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Zhang B, Kasoju N, Li Q, Soliman E, Yang A, Cui Z, Ma J, Wang H, Ye H. Culture surfaces induce hypoxia-regulated genes in human mesenchymal stromal cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 14:035012. [PMID: 30849767 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ab0e61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Culturing human Mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) in vitro in hypoxic conditions resulted in reduced senescence, enhanced pluripotency and altered proliferation rate. It has been known that in vitro hypoxia affects expression of cell surface proteins. However, the impact of culture surfaces on the hypoxia-regulated genes (HRG) have not yet been reported. This study utilized Next-Generation sequencing to analyse the changes in the gene expression levels of HRG for hMSCs cultured on different culture surfaces. The samples, which were cultured on four different synthesized surfaces (treatments) and tissue culture plate (control), resulted in a difference in growth rate. The sequencing results revealed that the transcription of a number of key genes involved in regulating hypoxic functions were significantly altered, including HIF2A, a marker for potency, differentiation, and various cellular functions. Significant alternations in the expression levels of previously reported oxygen-sensitive surface proteins were detected in this study, some of which closely correlate with the expression levels of HIF2A. Our analysis of the hMSCs transcriptome and HRG mapped out a list of genes encoding surface proteins which may directly regulate or be regulated by HIF2A. The findings from this study showed that culture surfaces have an impact on regulating the expression profile of HRG. Therefore, novel culture surfaces may be designed to selectively activate HIF2A and other HRG and pathways under in vitro normoxia. The understanding of the crosstalk between the regulating genes of hypoxia and culture surfaces may be utilized to strengthen desired hypoxic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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2
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Eden G, Archinti M, Arnaudova R, Andreotti G, Motta A, Furlan F, Citro V, Cubellis MV, Degryse B. D2A sequence of the urokinase receptor induces cell growth through αvβ3 integrin and EGFR. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1889-1907. [PMID: 29184982 PMCID: PMC11105377 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2718-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The urokinase receptor (uPAR) stimulates cell proliferation by forming a macromolecular complex with αvβ3 integrin and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, ErbB1 or HER1) that we name the uPAR proliferasome. uPAR transactivates EGFR, which in turn mediates uPAR-initiated mitogenic signal to the cell. EGFR activation and EGFR-dependent cell growth are blocked in the absence of uPAR expression or when uPAR activity is inhibited by antibodies against either uPAR or EGFR. The mitogenic sequence of uPAR corresponds to the D2A motif present in domain 2. NMR analysis revealed that D2A synthetic peptide has a particular three-dimensional structure, which is atypical for short peptides. D2A peptide is as effective as EGF in promoting EGFR phosphorylation and cell proliferation that were inhibited by AG1478, a specific inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of EGFR. Both D2A and EGF failed to induce proliferation of NR6-EGFR-K721A cells expressing a kinase-defective mutant of EGFR. Moreover, D2A peptide and EGF phosphorylate ERK demonstrating the involvement of the MAP kinase signalling pathway. Altogether, this study reveals the importance of sequence D2A of uPAR, and the interdependence of uPAR and EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Eden
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
- Medical Clinic V, Teaching Hospital Braunschweig, Salzdahlumer Straße 90, 38126, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Marco Archinti
- Department of Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics, DIBIT, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Ralitsa Arnaudova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics, DIBIT, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Andreotti
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Andrea Motta
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Federico Furlan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics, DIBIT, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
- BoNetwork Programme, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Citro
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Bernard Degryse
- Department of Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics, DIBIT, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
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3
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Wang X, Hao Q, Zhao Y, Guo Y, Ge W. Dysregulation of cell-cell interactions in brain arteriovenous malformations: A quantitative proteomic study. Proteomics Clin Appl 2017; 11. [PMID: 28083997 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing 100005 China
| | - Qiang Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing 100050 China
| | - Yuanli Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing 100050 China
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery; Tsinghua Changgung Hospital; Beijing 102218 China
- Department of Neurosurgery; Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University; Baoding 071000 China
| | - Wei Ge
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing 100005 China
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Rehm S, Thomas RA, Smith KS, Mirabile RC, Gales TL, Eustis SL, Boyce RW. Novel Vascular Lesions in Mice Given a Non-Peptide Vitronectin Receptor Antagonist. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 35:958-71. [DOI: 10.1080/01926230701748230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Novel vascular lesions were observed in mice given an αvβ3, αvβ5 receptor antagonist (SB-273005) for up to 3 months. Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) necrosis was observed in aorta and renal hilar arteries approximately 6 hours after dosing followed by loss of VSMC, adaptive medial thickening by VSMC hypertrophy and deposition of PAS-positive matrix and collagen. Renal hilar and arcuate arteries developed delayed and transient fibrinoid necrosis and inflammation. Vascular regeneration was not evident following drug-withdrawal after 3 days of dosing. Vascular lesions were associated with necrosis, regeneration and fibrosis of heart, kidney and spleen consistent with initial ischemic injury followed by tissue repair. VSMC toxicity was likely not related to integrin antagonism because lesions were not observed with related compounds and no vascular changes were observed in other preclinical species. In vitro studies failed to demonstrate a direct toxic effect of SB-273005 on VSMC or unique species sensitivity of murine VSMC. In conclusion, SB-273005 caused VSMC necrosis in aorta and renal arteries of mice. Lesions did not progress or recover, but there was medial hypertrophic adaptation even with continued dosing. This is considered direct species-specific VSMC toxicity of unknown mechanism and unrelated to vitronectin receptor antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Rehm
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Rd, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | | | - Kim S. Smith
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Rd, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | | | - Tracy L. Gales
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Rd, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | | | - Rogely W. Boyce
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Rd, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
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5
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Salmerón-Sánchez M, Dalby MJ. Synergistic growth factor microenvironments. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:13327-13336. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc06888j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This paper focuses on developments in materials to stimulate growth factors effects by engineering presentation in synergy with integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Salmerón-Sánchez
- Division of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Engineering
- University of Glasgow
- Rankine Building
- Glasgow G12 8LT
| | - Matthew J. Dalby
- Center for Cell Engineering
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology
- University of Glasgow
- Glasgow G12 8QQ
- UK
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6
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Noninvasive and quantitative assessment of in vivo fetomaternal interface angiogenesis using RGD-based fluorescence. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:309082. [PMID: 25110672 PMCID: PMC4119748 DOI: 10.1155/2014/309082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a key process for proper placental development and for the success of pregnancy. Although numerous in vitro methods have been developed for the assessment of this process, relatively few reliable in vivo methods are available to evaluate this activity throughout gestation. Here we report an in vivo technique that specifically measures placental neovascularization. The technique is based on the measurement of a fluorescent alpha v beta 3 (αvβ3) integrin-targeting molecule called Angiolone-Alexa-Fluor 700. The αvβ3 integrin is highly expressed by endothelial cells during the neovascularization and by trophoblast cells during their invasion of the maternal decidua. Angiolone was injected to gravid mice at 6.5 and 11.5 days post coitus (dpc). The fluorescence was analyzed one day later at 7.5 and 12.5 dpc, respectively. We demonstrated that (i) Angiolone targets αvβ3 protein in the placenta with a strong specificity, (ii) this technique is quantitative as the measurement was correlated to the increase of the placental size observed with increasing gestational age, and (iii) information on the outcome is possible, as abnormal placentation could be detected early on during gestation. In conclusion, we report the validation of a new noninvasive and quantitative method to assess the placental angiogenic activity, in vivo.
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7
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Di Q, Cheng Z, Kim W, Liu Z, Song H, Li X, Nan Y, Wang C, Cheng X. Impaired cross-activation of β3 integrin and VEGFR-2 on endothelial progenitor cells with aging decreases angiogenesis in response to hypoxia. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:2167-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.01.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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The promotion of endothelial cell attachment and spreading using FNIII10 fused to VEGF-A165. Biomaterials 2013; 34:5958-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Goswami S. Importance of integrin receptors in the field of pharmaceutical & medical science. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/abc.2013.32028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Brackett NL. Infertility in men with spinal cord injury: research and treatment. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:578257. [PMID: 24278717 PMCID: PMC3820516 DOI: 10.6064/2012/578257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) occurs most often to young men. Following SCI, most men are infertile due to a combination of erectile dysfunction, ejaculatory dysfunction and semen abnormalities. Erectile dysfunction may be treated by the same therapies that are used in the general population. Similarly, the same treatments that are effective to assist conception in couples with non-SCI male factor patients are effective in assisting conception in SCI male-factor patients. The most apparent differences in male-factor symptoms between SCI and non-SCI patients are the high occurrences of anejaculation and atypical semen profiles in men with SCI. Methods available to assist ejaculation in men with SCI include penile vibratory stimulation and EEJ. Use of surgical sperm retrieval as the first line of treatment for anejaculation in men with SCI is controversial. Most men with SCI have a unique semen profile characterized by normal sperm concentration, but abnormally low sperm motility. Toxic substances in the semen contribute to this problem. Despite impaired sperm parameters, pregnancy outcomes using sperm from men with SCI are similar to pregnancy outcomes using sperm from non-SCI men. Future studies should focus on improving natural ejaculation and improving semen quality in these men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L. Brackett
- Lois Pope Life Center, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Room 2-17, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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11
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Erhöhung der αvβ3-Selektivität des Angiogenese hemmenden Wirkstoffs Cilengitid durch N-Methylierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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12
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Mas-Moruno C, Beck JG, Doedens L, Frank AO, Marinelli L, Cosconati S, Novellino E, Kessler H. Increasing αvβ3 selectivity of the anti-angiogenic drug cilengitide by N-methylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9496-500. [PMID: 21948451 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Mas-Moruno
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center of Integrated Protein Science, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching, Germany
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13
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Mas-Moruno C, Rechenmacher F, Kessler H. Cilengitide: the first anti-angiogenic small molecule drug candidate design, synthesis and clinical evaluation. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2011; 10:753-68. [PMID: 21269250 PMCID: PMC3267166 DOI: 10.2174/187152010794728639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cilengitide, a cyclic RGD pentapeptide, is currently in clinical phase III for treatment of glioblastomas and in phase II for several other tumors. This drug is the first anti-angiogenic small molecule targeting the integrins αvβ3, αvβ5 and αvβ1. It was developed by us in the early 90s by a novel procedure, the spatial screening. This strategy resulted in c(RGDfV), the first superactive αvβ3 inhibitor (100 to 1000 times increased activity over the linear reference peptides), which in addition exhibited high selectivity against the platelet receptor αIIbβ3. This cyclic peptide was later modified by N-methylation of one peptide bond to yield an even greater antagonistic activity in c(RGDf(NMe)V). This peptide was then dubbed Cilengitide and is currently developed as drug by the company Merck-Serono (Germany). This article describes the chemical development of Cilengitide, the biochemical background of its activity and a short review about the present clinical trials. The positive anti-angiogenic effects in cancer treatment can be further increased by combination with "classical" anti-cancer therapies. Several clinical trials in this direction are under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Mas-Moruno
- Institute for Advance Study, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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Schneider JG, Amend SH, Weilbaecher KN. Integrins and bone metastasis: integrating tumor cell and stromal cell interactions. Bone 2011; 48:54-65. [PMID: 20850578 PMCID: PMC3010439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Integrins on both tumor cells and the supporting host stromal cells in bone (osteoclasts, new blood vessels, inflammatory cells, platelets and bone marrow stromal cells) play key roles in enhancing bone metastasis. Tumor cells localize to specific tissues through integrin-mediated contacts with extracellular matrix and stromal cells. Integrin expression and signaling are perturbed in cancer cells, allowing them to "escape" from cell-cell and cell-matrix tethers, invade, migrate and colonize within new tissues and matrices. Integrin signaling through αvβ3 and VLA-4 on tumor cells can promote tumor metastasis to and proliferation in the bone microenvironment. Osteoclast (OC) mediated bone resorption is a critical component of bone metastasis and can promote tumor growth in bone and αvβ3 integrins are critical to OC function and development. Tumors in the bone microenvironment can recruit new blood vessel formation, platelets, pro-tumor immune cells and bone marrow stromal cells that promote tumor growth and invasion in bone. Integrins and their ligands play critical roles in platelet aggregation (αvβ3 and αIIbβ3), hematopoietic cell mobilization (VLA-4 and osteopontin), neoangiogenesis (αvβ3, αvβ5, α6β4, and β1 integrin) and stromal function (osteopontin and VLA-4). Integrins are involved in the pathogenesis of bone metastasis at many levels and further study to define integrin dysregulation by cancer will yield new therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen G. Schneider
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Germany, and Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Sarah H. Amend
- Department of Medicine and Division of Oncology, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Katherine N. Weilbaecher
- Department of Medicine and Division of Oncology, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Corresponding author: Katherine Weilbaecher, Department of Medicine and Cell Biology and Physiology, Division of Oncology, Washington University, School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, PO Box 8069, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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15
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Gat LL, Gogat K, Van Den Berghe L, Brizard M, Kobetz A, Marchant D, Abitbol M, Ménasche M. The β3 Integrin Gene is Expressed at High Levels in the Major Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Organs, Vascular System, and Skeleton During Mouse Embryo Development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/cac.10.3.129.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Abstract
This review argues that the question "What does an embryo need?" cannot be adequately answered in quantitative terms to allow the formulation of media for culturing early mammalian embryos. It can be shown experimentally that "needs" in terms of the nutrients an embryo chooses to consume, and their rates of consumption, vary widely, as they are determined by the concentration of the nutrients under consideration and other constituents in the culture medium. Similarly, it is impossible to define "needs" from knowledge of the kinetic properties of nutrient transport systems. Measurements of nutrient consumption, are, however, valuable in determining overall metabolic activity and the balance between oxidative and glycolytic metabolism, in demonstrating qualitative requirements for specific nutrients and in providing markers of normality or abnormality against which to devise methods for diagnosing embryo health. On the basis of these and other considerations, a strategy is proposed for the formulation of embryo culture media that promotes metabolism that is "quiet" rather than "active", reduces the concentrations of nutrients to match those in the Fallopian tube, selects the "quietest" embryos for transfer, and trusts the autonomy of the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Leese
- Department of Biology, University of York, PO Box 373, York YO10 5YW, UK
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17
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Miller TW, Isenberg JS, Roberts DD. Molecular regulation of tumor angiogenesis and perfusion via redox signaling. Chem Rev 2009; 109:3099-124. [PMID: 19374334 PMCID: PMC2801866 DOI: 10.1021/cr8005125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David D. Roberts
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: NIH, Building 10, Room 2A33, 10 Center Dr, MSC1500, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
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18
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Laurens N, Engelse MA, Jungerius C, Löwik CW, van Hinsbergh VWM, Koolwijk P. Single and combined effects of alphavbeta3- and alpha5beta1-integrins on capillary tube formation in a human fibrinous matrix. Angiogenesis 2009; 12:275-85. [PMID: 19449108 PMCID: PMC2752504 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-009-9150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The fibrinous exudate of a wound or tumor stroma facilitates angiogenesis. We studied the involvement of RGD-binding integrins during tube formation in human plasma-derived fibrin clots and human purified fibrin matrices. Capillary-like tube formation by human microvascular endothelial cells in a 3D plasma-derived fibrinous matrix was induced by FGF-2 and TNF-α and depended largely on cell-bound u-PA and plasmin activities. While tube formation was minimally affected by the addition of either the αvβ3-integrin inhibiting mAb LM609 or the α5-integrin inhibiting mAb IIA1, the general RGD-antagonist echistatin completely inhibited this process. Remarkably, when αvβ3- and α5β1-integrins were inhibited simultaneously, tube formation was reduced by 78%. It was accompanied by a 44% reduction of u-PA antigen accumulation and 41% less production of fibrin degradation products. αvβ5-integrin-blocking antibodies further enhanced the inhibition by mAb LM609 and mAb IIA1 to 94%, but had no effect by themselves. αv-specific cRGD only inhibited angiogenesis when α5β1-integrin was simultaneously blocked. Endostatin mimicked the effect of α5β1-integrin and inhibited tube formation only in the presence of LM609 or cRGD (73 and 80%, respectively). Comparable results were obtained when purified fibrin matrices were used instead of the plasma-derived fibrinous matrices. These data show that blocking of tube formation in a fibrinous exudate requires the simultaneous inhibition of αvβ3- and α5β1-integrins. This may bear impact on attempts to influence angiogenesis in a fibrinous environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Laurens
- Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Moftakhar P, Hauptman JS, Malkasian D, Martin NA. Cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Part 1: cellular and molecular biology. Neurosurg Focus 2009; 26:E10. [PMID: 19408988 DOI: 10.3171/2009.2.focus09316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
ObjectThe scientific understanding of the nature of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in the brain is evolving. It is clear from current work that AVMs can undergo a variety of phenomena, including growth, remodeling, and/or regression—and the responsible processes are both molecular and physiological. A review of these complex processes is critical to directing future therapeutic approaches. The authors performed a comprehensive review of the literature to evaluate current information regarding the genetics, pathophysiology, and behavior of AVMs.MethodsA comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed to reveal the molecular biology of AVMs as it relates to their complex growth and behavior patterns.ResultsGrowth factors involved in AVMs include vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor β, angiopoietins, fibronectin, laminin, integrin, and matrix metalloproteinases.ConclusionsUnderstanding the complicated molecular milieu of developing AVMs is essential for defining their natural history. Growth factors, extracellular matrix proteins, and other molecular markers will be the key to unlocking novel targeted drug treatments for these brain malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason S. Hauptman
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dennis Malkasian
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Neil A. Martin
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, California
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20
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Feng W, McCabe NP, Mahabeleshwar GH, Somanath PR, Phillips DR, Byzova TV. The angiogenic response is dictated by beta3 integrin on bone marrow-derived cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 183:1145-57. [PMID: 19075116 PMCID: PMC2600740 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200802179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is dependent on the coordinated action of numerous cell types. A key adhesion molecule expressed by these cells is the αvβ3 integrin. Here, we show that although this receptor is present on most vascular and blood cells, the key regulatory function in tumor and wound angiogenesis is performed by β3 integrin on bone marrow–derived cells (BMDCs) recruited to sites of neovascularization. Using knockin mice expressing functionally stunted β3 integrin, we show that bone marrow transplantation rescues impaired angiogenesis in these mice by normalizing BMDC recruitment. We demonstrate that αvβ3 integrin enhances BMDC recruitment and retention at angiogenic sites by mediating cellular adhesion and transmigration of BMDCs through the endothelial monolayer but not their release from the bone niche. Thus, β3 integrin has the potential to control processes such as tumor growth and wound healing by regulating BMDC recruitment to sites undergoing pathological and adaptive angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Feng
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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21
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Heckmann D, Meyer A, Laufer B, Zahn G, Stragies R, Kessler H. Rational design of highly active and selective ligands for the alpha5beta1 integrin receptor. Chembiochem 2008; 9:1397-407. [PMID: 18481343 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of integrin function is a major challenge in medicinal chemistry. Potent ligands are currently in different stages of clinical trials for the antiangiogenic therapy of cancer and age-related macula degeneration (AMD). The subtype alpha5beta1 has recently been drawn into the focus of research because of its genuine role in angiogenesis. In our previous work we could demonstrate that the lack of structural information about the receptor could be overcome by a homology model based on the X-ray structure of the alphavbeta3 integrin subtype and the sequence similarities between both receptors. In this work, we describe the rational design and synthesis of high affinity alpha5beta1 binders, and the optimisation of selectivity against alphavbeta3 by means of extensive SAR studies and docking experiments. A first series of compounds based on the tyrosine scaffold resulted in affinities in the low and even subnanomolar range and selectivities of 400-fold against alphavbeta3. The insights about the structure-activity relationship gained from tyrosine-based ligands could be successfully transferred to ligands that bear an aza-glycine scaffold to yield alpha5beta1 ligands with affinities of approximately 1 nm and selectivities that exceed 10(4)-fold. The ligands have already been successfully employed as selective alpha5beta1 ligands in biological research and might serve as lead structures for antiangiogenic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Heckmann
- Centre of Integrated Protein Science at the Technical University München, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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22
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Fan Y, Zhu W, Yang M, Zhu Y, Shen F, Hao Q, Young WL, Yang GY, Chen Y. Del-1 gene transfer induces cerebral angiogenesis in mice. Brain Res 2008; 1219:1-7. [PMID: 18534562 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Developmental endothelial locus-1 (Del-1) is a novel angiomatrix protein that has been shown to stimulate a potent angiogenic response and promote functional recovery in hind-limb and cardiac ischemia in animal models; however, its impact on cerebral angiogenesis is unknown. In this study, we investigated whether Del-1 overexpression via gene transfer induces cerebral angiogenesis in a murine model, and examined Del-1 expression after ischemic stroke. Cerebral Del-1 overexpression was achieved with AAV (adeno-associated virus) transduction system via stereotactic injection. Control mice were injected with AAV-lacZ. Del-1 gene transduction led to a significant induction of cerebral angiogenesis compared to AAV-lacZ treatment at 4 weeks after gene transfer (Del-1: 97+/-7 vs lacZ: 64+/-28, vessels/field, p<0.05). Mice transduced with AAV-Del-1 showed significantly elevated vascular densities for up to 6 weeks after gene delivery. In addition, double immunofluorescent staining showed co-localization of endothelial cell marker CD31 with BrdU (specific marker for proliferating cells), indicating that Del-1 promoted endogenous endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Our immunohistochemical staining also showed that Del-1 expression was markedly up-regulated in the peri-infarct area at 3 days after permanent focal cerebral ischemia compared to the sham-operated non-ischemic control. Our data suggest that Del-1 may participate in modulating cerebral angiogenesis, and that gene transfer of Del-1 may provide a novel and potent means for stimulating cerebral angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Fan
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Room 3C-38, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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23
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Reidy M, Zihlmann P, Hubbell JA, Hall H. Activation of cell-survival transcription factor NFkappaB in L1Ig6-stimulated endothelial cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 77:542-50. [PMID: 16493660 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ligation of the integrin alpha(v)beta(3) in endothelial cells has been shown to be important for their survival. Such ligation induces signalling events merging into the Raf-Ras-ERK cascade that eventually induces activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB), leading to its phosphorylation and nuclear translocation and thus inhibiting apoptosis. Here, the recombinant sixth immunoglobulin-like domain of cell adhesion molecules L1 (L1Ig6), a ligand for integrin alpha(v)beta(3), was explored as a component of vascular implant surfaces to initiate the NFkappaB-cell survival pathway. This supposition was supported. Specifically, NFkappaB-p65 was expressed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and when stimulated on L1Ig6, the phosphorylated form was found in the nucleus in over 60% of the cells. NFkappaB was not translocated into the nucleus on a number of other extracellular matrix substrates examined or when fibroblasts were cultured on L1Ig6. NFkappaB phosphorylation and nuclear translocation could be inhibited by blocking ligation of alpha(v)beta(3) by L1Ig6 with an antibody recognizing alpha(v)beta(3), with a cyclic RGD peptide, and with soluble L1Ig6. Moreover, blocking of alpha(v)beta(3) interaction with L1Ig6 was correlated with induction of apoptosis. Thus, these experiments demonstrate that L1Ig6 may be useful as alpha(v)beta(3) ligand for the induction of endothelial survival pathways mediated by NFkappaB-p65.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Reidy
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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24
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Jackson SW, Hoshi T, Wu Y, Sun X, Enjyoji K, Cszimadia E, Sundberg C, Robson SC. Disordered purinergic signaling inhibits pathological angiogenesis in cd39/Entpd1-null mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 171:1395-404. [PMID: 17823293 PMCID: PMC1988887 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.070190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
CD39/ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-type-1 (ENTPD1) is the dominant vascular ecto-nucleotidase that catalyzes the phosphohydrolysis of extracellular nucleotides in the blood and extracellular space. This ecto-enzymatic process modulates endothelial cell, leukocyte, and platelet purinergic receptor-mediated responses to extracellular nucleotides in the setting of thrombosis and vascular inflammation. We show here that deletion of Cd39/Entpd1 results in abrogation of angiogenesis, causing decreased growth of implanted tumors and inhibiting development of pulmonary metastases. Qualitative abnormalities of Cd39-null endothelial cell adhesion and integrin dysfunction were demonstrated in vitro. These changes were associated with decreased activation of focal adhesion kinase and extracellular signaling-regulated kinase-1 and -2 in endothelial cells. Our data indicate novel links between CD39/ENTPD1, extracellular nucleotide-mediated signaling, and vascular endothelial cell integrin function that impact on angiogenesis and tumor growth.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Apyrase/genetics
- Apyrase/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Proliferation
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Gene Deletion
- Integrin alphaVbeta3/metabolism
- Integrins/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/blood supply
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Purines/metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun W Jackson
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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25
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Abdollahi A, Schwager C, Kleeff J, Esposito I, Domhan S, Peschke P, Hauser K, Hahnfeldt P, Hlatky L, Debus J, Peters JM, Friess H, Folkman J, Huber PE. Transcriptional network governing the angiogenic switch in human pancreatic cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:12890-5. [PMID: 17652168 PMCID: PMC1931565 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705505104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A shift of the angiogenic balance to the proangiogenic state, termed the "angiogenic switch," is a hallmark of cancer progression. Here we devise a strategy for identifying genetic participants of the angiogenic switch based on inverse regulation of genes in human endothelial cells in response to key endogenous pro- and antiangiogenic proteins. This approach reveals a global network pattern for vascular homeostasis connecting known angiogenesis-related genes with previously unknown signaling components. We also demonstrate that the angiogenic switch is governed by simultaneous regulations of multiple genes organized as transcriptional circuitries. In pancreatic cancer patients, we validate the transcriptome-derived switch of the identified "angiogenic network:" The angiogenic state in chronic pancreatitis specimens is intermediate between the normal (angiogenesis off) and neoplastic (angiogenesis on) condition, suggesting that aberrant proangiogenic environment contributes to the increased cancer risk in patients with chronic pancreatitis. In knockout experiments in mice, we show that the targeted removal of a hub node (peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor delta) of the angiogenic network markedly impairs angiogenesis and tumor growth. Further, in tumor patients, we show that peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor delta expression levels are correlated with advanced pathological tumor stage, increased risk for tumor recurrence, and distant metastasis. Our results therefore also may contribute to the rational design of antiangiogenic cancer agents; whereas "narrow" targeted cancer drugs may fail to shift the robust angiogenic regulatory network toward antiangiogenesis, the network may be more vulnerable to multiple or broad-spectrum inhibitors or to the targeted removal of the identified angiogenic "hub" nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Abdollahi
- *Department of Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and University of Heidelberg Medical School, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: , , or
| | - Christian Schwager
- *Department of Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and University of Heidelberg Medical School, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Jörg Kleeff
- Departments of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg Medical School and European Pancreas Center, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Irene Esposito
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg Medical School, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Sophie Domhan
- *Department of Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and University of Heidelberg Medical School, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Peter Peschke
- *Department of Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and University of Heidelberg Medical School, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Kai Hauser
- *Department of Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and University of Heidelberg Medical School, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3840
| | - Philip Hahnfeldt
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Department of Medicine, Caritas St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135-2997
- **Children's Hospital Boston, Vascular Biology Program and Harvard Medical School, Department of Surgery, Karp Family Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Lynn Hlatky
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Department of Medicine, Caritas St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135-2997
| | - Jürgen Debus
- *Department of Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and University of Heidelberg Medical School, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Jeffrey M. Peters
- Department of Veterinary Science and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; and
| | - Helmut Friess
- Departments of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg Medical School and European Pancreas Center, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Judah Folkman
- **Children's Hospital Boston, Vascular Biology Program and Harvard Medical School, Department of Surgery, Karp Family Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 02115
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: , , or
| | - Peter E. Huber
- *Department of Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and University of Heidelberg Medical School, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: , , or
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26
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Mahabeleshwar GH, Feng W, Reddy K, Plow EF, Byzova TV. Mechanisms of integrin-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor cross-activation in angiogenesis. Circ Res 2007; 101:570-80. [PMID: 17641225 PMCID: PMC2723825 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.155655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The functional responses of endothelial cells are dependent on signaling from peptide growth factors and the cellular adhesion receptors, integrins. These include cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation, which, in turn, are essential for more complex processes such as formation of the endothelial tube network during angiogenesis. This study identifies the molecular requirements for the cross-activation between beta3 integrin and tyrosine kinase receptor 2 for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor (VEGFR-2) on endothelium. The relationship between VEGFR-2 and beta3 integrin appears to be synergistic, because VEGFR-2 activation induces beta3 integrin tyrosine phosphorylation, which, in turn, is crucial for VEGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of VEGFR-2. We demonstrate here that adhesion- and growth factor-induced beta3 integrin tyrosine phosphorylation are directly mediated by c-Src. VEGF-stimulated recruitment and activation of c-Src and subsequent beta3 integrin tyrosine phosphorylation are critical for interaction between VEGFR-2 and beta3 integrin. Moreover, c-Src mediates growth factor-induced beta3 integrin activation, ligand binding, beta3 integrin-dependent cell adhesion, directional migration of endothelial cells, and initiation of angiogenic programming in endothelial cells. Thus, the present study determines the molecular mechanisms and consequences of the synergism between 2 cell surface receptor systems, growth factor receptor and integrins, and opens new avenues for the development of pro- and antiangiogenic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganapati H Mahabeleshwar
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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27
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Vlahakis NE, Young BA, Atakilit A, Hawkridge AE, Issaka RB, Boudreau N, Sheppard D. Integrin alpha9beta1 directly binds to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and contributes to VEGF-A-induced angiogenesis. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:15187-96. [PMID: 17363377 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609323200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) is a potent inducer of angiogenesis. We now show that VEGF-A-induced adhesion and migration of human endothelial cells are dependent on the integrin alpha9beta1 and that VEGF-A is a direct ligand for this integrin. Adhesion and migration of these cells on the 165 and 121 isoforms of VEGF-A depend on cooperative input from alpha9beta1 and the cognate receptor for VEGF-A, VEGF receptor 2 (VEGF-R2). Unlike alpha3beta1or alphavbeta3 integrins, alpha9beta1 was also found to bind the 121 isoform of VEGF-A. This interaction appears to be biologically significant, because alpha9beta1-blocking antibody dramatically and specifically inhibited angiogenesis induced by VEGF-A165 or -121. Together with our previous findings that alpha9beta1 directly binds to VEGF-C and -D and contributes to lymphangiogenesis, these results identify the integrin alpha9beta1 as a potential pharmacotherapeutic target for inhibition of pathogenic angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Vlahakis
- Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-2922, USA.
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28
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Fischer C, Schneider M, Carmeliet P. Principles and therapeutic implications of angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and arteriogenesis. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2006:157-212. [PMID: 16999228 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-36028-x_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The vasculature is the first organ to arise during development. Blood vessels run through virtually every organ in the body (except the avascular cornea and the cartilage), assuring metabolic homeostasis by supplying oxygen and nutrients and removing waste products. Not surprisingly therefore, vessels are critical for organ growth in the embryo and for repair of wounded tissue in the adult. Notably, however, an imbalance in angiogenesis (the growth of blood vessels) contributes to the pathogenesis of numerous malignant, inflammatory, ischaemic, infectious and immune disorders. During the last two decades, an explosive interest in angiogenesis research has generated the necessary insights to develop the first clinically approved anti-angiogenic agents for cancer and blindness. This novel treatment is likely to change the face of medicine in the next decade, as over 500 million people worldwide are estimated to benefit from pro- or anti-angiogenesis treatment. In this following chapter, we discuss general key angiogenic mechanisms in health and disease, and highlight recent developments and perspectives of anti-angiogenic therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fischer
- Centre for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, KULeuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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29
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Zhang D, Pier T, McNeel DG, Wilding G, Friedl A. Effects of a monoclonal anti-alphavbeta3 integrin antibody on blood vessels - a pharmacodynamic study. Invest New Drugs 2006; 25:49-55. [PMID: 17001523 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-006-9013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The integrin alphavbeta3 is an adhesion molecule expressed by proliferating endothelial cells and antibodies blocking this integrin inhibit angiogenesis in preclinical models. MEDI-522 is a second generation humanized anti-alphavbeta3 antibody designed for antiangiogenic therapy. The purpose of this study was to examine potential effects of this agent on blood vessels. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In a phase I dose escalation study, MEDI-522 was administered by weekly infusions to 25 adult patients with advanced solid organ malignancies. As a surrogate angiogenesis assay, a wound was created by punch biopsy of the arm skin. This wound site was re-biopsied after a 7-day interval. Dual-label immunofluorescence experiments followed by computer-assisted image analysis were conducted to analyze the vasculature. RESULTS Sequential pretreatment and 4-week treatment skin biopsy pairs were available on 4 patients, who had received 6 or 10 mg/kg of MEDI-522. MEDI-522 was detected in the dermal blood vessels as well as the dermal interstitium both in intact and wounded skin sites following treatment. No statistically significant difference was found between pretreatment and treatment samples of skin for vascular area, endothelial cell proliferation and apoptosis, or beta3 integrin levels. Phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (pFAK) was significantly diminished in skin wound vessels during MEDI-522 treatment compared to the pretreatment samples. CONCLUSIONS MEDI-522 was detectable both in quiescent and in angiogenically active skin blood vessels as well as in the dermal interstitial space. The levels of pFAK were reduced during MEDI-522 treatment, suggesting a modulating effect on this signaling molecule.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Blood Vessels/drug effects
- Blood Vessels/pathology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique/methods
- Focal Adhesion Kinase 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Focal Adhesion Kinase 1/metabolism
- Humans
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods
- Infusions, Intravenous
- Integrin alphaVbeta3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Integrin alphaVbeta3/immunology
- Lymphoma/pathology
- Lymphoma/physiopathology
- Lymphoma/prevention & control
- Neoplasms/blood supply
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/prevention & control
- Skin/drug effects
- Skin/metabolism
- Skin/pathology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahua Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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30
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Seker A, Yildirim O, Kurtkaya O, Sav A, Günel M, Pamir MN, Kiliç T. Expression of integrins in cerebral arteriovenous and cavernous malformations. Neurosurgery 2006; 58:159-68; discussion 159-68. [PMID: 16385340 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000192174.55131.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess and compare levels and patterns of expression for integrins alphavbeta1, alphavbeta3, and alphavbeta5 in arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and cavernous malformations (CCMs) of the brain. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimens from 10 AVM and 10 CCM lesions were selected from 112 patients with AVMs and 97 patients with CCMs who were treated microsurgically in the Department of Neurosurgery, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey. Sections were immunohistochemically stained with antibodies for integrins alphavbeta1, alphavbeta3, and alphavbeta5. Separate histological layers of the vascular wall were evaluated, and levels of expression were graded using a four-tier system. RESULTS Integrin alphavbeta1 was more strongly expressed in AVMs than in CCMs. This difference was most pronounced in the endothelium and subendothelium/media. Integrin alphavbeta3 was more strongly expressed in CCM endothelium than in AVM endothelium (average grades, 0.9 and 0.4, respectively). All 10 of the CCM lesions expressed integrin alphavbeta5 in the endothelium, whereas only five of the AVMs showed minimal expression of this molecule in the endothelium. CONCLUSION Current scientific understanding of the roles integrins play in angiogenesis is far from complete. The levels and patterns of expression for these molecules in the histological layers of the vascular walls of AVMs and CCMs provide some clues about the complex biological activities of integrins in these lesions. If one accepts the premise that immunohistochemistry has its inherent methodological problems, integrins alphavbeta1, alphavbeta3, and alphavbeta5 are expressed in AVMs and CCMs in different ways that may be linked to stages of angiogenic maturation. Integrin alphavbeta1 is expressed more strongly in endothelium and subendothelium/media of AVMs than in the corresponding layers of CCMs. Integrins alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta5 are expressed more strongly in CCM endothelium than in AVM endothelium. In addition, integrin alphavbeta5 staining was stronger in CCM subendothelium than AVM subendothelium/media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aşkin Seker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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31
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Cébe-Suarez S, Zehnder-Fjällman A, Ballmer-Hofer K. The role of VEGF receptors in angiogenesis; complex partnerships. Cell Mol Life Sci 2006; 63:601-15. [PMID: 16465447 PMCID: PMC2773843 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-005-5426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) regulate blood and lymphatic vessel development and homeostasis but also have profound effects on neural cells. VEGFs are predominantly produced by endothelial, hematopoietic and stromal cells in response to hypoxia and upon stimulation with growth factors such as transforming growth factors, interleukins or platelet-derived growth factor. VEGFs bind to three variants of type III receptor tyrosine kinases, VEGF receptor 1, 2 and 3. Each VEGF isoform binds to a particular subset of these receptors giving rise to the formation of receptor homo- and heterodimers that activate discrete signaling pathways. Signal specificity of VEGF receptors is further modulated upon recruitment of coreceptors, such as neuropilins, heparan sulfate, integrins or cadherins. Here we summarize the knowledge accumulated since the discovery of these proteins more than 20 years ago with the emphasis on the signaling pathways activated by VEGF receptors in endothelial cells during cell migration, growth and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Cébe-Suarez
- Biomolecular Research, Molecular Cell Biology, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - A. Zehnder-Fjällman
- Biomolecular Research, Molecular Cell Biology, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - K. Ballmer-Hofer
- Biomolecular Research, Molecular Cell Biology, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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32
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Taverna D, Crowley D, Connolly M, Bronson RT, Hynes RO. A direct test of potential roles for beta3 and beta5 integrins in growth and metastasis of murine mammary carcinomas. Cancer Res 2006; 65:10324-9. [PMID: 16288021 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-4098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
alphavbeta3 or alphavbeta5 integrins are widely expressed on blood and endothelial cells. Inhibition of the functions of these integrins has been reported to suppress neovascularization and tumor growth, suggesting that they may be critical modulators of angiogenesis. However, mice lacking these integrins exhibit extensive angiogenesis. Tumors arising from s.c. injections of tumor cells into mice lacking one or both integrins show enhanced tumor growth compared with growth in control mice due to both increased angiogenesis and to altered innate immune response. Other data suggest additional roles for these integrins, on either platelets or the tumor cells themselves, in enhancing tumor progression and metastasis. Here, we investigate the involvement of beta3 and beta5 integrins in the development and progression of mammary carcinomas. We intercrossed mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-c-neu transgenic mice with beta3 or beta5 or beta3beta5 integrin-deficient mice and observed that multiple, large mammary tumors developed in 100% of mice on all genetic backgrounds. A statistically significant earlier onset of tumor growth was observed in the MMTV-c-neu/beta3beta5 integrin-null females compared with control mice. No major differences were observed in tumor size or number, vessel number or vessel structure and lung metastases were observed with similar frequency and size in all strains. MMTV-c-neu/beta3beta5 integrin-null mice had higher numbers of mammary acini, which may account for the earlier onset of tumors in this strain. These data indicate that alphavbeta3 or alphavbeta5 integrins are not essential for tumor growth and progression, although they might play some role in mammary gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Taverna
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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33
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Abdollahi A, Griggs DW, Zieher H, Roth A, Lipson KE, Saffrich R, Gröne HJ, Hallahan DE, Reisfeld RA, Debus J, Niethammer AG, Huber PE. Inhibition of αvβ3 Integrin Survival Signaling Enhances Antiangiogenic and Antitumor Effects of Radiotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:6270-9. [PMID: 16144931 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of alpha(v)beta3 and alpha(v)beta5 integrins in angiogenesis and the use of integrin antagonists as effective antiangiogenic agents are documented. Radiotherapy is an important therapy option for cancer. It has been shown that ionizing radiation exerts primarily antiangiogenic effects in tumors but has also proangiogenic effects as the reaction of the tumor to protect its own vasculature from radiation damage. Here, we show that combined treatment with S247, an Arg-Gly-Glu peptidomimetic antagonist of alpha(v)beta3 integrin, and external beam radiotherapy are beneficial in local tumor therapy. We found that radiation up-regulates alpha(v)beta3 expression in endothelial cells and consecutively phosphorylates Akt, which may provide a tumor escape mechanism from radiation injury mediated by integrin survival signaling. In the presence of S247, the radiation-induced Akt phosphorylation is strongly inhibited. Our studies on endothelial cell proliferation, migration, tube formation, apoptosis, and clonogenic survival show that the radiosensitivity of endothelial cells is enhanced by the concurrent administration of the integrin antagonist. The in vitro data are successfully translated into human glioma (U87), epidermoid (A431), and prostate cancer (PC3) xenograft models growing s.c. on BALB/c-nu/nu mice. In vivo, the combination of S247 treatment and fractionated radiotherapy (5 x 2.5 Gy) leads to enhanced antiangiogenic and antitumor effects compared with either monotherapies. These results underline the importance of alpha(v)beta3 integrin when tumors protect their microvasculature from radiation-induced damage. The data also indicate that the combination of integrin antagonists and radiotherapy represents a rational approach in local cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Abdollahi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Kryczek I, Lange A, Mottram P, Alvarez X, Cheng P, Hogan M, Moons L, Wei S, Zou L, Machelon V, Emilie D, Terrassa M, Lackner A, Curiel TJ, Carmeliet P, Zou W. CXCL12 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Synergistically Induce Neoangiogenesis in Human Ovarian Cancers. Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.465.65.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ovarian carcinomas have a poor prognosis, often associated with multifocal i.p. dissemination accompanied by intense neovascularization. To examine tumor angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment, we studied malignant ascites and tumors of patients with untreated ovarian carcinoma. We observed that malignant ascites fluid induced potent in vivo neovascularization in Matrigel assay. We detected a sizable amount of vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) in malignant ascites. However, pathologic concentration of VEGF is insufficient to induce in vivo angiogenesis. We show that ovarian tumors strongly express CXC chemokine stromal-derived factor (SDF-1/CXCL12). High concentration of CXCL12, but not the pathologic concentration of CXCL12 induces in vivo angiogenesis. Strikingly, pathologic concentrations of VEGF and CXCL12 efficiently and synergistically induce in vivo angiogenesis. Migration, expansion, and survival of vascular endothelial cells (VEC) form the essential functional network of angiogenesis. We further provide a mechanistic basis for explaining the interaction between CXCL12 and VEGF. We show that VEGF up-regulates the receptor for CXCL12, CXCR4 expression on VECs, and synergizes CXCL12-mediated VEC migration. CXCL12 synergizes VEGF-mediated VEC expansion and synergistically protects VECs from sera starvation-induced apoptosis with VEGF. Finally, we show that hypoxia synchronously induces tumor CXCL12 and VEGF production. Therefore, hypoxia triggered tumor CXCL12 and VEGF form a synergistic angiogenic axis in vivo. Hypoxia-induced signals would be the important factor for initiating and maintaining an active synergistic angiogeneic pathway mediated by CXCL12 and VEGF. Thus, interrupting this synergistic axis, rather than VEGF alone, will be a novel efficient antiangiogenesis strategy to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Kryczek
- 1Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
- 2Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lange
- 2Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Peter Mottram
- 1Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- 1Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Pui Cheng
- 1Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Melina Hogan
- 1Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Lieve Moons
- 3Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Leuven, Belgium; and
| | - Shuang Wei
- 1Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Linhua Zou
- 1Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Véronique Machelon
- 4Institut Paris-Sud Sur Les Cytokines, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Clamart, France
| | - Dominique Emilie
- 4Institut Paris-Sud Sur Les Cytokines, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Clamart, France
| | | | - Andrew Lackner
- 1Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Tyler J. Curiel
- 1Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- 3Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Leuven, Belgium; and
| | - Weiping Zou
- 1Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Chen Y, Xu B, Arderiu G, Hashimoto T, Young WL, Boudreau N, Yang GY. Retroviral delivery of homeobox D3 gene induces cerebral angiogenesis in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004; 24:1280-7. [PMID: 15545924 DOI: 10.1097/01.wcb.0000141770.09022.ab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is regulated by concerted actions of angiogenic and angiostatic factors. Homeobox D3 gene (HOXD3) is a potent proangiogenic transcription factor that promotes angiogenesis by modulating the expression of matrix-degrading proteinases, integrins, and extracellular matrix components. Application of HOXD3 can promote angiogenesis in the skin, but its role in other vascular beds has not been examined. The authors examined HOXD3 expression in human brain vessels by in situ hybridization. Although little or no HOXD3 mRNA was detected in normal brain vessels, increased levels of HOXD3 and its target gene, alpha V beta 3, were found in angiogenic vessels in human brain arteriovenous malformations. The authors further investigated whether HOXD3 plays a role in cerebral angiogenesis in a murine model. Expression of HOXD3 in mouse brain was achieved through retroviral vector-mediated HOXD3 gene transfer. HOXD3 expression lead to a significant induction of cerebral angiogenesis as shown by quantitative microvessel counting (HOXD3: 241 +/- 19 vessels/mm2 vs. saline: 150 +/- 14 vessels/mm2, P < 0.05). The data also showed that focal cerebral blood flow was increased in the angiogenic region with less vascular leakage. Moreover, expression of HOXD3 led to an increase in the expression of a direct downstream target gene alpha V beta 3 integrin. The data suggest that HOXD3 may play an important role in regulating cerebral angiogenesis, and that gene transfer of HOXD3 may provide a novel and potent means to stimulate angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Chen
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, The Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, California 94410, USA
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Curiel TJ, Cheng P, Mottram P, Alvarez X, Moons L, Evdemon-Hogan M, Wei S, Zou L, Kryczek I, Hoyle G, Lackner A, Carmeliet P, Zou W. Dendritic Cell Subsets Differentially Regulate Angiogenesis in Human Ovarian Cancer. Cancer Res 2004; 64:5535-8. [PMID: 15313886 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is essential for both primary and metastatic tumor growth. Tumor blood vessel formation is complex and regulated by many factors. Ovarian carcinomas have a poor prognosis, often associated with multifocal intraperitoneal dissemination accompanied by intense neovascularization. To examine tumor angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment, we studied malignant ascites of patients with untreated ovarian carcinoma. We observed high numbers of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) and significant stromal-derived factor (CXCL-12/SDF)-1 in their malignant ascites, attracting PDCs into the tumor environment. We now show that tumor-associated PDCs induced angiogenesis in vivo through production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 8. By contrast, myeloid dendritic cells (MDCs) were absent from malignant ascites. MDCs derived in vitro suppressed angiogenesis in vivo through production of interleukin 12. Thus, the tumor may attract PDCs to augment angiogenesis while excluding MDCs to prevent angiogenesis inhibition, demonstrating a novel mechanism for modulating tumor neovascularization. Because dendritic cells (DCs) have long been known to affect tumor immunity, our data also implicate DCs in regulation of tumor neoangiogenesis, suggesting a novel role of DCs in tumor pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Curiel
- Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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Taverna D, Moher H, Crowley D, Borsig L, Varki A, Hynes RO. Increased primary tumor growth in mice null for beta3- or beta3/beta5-integrins or selectins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:763-8. [PMID: 14718670 PMCID: PMC321755 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0307289101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of alphavbeta3- or alphavbeta5-integrins and selectins is widespread on blood cells and endothelial cells. Here we report that human tumor cells injected s.c. into mice lacking beta3- or beta3/beta5-integrins or various selectins show enhanced tumor growth compared with growth in control mice. There was increased angiogenesis in mice lacking beta3-integrins, but no difference in structure of the vessels was observed by histology or by staining for NG2 and smooth muscle actin in pericytes. Bone marrow transplants suggest that the absence of beta3-integrins on bone marrow-derived host cells contributes to the enhanced tumor growth in beta3-null mice, although few, if any, bone marrow-derived endothelial cells were found in the tumor vasculature. Tumor growth also was affected by bone marrow-derived cells in mice lacking any one or all three selectins, implicating both leukocyte and endothelial selectins in tumor suppression. Reduced infiltration of macrophages was observed in tumors grown in mice lacking either beta3-integrins or selectins. These results implicate cells of the innate immune system, macrophages or perhaps natural killer cells, in each case dependent on integrins and selectins, in tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Taverna
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Bojesen SE, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG. Integrin beta3 Leu33Pro homozygosity and risk of cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95:1150-7. [PMID: 12902444 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djg005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased tumor cell expression of integrins containing the beta3 subunit is associated with increased progression to invasive tumors, whereas inhibition of beta3 integrin expression and/or function may reduce tumor growth and metastasis. The Leu33Pro polymorphism of the beta3 subunit modulates the function of alpha(IIb)beta3 integrin. We examined whether this polymorphism influences cancer risk. METHODS Using participants (n = 9242) from the Copenhagen City Heart Study with 24 years of follow-up and endpoints from the Danish Cancer Registry, we assessed the risk of all cancers and of 27 cancer types in individuals who carry the Leu33Pro polymorphism (heterozygotes and homozygotes) relative to those without the polymorphism (non-carriers). Relative risks (RRs) of cancer and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Differences in cumulative cancer incidence (per 10 000 person-years) were tested using log-rank statistics. Statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Among the participants, 70.0% were non-carriers, 27.3% were heterozygotes, and 2.7% were homozygotes. We detected 1296 participants with a first cancer. Cumulative incidences in non-carriers, heterozygotes, and homozygotes were 81, 83, and 112, respectively (homozygotes versus non-carriers, P =.02). The age-adjusted RR of all cancers in homozygotes relative to non-carriers was 1.4 (95% CI = 1.1 to 1.9). Incidences in non-carriers, heterozygotes, and homozygotes were 3, 4, and 16 for ovarian cancer; 19, 24, and 36 for breast cancer; and 2, 3, and 7 for melanoma (homozygotes versus non-carriers; P =.002, P =.06, and P =.03, respectively). The age-adjusted RR in homozygotes relative to non-carriers was 4.7 (95% CI = 1.6 to 14) for ovarian cancer, 1.9 (95% CI = 1.0 to 3.7) for breast cancer, and 3.5 (95% CI = 1.1 to 12) for melanoma. Adjustment for other cancer risk factors did not alter these results. Heterozygotes did not differ from non-carriers with respect to cancer risk. CONCLUSION Individuals homozygous for the Leu33Pro polymorphism of the beta3 integrin subunit have an increased cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stig E Bojesen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
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Dudek AZ, Pawlak WZ, Kirstein MN. Molecular targets in the inhibition of angiogenesis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2003; 7:527-41. [PMID: 12885272 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.7.4.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the process of blood vessel formation, is crucial for malignant tumour growth and metastases; therefore, it has become an attractive target for anticancer therapy. Theoretically applicable to most solid tumours, this therapy may be advantageous over existing cytotoxic therapy, since it is directed at genetically stable endothelium growing within tumours rather than at malignant cells, which acquire resistance to treatment. Many promising angiogenesis inhibitors have been developed, although their activity has yet to be demonstrated in human clinical trials. To improve therapeutic benefit, this may require further insight into tumour angiogenesis, development of appropriate surrogate markers of activity, treatment of early stage neoplastic disease and probably a combination of different classes of antiangiogenesis agents to overcome redundant mechanisms of angiogenesis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Z Dudek
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, 420 Delaware Street, MMC 480, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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40
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Perruzzi CA, de Fougerolles AR, Koteliansky VE, Whelan MC, Westlin WF, Senger DR. Functional overlap and cooperativity among alphav and beta1 integrin subfamilies during skin angiogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 120:1100-9. [PMID: 12787141 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis requires endothelial cell survival and proliferation, which depend upon cytokine stimulation together with integrin-mediated cell adhesion to extracellular matrix; however, the question of which specific integrins are the best targets for suppressing neovascularization is controversial and unresolved. Therefore, we designed experiments to compare contributions of individual integrins from both the alphav and beta1 integrin subfamilies. With immobilized antibodies, we determined that adhesion through integrins alpha1beta1, alpha2beta1, alphavbeta3, and alphavbeta5 each individually supported dermal microvascular endothelial cell survival. Also, substratum coated with collagen I (which binds alpha1beta1 and alpha2beta1) and vitronectin (which binds alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta5) each supported survival. Importantly, substratum coated with combinations of collagen I and vitronectin were most effective at promoting survival, and survival on three-dimensional collagen I gels was strongly enhanced by vitronectin. Vascular endothelial growth factor activation of the p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, which is required for angiogenesis, was supported by adhesion through either alpha1beta1, alpha2beta1, alphavbeta3, or alphavbeta5, and pharmacologic inhibition of this pathway blocked proliferation and suppressed survival. Therefore, these studies establish that the alpha1beta1, alpha2beta1, alphavbeta3, and alphavbeta5 integrins each support dermal microvascular endothelial cell viability, and that each collaborate with vascular endothelial growth factor to support robust activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway which mediates both proliferation and survival. Moreover, survival is supported most significantly by extracellular matrices, which engage all of these integrins in combination. Consistent with important complementary and overlapping functions, combined antagonism of these integrins provided superior inhibition of angiogenesis in skin, indicating that multiplicity of integrin involvement should be considered in designing strategies for controlling neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole A Perruzzi
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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41
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Wouters BG, Koritzinsky M, Chiu RK, Theys J, Buijsen J, Lambin P. Modulation of cell death in the tumor microenvironment. Semin Radiat Oncol 2003; 13:31-41. [PMID: 12520462 DOI: 10.1053/srao.2003.50004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The microenvironment of solid human tumors is characterized by heterogeneity in oxygenation. Hypoxia arises early in the process of tumor development because rapidly proliferating tumor cells outgrow the capacity of the host vasculature. Formation of solid tumors thus requires coordination of angiogenesis with continued tumor cell proliferation. However, despite such neovascularization, hypoxia is persistent and frequently found in tumors at the time of diagnosis. Tumors with low oxygenation have a poor prognosis, and strong evidence suggests this is because of the effects of hypoxia on malignant progression, angiogenesis, metastasis, and therapy resistance. The presence of viable hypoxic cells is likely a reflection of the development of hypoxia tolerance resulting from modulation of cell death in the microenvironment. This acquired feature has been explained on the basis of clonal selection-the hypoxic microenvironment selects cells capable of surviving in the absence of normal oxygen availability. However, the persistence and frequency of hypoxia in solid tumors raises a second potential explanation. We suggest that stable microregions of hypoxia may play a positive role in tumor growth. Although hypoxia inhibits cell proliferation and in tumor cells will eventually induce cell death, hypoxia also provides angiogenic and metastatic signals. The development of hypoxia tolerance will thus allow prolonged survival in the absence of oxygen and generation of a persistent angiogenic signal. We will discuss the concept of hypoxia tolerance and review mechanisms used by cancer cells to acquire this phenotype. The concept of hypoxia tolerance has important implications for current and future therapeutic approaches. Most therapeutic efforts to combat hypoxia have focused on targeting the presence of hypoxia itself. Our hypothesis predicts that targeting the biological responses to hypoxia and the pathways leading to hypoxia tolerance may also be attractive therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradly G Wouters
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, azM/University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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42
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Dangerfield J, Larbi KY, Huang MT, Dewar A, Nourshargh S. PECAM-1 (CD31) homophilic interaction up-regulates alpha6beta1 on transmigrated neutrophils in vivo and plays a functional role in the ability of alpha6 integrins to mediate leukocyte migration through the perivascular basement membrane. J Exp Med 2002; 196:1201-11. [PMID: 12417630 PMCID: PMC2194111 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20020324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM)-1 has been implicated in leukocyte migration through the perivascular basement membrane (PBM) though the mechanisms involved are unclear. The present results demonstrate that the ability of alpha(6) integrins to mediate neutrophil migration through the PBM is PECAM-1 dependent, a response associated with PECAM-1-mediated increased expression of alpha(6)beta(1) on transmigrating neutrophils in vivo. An anti-alpha(6) integrins mAb (GoH3) inhibited (78%, P < 0.001) neutrophil migration through interleukin (IL)-1beta-stimulated cremasteric venules, primarily at the level of the PBM, as analyzed by intravital and electron microscopy. In PECAM-1-deficient mice (KO), a reduced level of neutrophil transmigration elicited by IL-1beta (4-h reaction) was observed in both the cremaster muscle (55% inhibition, P < 0.05) and in the peritoneum (57% inhibition, P < 0.01) but GoH3 had no additional inhibitory effect on these responses. FACS((R)) analysis of neutrophils demonstrated increased expression of alpha(6)beta(1) on transmigrated peritoneal neutrophils, as compared with blood neutrophils, in wild-type but not KO mice even though neutrophils from both strains of mice exhibited comparable levels of intracellular expression of alpha(6) as observed by immunofluorescent staining and confocal microscopy. Furthermore, mice deficient in either leukocyte or endothelial cell PECAM-1, as developed by bone marrow transplantation, demonstrated a similar level of reduced neutrophil transmigration and expression of alpha(6)beta(1) on transmigrated neutrophils as that detected in KO mice. The results demonstrate a role for PECAM-1 homophilic interaction in neutrophil transmigration and increased expression of alpha(6)beta(1) on the cell surface of transmigrated neutrophils in vivo, a response that could contribute to the mechanism of PECAM-1-mediated neutrophil migration through the PBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Dangerfield
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, National Heart & Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom
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Wilder RL. Integrin alpha V beta 3 as a target for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and related rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 2002; 61 Suppl 2:ii96-9. [PMID: 12379637 PMCID: PMC1766704 DOI: 10.1136/ard.61.suppl_2.ii96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A substantial and persuasive body of data now exists that supports the view that integrin alpha V beta 3 plays a critical part in activated macrophage dependent inflammation, osteoclast development, migration, and bone resorption, and inflammatory angiogenesis. All of these processes play an important part in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and related arthropathies. Animal arthritis model data further support these concepts and also suggest that therapeutic antagonism of integrin alpha V beta 3 is worthy of further investigation in RA and related arthropathies. To this end, Vitaxin, also known as MEDI-522, has been developed. Vitaxin is a humanised monoclonal IgG1 antibody that specifically binds a conformational epitope formed by both the integrin alpha V and beta 3 subunits. It blocks the interaction of alpha V beta 3 with various ligands such as osteopontin and vitronectin. Clinical trials with Vitaxin in patients with RA are in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Wilder
- Clinical Development, Medimmune, Inc, 35 W Watkins Mill Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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Blindt R, Bosserhoff AK, Krott N, Vogt F, Hanrath P, Demircan L, vom Dahl J. Decrease of vascular smooth muscle cell locomotion by abciximab, but not tirofiban: a possible role of different affinity to alpha v beta 3 integrins. Coron Artery Dis 2002; 13:357-64. [PMID: 12488644 DOI: 10.1097/00019501-200211000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM The EPISTENT and EPIC studies demonstrated a reduction of clinically driven re-interventions after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and stent implantation in patients treated with abciximab, while for tirofiban no similar effects could be demonstrated. This may be explained by the different effects on the migratory and invasive potential of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) by integrin alpha v beta 3 blockade. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of abciximab and tirofiban to affect VSMC migration and invasion. METHODS Vascular smooth muscle cells were treated with abciximab (0.1-1 microg/ml), tirofiban (0.1-1 microg/ml), and the alpha v beta 3 specific antibody LM609 (1-5 microg/ml), that was used as a positive control during the assay (treatment) over 24 h before the assay (pre-treatment), or before and during the assay (combined treatment). Sodium 3'-[1-(phenylaminocarbonyl)-3,4-tetrazolium]-bis (4-methoxyy-6-nitro) benzene sulfonic acid (XTT)-assay and cell counting measured the influence of the substances on VSMC proliferation. Using a Boyden Chamber model, the capability of VSMCs for migration and invasion was tested with different chemo-attractants and barriers. RESULTS Any influence of the platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor (integrin alpha IIb beta 3) antagonists on VSMC proliferation could be excluded. After combined treatment, abciximab demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibition of migration (IC50 = 33 microg/ml) and invasion (IC50 = 0.5 microg/ml) of VSMCs. Administration during the assay without pre-treatment inhibited migration similarly (IC50 = 32 microg/ml) but invasion to a significant lower extent (IC50 = 44 microg/ml). Administration of tirofiban during the assay with or without pre-treatment had no inhibitory effect on VSMC migration and invasion. Pre-treatment alone with one of the substances also did not alter VSMC migration or invasion. CONCLUSION Abciximab administration in physiological concentrations was capable of significantly inhibiting the migratory and invasive potential of VSMCs, while for tirofiban no similar effect could be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Blindt
- University Hospital, Aachen, Medical Clinic I, Regensburg, Germany.
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45
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Abstract
Antiangiogenic drugs are unique for having highly specific targets while carrying the potential to be effective against a wide variety of tumors. Moreover, some of the major limitations of cytotoxic therapies likely will be avoided by this entirely new class of anticancer weapons. After the realization of the potential advantages of antiangiogenic therapy, the field of angiogenesis research is growing exponentially. Still, there is much to learn about the machinery that tumors use to recruit new blood vessels, and the results of the clinical trials will show the best way to apply that knowledge for cancer therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Angiostatins
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Anticarcinogenic Agents/pharmacology
- Anticarcinogenic Agents/therapeutic use
- Cell Hypoxia/physiology
- Child
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Collagen/physiology
- Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Drug Design
- Endostatins
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Ephrins/physiology
- Growth Substances/physiology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Integrin alphaVbeta3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Integrin alphaVbeta3/physiology
- Ligases/physiology
- Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors
- Matrix Metalloproteinases/physiology
- Mice
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Neoplasms/blood supply
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Outcome Assessment, Health Care
- Peptide Fragments/physiology
- Plasminogen/physiology
- Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protease Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Eph Family/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Eph Family/physiology
- Receptors, Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Growth Factor/physiology
- Thrombospondins/physiology
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
- Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerim Kaban
- Department of Thoracic Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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46
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Cheresh DA, Stupack DG. Integrin-mediated death: an explanation of the integrin-knockout phenotype? Nat Med 2002; 8:193-4. [PMID: 11875466 DOI: 10.1038/nm0302-193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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