope vary greatly with respect to degrees of susceptibility. This study was undertaken to conduct a molecular examination of the shared epitope hypothesis by measuring binding of arthritogenic peptides to susceptibility and resistance alleles. METHODS We measured binding of native and citrullinated forms of vimentin(66-78) and α-enolase(11-25) and noncitrullinated type II collagen(258-272) to 88 class II alleles on Luminex beads (which includes alleles of many varying degrees of susceptibility and resistance). We expressed DRΒ1*04:01, *04:02, and *08:01 in T2 cells and mutated DRΒ1*04:01 at positions 67, 70, 71, 74, and 86 to corresponding residues in DRB1*04:02, *04:03, *04:04, *04:05, and *08:01. Finally, we measured responses of 4 DRΒ1*04:01 restricted collagen(258-272) T cell hybridomas against wild-type DRΒ1*04:01, *04:02, and all mutated alleles. RESULTS The most susceptible allele, DRΒ1*04:01, preferentially bound citrullinated vimentin(66-78) and citrullinated α-enolase(11-25) over the native forms. DRΒ1*04:02 exhibited no preference for citrullinated peptides, and *08:01 preferred native peptides. Similarly, DRB1*04:01 bound collagen(258-272) , but *04:02 and *08:01 did not. Mutating DRΒ1*04:01 at positions 70, 71, 74, and 86 to the corresponding residues in DRΒ1*04:02 or *08:01 dramatically reduced the specificity for citrullinated peptides and collagen(258-272) binding. CONCLUSION These observations demonstrate that while amino acids at positions 70, 71, and 74 within the shared epitope in DRΒ1 mediate binding and T cell responses of arthritogenic peptides, position 86 outside the shared epitope also plays a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M Anderson
- ClinImmune Labs and University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Christina L Roark
- ClinImmune Labs and University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Mary Portas
- ClinImmune Labs and University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Michael T Aubrey
- ClinImmune Labs and University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | | | - Brian M Freed
- ClinImmune Labs and University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
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13
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Baglaenko Y, Cruz Tleugabulova M, Gracey E, Talaei N, Manion KP, Chang NH, Ferri DM, Mallevaey T, Wither JE. Invariant NKT Cell Activation Is Potentiated by Homotypic trans-Ly108 Interactions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3949-3962. [PMID: 28373584 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are innate lymphocytes that respond to glycolipids presented by the MHC class Ib molecule CD1d and are rapidly activated to produce large quantities of cytokines and chemokines. iNKT cell development uniquely depends on interactions between double-positive thymocytes that provide key homotypic interactions between signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family members. However, the role of SLAM receptors in the differentiation of iNKT cell effector subsets and activation has not been explored. In this article, we show that C57BL/6 mice containing the New Zealand Black Slam locus have profound alterations in Ly108, CD150, and Ly9 expression that is associated with iNKT cell hyporesponsiveness. This loss of function was only apparent when dendritic cells and iNKT cells had a loss of SLAM receptor expression. Using small interfering RNA knockdowns and peptide-blocking strategies, we demonstrated that trans-Ly108 interactions between dendritic cells and iNKT cells are critical for robust activation. LY108 costimulation similarly increased human iNKT cell activation. Thus, in addition to its established role in iNKT cell ontogeny, Ly108 regulates iNKT cell function in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Baglaenko
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | | | - Eric Gracey
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Nafiseh Talaei
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Kieran Patricia Manion
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Nan-Hua Chang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Dario Michael Ferri
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Thierry Mallevaey
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Joan E Wither
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada; .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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14
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Chamoto K, Guo T, Scally SW, Kagoya Y, Anczurowski M, Wang CH, Rahman MA, Saso K, Butler MO, Chiu PPL, Julien JP, Hirano N. Key Residues at Third CDR3β Position Impact Structure and Antigen Recognition of Human Invariant NK TCRs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:1056-1065. [PMID: 28003379 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The human invariant NK (iNK) TCR is largely composed of the invariant TCR Vα24-Jα18 chain and semivariant TCR Vβ11 chains with variable CDR3β sequences. The direct role of CDR3β in Ag recognition has been studied extensively. Although it was noted that CDR3β can interact with CDR3α, how this interaction might indirectly influence Ag recognition is not fully elucidated. We observed that the third position of Vβ11 CDR3 can encode an Arg or Ser residue as a result of somatic rearrangement. Clonotypic analysis of the two iNK TCR types with a single amino acid substitution revealed that the staining intensity by anti-Vα24 Abs depends on whether Ser or Arg is encoded. When stained with an anti-Vα24-Jα18 Ab, human primary invariant NKT cells could be divided into Vα24 low- and high-intensity subsets, and Arg-encoding TCR Vβ11 chains were more frequently isolated from the Vα24 low-intensity subpopulation compared with the Vα24 high-intensity subpopulation. The Arg/Ser substitution also influenced Ag recognition as determined by CD1d multimer staining and CD1d-restricted functional responses. Importantly, in silico modeling validated that this Ser-to-Arg mutation could alter the structure of the CDR3β loop, as well as the CDR3α loop. Collectively, these results indicate that the Arg/Ser encoded at the third CDR3β residue can effectively modulate the overall structure of, and Ag recognition by, human iNK TCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Chamoto
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Tingxi Guo
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Stephen W Scally
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Yuki Kagoya
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Mark Anczurowski
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Chung-Hsi Wang
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Muhammed A Rahman
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Kayoko Saso
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Marcus O Butler
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Priscilla P L Chiu
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Program in Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Naoto Hirano
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada; .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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15
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Vieth JA, Das J, Ranaivoson FM, Comoletti D, Denzin LK, Sant'Angelo DB. TCRα-TCRβ pairing controls recognition of CD1d and directs the development of adipose NKT cells. Nat Immunol 2016; 18:36-44. [PMID: 27869818 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) expressed by natural killer T cells (NKT cells) and the antigen-presenting molecule CD1d is distinct from interactions between the TCR and major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Our molecular modeling suggested that a hydrophobic patch created after TCRα-TCRβ pairing has a role in maintaining the conformation of the NKT cell TCR. Disruption of this patch ablated recognition of CD1d by the NKT cell TCR but not interactions of the TCR with MHC. Partial disruption of the patch, while permissive to the recognition of CD1d, significantly altered NKT cell development, which resulted in the selective accumulation of adipose-tissue-resident NKT cells. These results indicate that a key component of the TCR is essential for the development of a distinct population of NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Vieth
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joy Das
- Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Fanomezana M Ranaivoson
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Davide Comoletti
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lisa K Denzin
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Derek B Sant'Angelo
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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16
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Cruz Tleugabulova M, Escalante NK, Deng S, Fieve S, Ereño-Orbea J, Savage PB, Julien JP, Mallevaey T. Discrete TCR Binding Kinetics Control Invariant NKT Cell Selection and Central Priming. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3959-3969. [PMID: 27798168 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells develop and differentiate in the thymus, segregating into iNKT1/2/17 subsets akin to Th1/2/17 classical CD4+ T cells; however, iNKT TCRs recognize Ags in a fundamentally different way. How the biophysical parameters of iNKT TCRs influence signal strength in vivo and how such signals affect the development and differentiation of these cells are unknown. In this study, we manipulated TCRs in vivo to generate clonotypic iNKT cells using TCR retrogenic chimeras. We report that the biophysical properties of CD1d-lipid-TCR interactions differentially impacted the development and effector differentiation of iNKT cells. Whereas selection efficiency strongly correlated with TCR avidity, TCR signaling, cell-cell conjugate formation, and iNKT effector differentiation correlated with the half-life of CD1d-lipid-TCR interactions. TCR binding properties, however, did not modulate Ag-induced iNKT cytokine production. Our work establishes that discrete TCR interaction kinetics influence iNKT cell development and central priming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nichole K Escalante
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Shenglou Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Stephanie Fieve
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - June Ereño-Orbea
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada; and
| | - Paul B Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada; and.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Thierry Mallevaey
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;
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17
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Zajonc DM. The CD1 family: serving lipid antigens to T cells since the Mesozoic era. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:561-76. [PMID: 27368414 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Class I-like CD1 molecules are in a family of antigen-presenting molecules that bind lipids and lipopeptides, rather than peptides for immune surveillance by T cells. Since CD1 lacks the high degree of polymorphism found in their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, different species express different numbers of CD1 isotypes, likely to be able to present structurally diverse classes of lipid antigens. In this review, we will present a historical overview of the structures of the different human CD1 isotypes and also discuss species-specific adaptations of the lipid-binding groove. We will discuss how single amino acid changes alter the shape and volume of the CD1 binding groove, how these minor changes can give rise to different numbers of binding pockets, and how these pockets affect the lipid repertoire that can be presented by any given CD1 protein. We will compare the structures of various lipid antigens and finally, we will discuss recognition of CD1-presented lipid antigens by antigen receptors on T cells (TCRs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M Zajonc
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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18
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Zhang J, Bedel R, Krovi SH, Tuttle KD, Zhang B, Gross J, Gapin L, Matsuda JL. Mutation of the Traj18 gene segment using TALENs to generate Natural Killer T cell deficient mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27375. [PMID: 27256918 PMCID: PMC4891675 DOI: 10.1038/srep27375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells are a unique subset of T lymphocytes that have been implicated in both promoting and suppressing a multitude of immune responses. In mice, iNKT cells express T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) comprising a unique TCRα rearrangement between the Trav11 and Traj18 gene segments. When paired with certain Trbv TCRβ chains, these TCRs recognize lipid antigens presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like molecule, CD1d. Until recently, the sole model of iNKT deficiency targeted the Jα18, which is absolutely required to form the TCR with the appropriate antigenic specificity. However, these mice were demonstrated to have a large reduction in TCR repertoire diversity, which could confound results arising from studies using these mice. Here, we have created a new NKT-deficient mouse strain using transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) technology to only disrupt the expression of Jα18, leaving the remaining Jα repertoire unperturbed. We confirm that these mice lack iNKT cells and do not respond to lipid antigen stimulation while the development of conventional T cells, regulatory T cells, and type Ib NKT cells is normal. This new mouse strain will serve as a new model of iNKT cell deficiency to facilitate our understanding of iNKT biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine and National Jewish Health, Aurora, CO 80206, USA
| | - Romain Bedel
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine and National Jewish Health, Aurora, CO 80206, USA
| | - S Harsha Krovi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine and National Jewish Health, Aurora, CO 80206, USA
| | - Kathryn D Tuttle
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine and National Jewish Health, Aurora, CO 80206, USA
| | - Bicheng Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - James Gross
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Laurent Gapin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine and National Jewish Health, Aurora, CO 80206, USA.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Jennifer L Matsuda
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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19
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Guo T, Chamoto K, Nakatsugawa M, Ochi T, Yamashita Y, Anczurowski M, Butler MO, Hirano N. Mouse and Human CD1d-Self-Lipid Complexes Are Recognized Differently by Murine Invariant Natural Killer T Cell Receptors. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156114. [PMID: 27213277 PMCID: PMC4877060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells recognize self-lipids presented by CD1d through characteristic TCRs, which mainly consist of the invariant Vα14-Jα18 TCRα chain and Vβ8.2, 7 or 2 TCRβ chains with hypervariable CDR3β sequences in mice. The iNKT cell-CD1d axis is conserved between humans and mice, and human CD1d reactivity of murine iNKT cells have been described. However, the detailed differences between the recognition of human and mouse CD1d bound to various self-lipids by mouse iNKT TCRs are largely unknown. In this study, we generated a de novo murine iNKT TCR repertoire with a wider range of autoreactivity compared with that of naturally occurring peripheral iNKT TCRs. Vβ8.2 mouse iNKT TCRs capable of recognizing the human CD1d-self-lipid tetramer were identified, although such clones were not detectable in the Vβ7 or Vβ2 iNKT TCR repertoire. In line with previously reports, clonotypic Vβ8.2 iNKT TCRs with unique CDR3β loops did not discriminate among lipids presented by mouse CD1d. Unexpectedly, however, these iNKT TCRs showed greater ligand selectivity toward human CD1d presenting the same lipids. Our findings demonstrated that the recognition of mouse and human CD1d-self-lipid complexes by murine iNKT TCRs is not conserved, thereby further elucidating the differences between cognate and cross-species reactivity of self-antigens by mouse iNKT TCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingxi Guo
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenji Chamoto
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Munehide Nakatsugawa
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Toshiki Ochi
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuki Yamashita
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Anczurowski
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcus O. Butler
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Naoto Hirano
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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20
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Atypical natural killer T-cell receptor recognition of CD1d-lipid antigens. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10570. [PMID: 26875526 PMCID: PMC4756352 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Crucial to Natural Killer T (NKT) cell function is the interaction between their T-cell receptor (TCR) and CD1d-antigen complex. However, the diversity of the NKT cell repertoire and the ensuing interactions with CD1d-antigen remain unclear. We describe an atypical population of CD1d–α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer)-reactive human NKT cells that differ markedly from the prototypical TRAV10-TRAJ18-TRBV25-1+ type I NKT cell repertoire. These cells express a range of TCR α- and β-chains that show differential recognition of glycolipid antigens. Two atypical NKT TCRs (TRAV21-TRAJ8-TRBV7–8 and TRAV12-3-TRAJ27-TRBV6-5) bind orthogonally over the A′-pocket of CD1d, adopting distinct docking modes that contrast with the docking mode of all type I NKT TCR-CD1d-antigen complexes. Moreover, the interactions with α-GalCer differ between the type I and these atypical NKT TCRs. Accordingly, diverse NKT TCR repertoire usage manifests in varied docking strategies and specificities towards CD1d–α-GalCer and related antigens, thus providing far greater scope for diverse glycolipid antigen recognition. The invariant αβTCR of type I NKT cells recognizes a lipid α-GalCer presented by CD1d. Here the authors describe atypical α-GalCer-reactive NKT cells with diverse TCRs, which bind to CD1d-α-GalCer in a manner distinct from type I NKT cells, thus unveiling greater diversity in lipid antigen recognition.
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21
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Laganà AS, Triolo O, Salmeri FM, Granese R, Palmara VI, Ban Frangež H, Vrtčnik Bokal E, Sofo V. Natural Killer T cell subsets in eutopic and ectopic endometrium: a fresh look to a busy corner. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2016; 293:941-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-015-4004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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CDR3β sequence motifs regulate autoreactivity of human invariant NKT cell receptors. J Autoimmun 2015; 68:39-51. [PMID: 26748722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a subset of T lymphocytes that recognize lipid ligands presented by monomorphic CD1d. Human iNKT T cell receptor (TCR) is largely composed of invariant Vα24 (Vα24i) TCRα chain and semi-variant Vβ11 TCRβ chain, where complementarity-determining region (CDR)3β is the sole variable region. One of the characteristic features of iNKT cells is that they retain autoreactivity even after the thymic selection. However, the molecular features of human iNKT TCR CDR3β sequences that regulate autoreactivity remain unknown. Since the numbers of iNKT cells with detectable autoreactivity in peripheral blood is limited, we introduced the Vα24i gene into peripheral T cells and generated a de novo human iNKT TCR repertoire. By stimulating the transfected T cells with artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) presenting self-ligands, we enriched strongly autoreactive iNKT TCRs and isolated a large panel of human iNKT TCRs with a broad range autoreactivity. From this panel of unique iNKT TCRs, we deciphered three CDR3β sequence motifs frequently encoded by strongly-autoreactive iNKT TCRs: a VD region with 2 or more acidic amino acids, usage of the Jβ2-5 allele, and a CDR3β region of 13 amino acids in length. iNKT TCRs encoding 2 or 3 sequence motifs also exhibit higher autoreactivity than those encoding 0 or 1 motifs. These data facilitate our understanding of the molecular basis for human iNKT cell autoreactivity involved in immune responses associated with human disease.
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23
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Cameron G, Pellicci DG, Uldrich AP, Besra GS, Illarionov P, Williams SJ, La Gruta NL, Rossjohn J, Godfrey DI. Antigen Specificity of Type I NKT Cells Is Governed by TCR β-Chain Diversity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4604-14. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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24
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Wolf BJ, Tatituri RVV, Almeida CF, Le Nours J, Bhowruth V, Johnson D, Uldrich AP, Hsu FF, Brigl M, Besra GS, Rossjohn J, Godfrey DI, Brenner MB. Identification of a Potent Microbial Lipid Antigen for Diverse NKT Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:2540-51. [PMID: 26254340 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Semi-invariant/type I NKT cells are a well-characterized CD1d-restricted T cell subset. The availability of potent Ags and tetramers for semi-invariant/type I NKT cells allowed this population to be extensively studied and revealed their central roles in infection, autoimmunity, and tumor immunity. In contrast, diverse/type II NKT (dNKT) cells are poorly understood because the lipid Ags that they recognize are largely unknown. We sought to identify dNKT cell lipid Ag(s) by interrogating a panel of dNKT mouse cell hybridomas with lipid extracts from the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. We identified Listeria phosphatidylglycerol as a microbial Ag that was significantly more potent than a previously characterized dNKT cell Ag, mammalian phosphatidylglycerol. Further, although mammalian phosphatidylglycerol-loaded CD1d tetramers did not stain dNKT cells, the Listeria-derived phosphatidylglycerol-loaded tetramers did. The structure of Listeria phosphatidylglycerol was distinct from mammalian phosphatidylglycerol because it contained shorter, fully-saturated anteiso fatty acid lipid tails. CD1d-binding lipid-displacement studies revealed that the microbial phosphatidylglycerol Ag binds significantly better to CD1d than do counterparts with the same headgroup. These data reveal a highly potent microbial lipid Ag for a subset of dNKT cells and provide an explanation for its increased Ag potency compared with the mammalian counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Wolf
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Raju V V Tatituri
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Catarina F Almeida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging at University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Veemal Bhowruth
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Darryl Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging at University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging at University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Manfred Brigl
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging at University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Michael B Brenner
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
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25
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Macho-Fernandez E, Brigl M. The Extended Family of CD1d-Restricted NKT Cells: Sifting through a Mixed Bag of TCRs, Antigens, and Functions. Front Immunol 2015; 6:362. [PMID: 26284062 PMCID: PMC4517383 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells comprise a family of specialized T cells that recognize lipid antigens presented by CD1d. Based on their T cell receptor (TCR) usage and antigen specificities, CD1d-restricted NKT cells have been divided into two main subsets: type I NKT cells that use a canonical invariant TCR α-chain and recognize α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), and type II NKT cells that use a more diverse αβ TCR repertoire and do not recognize α-GalCer. In addition, α-GalCer-reactive NKT cells that use non-canonical αβ TCRs and CD1d-restricted T cells that use γδ or δ/αβ TCRs have recently been identified, revealing further diversity among CD1d-restricted T cells. Importantly, in addition to their distinct antigen specificities, functional differences are beginning to emerge between the different members of the CD1d-restricted T cell family. In this review, while using type I NKT cells as comparison, we will focus on type II NKT cells and the other non-invariant CD1d-restricted T cell subsets, and discuss our current understanding of the antigens they recognize, the formation of stimulatory CD1d/antigen complexes, the modes of TCR-mediated antigen recognition, and the mechanisms and consequences of their activation that underlie their function in antimicrobial responses, anti-tumor immunity, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Macho-Fernandez
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manfred Brigl
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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26
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Paletta D, Fichtner AS, Hahn AM, Starick L, Beyersdorf N, Monzon-Casanova E, Mueller TD, Herrmann T. The hypervariable region 4 (HV4) and position 93 of the α chain modulate CD1d-glycolipid binding of iNKT TCRs. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2122-33. [PMID: 25900449 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
TCRs of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells bind α-galactosylceramide (αGC) loaded CD1d in a highly conserved fashion and show a characteristic TCR gene usage: An "invariant" α chain with a canonical AV14/AJ18 rearrangement in mice (AV24/AJ18 in humans) is paired with β chains containing characteristic Vβ segments. In the rat, a multimember AV14 gene family increases the variability within this system. This study characterizes CD1d binding of rat AV14 gene segments in TCR transductants as well as CD1d binding and iNKT TCR expression of expanded polyclonal F344 rat iNKT populations. It defines an important role of position 93 at the V-J transition for TCR avidity and species cross-reactivity of the rat iNKT TCR. Furthermore, for the first time we identified variability within the fourth hypervariable loop (HV4) of the α chain as a modulator of CD1d:αGC binding in rat and mouse. Additionally, we confirmed the importance of the CDR2β for CD1d:αGC binding, but also show that the CDR3β may even have opposite effects on binding depending on the pairing α chain. Altogether, we characterized naturally occurring sources of variability for the iNKT TCR and speculate that they rather level than increase the largely germline encoded differences of iNKT TCR ligand avidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Paletta
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Anne Maria Hahn
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Starick
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Thomas D Mueller
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Herrmann
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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27
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Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a unique population of T lymphocytes, which lie at the interface between the innate and adaptive immune systems, and are important mediators of immune responses and tumor surveillance. iNKT cells recognize lipid antigens in a CD1d-dependent manner; their subsequent activation results in a rapid and specific downstream response, which enhances both innate and adaptive immunity. The capacity of iNKT cells to modify the immune microenvironment influences the ability of the host to control tumor growth, making them an important population to be harnessed in the clinic for the development of anticancer therapeutics. Indeed, the identification of strong iNKT-cell agonists, such as α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) and its analogues, has led to the development of synthetic lipids that have shown potential in vaccination and treatment against cancers. In this Masters of Immunology article, we discuss these latest findings and summarize the major discoveries in iNKT-cell biology, which have enabled the design of potent strategies for immune-mediated tumor destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna M McEwen-Smith
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mariolina Salio
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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28
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Rossjohn J, Gras S, Miles JJ, Turner SJ, Godfrey DI, McCluskey J. T cell antigen receptor recognition of antigen-presenting molecules. Annu Rev Immunol 2014; 33:169-200. [PMID: 25493333 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) locus encodes classical MHC class I and MHC class II molecules and nonclassical MHC-I molecules. The architecture of these molecules is ideally suited to capture and present an array of peptide antigens (Ags). In addition, the CD1 family members and MR1 are MHC class I-like molecules that bind lipid-based Ags and vitamin B precursors, respectively. These Ag-bound molecules are subsequently recognized by T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) expressed on the surface of T lymphocytes. Structural and associated functional studies have been highly informative in providing insight into these interactions, which are crucial to immunity, and how they can lead to aberrant T cell reactivity. Investigators have determined over thirty unique TCR-peptide-MHC-I complex structures and twenty unique TCR-peptide-MHC-II complex structures. These investigations have shown a broad consensus in docking geometry and provided insight into MHC restriction. Structural studies on TCR-mediated recognition of lipid and metabolite Ags have been mostly confined to TCRs from innate-like natural killer T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells, respectively. These studies revealed clear differences between TCR-lipid-CD1, TCR-metabolite-MR1, and TCR-peptide-MHC recognition. Accordingly, TCRs show remarkable structural and biological versatility in engaging different classes of Ag that are presented by polymorphic and monomorphic Ag-presenting molecules of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Rossjohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; ,
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29
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Pellicci DG, Uldrich AP, Le Nours J, Ross F, Chabrol E, Eckle SBG, de Boer R, Lim RT, McPherson K, Besra G, Howell AR, Moretta L, McCluskey J, Heemskerk MHM, Gras S, Rossjohn J, Godfrey DI. The molecular bases of δ/αβ T cell-mediated antigen recognition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:2599-615. [PMID: 25452463 PMCID: PMC4267242 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20141764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Godfrey, Rossjohn, and colleagues define a population of T cells in healthy humans that express T cell receptors (TCRs) comprised of δ variable gene segments fused to α joining and constant domains and paired with a variety of TCR-β chains. Functional and structural analyses reveal how components of αβ and γδ TCR gene loci combine to create T cells with unique patterns of antigen recognition. αβ and γδ T cells are disparate T cell lineages that can respond to distinct antigens (Ags) via the use of the αβ and γδ T cell Ag receptors (TCRs), respectively. Here we characterize a population of human T cells, which we term δ/αβ T cells, expressing TCRs comprised of a TCR-δ variable gene (Vδ1) fused to joining α and constant α domains, paired with an array of TCR-β chains. We demonstrate that these cells, which represent ∼50% of all Vδ1+ human T cells, can recognize peptide- and lipid-based Ags presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and CD1d, respectively. Similar to type I natural killer T (NKT) cells, CD1d-lipid Ag-reactive δ/αβ T cells recognized α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer); however, their fine specificity for other lipid Ags presented by CD1d, such as α-glucosylceramide, was distinct from type I NKT cells. Thus, δ/αβTCRs contribute new patterns of Ag specificity to the human immune system. Furthermore, we provide the molecular bases of how δ/αβTCRs bind to their targets, with the Vδ1-encoded region providing a major contribution to δ/αβTCR binding. Our findings highlight how components from αβ and γδTCR gene loci can recombine to confer Ag specificity, thus expanding our understanding of T cell biology and TCR diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Pellicci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Fiona Ross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eric Chabrol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sidonia B G Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Renate de Boer
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ricky T Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kirsty McPherson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Gurdyal Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, England, UK
| | - Amy R Howell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | | | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Mirjam H M Heemskerk
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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30
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Ivanov S, Paget C, Trottein F. Role of non-conventional T lymphocytes in respiratory infections: the case of the pneumococcus. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004300. [PMID: 25299581 PMCID: PMC4192596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-conventional T lymphocytes constitute a special arm of the immune system and act as sentinels against pathogens at mucosal surfaces. These non-conventional T cells (including mucosal-associated invariant T [MAIT] cells, gamma delta [γδ] T cells, and natural killer T [NKT] cells) display several innate cell-like features and are rapidly activated by the recognition of conserved, stress-induced, self, and microbial ligands. Here, we review the role of non-conventional T cells during respiratory infections, with a particular focus on the encapsulated extracellular pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae, the leading cause of bacterial pneumonia worldwide. We consider whether MAIT cells, γδ T cells, and NKT cells might offer opportunities for preventing and/or treating human pneumococcus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoyan Ivanov
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Paget
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - François Trottein
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- * E-mail:
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31
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Molecular basis of mycobacterial lipid antigen presentation by CD1c and its recognition by αβ T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E4648-57. [PMID: 25298532 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1408549111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1c is a member of the group 1 CD1 family of proteins that are specialized for lipid antigen presentation. Despite high cell surface expression of CD1c on key antigen-presenting cells and the discovery of its mycobacterial lipid antigen presentation capability, the molecular basis of CD1c recognition by T cells is unknown. Here we present a comprehensive functional and molecular analysis of αβ T-cell receptor (TCR) recognition of CD1c presenting mycobacterial phosphomycoketide antigens. Our structure of CD1c with the mycobacterial phosphomycoketide (PM) shows similarities to that of CD1c-mannosyl-β1-phosphomycoketide in that the A' pocket accommodates the mycoketide alkyl chain; however, the phosphate head-group of PM is shifted ∼6 Å in relation to that of mannosyl-β1-PM. We also demonstrate a bona fide interaction between six human TCRs and CD1c-mycoketide complexes, measuring high to moderate affinities. The crystal structure of the DN6 TCR and mutagenic studies reveal a requirement of five complementarity determining region (CDR) loops for CD1c recognition. Furthermore, mutagenesis of CD1c reveals residues in both the α1 and α2 helices involved in TCR recognition, yet not entirely overlapping among the examined TCRs. Unlike patterns for MHC I, no archetypical binding footprint is predicted to be shared by CD1c-reactive TCRs, even when recognizing the same or similar antigens.
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32
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Edholm ES, Grayfer L, Robert J. Evolution of nonclassical MHC-dependent invariant T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4763-80. [PMID: 25117267 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
TCR-mediated specific recognition of antigenic peptides in the context of classical MHC molecules is a cornerstone of adaptive immunity of jawed vertebrate. Ancillary to these interactions, the T cell repertoire also includes unconventional T cells that recognize endogenous and/or exogenous antigens in a classical MHC-unrestricted manner. Among these, the mammalian nonclassical MHC class I-restricted invariant T cell (iT) subsets, such as iNKT and MAIT cells, are now believed to be integral to immune response initiation as well as in orchestrating subsequent adaptive immunity. Until recently the evolutionary origins of these cells were unknown. Here we review our current understanding of a nonclassical MHC class I-restricted iT cell population in the amphibian Xenopus laevis. Parallels with the mammalian iNKT and MAIT cells underline the crucial biological roles of these evolutionarily ancient immune subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Stina Edholm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
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33
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Eckle SBG, Birkinshaw RW, Kostenko L, Corbett AJ, McWilliam HEG, Reantragoon R, Chen Z, Gherardin NA, Beddoe T, Liu L, Patel O, Meehan B, Fairlie DP, Villadangos JA, Godfrey DI, Kjer-Nielsen L, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J. A molecular basis underpinning the T cell receptor heterogeneity of mucosal-associated invariant T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1585-600. [PMID: 25049336 PMCID: PMC4113946 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel MAIT cell antagonist, Ac-6-FP, stabilizes MR1 and can inhibit MAIT cell activation with the flexible TCR β-chain serving to fine-tune the affinity of the TCR for antigen-MR1 complexes. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells express an invariant T cell receptor (TCR) α-chain (TRAV1-2 joined to TRAJ33, TRAJ20, or TRAJ12 in humans), which pairs with an array of TCR β-chains. MAIT TCRs can bind folate- and riboflavin-based metabolites restricted by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-related class I−like molecule, MR1. However, the impact of MAIT TCR and MR1-ligand heterogeneity on MAIT cell biology is unclear. We show how a previously uncharacterized MR1 ligand, acetyl-6-formylpterin (Ac-6-FP), markedly stabilized MR1, potently up-regulated MR1 cell surface expression, and inhibited MAIT cell activation. These enhanced properties of Ac-6-FP were attributable to structural alterations in MR1 that subsequently affected MAIT TCR recognition via conformational changes within the complementarity-determining region (CDR) 3β loop. Analysis of seven TRBV6-1+ MAIT TCRs demonstrated how CDR3β hypervariability impacted on MAIT TCR recognition by altering TCR flexibility and contacts with MR1 and the Ag itself. Ternary structures of TRBV6-1, TRBV6-4, and TRBV20+ MAIT TCRs in complex with MR1 bound to a potent riboflavin-based antigen (Ag) showed how variations in TRBV gene usage exclusively impacted on MR1 contacts within a consensus MAIT TCR-MR1 footprint. Moreover, differential TRAJ gene usage was readily accommodated within a conserved MAIT TCR-MR1-Ag docking mode. Collectively, MAIT TCR heterogeneity can fine-tune MR1 recognition in an Ag-dependent manner, thereby modulating MAIT cell recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidonia B G Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Richard W Birkinshaw
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Lyudmila Kostenko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alexandra J Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Hamish E G McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Rangsima Reantragoon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Travis Beddoe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Onisha Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Bronwyn Meehan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Lars Kjer-Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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Thakur MS, Khurana A, Kronenberg M, Howell AR. Synthesis of a 2"-deoxy-β-GalCer. Molecules 2014; 19:10090-102. [PMID: 25014535 PMCID: PMC4409828 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190710090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural studies of ternary complexes of CD1d/glycosyl ceramides/iNKT cells and CD1d/sulfatide/sulfatide reactive Type II NKT cells have shown how the polar moieties on the glycolipids interact with both the antigen presenting protein (CD1d) and the T cell receptors. However, these structures alone do not reveal the relative importance of these interactions. This study focuses on the synthesis of the previously unknown 2"-deoxy-β-galactosyl ceramide 2. This glycolipid is also evaluated for its ability to stimulate iNKT cells and sulfatide-reactive Type II NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena S Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Rd., Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Archana Khurana
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amy R Howell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Rd., Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Bowerman NA, Falta MT, Mack DG, Wehrmann F, Crawford F, Mroz MM, Maier LA, Kappler JW, Fontenot AP. Identification of multiple public TCR repertoires in chronic beryllium disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4571-80. [PMID: 24719461 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic beryllium disease (CBD) is a granulomatous lung disease characterized by the accumulation of beryllium (Be)-specific CD4(+) T cells in bronchoalveolar lavage. These expanded CD4(+) T cells are composed of oligoclonal T cell subsets, suggesting their recruitment to the lung in response to conventional Ag. In the current study, we noted that all bronchoalveolar lavage-derived T cell lines from HLA-DP2-expressing CBD patients contained an expansion of Be-responsive Vβ5.1(+) CD4(+) T cells. Using Be-loaded HLA-DP2-peptide tetramers, the majority of tetramer-binding T cells also expressed Vβ5.1 with a highly conserved CDR3β motif. Interestingly, Be-specific, Vβ5.1-expressing CD4(+) T cells displayed differential HLA-DP2-peptide tetramer staining intensity, and sequence analysis of the distinct tetramer-binding subsets showed that the two populations differed by a single conserved amino acid in the CDR3β motif. TCR Vα-chain analysis of purified Vβ5.1(+) CD4(+) T cells based on differential tetramer-binding intensity showed differing TCR Vα-chain pairing requirements, with the high-affinity population having promiscuous Vα-chain pairing and the low-affinity subset requiring restricted Vα-chain usage. Importantly, disease severity, as measured by loss of lung function, was inversely correlated with the frequency of tetramer-binding CD4(+) T cells in the lung. Our findings suggest the presence of a dominant Be-specific, Vβ5.1-expressing public T cell repertoire in the lungs of HLA-DP2-expressing CBD patients using promiscuous Vα-chain pairing to recognize an identical HLA-DP2-peptide/Be complex. Importantly, the inverse relationship between expansion of CD4(+) T cells expressing these public TCRs and disease severity suggests a pathogenic role for these T cells in CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Bowerman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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36
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Connelley TK, Longhi C, Burrells A, Degnan K, Hope J, Allan AJ, Hammond JA, Storset AK, Morrison WI. NKp46+ CD3+ cells: a novel nonconventional T cell subset in cattle exhibiting both NK cell and T cell features. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3868-80. [PMID: 24639352 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The NKp46 receptor demonstrates a high degree of lineage specificity, being expressed almost exclusively in NK cells. Previous studies have demonstrated NKp46 expression by T cells, but NKp46+ CD3+ cells are rare and almost universally associated with NKp46 acquisition by T cells following stimulation. In this study we demonstrate the existence of a population of NKp46+ CD3+ cells resident in normal bovine PBMCs that includes cells of both the αβ TCR+ and γδ TCR+ lineages and is present at a frequency of 0.1-1.7%. NKp46+ CD3+ cells express transcripts for a broad repertoire of both NKRs and TCRs and also the CD3ζ, DAP10, and FcεR1γ but not DAP12 adaptor proteins. In vitro functional analysis of NKp46+ CD3+ cells confirm that NKp46, CD16, and CD3 signaling pathways are all functionally competent and capable of mediating/redirecting cytolysis. However, only CD3 cross-ligation elicits IFN-γ release. NKp46+ CD3+ cells exhibit cytotoxic activity against autologous Theileria parva-infected cells in vitro, and during in vivo challenge with this parasite an expansion of NKp46+ CD3+ cells was observed in some animals, indicating the cells have the potential to act as an anti-pathogen effector population. The results in this study identify and describe a novel nonconventional NKp46+ CD3+ T cell subset that is phenotypically and functionally distinct from conventional NK and T cells. The ability to exploit both NKRs and TCRs suggests these cells may fill a functional niche at the interface of innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K Connelley
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
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37
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Bhati M, Cole DK, McCluskey J, Sewell AK, Rossjohn J. The versatility of the αβ T-cell antigen receptor. Protein Sci 2014; 23:260-72. [PMID: 24375592 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The T-cell antigen receptor is a heterodimeric αβ protein (TCR) expressed on the surface of T-lymphocytes, with each chain of the TCR comprising three complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) that collectively form the antigen-binding site. Unlike antibodies, which are closely related proteins that recognize intact protein antigens, TCRs classically bind, via their CDR loops, to peptides (p) that are presented by molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). This TCR-pMHC interaction is crucially important in cell-mediated immunity, with the specificity in the cellular immune response being attributable to MHC polymorphism, an extensive TCR repertoire and a variable peptide cargo. The ensuing structural and biophysical studies within the TCR-pMHC axis have been highly informative in understanding the fundamental events that underpin protective immunity and dysfunctional T-cell responses that occur during autoimmunity. In addition, TCRs can recognize the CD1 family, a family of MHC-related molecules that instead of presenting peptides are ideally suited to bind lipid-based antigens. Structural studies within the CD1-lipid antigen system are beginning to inform us how lipid antigens are specifically presented by CD1, and how such CD1-lipid antigen complexes are recognized by the TCR. Moreover, it has recently been shown that certain TCRs can bind to vitamin B based metabolites that are bound to an MHC-like molecule termed MR1. Thus, TCRs can recognize peptides, lipids, and small molecule metabolites, and here we review the basic principles underpinning this versatile and fascinating receptor recognition system that is vital to a host's survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugdha Bhati
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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38
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Role of type 1 natural killer T cells in pulmonary immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:1054-67. [PMID: 24104457 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal sites are populated by a multitude of innate lymphoid cells and "innate-like" T lymphocytes expressing semiconserved T-cell receptors. Among the latter group, interest in type I natural killer T (NKT) cells has gained considerable momentum over the last decade. Exposure to NKT cell antigens is likely to occur continuously at mucosal sites. For this reason, and as they rapidly respond to stress-induced environmental cytokines, NKT cells are important contributors to immune and inflammatory responses. Here, we review the dual role of mucosal NKT cells during immune responses and pathologies with a particular focus on the lungs. Their role during pulmonary acute and chronic inflammation and respiratory infections is outlined. Whether NKT cells might provide a future attractive therapeutic target for treating human respiratory diseases is discussed.
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39
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Aspeslagh S, Nemčovič M, Pauwels N, Venken K, Wang J, Calenbergh SV, Zajonc DM, Elewaut D. Enhanced TCR footprint by a novel glycolipid increases NKT-dependent tumor protection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:2916-25. [PMID: 23960235 PMCID: PMC3817951 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NKT cells, a unique type of regulatory T cells, respond to structurally diverse glycolipids presented by CD1d. Although it was previously thought that recognition of glycolipids such as α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) by the NKT cell TCR (NKTCR) obeys a key-lock principle, it is now clear this interaction is much more flexible. In this article, we report the structure-function analysis of a series of novel 6''-OH analogs of α-GalCer with more potent antitumor characteristics. Surprisingly, one of the novel carbamate analogs, α-GalCer-6''-(pyridin-4-yl)carbamate, formed novel interactions with the NKTCR. This interaction was associated with an extremely high level of Th1 polarization and superior antitumor responses. These data highlight the in vivo relevance of adding aromatic moieties to the 6''-OH position of the sugar and additionally show that judiciously chosen linkers are a promising strategy to generate strong Th1-polarizing glycolipids through increased binding either to CD1d or to NKTCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Aspeslagh
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marek Nemčovič
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nora Pauwels
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Venken
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jing Wang
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk M. Zajonc
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dirk Elewaut
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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40
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41
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Predisposed αβ T cell antigen receptor recognition of MHC and MHC-I like molecules? Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:653-9. [PMID: 23993410 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The diverse αβ T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire exhibits versatility in its ability to generate antigen (Ag) receptors capable of interacting with polymorphic Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules and monomorphic MHC-I like molecules, including the CD1 and MR1 families. Collectively, these evolutionarily related Ag-presenting molecules present peptides, lipids and vitamin B metabolites for T cell surveillance. Interestingly, whilst common TCR gene usage can underpin recognition of these distinct classes of Ags, it is unclear whether the 'rules' that govern αβTCR-Ag MHC interactions are shared. We highlight recent observations in the context of TCR biases towards MHC and MHC-I like molecules.
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42
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Myelin recovery in multiple sclerosis: the challenge of remyelination. Brain Sci 2013; 3:1282-324. [PMID: 24961530 PMCID: PMC4061877 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci3031282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating and an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by immune-mediated myelin and axonal damage, and chronic axonal loss attributable to the absence of myelin sheaths. T cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, CD8+, NKT, CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells) and B cells are involved in this disorder, thus new MS therapies seek damage prevention by resetting multiple components of the immune system. The currently approved therapies are immunoregulatory and reduce the number and rate of lesion formation but are only partially effective. This review summarizes current understanding of the processes at issue: myelination, demyelination and remyelination—with emphasis upon myelin composition/architecture and oligodendrocyte maturation and differentiation. The translational options target oligodendrocyte protection and myelin repair in animal models and assess their relevance in human. Remyelination may be enhanced by signals that promote myelin formation and repair. The crucial question of why remyelination fails is approached is several ways by examining the role in remyelination of available MS medications and avenues being actively pursued to promote remyelination including: (i) cytokine-based immune-intervention (targeting calpain inhibition), (ii) antigen-based immunomodulation (targeting glycolipid-reactive iNKT cells and sphingoid mediated inflammation) and (iii) recombinant monoclonal antibodies-induced remyelination.
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43
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Smith SN, Sommermeyer D, Piepenbrink KH, Blevins SJ, Bernhard H, Uckert W, Baker BM, Kranz DM. Plasticity in the contribution of T cell receptor variable region residues to binding of peptide-HLA-A2 complexes. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:4496-507. [PMID: 23954306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One hypothesis accounting for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction by T cell receptors (TCRs) holds that there are several evolutionary conserved residues in TCR variable regions that contact MHC. While this "germline codon" hypothesis is supported by various lines of evidence, it has been difficult to test. The difficulty stems in part from the fact that TCRs exhibit low affinities for pep/MHC, thus limiting the range of binding energies that can be assigned to these key interactions using mutational analyses. To measure the magnitude of binding energies involved, here we used high-affinity TCRs engineered by mutagenesis of CDR3. The TCRs included a high-affinity, MART-1/HLA-A2-specific single-chain TCR and two other high-affinity TCRs that all contain the same Vα region and recognize the same MHC allele (HLA-A2), with different peptides and Vβ regions. Mutational analysis of residues in CDR1 and CDR2 of the three Vα2 regions showed the importance of the key germline codon residue Y51. However, two other proposed key residues showed significant differences among the TCRs in their relative contributions to binding. With the use of single-position, yeast-display libraries in two of the key residues, MART-1/HLA-A2 selections also revealed strong preferences for wild-type germline codon residues, but several alternative residues could also accommodate binding and, hence, MHC restriction. Thus, although a single residue (Y51) could account for a proportion of the energy associated with positive selection (i.e., MHC restriction), there is significant plasticity in requirements for particular side chains in CDR1 and CDR2 and in their relative binding contributions among different TCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena N Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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44
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Venturi V, Rudd BD, Davenport MP. Specificity, promiscuity, and precursor frequency in immunoreceptors. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:639-45. [PMID: 23880376 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is comprised of various immune cell populations that utilize a spectrum of immunoreceptors characterized by different levels of specificity, diversity, and prevalence within a host and across a population. These range from the universal receptors employed by both innate cells and innate-like cells, such as NKT and MAIT cells, through to receptors expressed on T cells with sporadic incidence. Here we review recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive the observed spectra of T cell receptors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Venturi
- Computational Biology Group, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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45
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Yin L, Scott-Browne J, Kappler JW, Gapin L, Marrack P. T cells and their eons-old obsession with MHC. Immunol Rev 2013; 250:49-60. [PMID: 23046122 PMCID: PMC3963424 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
T cells bearing receptors made up of α and β chains (TCRs) usually react with peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex proteins (MHC). This bias could be imposed by positive selection, the phenomenon that selects thymocytes to mature into T cells only if the TCRs they bear react with low but appreciable affinity with MHC + peptide combinations in the thymus cortex. However, it is also possible that the polypeptides of TCRs themselves do not have random specificities but rather are biased toward reaction with MHC. Evolution would therefore have selected for a collection of TCR variable elements that are prone to react with MHC. If this were to be so, positive selection would act on thymocytes bearing a pre biased collection of TCRs to pick out those that react to some extent, but not too well, with self MHC + self-peptides. A problem with studies of this evolutionary idea is the fact that there are many TCR variable elements and that these differ considerably in the amino acids with which they contact MHC. However, recent experiments by our group and others suggest that one group of TCR variable elements, those related to the mouse Vβ8 family, has amino acids in their CDR2 regions that consistently bind a particular site on an MHC α-helix. Other groups of variable elements may use different patterns of amino acids to achieve the same goal. Mutation of these amino acids reduces the ability of T cells and thymocytes to react with MHC. These amino acids are present in the variable regions of distantly related species such as sharks and human. Overall the data indicate that TCR elements have indeed been selected by evolution to react with MHC proteins. Many mysteries about TCRs remain to be solved, including the nature of auto-recognition, the basis of MHC allele specificity, and the very nature and complexity of TCRs on mature T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yin
- Integrated Department of Immunology, HHMI, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
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46
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Gapin L, Godfrey DI, Rossjohn J. Natural Killer T cell obsession with self-antigens. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:168-73. [PMID: 23384972 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural Killer T (NKT) cells are distinct lymphocyte lineages that recognize lipid antigens presented by the non-classical Major Histocompatibility Complex molecule CD1d. Two categories of NKT cells, type I and type II, have been described based on T-cell receptor expression and antigenic specificity. In both cases, increasing evidence suggest that recognition of self-antigens by these cells plays an important role not only in their development but also in their regulation of a broad range of immune responses. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of how and when NKT cell autoreactivity manifests itself, how the NKT T cell receptor engages self-antigens and the nature of these self-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Gapin
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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47
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Sanderson JP, Brennan PJ, Mansour S, Matulis G, Patel O, Lissin N, Godfrey DI, Kawahara K, Zähringer U, Rossjohn J, Brenner MB, Gadola SD. CD1d protein structure determines species-selective antigenicity of isoglobotrihexosylceramide (iGb3) to invariant NKT cells. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:815-25. [PMID: 23280365 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Isoglobotrihexosylceramide (iGb3) has been identified as a potent CD1d-presented self-antigen for mouse invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. The role of iGb3 in humans remains unresolved, however, as there have been conflicting reports about iGb3-dependent human iNKT-cell activation, and humans lack iGb3 synthase, a key enzyme for iGb3 synthesis. Given the importance of human immune responses, we conducted a human-mouse cross-species analysis of iNKT-cell activation by iGb3-CD1d. Here we show that human and mouse iNKT cells were both able to recognise iGb3 presented by mouse CD1d (mCD1d), but not human CD1d (hCD1d), as iGb3-hCD1d was unable to support cognate interactions with the iNKT-cell TCRs tested in this study. The structural basis for this discrepancy was identified as a single amino acid variation between hCD1d and mCD1d, a glycine-to-tryptophan modification within the α2-helix that prevents flattening of the iGb3 headgroup upon TCR ligation. Mutation of the human residue, Trp153, to the mouse ortholog, Gly155, therefore allowed iGb3-hCD1d to stimulate human iNKT cells. In conclusion, our data indicate that iGb3 is unlikely to be a major antigen in human iNKT-cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Sanderson
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome and Hope Laboratories, Southampton Musculoskeletal BRU, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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48
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Brennan PJ, Brigl M, Brenner MB. Invariant natural killer T cells: an innate activation scheme linked to diverse effector functions. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13:101-17. [PMID: 23334244 DOI: 10.1038/nri3369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 598] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells exist in a 'poised effector' state, which enables them to rapidly produce cytokines following activation. Using a nearly monospecific T cell receptor, they recognize self and foreign lipid antigens presented by CD1d in a conserved manner, but their activation can catalyse a spectrum of polarized immune responses. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the innate-like mechanisms underlying iNKT cell activation and describe how lipid antigens, the inflammatory milieu and interactions with other immune cell subsets regulate the functions of iNKT cells in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Brennan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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49
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Tahiri F, Li Y, Hawke D, Ganiko L, Almeida I, Levery S, Zhou D. Lack of iGb3 and Isoglobo-Series Glycosphingolipids in Pig Organs Used for Xenotransplantation: Implications for Natural Killer T-Cell Biology. J Carbohydr Chem 2013; 32:44-67. [PMID: 23378701 DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2012.741637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
α-1,3-Terminated galactose residues on glycoproteins and glycosphingolipids are recognized by natural anti-α-1,3-galactose antibodies in human serum and cause hyperacute rejection in pig-to-human xenotransplantation. Genetic depletion of α-1,3-galactosyltransferase-1 in pigs abolishes the hyperacute rejection reaction. However, the isoglobotriosylceramide (iGb3) synthase in pigs may produce additional α-1,3-terminated galactose residues on glycosphingolipids. In both α-1,3-galactosyltranserase-1 knockout mice and pigs, cytotoxic anti-α-1,3-galactose antibodies could be induced; thus, a paradox exists that anti-α-1,3-galactose antibodies are present in animals with functional iGb3 synthases. Furthermore, iGb3 has been found to be an endogenous antigen for natural killer T (NKT) cells, an innate type of lymphocyte that may initiate the adaptive immune responses. It has been reasoned that iGb3 may trigger the activation of NKT cells and cause the rejection of α-1,3-galactosyltransferase-1-deficient organs through the potent stimulatory effects of NKT cells on adaptive immune cells (see ref.([20])). In this study, we examined the expression of iGb3 and the isoglobo-series glycosphingolipids in pig organs, including the heart, liver, pancreas, and kidney, by ion-trap mass spectrometry, which has a sensitivity of measuring 1% iGb3 among Gb3 isomers, when 5 μg/mL of the total iGb3/Gb3 mixture is present (see ref.([35])). We did not detect iGb3 or other isoglobo-series glycosphingolipids in any of these organs, although they were readily detected in mouse and human thymus and dendritic cells. The lack of iGb3 and isoglobo-series glycosphingolipids in pig organs indicates that iGb3 is unlikely to be a relevant immune epitope in xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Tahiri
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
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50
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Hogan EL, Podbielska M, O'Keeffe J. Implications of Lymphocyte Anergy to Glycolipids in Multiple Sclerosis (MS): iNKT Cells May Mediate the MS Infectious Trigger. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 4. [PMID: 26347308 PMCID: PMC4557814 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunogenic lipids may play key roles in host defenses against infection and in generating autoimmune inflammation and organ-specific damage. In multiple sclerosis (MS) there are unequivocal autoimmune features and vulnerability to aggravation or induction by microbial or viral infection. We have found glycolipid-driven anergy of circulating lymphocytes in MS indicating that this immune response is affected in MS and the robust effects of iNKT activation with potent cellular and cytokine activities emphasizes its potential importance. Diverse glycolipids including the endogenous myelin acetylated-galactosylceramides (AcGalCer) can drive activation that could be critical to the inflammatory demyelination in the central nervous system and clinical consequences. The iNKT cells and their invariant or iTCR (Vα24Jα18Vβ11) receptor an innate defense–a discrete immune arm that is separate from peptide-driven acquired immune responses. This offers new possibilities for insight including a likelihood that the pattern recognition of exogenous microbial and myelin immunogens can overlap and cross-react especially in an inflammatory milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward L Hogan
- Georgia Regents University, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Neurology, 1120 15 Street, Augusta, 30912-2620 GA, USA ; National University of Ireland Galway, Department of Microbiology, University Road, Galway, Ireland ; Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Neurosciences, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Maria Podbielska
- Georgia Regents University, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Neurology, 1120 15 Street, Augusta, 30912-2620 GA, USA ; Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology & Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Signaling Proteins, R. Weigla Street 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joan O'Keeffe
- Department of Life and Physical Sciences, School of Science, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
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