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Thompson MD, Knaus A. Rare Genetic Developmental Disabilities: Mabry Syndrome (MIM 239300) Index Cases and Glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) Disorders. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:619. [PMID: 38790248 PMCID: PMC11121671 DOI: 10.3390/genes15050619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The case report by Mabry et al. (1970) of a family with four children with elevated tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase, seizures and profound developmental disability, became the basis for phenotyping children with the features that became known as Mabry syndrome. Aside from improvements in the services available to patients and families, however, the diagnosis and treatment of this, and many other developmental disabilities, did not change significantly until the advent of massively parallel sequencing. As more patients with features of the Mabry syndrome were identified, exome and genome sequencing were used to identify the glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) biosynthesis disorders (GPIBDs) as a group of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG). Biallelic variants of the phosphatidylinositol glycan (PIG) biosynthesis, type V (PIGV) gene identified in Mabry syndrome became evidence of the first in a phenotypic series that is numbered HPMRS1-6 in the order of discovery. HPMRS1 [MIM: 239300] is the phenotype resulting from inheritance of biallelic PIGV variants. Similarly, HPMRS2 (MIM 614749), HPMRS5 (MIM 616025) and HPMRS6 (MIM 616809) result from disruption of the PIGO, PIGW and PIGY genes expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum. By contrast, HPMRS3 (MIM 614207) and HPMRS4 (MIM 615716) result from disruption of post attachment to proteins PGAP2 (HPMRS3) and PGAP3 (HPMRS4). The GPI biosynthesis disorders (GPIBDs) are currently numbered GPIBD1-21. Working with Dr. Mabry, in 2020, we were able to use improved laboratory diagnostics to complete the molecular diagnosis of patients he had originally described in 1970. We identified biallelic variants of the PGAP2 gene in the first reported HPMRS patients. We discuss the longevity of the Mabry syndrome index patients in the context of the utility of pyridoxine treatment of seizures and evidence for putative glycolipid storage in patients with HPMRS3. From the perspective of the laboratory innovations made that enabled the identification of the HPMRS phenotype in Dr. Mabry's patients, the need for treatment innovations that will benefit patients and families affected by developmental disabilities is clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D. Thompson
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Alexej Knaus
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
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2
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Torres-Valdetano Á, Vallejo-Ruiz V, Milflores-Flores L, Martínez-Morales P. Role of PIGM and PIGX in glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis and human health (Review). Biomed Rep 2024; 20:57. [PMID: 38414627 PMCID: PMC10895387 DOI: 10.3892/br.2024.1746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-glycan (GPI) is an anchor to specific cell surface proteins known as GPI-anchored proteins (APs) that are localized in lipid rafts and may act as cell co-receptors, enzymes and adhesion molecules. The present review investigated the significance of GPI biosynthesis class phosphatidylinositol-glycan (PIG)M and PIGX in GPI synthesis and their implications in human health conditions. PIGM encodes GPI-mannosyltransferase I (MT-I) enzyme that adds the first mannose to the GPI core structure. PIGX encodes the regulatory subunit of GPI-MT-I. The present review summarizes characteristics of the coding sequences of PIGM and PIGX, and their expression in humans, as well as the relevance of GPI-MT-I and the regulatory subunit in maintaining the presence of GPI-APs on the cell surface and their secretion. In addition, the association of PIGM mutations with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and certain types of GPI-deficiency disease and the altered expression of PIGM and PIGX in cancer were also reviewed. In addition, their interaction with other proteins was described, suggesting a complex role in cell biology. PIGM and PIGX are critical genes for GPI synthesis. Understanding gene and protein regulation may provide valuable insights into the role of GPI-APs in cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángeles Torres-Valdetano
- Faculty of Biological Science, Building BIO 1 University City, Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Verónica Vallejo-Ruiz
- Mexican Social Security Institute, East Biomedical Research Center, Puebla 74360, Mexico
| | - Lorena Milflores-Flores
- Faculty of Biological Science, Building BIO 1 University City, Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Patricia Martínez-Morales
- National Council of Humanities, Sciences and Technologies, East Biomedical Research Center, Puebla 74360, Mexico
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3
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Cheng YHH, Bohaczuk SC, Stergachis AB. Functional categorization of gene regulatory variants that cause Mendelian conditions. Hum Genet 2024; 143:559-605. [PMID: 38436667 PMCID: PMC11078748 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-023-02639-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Much of our current understanding of rare human diseases is driven by coding genetic variants. However, non-coding genetic variants play a pivotal role in numerous rare human diseases, resulting in diverse functional impacts ranging from altered gene regulation, splicing, and/or transcript stability. With the increasing use of genome sequencing in clinical practice, it is paramount to have a clear framework for understanding how non-coding genetic variants cause disease. To this end, we have synthesized the literature on hundreds of non-coding genetic variants that cause rare Mendelian conditions via the disruption of gene regulatory patterns and propose a functional classification system. Specifically, we have adapted the functional classification framework used for coding variants (i.e., loss-of-function, gain-of-function, and dominant-negative) to account for features unique to non-coding gene regulatory variants. We identify that non-coding gene regulatory variants can be split into three distinct categories by functional impact: (1) non-modular loss-of-expression (LOE) variants; (2) modular loss-of-expression (mLOE) variants; and (3) gain-of-ectopic-expression (GOE) variants. Whereas LOE variants have a direct corollary with coding loss-of-function variants, mLOE and GOE variants represent disease mechanisms that are largely unique to non-coding variants. These functional classifications aim to provide a unified terminology for categorizing the functional impact of non-coding variants that disrupt gene regulatory patterns in Mendelian conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Hank Cheng
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephanie C Bohaczuk
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew B Stergachis
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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4
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Bhattacharje G, Ghosh A, Das AK. Deciphering the mannose transfer mechanism of mycobacterial PimE by molecular dynamics simulations. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwad096. [PMID: 38039077 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides (PIMs), Lipomannan (LM), and Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) are essential components of the cell envelopes of mycobacteria. At the beginning of the biosynthesis of these compounds, phosphatidylinositol (PI) is mannosylated and acylated by various enzymes to produce Ac1/2PIM4, which is used to synthesize either Ac1/2PIM6 or LM/LAM. The protein PimE, a membrane-bound glycosyltransferase (GT-C), catalyzes the addition of a mannose group to Ac1PIM4 to produce Ac1PIM5, using polyprenolphosphate mannose (PPM) as the mannose donor. PimE-deleted Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msmeg) showed structural deformity and increased antibiotic and copper sensitivity. Despite knowing that the mutation D58A caused inactivity in Msmeg, how PimE catalyzes the transfer of mannose from PPM to Ac1/2PIM4 remains unknown. In this study, analyzing the AlphaFold structure of PimE revealed the presence of a tunnel through the D58 residue with two differently charged gates. Molecular docking suggested PPM binds to the hydrophobic tunnel gate, whereas Ac1PIM4 binds to the positively charged tunnel gate. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations further demonstrated the critical roles of the residues N55, F87, L89, Y163, Q165, K197, L198, R251, F277, W324, H326, and I375 in binding PPM and Ac1PIM4. The mutation D58A caused a faster release of PPM from the catalytic tunnel, explaining the loss of PimE activity. Along with a hypothetical mechanism of mannose transfer by PimE, we also observe the presence of tunnels through a negatively charged aspartate or glutamate with two differently-charged gates among most GT-C enzymes. Common hydrophobic gates of GT-C enzymes probably harbor sugar donors, whereas, differently-charged tunnel gates accommodate various sugar-acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourab Bhattacharje
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Midnapore, WB 721302, India
| | - Amit Ghosh
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Midnapore, WB 721302, India
| | - Amit Kumar Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Midnapore, WB 721302, India
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Zhao X, He Z, Li Y, Yang X, Li B. Atypical absence seizures and gene variants: A gene-based review of etiology, electro-clinical features, and associated epilepsy syndrome. Epilepsy Behav 2024; 151:109636. [PMID: 38232560 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.109636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Atypical absence seizures are generalized non-convulsive seizures that often occur in children with cognitive impairment. They are common in refractory epilepsy and have been recognized as one of the hallmarks of developmental epileptic encephalopathies. Notably, pathogenic variants associated with AAS, such as GABRG2, GABRG3, SLC6A1, CACNB4, SCN8A, and SYNGAP1, are also linked to developmental epileptic encephalopathies. Atypical absences differ from typical absences in that they are frequently drug-resistant and the prognosis is dependent on the etiology or related epileptic syndromes. To improve clinicians' understanding of atypical absences and provide novel perspectives for clinical treatment, we have reviewed the electro-clinical characteristics, etiologies, treatment, and prognosis of atypical absences, with a focus on the etiology of advancements in gene variants, shedding light on potential avenues for improved clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zimeng He
- Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yumei Li
- Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaofan Yang
- Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Baomin Li
- Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Aguech A, Sfaihi L, Alila-Fersi O, Kolsi R, Tlili A, Kammoun T, Fendri A, Fakhfakh F. A novel homozygous PIGO mutation associated with severe infantile epileptic encephalopathy, profound developmental delay and psychomotor retardation: structural and 3D modelling investigations and genotype-phenotype correlation. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:2665-2678. [PMID: 37656370 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01276-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The PIGO gene encodes the GPI-ethanolamine phosphate transferase 3, which is crucial for the final synthetic step of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor serving to attach various proteins to their cell surface. These proteins are intrinsic for normal neuronal and embryonic development. In the current research work, a clinical investigation was conducted on a patient from a consanguineous family suffering from epileptic encephalopathy, characterized by severe seizures, developmental delay, hypotonia, ataxia and hyperphosphatasia. Molecular analysis was performed using Whole Exome Sequencing (WES). The molecular investigation revealed a novel homozygous variant c.1132C > T in the PIGO gene, in which a highly conserved Leucine was changed to a Phenylalanine (p.L378F). To investigate the impact of the non-synonymous mutation, a 3D structural model of the PIGO protein was generated using the AlphaFold protein structure database as a resource for template-based tertiary structure modeling. A structural analysis by applying some bioinformatic tools on both variants 378L and 378F models predicted the pathogenicity of the non-synonymous mutation and its potential functional and structural effects on PIGO protein. We also discussed the phenotypic and genotypic variability associated with the PIGO deficiency. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of a patient diagnosed with infantile epileptic encephalopathy showing a high elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase level. Our findings, therefore, widen the genotype and phenotype spectrum of GPI-anchor deficiencies and broaden the cohort of patients with PIGO associated epileptic encephalopathy with an elevated serum alkaline phosphatase level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameni Aguech
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Lamia Sfaihi
- Pediatrics Department, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medecine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Avenue Magida Boulila, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Alila-Fersi
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Roeya Kolsi
- Pediatrics Department, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medecine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Avenue Magida Boulila, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Abdelaziz Tlili
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Thouraya Kammoun
- Pediatrics Department, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medecine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Avenue Magida Boulila, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Fendri
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Enzymatic Engineering of Lipases, Engineering National School of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Faiza Fakhfakh
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
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7
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Gerber GF, Brodsky RA. ADP: the missing link between thrombosis and hemolysis. Blood Adv 2023; 7:6364-6366. [PMID: 37874560 PMCID: PMC10625892 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023011186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria F Gerber
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Robert A Brodsky
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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8
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Müller GA, Müller TD. (Patho)Physiology of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Proteins I: Localization at Plasma Membranes and Extracellular Compartments. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050855. [PMID: 37238725 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (APs) are anchored at the outer leaflet of plasma membranes (PMs) of all eukaryotic organisms studied so far by covalent linkage to a highly conserved glycolipid rather than a transmembrane domain. Since their first description, experimental data have been accumulating for the capability of GPI-APs to be released from PMs into the surrounding milieu. It became evident that this release results in distinct arrangements of GPI-APs which are compatible with the aqueous milieu upon loss of their GPI anchor by (proteolytic or lipolytic) cleavage or in the course of shielding of the full-length GPI anchor by incorporation into extracellular vesicles, lipoprotein-like particles and (lyso)phospholipid- and cholesterol-harboring micelle-like complexes or by association with GPI-binding proteins or/and other full-length GPI-APs. In mammalian organisms, the (patho)physiological roles of the released GPI-APs in the extracellular environment, such as blood and tissue cells, depend on the molecular mechanisms of their release as well as the cell types and tissues involved, and are controlled by their removal from circulation. This is accomplished by endocytic uptake by liver cells and/or degradation by GPI-specific phospholipase D in order to bypass potential unwanted effects of the released GPI-APs or their transfer from the releasing donor to acceptor cells (which will be reviewed in a forthcoming manuscript).
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter A Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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9
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Loong L, Tardivo A, Knaus A, Hashim M, Pagnamenta AT, Alt K, Böhrer-Rabel H, Caro-Llopis A, Cole T, Distelmaier F, Edery P, Ferreira CR, Jezela-Stanek A, Kerr B, Kluger G, Krawitz PM, Kuhn M, Lemke JR, Lesca G, Lynch SA, Martinez F, Maxton C, Mierzewska H, Monfort S, Nicolai J, Orellana C, Pal DK, Płoski R, Quarrell OW, Rosello M, Rydzanicz M, Sabir A, Śmigiel R, Stegmann APA, Stewart H, Stumpel C, Szczepanik E, Tzschach A, Wolfe L, Taylor JC, Murakami Y, Kinoshita T, Bayat A, Kini U. Biallelic variants in PIGN cause Fryns syndrome, multiple congenital anomalies-hypotonia-seizures syndrome, and neurologic phenotypes: A genotype-phenotype correlation study. Genet Med 2023; 25:37-48. [PMID: 36322149 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Biallelic PIGN variants have been described in Fryns syndrome, multiple congenital anomalies-hypotonia-seizure syndrome (MCAHS), and neurologic phenotypes. The full spectrum of clinical manifestations in relation to the genotypes is yet to be reported. METHODS Genotype and phenotype data were collated and analyzed for 61 biallelic PIGN cases: 21 new and 40 previously published cases. Functional analysis was performed for 2 recurrent variants (c.2679C>G p.Ser893Arg and c.932T>G p.Leu311Trp). RESULTS Biallelic-truncating variants were detected in 16 patients-10 with Fryns syndrome, 1 with MCAHS1, 2 with Fryns syndrome/MCAHS1, and 3 with neurologic phenotype. There was an increased risk of prenatal or neonatal death within this group (6 deaths were in utero or within 2 months of life; 6 pregnancies were terminated). Incidence of polyhydramnios, congenital anomalies (eg, diaphragmatic hernia), and dysmorphism was significantly increased. Biallelic missense or mixed genotype were reported in the remaining 45 cases-32 showed a neurologic phenotype and 12 had MCAHS1. No cases of diaphragmatic hernia or abdominal wall defects were seen in this group except patient 1 in which we found the missense variant p.Ser893Arg to result in functionally null alleles, suggesting the possibility of an undescribed functionally important region in the final exon. For all genotypes, there was complete penetrance for developmental delay and near-complete penetrance for seizures and hypotonia in patients surviving the neonatal period. CONCLUSION We have expanded the described spectrum of phenotypes and natural history associated with biallelic PIGN variants. Our study shows that biallelic-truncating variants usually result in the more severe Fryns syndrome phenotype, but neurologic problems, such as developmental delay, seizures, and hypotonia, present across all genotypes. Functional analysis should be considered when the genotypes do not correlate with the predicted phenotype because there may be other functionally important regions in PIGN that are yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Loong
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Agostina Tardivo
- National Center of Medical Genetics, National Administration of Health Laboratories and Institutes, National Ministry of Health, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alexej Knaus
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mona Hashim
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair T Pagnamenta
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kerstin Alt
- Genetikum, Center for Human Genetics, Neu-Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Alfonso Caro-Llopis
- Unidad de Genética, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Trevor Cole
- West Midlands Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS FT and Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Distelmaier
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Edery
- Department of Medical Genetics, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Carlos R Ferreira
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Aleksandra Jezela-Stanek
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bronwyn Kerr
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter M Krawitz
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marius Kuhn
- Genetikum, Center for Human Genetics, Neu-Ulm, Germany
| | - Johannes R Lemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- Department of Medical Genetics, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Sally Ann Lynch
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Children's Health Ireland (CHI) at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francisco Martinez
- Unidad de Genética, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Hanna Mierzewska
- Clinic of Pediatric Neurology, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sandra Monfort
- Unidad de Genética, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joost Nicolai
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen Orellana
- Unidad de Genética, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Deb K Pal
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rafał Płoski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Oliver W Quarrell
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Monica Rosello
- Unidad de Genética, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Ataf Sabir
- West Midlands Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS FT and Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Śmigiel
- Division Pediatric Propedeutics and Rare Disorders, Department of Pediatrics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Alexander P A Stegmann
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Helen Stewart
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Constance Stumpel
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elżbieta Szczepanik
- Clinic of Pediatric Neurology, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andreas Tzschach
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lynne Wolfe
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jenny C Taylor
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yoshiko Murakami
- Yabumoto Department of Intractable Disease Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taroh Kinoshita
- Yabumoto Department of Intractable Disease Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Allan Bayat
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine, Danish Epilepsy Center, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Usha Kini
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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10
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Xu Z, Gao Y, Gao C, Mei J, Wang S, Ma J, Yang H, Cao S, Wang Y, Zhang F, Liu X, Liu Q, Zhou Y, Zhang B. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor lipid remodeling directs proteins to the plasma membrane and governs cell wall mechanics. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:4778-4794. [PMID: 35976113 PMCID: PMC9709986 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchoring is a common protein modification that targets proteins to the plasma membrane (PM). Knowledge about the GPI lipid tail, which guides the secretion of GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs), is limited in plants. Here, we report that rice (Oryza sativa) BRITTLE CULM16 (BC16), a membrane-bound O-acyltransferase (MBOAT) remodels GPI lipid tails and governs cell wall biomechanics. The bc16 mutant exhibits fragile internodes, resulting from reduced cell wall thickness and cellulose content. BC16 is the only MBOAT in rice and is located in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Yeast gup1Δ mutant restoring assay and GPI lipid composition analysis demonstrated BC16 as a GPI lipid remodelase. Loss of BC16 alters GPI lipid structure and disturbs the targeting of BC1, a GPI-AP for cellulose biosynthesis, to the PM lipid nanodomains. Atomic force microscopy revealed compromised deposition of cellulosic nanofibers in bc16, leading to an increased Young's modulus and abnormal mechanical properties. Therefore, BC16-mediated lipid remodeling directs the GPI-APs, such as BC1, to the cell surface to fulfill multiple functions, including cellulose organization. Our work unravels a mechanism by which GPI lipids are remodeled in plants and provides insights into the control of cell wall biomechanics, offering a tool for breeding elite crops with improved support strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuopeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Plant Functional Genomics, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yihong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chengxu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiasong Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shaogan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiaxin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hanlei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaoxue Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiangling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Plant Functional Genomics, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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11
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Non-coding variants disrupting a tissue-specific regulatory element in HK1 cause congenital hyperinsulinism. Nat Genet 2022; 54:1615-1620. [PMID: 36333503 PMCID: PMC7614032 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression is tightly regulated, with many genes exhibiting cell-specific silencing when their protein product would disrupt normal cellular function1. This silencing is largely controlled by non-coding elements, and their disruption might cause human disease2. We performed gene-agnostic screening of the non-coding regions to discover new molecular causes of congenital hyperinsulinism. This identified 14 non-coding de novo variants affecting a 42-bp conserved region encompassed by a regulatory element in intron 2 of the hexokinase 1 gene (HK1). HK1 is widely expressed across all tissues except in the liver and pancreatic beta cells and is thus termed a 'disallowed gene' in these specific tissues. We demonstrated that the variants result in a loss of repression of HK1 in pancreatic beta cells, thereby causing insulin secretion and congenital hyperinsulinism. Using epigenomic data accessed from public repositories, we demonstrated that these variants reside within a regulatory region that we determine to be critical for cell-specific silencing. Importantly, this has revealed a disease mechanism for non-coding variants that cause inappropriate expression of a disallowed gene.
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12
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Richards SJ, Dickinson AJ, Newton DJ, Hillmen P. Immunophenotypic assessment of PNH clones in major and minor cell lineages in the peripheral blood of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. CYTOMETRY. PART B, CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2022; 102:487-497. [PMID: 36134740 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.22094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flow cytometric immunophenotyping is essential for the diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). Most cases have easy to interpret flow cytometry profiles with red cells, neutrophils and monocytes showing complete deficiency of glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) linked antigen expression. Some cases are more challenging to interpret due to the presence of multiple populations of PNH cells and variable levels of GPI antigen expression. METHODS We studied 46 known PNH patients, many with complex immunophenotypic profiles using a novel, single tube, multi-parameter 7-color immunophenotyping assay that allowed simultaneous detection and assessment of PNH clones within multiple lineages of peripheral blood leucocytes. Red cell PNH clones were also assessed in total and immature (CD71+) components by CD59 expression. RESULTS For individual patients, total PNH clones in each cell lineage were highly correlated. Monocytes, eosinophils and basophils showed the highest proportions of PNH cells. Red cell PNH clones were typically smaller than monocyte and neutrophil PNH clones. In most cases, PNH clones were detectable in minor leucocyte populations where multiple populations of PNH cells were present, variability in the proportions of type II and type III cells was seen across different cell lineages, even though total PNH clones remained similar. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that PNH patients with multiple PNH clones do not always display the same abnormality across all cell lineages routinely tested. There is no simple explanation for this but is likely due to a combination of complex molecular, genetic and biochemical dysfunction in different blood cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Richards
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Anita J Dickinson
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Darren J Newton
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Peter Hillmen
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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13
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Hirata T, Yang J, Tomida S, Tokoro Y, Kinoshita T, Fujita M, Kizuka Y. ER entry pathway and glycosylation of GPI-anchored proteins are determined by N-terminal signal sequence and C-terminal GPI-attachment sequence. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102444. [PMID: 36055406 PMCID: PMC9520029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly synthesized proteins in the secretory pathway, including glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (GPI-APs), need to be correctly targeted and imported into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen. GPI-APs are synthesized in the cytosol as preproproteins, which contain an N-terminal signal sequence (SS), mature protein part, and C-terminal GPI-attachment sequence (GPI-AS), and translocated into the ER lumen where SS and GPI-AS are removed, generating mature GPI-APs. However, how various GPI-APs are translocated into the ER lumen in mammalian cells is unclear. Here, we investigated the ER entry pathways of GPI-APs using a panel of KO cells defective in each signal recognition particle–independent ER entry pathway—namely, Sec62, GET, or SND pathway. We found GPI-AP CD59 largely depends on the SND pathway for ER entry, whereas prion protein (Prion) and LY6K depend on both Sec62 and GET pathways. Using chimeric Prion and LY6K constructs in which the N-terminal SS or C-terminal GPI-AS was replaced with that of CD59, we revealed that the hydrophobicity of the SSs and GPI-ASs contributes to the dependence on Sec62 and GET pathways, respectively. Moreover, the ER entry route of chimeric Prion constructs with the C-terminal GPI-ASs replaced with that of CD59 was changed to the SND pathway. Simultaneously, their GPI structures and which oligosaccharyltransferase isoforms modify the constructs were altered without any amino acid change in the mature protein part. Taking these findings together, this study revealed N- and C-terminal sequences of GPI-APs determine the selective ER entry route, which in turn regulates subsequent maturation processes of GPI-APs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Hirata
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Seita Tomida
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yuko Tokoro
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Taroh Kinoshita
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Morihisa Fujita
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yasuhiko Kizuka
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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14
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Zhao M, Liu X, Bu X, Li Y, Wang M, Zhang B, Sun W, Li C. Application of plasma metabolome for monitoring the effect of rivaroxaban in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13853. [PMID: 35966924 PMCID: PMC9373988 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rivaroxaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor, has been used to treating a series of thromboembolic disorders in clinical practice. Measurement of the anticoagulant effect of rivaroxaban is important to avoid serious bleeding events, thus ensuring the safety and efficacy of drug administration. Metabolomics could help to predict differences in the responses among patients by profiling metabolites in biosamples. In this study, plasma metabolomes before and 3 hours after rivaroxaban intake in 150 nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients and 100 age/gender-matched controls were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). When compared with controls, a total of thirteen plasma metabolites were differentially expressed in the NVAF patients. Pathway analysis revealed that purine and lipid metabolism were dysregulated. A panel of three metabolites (17a-ethynylestradiol, tryptophyl-glutamate and adenosine) showed good predictive ability to distinguish nonvalvular atrial fibrillation with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 1 for the discovery phase and 1 for validation. Under rivaroxaban treatment, a total of seven metabolites changed, the lipid and glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis pathways were altered and the panel consisting of avocadene, prenyl glucoside and phosphatidylethanolamine showed predictive ability with an AUC of 0.86 for the discovery dataset and 0.82 for the validation. The study showed that plasma metabolomic analyses hold the potential to differentiate nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and can help to monitor the effect of rivaroxaban anticoagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindi Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Bu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanbao Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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15
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Ishida M, Maki Y, Ninomiya A, Takada Y, Campeau P, Kinoshita T, Murakami Y. Ethanolamine-phosphate on the second mannose is a preferential bridge for some GPI-anchored proteins. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54352. [PMID: 35603428 PMCID: PMC9253782 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are glycolipids that anchor many proteins (GPI-APs) on the cell surface. The core glycan of GPI precursor has three mannoses, which in mammals, are all modified by ethanolamine-phosphate (EthN-P). It is postulated that EthN-P on the third mannose (EthN-P-Man3) is the bridge between GPI and the protein and the second (EthN-P-Man2) is removed after GPI-protein attachment. However, EthN-P-Man2 may not be always transient, as mutations of PIGG, the enzyme that transfers EthN-P to Man2, result in inherited GPI deficiencies (IGDs), characterized by neuronal dysfunctions. Here, we show that EthN-P on Man2 is the preferential bridge in some GPI-APs, among them, the Ect-5'-nucleotidase and Netrin G2. We find that CD59, a GPI-AP, is attached via EthN-P-Man2 both in PIGB-knockout cells, in which GPI lacks Man3, and with a small fraction in wild-type cells. Our findings modify the current view of GPI anchoring and provide a mechanistic basis for IGDs caused by PIGG mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Ishida
- Yabumoto Department of Intractable Disease ResearchResearch Institute for Microbial DiseasesOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
| | - Yuta Maki
- Department of ChemistryOsaka UniversityToyonakaJapan
- Project Research Center for Fundamental SciencesGraduate School of ScienceOsaka UniversityToyonakaJapan
| | - Akinori Ninomiya
- Central Instrumentation LaboratoryResearch Institute for Microbial DiseasesOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
| | - Yoko Takada
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research CenterOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
| | - Philippe Campeau
- Department of PediatricsCHU Sainte‐Justine and University of MontrealMontrealQCCanada
| | - Taroh Kinoshita
- Yabumoto Department of Intractable Disease ResearchResearch Institute for Microbial DiseasesOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research CenterOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and ResearchOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
| | - Yoshiko Murakami
- Yabumoto Department of Intractable Disease ResearchResearch Institute for Microbial DiseasesOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research CenterOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
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16
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Gut microbiota alternation under the intestinal epithelium-specific knockout of mouse Piga gene. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10812. [PMID: 35752737 PMCID: PMC9233684 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15150-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between the gut microbiota and intestinal epithelium shapes the gut environment and profoundly influences the intestinal immune homeostasis. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored proteins (GPI – APs) contribute to a variety of gut-associated immune functions, including microbial surveillance and defense, and epithelial cell polarity. Properly polarised epithelial cells are essential for the establishment of the barrier function of gut epithelia. The Piga gene is one among seven genes that encode for an enzyme which is involved in the first step of GPI-anchor biosynthesis. This is the first study reporting a knockout of the intestinal epithelial cell-specific Piga gene (Piga-/-) and its association with the gut microbiota in mice using a whole metagenome shotgun-based sequencing approach. An overall reduced microbiota diversity has been observed in the Piga-/- group as compared to the control group (ANOVA p = 0.34). The taxonomic biomarkers, namely: Gammaproteobacteria (class), Enterobacterales (order), Enterobacteriaceae (family), Escherichia (genus), Proteus (genus) and Escherichia coli (species), increased more in the Piga-/- mice as compared to in the control group. Further, the pathogenic E. coli strains, namely E. coli O157:H7 str. EDL 933 (EHEC), E. coli CFT073 (UPEC) and E. coli 536 (UPEC), were found in the Piga-/- mice which also harbored virulence factor transporters. In addition, the taxa responsible for short chain fatty acid production were decreased in the Piga-/- group. The Piga-/- mice gut harbored an increased number of microbial functions responsible for the survival of pathogens in the inflamed gut environment. Our observations clearly indicate that the Piga-/- mice gut might have an overall enhancement in pathogenic behaviour and reduced capabilities beneficial to health.
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17
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Kuwayama R, Suzuki K, Nakamura J, Aizawa E, Yoshioka Y, Ikawa M, Nabatame S, Inoue KI, Shimmyo Y, Ozono K, Kinoshita T, Murakami Y. Establishment of mouse model of inherited PIGO deficiency and therapeutic potential of AAV-based gene therapy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3107. [PMID: 35661110 PMCID: PMC9166810 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) deficiency (IGD) is caused by mutations in GPI biosynthesis genes. The mechanisms of its systemic, especially neurological, symptoms are not clarified and fundamental therapy has not been established. Here, we report establishment of mouse models of IGD caused by PIGO mutations as well as development of effective gene therapy. As the clinical manifestations of IGD are systemic and lifelong lasting, we treated the mice with adeno-associated virus for homology-independent knock-in as well as extra-chromosomal expression of Pigo cDNA. Significant amelioration of neuronal phenotypes and growth defect was achieved, opening a new avenue for curing IGDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Kuwayama
- Yabumoto Department of Intractable disease research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Suzuki
- Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Nakamura
- Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Emi Aizawa
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshichika Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) and Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin Nabatame
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Inoue
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Neuroscience, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Keiichi Ozono
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taroh Kinoshita
- Yabumoto Department of Intractable disease research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Immunoglycobiology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Murakami
- Yabumoto Department of Intractable disease research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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18
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Steinhaus R, Robinson PN, Seelow D. FABIAN-variant: predicting the effects of DNA variants on transcription factor binding. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:W322-W329. [PMID: 35639768 PMCID: PMC9252790 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
While great advances in predicting the effects of coding variants have been made, the assessment of non-coding variants remains challenging. This is especially problematic for variants within promoter regions which can lead to over-expression of a gene or reduce or even abolish its expression. The binding of transcription factors to the DNA can be predicted using position weight matrices (PWMs). More recently, transcription factor flexible models (TFFMs) have been introduced and shown to be more accurate than PWMs. TFFMs are based on hidden Markov models and can account for complex positional dependencies. Our new web-based application FABIAN-variant uses 1224 TFFMs and 3790 PWMs to predict whether and to which degree DNA variants affect the binding of 1387 different human transcription factors. For each variant and transcription factor, the software combines the results of different models for a final prediction of the resulting binding-affinity change. The software is written in C++ for speed but variants can be entered through a web interface. Alternatively, a VCF file can be uploaded to assess variants identified by high-throughput sequencing. The search can be restricted to variants in the vicinity of candidate genes. FABIAN-variant is available freely at https://www.genecascade.org/fabian/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Steinhaus
- Exploratory Diagnostic Sciences, Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter N Robinson
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Dominik Seelow
- Exploratory Diagnostic Sciences, Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Distinct Epileptogenic Mechanisms Associated with Seizures in Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3159-3169. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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PIGA mutations (can) cause juvenile hemochromatosis. Blood 2022; 139:1273-1275. [PMID: 35238889 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021014935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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21
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Castle AMR, Salian S, Bassan H, Sofrin-Drucker E, Cusmai R, Herman KC, Heron D, Keren B, Johnstone DL, Mears W, Morlot S, Nguyen TTM, Rock R, Stolerman E, Russo J, Burns WB, Jones JR, Serpieri V, Wallaschek H, Zanni G, Dyment DA, Campeau PM. Expanding the Phenotypic Spectrum of GPI Anchoring Deficiency Due to Biallelic Variants in GPAA1. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2021; 7:e631. [PMID: 34703884 PMCID: PMC8532669 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives To expand the clinical knowledge of GPAA1-related glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) deficiency. Methods An international case series of 7 patients with biallelic GPAA1 variants were identified. Clinical, biochemical, and neuroimaging data were collected for comparison. Where possible, GPI-anchored proteins were assessed using flow cytometry. Results Ten novel variants were identified in 7 patients. Flow cytometry samples of 3 available patients confirmed deficiency of several GPI-anchored proteins on leukocytes. Extensive phenotypic information was available for each patient. The majority experienced developmental delay, seizures, and hypotonia. Neuroimaging revealed cerebellar anomalies in the majority of the patients. Alkaline phosphatase was within the normal range in 5 individuals and low in 1 individual, as has been noted in other transamidase defects. We notably describe individuals either less affected or older than the ones published previously. Discussion Clinical features of the cases reported broaden the spectrum of the known phenotype of GPAA1-related GPI deficiency, while outlining the importance of using functional studies such as flow cytometry to aid in variant classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M R Castle
- Department of Genetics (A.M.R.C., D.A.D.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa; CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre (S.S., T.T.M.N., P.M.C.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology & Development Center (H.B.), Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Tel Aviv University; Pediatric Genetics Clinic (E.S.-D.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre, Petach Tikya, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Unit of Neurophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; Section of Medical Genomics (K.C.H.), Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; APHP (B.K.), Département de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; APHP Sorbonne-Université (D.H.), UF Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux Pitié-Salpêtrière et Trousseau, Centre de Référence "déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Paris, France; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (D.L.J., W. M., D.A.D.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (S.M., H.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Biochemical Diseases (R.R.), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Greenwood Genetic Center (E.S., J.R., W.B.B., J.R.J.), SC; Department of Molecular Medicine (V.S.), University of Pavia; Neurogenetics Research Center (V.S.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (G.Z.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; and Medical Genetics Division (P.M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Smrithi Salian
- Department of Genetics (A.M.R.C., D.A.D.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa; CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre (S.S., T.T.M.N., P.M.C.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology & Development Center (H.B.), Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Tel Aviv University; Pediatric Genetics Clinic (E.S.-D.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre, Petach Tikya, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Unit of Neurophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; Section of Medical Genomics (K.C.H.), Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; APHP (B.K.), Département de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; APHP Sorbonne-Université (D.H.), UF Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux Pitié-Salpêtrière et Trousseau, Centre de Référence "déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Paris, France; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (D.L.J., W. M., D.A.D.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (S.M., H.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Biochemical Diseases (R.R.), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Greenwood Genetic Center (E.S., J.R., W.B.B., J.R.J.), SC; Department of Molecular Medicine (V.S.), University of Pavia; Neurogenetics Research Center (V.S.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (G.Z.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; and Medical Genetics Division (P.M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Haim Bassan
- Department of Genetics (A.M.R.C., D.A.D.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa; CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre (S.S., T.T.M.N., P.M.C.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology & Development Center (H.B.), Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Tel Aviv University; Pediatric Genetics Clinic (E.S.-D.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre, Petach Tikya, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Unit of Neurophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; Section of Medical Genomics (K.C.H.), Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; APHP (B.K.), Département de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; APHP Sorbonne-Université (D.H.), UF Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux Pitié-Salpêtrière et Trousseau, Centre de Référence "déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Paris, France; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (D.L.J., W. M., D.A.D.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (S.M., H.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Biochemical Diseases (R.R.), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Greenwood Genetic Center (E.S., J.R., W.B.B., J.R.J.), SC; Department of Molecular Medicine (V.S.), University of Pavia; Neurogenetics Research Center (V.S.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (G.Z.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; and Medical Genetics Division (P.M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Efrat Sofrin-Drucker
- Department of Genetics (A.M.R.C., D.A.D.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa; CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre (S.S., T.T.M.N., P.M.C.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology & Development Center (H.B.), Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Tel Aviv University; Pediatric Genetics Clinic (E.S.-D.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre, Petach Tikya, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Unit of Neurophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; Section of Medical Genomics (K.C.H.), Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; APHP (B.K.), Département de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; APHP Sorbonne-Université (D.H.), UF Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux Pitié-Salpêtrière et Trousseau, Centre de Référence "déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Paris, France; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (D.L.J., W. M., D.A.D.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (S.M., H.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Biochemical Diseases (R.R.), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Greenwood Genetic Center (E.S., J.R., W.B.B., J.R.J.), SC; Department of Molecular Medicine (V.S.), University of Pavia; Neurogenetics Research Center (V.S.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (G.Z.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; and Medical Genetics Division (P.M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Raffaella Cusmai
- Department of Genetics (A.M.R.C., D.A.D.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa; CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre (S.S., T.T.M.N., P.M.C.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology & Development Center (H.B.), Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Tel Aviv University; Pediatric Genetics Clinic (E.S.-D.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre, Petach Tikya, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Unit of Neurophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; Section of Medical Genomics (K.C.H.), Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; APHP (B.K.), Département de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; APHP Sorbonne-Université (D.H.), UF Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux Pitié-Salpêtrière et Trousseau, Centre de Référence "déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Paris, France; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (D.L.J., W. M., D.A.D.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (S.M., H.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Biochemical Diseases (R.R.), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Greenwood Genetic Center (E.S., J.R., W.B.B., J.R.J.), SC; Department of Molecular Medicine (V.S.), University of Pavia; Neurogenetics Research Center (V.S.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (G.Z.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; and Medical Genetics Division (P.M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kristin C Herman
- Department of Genetics (A.M.R.C., D.A.D.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa; CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre (S.S., T.T.M.N., P.M.C.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology & Development Center (H.B.), Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Tel Aviv University; Pediatric Genetics Clinic (E.S.-D.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre, Petach Tikya, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Unit of Neurophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; Section of Medical Genomics (K.C.H.), Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; APHP (B.K.), Département de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; APHP Sorbonne-Université (D.H.), UF Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux Pitié-Salpêtrière et Trousseau, Centre de Référence "déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Paris, France; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (D.L.J., W. M., D.A.D.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (S.M., H.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Biochemical Diseases (R.R.), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Greenwood Genetic Center (E.S., J.R., W.B.B., J.R.J.), SC; Department of Molecular Medicine (V.S.), University of Pavia; Neurogenetics Research Center (V.S.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (G.Z.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; and Medical Genetics Division (P.M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Delphine Heron
- Department of Genetics (A.M.R.C., D.A.D.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa; CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre (S.S., T.T.M.N., P.M.C.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology & Development Center (H.B.), Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Tel Aviv University; Pediatric Genetics Clinic (E.S.-D.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre, Petach Tikya, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Unit of Neurophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; Section of Medical Genomics (K.C.H.), Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; APHP (B.K.), Département de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; APHP Sorbonne-Université (D.H.), UF Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux Pitié-Salpêtrière et Trousseau, Centre de Référence "déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Paris, France; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (D.L.J., W. M., D.A.D.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (S.M., H.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Biochemical Diseases (R.R.), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Greenwood Genetic Center (E.S., J.R., W.B.B., J.R.J.), SC; Department of Molecular Medicine (V.S.), University of Pavia; Neurogenetics Research Center (V.S.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (G.Z.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; and Medical Genetics Division (P.M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Boris Keren
- Department of Genetics (A.M.R.C., D.A.D.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa; CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre (S.S., T.T.M.N., P.M.C.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology & Development Center (H.B.), Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Tel Aviv University; Pediatric Genetics Clinic (E.S.-D.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre, Petach Tikya, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Unit of Neurophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; Section of Medical Genomics (K.C.H.), Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; APHP (B.K.), Département de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; APHP Sorbonne-Université (D.H.), UF Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux Pitié-Salpêtrière et Trousseau, Centre de Référence "déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Paris, France; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (D.L.J., W. M., D.A.D.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (S.M., H.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Biochemical Diseases (R.R.), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Greenwood Genetic Center (E.S., J.R., W.B.B., J.R.J.), SC; Department of Molecular Medicine (V.S.), University of Pavia; Neurogenetics Research Center (V.S.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (G.Z.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; and Medical Genetics Division (P.M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Devon L Johnstone
- Department of Genetics (A.M.R.C., D.A.D.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa; CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre (S.S., T.T.M.N., P.M.C.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology & Development Center (H.B.), Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Tel Aviv University; Pediatric Genetics Clinic (E.S.-D.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre, Petach Tikya, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Unit of Neurophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; Section of Medical Genomics (K.C.H.), Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; APHP (B.K.), Département de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; APHP Sorbonne-Université (D.H.), UF Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux Pitié-Salpêtrière et Trousseau, Centre de Référence "déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Paris, France; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (D.L.J., W. M., D.A.D.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (S.M., H.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Biochemical Diseases (R.R.), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Greenwood Genetic Center (E.S., J.R., W.B.B., J.R.J.), SC; Department of Molecular Medicine (V.S.), University of Pavia; Neurogenetics Research Center (V.S.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (G.Z.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; and Medical Genetics Division (P.M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wendy Mears
- Department of Genetics (A.M.R.C., D.A.D.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa; CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre (S.S., T.T.M.N., P.M.C.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology & Development Center (H.B.), Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Tel Aviv University; Pediatric Genetics Clinic (E.S.-D.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre, Petach Tikya, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Unit of Neurophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; Section of Medical Genomics (K.C.H.), Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; APHP (B.K.), Département de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; APHP Sorbonne-Université (D.H.), UF Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux Pitié-Salpêtrière et Trousseau, Centre de Référence "déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Paris, France; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (D.L.J., W. M., D.A.D.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (S.M., H.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Biochemical Diseases (R.R.), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Greenwood Genetic Center (E.S., J.R., W.B.B., J.R.J.), SC; Department of Molecular Medicine (V.S.), University of Pavia; Neurogenetics Research Center (V.S.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (G.Z.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; and Medical Genetics Division (P.M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Susanne Morlot
- Department of Genetics (A.M.R.C., D.A.D.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa; CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre (S.S., T.T.M.N., P.M.C.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology & Development Center (H.B.), Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Tel Aviv University; Pediatric Genetics Clinic (E.S.-D.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre, Petach Tikya, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Unit of Neurophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; Section of Medical Genomics (K.C.H.), Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; APHP (B.K.), Département de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; APHP Sorbonne-Université (D.H.), UF Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux Pitié-Salpêtrière et Trousseau, Centre de Référence "déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Paris, France; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (D.L.J., W. M., D.A.D.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (S.M., H.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Biochemical Diseases (R.R.), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Greenwood Genetic Center (E.S., J.R., W.B.B., J.R.J.), SC; Department of Molecular Medicine (V.S.), University of Pavia; Neurogenetics Research Center (V.S.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (G.Z.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; and Medical Genetics Division (P.M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thi Tuyet Mai Nguyen
- Department of Genetics (A.M.R.C., D.A.D.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa; CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre (S.S., T.T.M.N., P.M.C.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology & Development Center (H.B.), Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Tel Aviv University; Pediatric Genetics Clinic (E.S.-D.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre, Petach Tikya, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Unit of Neurophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; Section of Medical Genomics (K.C.H.), Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; APHP (B.K.), Département de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; APHP Sorbonne-Université (D.H.), UF Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux Pitié-Salpêtrière et Trousseau, Centre de Référence "déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Paris, France; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (D.L.J., W. M., D.A.D.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (S.M., H.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Biochemical Diseases (R.R.), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Greenwood Genetic Center (E.S., J.R., W.B.B., J.R.J.), SC; Department of Molecular Medicine (V.S.), University of Pavia; Neurogenetics Research Center (V.S.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (G.Z.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; and Medical Genetics Division (P.M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rachel Rock
- Department of Genetics (A.M.R.C., D.A.D.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa; CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre (S.S., T.T.M.N., P.M.C.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology & Development Center (H.B.), Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Tel Aviv University; Pediatric Genetics Clinic (E.S.-D.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre, Petach Tikya, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Unit of Neurophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; Section of Medical Genomics (K.C.H.), Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; APHP (B.K.), Département de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; APHP Sorbonne-Université (D.H.), UF Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux Pitié-Salpêtrière et Trousseau, Centre de Référence "déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Paris, France; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (D.L.J., W. M., D.A.D.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (S.M., H.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Biochemical Diseases (R.R.), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Greenwood Genetic Center (E.S., J.R., W.B.B., J.R.J.), SC; Department of Molecular Medicine (V.S.), University of Pavia; Neurogenetics Research Center (V.S.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (G.Z.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; and Medical Genetics Division (P.M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elliot Stolerman
- Department of Genetics (A.M.R.C., D.A.D.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa; CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre (S.S., T.T.M.N., P.M.C.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology & Development Center (H.B.), Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Tel Aviv University; Pediatric Genetics Clinic (E.S.-D.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre, Petach Tikya, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Unit of Neurophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; Section of Medical Genomics (K.C.H.), Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; APHP (B.K.), Département de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; APHP Sorbonne-Université (D.H.), UF Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux Pitié-Salpêtrière et Trousseau, Centre de Référence "déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Paris, France; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (D.L.J., W. M., D.A.D.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (S.M., H.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Biochemical Diseases (R.R.), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Greenwood Genetic Center (E.S., J.R., W.B.B., J.R.J.), SC; Department of Molecular Medicine (V.S.), University of Pavia; Neurogenetics Research Center (V.S.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (G.Z.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; and Medical Genetics Division (P.M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julia Russo
- Department of Genetics (A.M.R.C., D.A.D.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa; CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre (S.S., T.T.M.N., P.M.C.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology & Development Center (H.B.), Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Tel Aviv University; Pediatric Genetics Clinic (E.S.-D.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre, Petach Tikya, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Unit of Neurophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; Section of Medical Genomics (K.C.H.), Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; APHP (B.K.), Département de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; APHP Sorbonne-Université (D.H.), UF Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux Pitié-Salpêtrière et Trousseau, Centre de Référence "déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Paris, France; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (D.L.J., W. M., D.A.D.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (S.M., H.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Biochemical Diseases (R.R.), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Greenwood Genetic Center (E.S., J.R., W.B.B., J.R.J.), SC; Department of Molecular Medicine (V.S.), University of Pavia; Neurogenetics Research Center (V.S.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (G.Z.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; and Medical Genetics Division (P.M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - William Boyce Burns
- Department of Genetics (A.M.R.C., D.A.D.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa; CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre (S.S., T.T.M.N., P.M.C.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology & Development Center (H.B.), Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Tel Aviv University; Pediatric Genetics Clinic (E.S.-D.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre, Petach Tikya, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Unit of Neurophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; Section of Medical Genomics (K.C.H.), Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; APHP (B.K.), Département de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; APHP Sorbonne-Université (D.H.), UF Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux Pitié-Salpêtrière et Trousseau, Centre de Référence "déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Paris, France; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (D.L.J., W. M., D.A.D.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (S.M., H.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Biochemical Diseases (R.R.), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Greenwood Genetic Center (E.S., J.R., W.B.B., J.R.J.), SC; Department of Molecular Medicine (V.S.), University of Pavia; Neurogenetics Research Center (V.S.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (G.Z.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; and Medical Genetics Division (P.M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie R Jones
- Department of Genetics (A.M.R.C., D.A.D.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa; CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre (S.S., T.T.M.N., P.M.C.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology & Development Center (H.B.), Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Tel Aviv University; Pediatric Genetics Clinic (E.S.-D.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre, Petach Tikya, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Unit of Neurophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; Section of Medical Genomics (K.C.H.), Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; APHP (B.K.), Département de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; APHP Sorbonne-Université (D.H.), UF Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux Pitié-Salpêtrière et Trousseau, Centre de Référence "déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Paris, France; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (D.L.J., W. M., D.A.D.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (S.M., H.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Biochemical Diseases (R.R.), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Greenwood Genetic Center (E.S., J.R., W.B.B., J.R.J.), SC; Department of Molecular Medicine (V.S.), University of Pavia; Neurogenetics Research Center (V.S.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (G.Z.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; and Medical Genetics Division (P.M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Valentina Serpieri
- Department of Genetics (A.M.R.C., D.A.D.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa; CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre (S.S., T.T.M.N., P.M.C.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology & Development Center (H.B.), Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Tel Aviv University; Pediatric Genetics Clinic (E.S.-D.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre, Petach Tikya, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Unit of Neurophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; Section of Medical Genomics (K.C.H.), Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; APHP (B.K.), Département de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; APHP Sorbonne-Université (D.H.), UF Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux Pitié-Salpêtrière et Trousseau, Centre de Référence "déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Paris, France; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (D.L.J., W. M., D.A.D.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (S.M., H.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Biochemical Diseases (R.R.), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Greenwood Genetic Center (E.S., J.R., W.B.B., J.R.J.), SC; Department of Molecular Medicine (V.S.), University of Pavia; Neurogenetics Research Center (V.S.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (G.Z.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; and Medical Genetics Division (P.M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hannah Wallaschek
- Department of Genetics (A.M.R.C., D.A.D.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa; CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre (S.S., T.T.M.N., P.M.C.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology & Development Center (H.B.), Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Tel Aviv University; Pediatric Genetics Clinic (E.S.-D.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre, Petach Tikya, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Unit of Neurophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; Section of Medical Genomics (K.C.H.), Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; APHP (B.K.), Département de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; APHP Sorbonne-Université (D.H.), UF Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux Pitié-Salpêtrière et Trousseau, Centre de Référence "déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Paris, France; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (D.L.J., W. M., D.A.D.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (S.M., H.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Biochemical Diseases (R.R.), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Greenwood Genetic Center (E.S., J.R., W.B.B., J.R.J.), SC; Department of Molecular Medicine (V.S.), University of Pavia; Neurogenetics Research Center (V.S.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (G.Z.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; and Medical Genetics Division (P.M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ginevra Zanni
- Department of Genetics (A.M.R.C., D.A.D.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa; CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre (S.S., T.T.M.N., P.M.C.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology & Development Center (H.B.), Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Tel Aviv University; Pediatric Genetics Clinic (E.S.-D.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre, Petach Tikya, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Unit of Neurophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; Section of Medical Genomics (K.C.H.), Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; APHP (B.K.), Département de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; APHP Sorbonne-Université (D.H.), UF Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux Pitié-Salpêtrière et Trousseau, Centre de Référence "déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Paris, France; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (D.L.J., W. M., D.A.D.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (S.M., H.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Biochemical Diseases (R.R.), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Greenwood Genetic Center (E.S., J.R., W.B.B., J.R.J.), SC; Department of Molecular Medicine (V.S.), University of Pavia; Neurogenetics Research Center (V.S.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (G.Z.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; and Medical Genetics Division (P.M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David A Dyment
- Department of Genetics (A.M.R.C., D.A.D.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa; CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre (S.S., T.T.M.N., P.M.C.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology & Development Center (H.B.), Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Tel Aviv University; Pediatric Genetics Clinic (E.S.-D.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre, Petach Tikya, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Unit of Neurophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; Section of Medical Genomics (K.C.H.), Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; APHP (B.K.), Département de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; APHP Sorbonne-Université (D.H.), UF Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux Pitié-Salpêtrière et Trousseau, Centre de Référence "déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Paris, France; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (D.L.J., W. M., D.A.D.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (S.M., H.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Biochemical Diseases (R.R.), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Greenwood Genetic Center (E.S., J.R., W.B.B., J.R.J.), SC; Department of Molecular Medicine (V.S.), University of Pavia; Neurogenetics Research Center (V.S.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (G.Z.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; and Medical Genetics Division (P.M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe M Campeau
- Department of Genetics (A.M.R.C., D.A.D.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa; CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre (S.S., T.T.M.N., P.M.C.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology & Development Center (H.B.), Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Tel Aviv University; Pediatric Genetics Clinic (E.S.-D.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre, Petach Tikya, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Unit of Neurophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; Section of Medical Genomics (K.C.H.), Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; APHP (B.K.), Département de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; APHP Sorbonne-Université (D.H.), UF Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux Pitié-Salpêtrière et Trousseau, Centre de Référence "déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Paris, France; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (D.L.J., W. M., D.A.D.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (S.M., H.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Biochemical Diseases (R.R.), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Greenwood Genetic Center (E.S., J.R., W.B.B., J.R.J.), SC; Department of Molecular Medicine (V.S.), University of Pavia; Neurogenetics Research Center (V.S.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (G.Z.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Research Hospital, Rome, Italy; and Medical Genetics Division (P.M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Park JH, Marquardt T. Treatment Options in Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation. Front Genet 2021; 12:735348. [PMID: 34567084 PMCID: PMC8461064 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.735348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in the identification and diagnosis of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG), treatment options remain limited and are often constrained to symptomatic management of disease manifestations. However, recent years have seen significant advances in treatment and novel therapies aimed both at the causative defect and secondary disease manifestations have been transferred from bench to bedside. In this review, we aim to give a detailed overview of the available therapies and rising concepts to treat these ultra-rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien H Park
- Department of General Pediatrics, Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thorsten Marquardt
- Department of General Pediatrics, Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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23
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Complement and the prothrombotic state. Blood 2021; 139:1954-1972. [PMID: 34415298 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2007 and 2009 the regulatory approval of the first-in-class complement inhibitor Eculizumab has revolutionized the clinical management of two rare, life-threatening clinical conditions: paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). While being completely distinct diseases affecting blood cells and the glomerulus, PNH and aHUS remarkably share several features in their etiology and clinical presentation. An imbalance between complement activation and regulation at host surfaces underlies both diseases precipitating in severe thrombotic events that are largely resistant to anti-coagulant and/or anti-platelet therapies. Inhibition of the common terminal complement pathway by Eculizumab prevents the frequently occurring thrombotic events responsible for the high mortality and morbidity observed in patients not treated with anti-complement therapy. While many in vitro and ex vivo studies elaborate numerous different molecular interactions between complement activation products and hemostasis, this review focuses on the clinical evidence that links these two fields in humans. Several non-infectious conditions with known complement involvement are scrutinized for common patterns concerning a prothrombotic statues and the occurrence of certain complement activation levels. Next to PNH and aHUS, germline encoded CD59 or CD55 deficiency (the latter causing the disease Complement Hyperactivation, Angiopathic thrombosis, and Protein-Losing Enteropathy; CHAPLE), autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), (catastrophic) anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS, CAPS) and C3 glomerulopathy are considered. Parallels and distinct features among these conditions are discussed against the background of thrombosis, complement activation, and potential complement diagnostic and therapeutic avenues.
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Jeong D, Park HS, Kim SM, Im K, Yun J, Lee YE, Ryu S, Ahn YO, Yoon SS, Lee DS. Ultradeep Sequencing Analysis of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria Clones Detected by Flow Cytometry: PIG Mutation in Small PNH Clones. Am J Clin Pathol 2021; 156:72-85. [PMID: 33347536 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine whether small paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) clones detected by flow cytometry (FCM) harbor PIG gene mutations with quantitative correlation. METHODS We analyzed 89 specimens from 63 patients whose PNH clone size was ≥0.1% by FCM. We performed ultradeep sequencing for the PIGA, PIGM, PIGT, and PIGX genes in these specimens. RESULTS A strong positive correlation between PNH clone size by FCM and variant allele frequency (VAF) of PIG gene mutation was identified (RBCs: r = 0.77, P < .001; granulocytes: r = 0.68, P < .001). Granulocyte clone size of 2.5% or greater and RBCs 0.4% or greater by FCM always harbored PIG gene mutations. Meanwhile, in patients with clone sizes of less than 2.5% in granulocytes or less than 0.4% in RBCs, PIG gene mutations were present in only 15.9% and 12.2% of cases, respectively. In addition, there was not a statistically significant positive correlation between FCM clone size and VAF or the presence or absence of a PIG mutation. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that in small PNH clones PIG gene mutations were present in only a small portion without significant correlation to VAF or the presence or absence of a PIG mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajeong Jeong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Sue Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Sung-Min Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyongok Im
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiwon Yun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Eun Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sohee Ryu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Oon Ahn
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Yoon
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Soon Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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25
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Sun L, Yang X, Xu Y, Sun S, Wu Q. Prenatal diagnosis of familial recessive PIGN mutation associated with multiple anomalies: A case report. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 60:530-533. [PMID: 33966742 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2021.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present a novel homozygous splice site mutation in the PIGN gene identified by whole exome sequencing and explored the genotype-phenotype correlation. CASE REPORT A healthy 32-year-old woman underwent an ultrasound at 13 + 5 weeks of gestation. The ultrasound revealed multiple anomalies again including cystic hygroma, omphalocele and a ventricular septal defect. The pregnancy was subsequently terminated, and whole exome sequencing revealed a novel homozygous splice site mutation in the PIGN gene c.963 G > A (p.Gln321Gln). The same variant was also detected by pedigree-based Sanger sequencing in both parents as heterozygous, while they had normal karyotypes. CONCLUSION Our case report enhances the phenotype-genotype correlation associated with homozygous loss of function mutations in the PIGN gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Center of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- Center of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, PR China
| | - Yasong Xu
- Center of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, PR China
| | - Shiyu Sun
- Center of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, PR China
| | - Qichang Wu
- Center of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, PR China.
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26
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Yu CY, Zhang HK, Wang N, Gao XQ. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins mediate the interactions between pollen/pollen tube and pistil tissues. PLANTA 2021; 253:19. [PMID: 33394122 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03526-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, pollen germination on the stigma and pollen tube growth in pistil tissues are critical for sexual plant reproduction, which are involved in the interactions between pollen/pollen tube and pistil tissues. GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are located on the external surface of the plasma membrane and function in various processes of sexual plant reproduction. The evidences suggest that GPI-APs participate in endosome machinery, Ca2+ oscillations, the development of the transmitting tract, the maintenance of the integrity of pollen tube, the enhancement of interactions of the receptor-like kinase (RLK) and ligand, and guidance of the growth of pollen tube, and so on. In this review, we will summarize the recent progress on the roles of GPI-APs in the interactions between pollen/pollen tube and pistil tissues during pollination, such as pollen germination on the stigma, pollen tube growth in the transmitting tract, pollen tube guidance to the ovule, and pollen tube reception in the embryo sac. We will also discuss the future outlook of GPI-APs in the interactions between pollen/pollen tube and pistil tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Yu Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Huan Kai Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Ning Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Xin-Qi Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
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27
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CDG biochemical screening: Where do we stand? Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129652. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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28
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Ondruskova N, Cechova A, Hansikova H, Honzik T, Jaeken J. Congenital disorders of glycosylation: Still "hot" in 2020. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1865:129751. [PMID: 32991969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are inherited metabolic diseases caused by defects in the genes important for the process of protein and lipid glycosylation. With the ever growing number of the known subtypes and discoveries regarding the disease mechanisms and therapy development, it remains a very active field of study. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review brings an update on the CDG-related research since 2017, describing the novel gene defects, pathobiomechanisms, biomarkers and the patients' phenotypes. We also summarize the clinical guidelines for the most prevalent disorders and the current therapeutical options for the treatable CDG. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS In the majority of the 23 new CDG, neurological involvement is associated with other organ disease. Increasingly, different aspects of cellular metabolism (e.g., autophagy) are found to be perturbed in multiple CDG. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This work highlights the recent trends in the CDG field and comprehensively overviews the up-to-date clinical recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Ondruskova
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Cechova
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hansikova
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Honzik
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaak Jaeken
- Department of Paediatrics and Centre for Metabolic Diseases, KU Leuven and University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Zhang L, Mao X, Long H, Xiao B, Luo Z, Xiao W, Jin X. Compound Heterozygous PIGS Variants Associated With Infantile Spasm, Global Developmental Delay, Hearing Loss, Visual Impairment, and Hypotonia. Front Genet 2020; 11:564. [PMID: 32612635 PMCID: PMC7308501 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) is a membrane anchor for cell surface proteins. Inherited GPI deficiencies are a new subclass of congenital disorders of glycosylation. Phosphatidylinositol glycan class S (PIGS) is a subunit of the GPI transamidase which plays important roles in many biological processes. In this study, we present a Chinese boy with infantile spasms (ISs), severe global developmental delay, hearing loss, visual impairment (cortical blindness), hypotonia, and intellectual disability and whose whole-exome sequencing (WES) identified compound heterozygous variants in PIGS (MIM:610271):c.148C > T (p.Gln50∗) and c.1141_1164dupGACATGGTGCGAGTGATGGAGGTG (p.Asp381_Val388dup). Flow cytometry analyses demonstrated that the boy with PIGS variants had a decreased expression of GPI-APs. This study stresses the importance of including the screening of PIGS gene in the case of pediatric neurological syndromes and reviews the clinical features of PIGS-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Zhang
- Neurology Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Mao
- Department of Medical Genetics, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Hongyu Long
- Neurology Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Neurology Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaohui Luo
- Neurology Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenbiao Xiao
- Neurology Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xingbing Jin
- Neurosurgery Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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30
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Wu T, Yin F, Guang S, He F, Yang L, Peng J. The Glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis pathway in human diseases. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:129. [PMID: 32466763 PMCID: PMC7254680 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis defects cause rare genetic disorders characterised by developmental delay/intellectual disability, seizures, dysmorphic features, and diverse congenital anomalies associated with a wide range of additional features (hypotonia, hearing loss, elevated alkaline phosphatase, and several other features). Glycosylphosphatidylinositol functions as an anchor to link cell membranes and protein. These proteins function as enzymes, adhesion molecules, complement regulators, or co-receptors in signal transduction pathways. Biallelic variants involved in the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored proteins biosynthetic pathway are responsible for a growing number of disorders, including multiple congenital anomalies-hypotonia-seizures syndrome; hyperphosphatasia with mental retardation syndrome/Mabry syndrome; coloboma, congenital heart disease, ichthyosiform dermatosis, mental retardation, and ear anomalies/epilepsy syndrome; and early infantile epileptic encephalopathy-55. This review focuses on the current understanding of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis defects and the associated genes to further understand its wide phenotype spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenghui Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.,Hunan Children's Mental Disorders Research Center, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.,Hunan Children's Mental Disorders Research Center, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shiqi Guang
- Department of Pediatrics, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.,Hunan Children's Mental Disorders Research Center, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Pediatrics, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.,Hunan Children's Mental Disorders Research Center, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.,Hunan Children's Mental Disorders Research Center, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China. .,Hunan Children's Mental Disorders Research Center, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
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31
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Davids M, Menezes M, Guo Y, McLean SD, Hakonarson H, Collins F, Worgan L, Billington CJ, Maric I, Littlejohn RO, Onyekweli T, Adams DR, Tifft CJ, Gahl WA, Wolfe LA, Christodoulou J, Malicdan MCV. Homozygous splice-variants in human ARV1 cause GPI-anchor synthesis deficiency. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 130:49-57. [PMID: 32165008 PMCID: PMC7303973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the ARV1 Homolog, Fatty Acid Homeostasis Modulator (ARV1), have recently been described in association with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 38. Affected individuals presented with epilepsy, ataxia, profound intellectual disability, visual impairment, and central hypotonia. In S. cerevisiae, Arv1 is thought to be involved in sphingolipid metabolism and glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor synthesis. The function of ARV1 in human cells, however, has not been elucidated. METHODS Mutations were discovered through whole exome sequencing and alternate splicing was validated on the cDNA level. Expression of the variants was determined by qPCR and Western blot. Expression of GPI-anchored proteins on neutrophils and fibroblasts was analyzed by FACS and immunofluorescence microscopy, respectively. RESULTS Here we describe seven patients from two unrelated families with biallelic splice mutations in ARV1. The patients presented with early onset epilepsy, global developmental delays, profound hypotonia, delayed speech development, cortical visual impairment, and severe generalized cerebral and cerebellar atrophy. The splice variants resulted in decreased ARV1 expression and significant decreases in GPI-anchored protein on the membranes of neutrophils and fibroblasts, indicating that the loss of ARV1 results in impaired GPI-anchor synthesis. CONCLUSION Loss of GPI-anchored proteins on our patients' cells confirms that the yeast Arv1 function of GPI-anchor synthesis is conserved in humans. Overlap between the phenotypes in our patients and those reported for other GPI-anchor disorders suggests that ARV1-deficiency is a GPI-anchor synthesis disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariska Davids
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Minal Menezes
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Research Unit, Western Sydney Genetics Program, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health and Genomic Medicine, Sydney Medical School, Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yiran Guo
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott D McLean
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Children's Hospital of San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Felicity Collins
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health and Genomic Medicine, Sydney Medical School, Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics, Western Sydney Genetics Program, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa Worgan
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Charles J Billington
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Irina Maric
- Hematology Service, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Tito Onyekweli
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David R Adams
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia J Tifft
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William A Gahl
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lynne A Wolfe
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John Christodoulou
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Research Unit, Western Sydney Genetics Program, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health and Genomic Medicine, Sydney Medical School, Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - May Christine V Malicdan
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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32
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Müller GA. Membrane insertion and intercellular transfer of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins: potential therapeutic applications. Arch Physiol Biochem 2020; 126:139-156. [PMID: 30445857 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2018.1498904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Anchorage of a subset of cell surface proteins in eukaryotic cells is mediated by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) moiety covalently attached to the carboxy-terminus of the protein moiety. Experimental evidence for the potential of GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-AP) of being released from cells into the extracellular environment has been accumulating, which involves either the loss or retention of the GPI anchor. Release of GPI-AP from donor cells may occur spontaneously or in response to endogenous or environmental signals. The experimental evidence for direct insertion of exogenous GPI-AP equipped with the complete anchor structure into the outer plasma membrane bilayer leaflets of acceptor cells is reviewed as well as the potential underlying molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, promiscuous transfer of certain GPI-AP between plasma membranes of different cells in vivo under certain (patho)physiological conditions has been reported. Engineering of target cell surfaces using chimeric GPI-AP with complete GPI anchor may be useful for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter A Müller
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) at the Helmholtz Center München, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Oberschleissheim, Germany
- Department Biology I, Genetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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33
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Abstract
At least 150 human proteins are glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs). The protein moiety of GPI-APs lacking transmembrane domains is anchored to the plasma membrane with GPI covalently attached to the C-terminus. The GPI consists of the conserved core glycan, phosphatidylinositol and glycan side chains. The entire GPI-AP is anchored to the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer by insertion of fatty chains of phosphatidylinositol. Because of GPI-dependent membrane anchoring, GPI-APs have some unique characteristics. The most prominent feature of GPI-APs is their association with membrane microdomains or membrane rafts. In the polarized cells such as epithelial cells, many GPI-APs are exclusively expressed in the apical surfaces, whereas some GPI-APs are preferentially expressed in the basolateral surfaces. Several GPI-APs act as transcytotic transporters carrying their ligands from one compartment to another. Some GPI-APs are shed from the membrane after cleavage within the GPI by a GPI-specific phospholipase or a glycosidase. In this review, I will summarize the current understanding of GPI-AP biosynthesis in mammalian cells and discuss examples of GPI-dependent functions of mammalian GPI-APs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taroh Kinoshita
- Yabumoto Department of Intractable Disease Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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34
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Lima M. Laboratory studies for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, with emphasis on flow cytometry. Pract Lab Med 2020; 20:e00158. [PMID: 32195308 PMCID: PMC7078534 DOI: 10.1016/j.plabm.2020.e00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare acquired clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder caused by somatic mutations in the PIG-A gene, leading to the production of blood cells with absent or decreased expression of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins, including CD55 and CD59. Clinically, PNH is classified into three variants: classic (hemolytic), in the setting of another specified bone marrow disorder (such as aplastic anemia or myelodysplastic syndrome) and subclinical (asymptomatic). PNH testing is recommended for patients with intravascular hemolysis, acquired bone marrow failure syndromes and thrombosis with unusual features. Despite the availability of consensus guidelines for PNH diagnosis and monitoring, there are still discrepancies on how PNH tests are carried out, and these technical variations may lead to an incorrect diagnosis. Herein, we provide a brief historical overview of PNH, focusing on the laboratory tests available and on the current recommendations for PNH diagnosis and monitoring based in flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Lima
- Laboratório de Citometria, Unidade de Diagnóstico Hematológico, Serviço de Hematologia Clínica, Hospital de Santo António (HSA), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP), Porto, Portugal
- Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da Universidade do Porto (UMIB/ICBAS/UP), Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório de Citometria, Hospital de Santo António (HSA), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP), Ex-CICAP, Rua D. Manuel II, s/n, 4099-001, Porto, Portugal.
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35
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Carmody LC, Blau H, Danis D, Zhang XA, Gourdine JP, Vasilevsky N, Krawitz P, Thompson MD, Robinson PN. Significantly different clinical phenotypes associated with mutations in synthesis and transamidase+remodeling glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis genes. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:40. [PMID: 32019583 PMCID: PMC7001271 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-1313-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defects in the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) biosynthesis pathway can result in a group of congenital disorders of glycosylation known as the inherited GPI deficiencies (IGDs). To date, defects in 22 of the 29 genes in the GPI biosynthesis pathway have been identified in IGDs. The early phase of the biosynthetic pathway assembles the GPI anchor (Synthesis stage) and the late phase transfers the GPI anchor to a nascent peptide in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (Transamidase stage), stabilizes the anchor in the ER membrane using fatty acid remodeling and then traffics the GPI-anchored protein to the cell surface (Remodeling stage). RESULTS We addressed the hypothesis that disease-associated variants in either the Synthesis stage or Transamidase+Remodeling-stage GPI pathway genes have distinct phenotypic spectra. We reviewed clinical data from 58 publications describing 152 individual patients and encoded the phenotypic information using the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO). We showed statistically significant differences between the Synthesis and Transamidase+Remodeling Groups in the frequencies of phenotypes in the musculoskeletal system, cleft palate, nose phenotypes, and cognitive disability. Finally, we hypothesized that phenotypic defects in the IGDs are likely to be at least partially related to defective GPI anchoring of their target proteins. Twenty-two of one hundred forty-two proteins that receive a GPI anchor are associated with one or more Mendelian diseases and 12 show some phenotypic overlap with the IGDs, represented by 34 HPO terms. Interestingly, GPC3 and GPC6, members of the glypican family of heparan sulfate proteoglycans bound to the plasma membrane through a covalent GPI linkage, are associated with 25 of these phenotypic abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS IGDs associated with Synthesis and Transamidase+Remodeling stages of the GPI biosynthesis pathway have significantly different phenotypic spectra. GPC2 and GPC6 genes may represent a GPI target of general disruption to the GPI biosynthesis pathway that contributes to the phenotypes of some IGDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh C Carmody
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Drive, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Hannah Blau
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Drive, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Daniel Danis
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Drive, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Xingman A Zhang
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Drive, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | | | | | - Peter Krawitz
- Institute of Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Miles D Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Peter N Robinson
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Drive, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA. .,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA.
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36
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Pode-Shakked B, Heimer G, Vilboux T, Marek-Yagel D, Ben-Zeev B, Davids M, Ferreira CR, Philosoph AM, Veber A, Pode-Shakked N, Kenet G, Soudack M, Hoffmann C, Vernitsky H, Safaniev M, Lodzki M, Lahad A, Shouval DS, Levinkopf D, Weiss B, Barg AA, Daka A, Amariglio N, Malicdan MCV, Gahl WA, Anikster Y. Cerebral and portal vein thrombosis, macrocephaly and atypical absence seizures in Glycosylphosphatidyl inositol deficiency due to a PIGM promoter mutation. Mol Genet Metab 2019; 128:151-161. [PMID: 31445883 PMCID: PMC10569059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Defects of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) biosynthesis pathway constitute an emerging subgroup of congenital disorders of glycosylation with heterogeneous phenotypes. A mutation in the promoter of PIGM, resulting in a syndrome with portal vein thrombosis and persistent absence seizures, was previously described in three patients. We now report four additional patients in two unrelated families, with further clinical, biochemical and molecular delineation of this unique entity. We also describe the first prenatal diagnosis of PIGM deficiency, allowing characterization of the natural history of the disease from birth. The patients described herein expand the phenotypic spectrum of PIGM deficiency to include macrocephaly and infantile-onset cerebrovascular thrombotic events. Finally, we offer insights regarding targeted treatment of this rare disorder with sodium phenylbutyrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Pode-Shakked
- Metabolic Disease Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gali Heimer
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Thierry Vilboux
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Inova Functional Laboratory, Inova Health System, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Dina Marek-Yagel
- Metabolic Disease Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Israel
| | - Bruria Ben-Zeev
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Pediatric Neurology Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Israel
| | - Mariska Davids
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NIH, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carlos R Ferreira
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amit Mary Philosoph
- Metabolic Disease Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Alvit Veber
- Metabolic Disease Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Naomi Pode-Shakked
- Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Department of Pediatrics, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Gili Kenet
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; The Israeli National Hemophilia Center and Thrombosis Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Michalle Soudack
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Pediatric Imaging Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Chen Hoffmann
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Helly Vernitsky
- Hematology Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Marina Safaniev
- Hematology Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Maya Lodzki
- Pharmaceutical Services, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Avishay Lahad
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NIH, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Dror S Shouval
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Dana Levinkopf
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Department of Pediatrics, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Batia Weiss
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Assaf Arie Barg
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; The Israeli National Hemophilia Center and Thrombosis Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ayman Daka
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Department of Pediatrics, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ninette Amariglio
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Hematology Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - May Christine V Malicdan
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NIH, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William A Gahl
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NIH, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Yair Anikster
- Metabolic Disease Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Israel.
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37
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Identification and In Silico Characterization of a Novel Point Mutation within the Phosphatidylinositol Glycan Anchor Biosynthesis Class G Gene in an Iranian Family with Intellectual Disability. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 69:538-545. [PMID: 31414351 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) is characterized by limited mental ability and adaptive behavior that imposes a heavy burden on the patients' families and the health care system. This study was aimed at determining the molecular aspect of nonsyndromic ID, in a family from South Khorasan Province in Iran. Exome sequencing was performed, as well as complete clinical examinations of the family. Afterward, in silico studies have been done to examine the changes that occurred in the protein structure, in association with the ID phenotype. The PIGG (NC_000004.12) mutation was found on Chr 4:517639G>A, and this chromosomal location was proposed as the disorder-causing variant. This Arg658Gln alteration was confirmed by Sanger sequencing, using specific primers for PIGG. In conclusion, our study indicated a novel mutation in the PIGG in the affected family. This mutation is a novel variant (p. R658Q) with an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. These findings could improve genetic counseling in the future.
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38
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Nicklas JA, Vacek PM, Carter EW, McDiarmid M, Albertini RJ. Molecular analysis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor deficient aerolysin resistant isolates in gulf war i veterans exposed to depleted uranium. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2019; 60:470-493. [PMID: 30848503 DOI: 10.1002/em.22283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
During the First Gulf War (1991) over 100 servicemen sustained depleted uranium (DU) exposure through wound contamination, inhalation, and shrapnel. The Department of Veterans Affairs has a surveillance program for these Veterans which has included genotoxicity assays. The frequencies of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor (GPIa) negative (aerolysin resistant) cells determined by cloning assays for these Veterans are reported in Albertini RJ et al. (2019: Environ Mol Mutagen). Molecular analyses of the GPIa biosynthesis class A (PIGA) gene was performed on 862 aerolysin-resistant T-lymphocyte recovered isolates. The frequencies of different types of PIGA mutations were compared between high and low DU exposure groups. Additional molecular studies were performed on mutants that produced no PIGA mRNA or with deletions of all or part of the PIGA gene to determine deletion size and breakpoint sequence. One mutant appeared to be the result of a chromothriptic event. A significant percentage (>30%) of the aerolysin resistant isolates, which varied by sample year and Veteran, had wild-type PIGA cDNA (no mutation). As described in Albertini RJ et al. (2019: Environ Mol Mutagen), TCR gene rearrangement analysis of these isolates indicated most arose from multiple T-cell progenitors (hence the inability to find a mutation). It is likely that these isolates were the result of failure of complete selection against nonmutant cells in the cloning assays. Real-time studies of GPIa resistant isolates with no PIGA mutation but with a single TCR gene rearrangement found one clone with a PIGV deletion and several others with decreased levels of GPIa pathway gene mRNAs implying mutation in other GPIa pathway genes. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60:470-493, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice A Nicklas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Pamela M Vacek
- Medical Biostatistics Unit, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Elizabeth W Carter
- Jeffords Institute for Quality, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Melissa McDiarmid
- Occupational Health Program, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Richard J Albertini
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
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39
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Albertini RJ, Nicklas JA, Vacek PM, Carter EW, McDiarmid M. Longitudinal study of t-cell somatic mutations conferring glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor deficiency in gulf war I veterans exposed to depleted uranium. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2019; 60:494-504. [PMID: 30848527 DOI: 10.1002/em.22281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fifty Veterans of the first Gulf War in 1991 exposed to depleted uranium (DU) were studied for glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor (GPIa) deficient T-cell mutants on three occasions during the years 2009, 2011, and 2013. GPIa deficiency was determined in two ways: cloning assays employing aerolysin selection and cytometry using the FLAER reagent for positive staining of GPIa cell surface proteins. Subsequent molecular analyses of deficient isolates recovered from cloning assays (Nicklas JA et al. [2019]: Environ Mol Mutagen) revealed apparent incomplete selection in some cloning assays, necessitating correction of original data to afford a more realistic estimate of GPIa deficient mutant frequency (MF) values. GPIa deficient variant frequencies (VFs) determined by cytometry were determined in the years 2011 and 2013. A positive but nonsignificant association was observed between MF and VF values determined on the same blood samples during 2013. Exposure to DU had no effect on either GPIa deficient MF or VFs. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60:494-504, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Albertini
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Janice A Nicklas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Pamela M Vacek
- Medical Biostatistics Unit, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Elizabeth W Carter
- Jeffords Institute for Quality, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Melissa McDiarmid
- Occupational Health Program, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC
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40
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Komath SS, Singh SL, Pratyusha VA, Sah SK. Generating anchors only to lose them: The unusual story of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor biosynthesis and remodeling in yeast and fungi. IUBMB Life 2019; 70:355-383. [PMID: 29679465 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are present ubiquitously at the cell surface in all eukaryotes. They play a crucial role in the interaction of the cell with its external environment, allowing the cell to receive signals, respond to challenges, and mediate adhesion. In yeast and fungi, they also participate in the structural integrity of the cell wall and are often essential for survival. Roughly four decades after the discovery of the first GPI-APs, this review provides an overview of the insights gained from studies of the GPI biosynthetic pathway and the future challenges in the field. In particular, we focus on the biosynthetic pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has for long been studied as a model organism. Where available, we also provide information about the GPI biosynthetic steps in other yeast/ fungi. Although the core structure of the GPI anchor is conserved across organisms, several variations are built into the biosynthetic pathway. The present Review specifically highlights these variations and their implications. There is growing evidence to suggest that several phenotypes are common to GPI deficiency and should be expected in GPI biosynthetic mutants. However, it appears that several phenotypes are unique to a specific step in the pathway and may even be species-specific. These could suggest the points at which the GPI biosynthetic pathway intersects with other important cellular pathways and could be points of regulation. They could be of particular significance in the study of pathogenic fungi and in identification of new and specific antifungal drugs/ drug targets. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(5):355-383, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sneh Lata Singh
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sudisht Kumar Sah
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Bayat A, Knaus A, Juul AW, Dukic D, Gardella E, Charzewska A, Clement E, Hjalgrim H, Hoffman-Zacharska D, Horn D, Horton R, Hurst JA, Josifova D, Larsen LHG, Lascelles K, Obersztyn E, Pagnamenta A, Pal DK, Pendziwiat M, Ryten M, Taylor J, Vogt J, Weber Y, Krawitz PM, Helbig I, Kini U, Møller RS. PIGT-CDG, a disorder of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor: description of 13 novel patients and expansion of the clinical characteristics. Genet Med 2019; 21:2216-2223. [DOI: 10.1038/s41436-019-0512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Wang Y, Hirata T, Maeda Y, Murakami Y, Fujita M, Kinoshita T. Free, unlinked glycosylphosphatidylinositols on mammalian cell surfaces revisited. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:5038-5049. [PMID: 30728244 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are linked to many cell-surface proteins, anchor these proteins in the membrane, and are well characterized. However, GPIs that exist in the free form on the mammalian cell surface remain largely unexplored. To investigate free GPIs in cultured cell lines and mouse tissues, here we used the T5-4E10 mAb (T5 mAb), which recognizes unlinked GPIs having an N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) side chain linked to the first mannose at the nonreducing terminus. We detected free GPIs bearing the GalNAc side chain on the surface of Neuro2a and CHO, but not of HEK293, K562, and C2C12 cells. Furthermore, free GPIs were present in mouse pons, medulla oblongata, spinal cord, testis, epididymis, and kidney. Using a panel of Chinese hamster ovary cells defective in both GPI-transamidase and GPI remodeling pathway, we demonstrate that free GPIs follow the same structural remodeling pathway during passage from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane as do protein-linked GPI. Specifically, free GPIs underwent post-GPI attachment to protein 1 (PGAP1)-mediated inositol deacylation, PGAP5-mediated removal of the ethanolamine phosphate from the second mannose, and PGAP3- and PGAP2-mediated fatty acid remodeling. Moreover, T5 mAb recognized free GPIs even if the inositol-linked acyl chain or ethanolamine-phosphate side chain linked to the second mannose is not removed. In contrast, addition of a fourth mannose by phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis class Z (PIGZ) inhibited T5 mAb-mediated detection of free GPIs. Our results indicate that free GPIs are normal components of the plasma membrane in some tissues and further characterize free GPIs in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Wang
- From the Research Institute for Microbial Diseases and.,World Premier International (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan and
| | | | - Yusuke Maeda
- From the Research Institute for Microbial Diseases and
| | - Yoshiko Murakami
- From the Research Institute for Microbial Diseases and.,World Premier International (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan and
| | - Morihisa Fujita
- the Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Taroh Kinoshita
- From the Research Institute for Microbial Diseases and .,World Premier International (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan and
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43
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Chang IJ, He M, Lam CT. Congenital disorders of glycosylation. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:477. [PMID: 30740408 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.10.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation are a genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of >130 diseases caused by defects in various steps along glycan modification pathways. The vast majority of these monogenic diseases are autosomal recessive and have multi-systemic manifestations, mainly growth failure, developmental delay, facial dysmorphisms, and variable coagulation and endocrine abnormalities. Carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT) and protein-linked glycan analysis with mass spectrometry can diagnose some subtypes of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG), while many currently rely on massively parallel genomic sequencing for diagnosis. Early detection is important, as a few of these disorders are treatable. Molecular and biochemical techniques continue to further our understanding of this rapidly expanding group of clinically and genetically diverse disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene J Chang
- Division of Biochemical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Miao He
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christina T Lam
- Division of Biochemical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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44
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Nguyen TTM, Murakami Y, Wigby KM, Baratang NV, Rousseau J, St-Denis A, Rosenfeld JA, Laniewski SC, Jones J, Iglesias AD, Jones MC, Masser-Frye D, Scheuerle AE, Perry DL, Taft RJ, Le Deist F, Thompson M, Kinoshita T, Campeau PM. Mutations in PIGS, Encoding a GPI Transamidase, Cause a Neurological Syndrome Ranging from Fetal Akinesia to Epileptic Encephalopathy. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 103:602-611. [PMID: 30269814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited GPI deficiencies (IGDs) are a subset of congenital disorders of glycosylation that are increasingly recognized as a result of advances in whole-exome sequencing (WES) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). IGDs cause a series of overlapping phenotypes consisting of seizures, dysmorphic features, multiple congenital malformations, and severe intellectual disability. We present a study of six individuals from three unrelated families in which WES or WGS identified bi-allelic phosphatidylinositol glycan class S (PIGS) biosynthesis mutations. Phenotypes included severe global developmental delay, seizures (partly responding to pyridoxine), hypotonia, weakness, ataxia, and dysmorphic facial features. Two of them had compound-heterozygous variants c.108G>A (p.Trp36∗) and c.101T>C (p.Leu34Pro), and two siblings of another family were homozygous for a deletion and insertion leading to p.Thr439_Lys451delinsArgLeuLeu. The third family had two fetuses with multiple joint contractures consistent with fetal akinesia. They were compound heterozygous for c.923A>G (p.Glu308Gly) and c.468+1G>C, a splicing mutation. Flow-cytometry analyses demonstrated that the individuals with PIGS mutations show a GPI-AP deficiency profile. Expression of the p.Trp36∗ variant in PIGS-deficient HEK293 cells revealed only partial restoration of cell-surface GPI-APs. In terms of both biochemistry and phenotype, loss of function of PIGS shares features with PIGT deficiency and other IGDs. This study contributes to the understanding of the GPI-AP biosynthesis pathway by describing the consequences of PIGS disruption in humans and extending the family of IGDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Tuyet Mai Nguyen
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T1C5, Canada
| | - Yoshiko Murakami
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kristen M Wigby
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nissan V Baratang
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T1C5, Canada
| | - Justine Rousseau
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T1C5, Canada
| | - Anik St-Denis
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T1C5, Canada
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Julie Jones
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Alejandro D Iglesias
- NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Marilyn C Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Françoise Le Deist
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T1C5, Canada
| | - Miles Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Taroh Kinoshita
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Philippe M Campeau
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T1C5, Canada.
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45
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Müller GA. The release of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins from the cell surface. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 656:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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46
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Kawamoto M, Murakami Y, Kinoshita T, Kohara N. Recurrent aseptic meningitis with PIGT mutations: a novel pathogenesis of recurrent meningitis successfully treated by eculizumab. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2018-225910. [PMID: 30262533 PMCID: PMC6169622 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-225910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the case of a patient with PIGT mutations who experienced recurrent aseptic meningitis 121 times over 16 years before developing paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH). Each episode was preceded by urticaria and arthralgia. After developing PNH, haemolysis occurred prior to meningitis. Flow cytometry revealed deficiency of the glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored complement regulatory proteins, CD59 and CD55, and he was diagnosed with PNH. All the symptoms disappeared on administering eculizumab, an anti-C5 antibody. We did not detect mutation in PIGA, which is regarded as the cause of PNH. However, we detected a germ-line mutation and a somatic microdeletion in chromosome 20q including PIGT; PIGT is essential for transferring GPI anchor to the precursors of CD59 and CD55, which play important roles in complement regulation. Loss of these proteins leads to complement overactivation, causing inflammatory symptoms, including recurrent meningitis. PIGT mutations should be considered a novel pathogenesis of recurrent meningitis of unknown aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michi Kawamoto
- Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Murakami
- Research Institute for Microbial Disease, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Taroh Kinoshita
- Research Institute for Microbial Disease, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kohara
- Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan
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47
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Bellai‐Dussault K, Nguyen TTM, Baratang NV, Jimenez‐Cruz DA, Campeau PM. Clinical variability in inherited glycosylphosphatidylinositol deficiency disorders. Clin Genet 2018; 95:112-121. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.13425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kara Bellai‐Dussault
- Medical Genetics DivisionChildren's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Ottawa ON Canada
| | | | - Nissan V. Baratang
- CHU Sainte‐Justine Research CenterUniversity of Montreal Montreal QC Canada
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48
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Manea E. A step closer in defining glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored proteins role in health and glycosylation disorders. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2018; 16:67-75. [PMID: 30094187 PMCID: PMC6080220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored proteins (GPI-APs) represent a class of soluble proteins attached to the external leaflet of the plasma membrane by a post-translation modification, the GPI anchor. The 28 genes currently involved in the synthesis and remodelling of the GPI anchor add to the ever-growing class of congenital glycosylation disorders. Recent advances in next generation sequencing technology have led to the discovery of Mabry disease and CHIME syndrome genetic aetiology. Moreover, with each described mutation known phenotypes expand and new ones emerge without clear genotype-phenotype correlation. A protein database search was made for human GPI-APs with defined pathology to help building-up a physio-pathological mechanism from a clinical perspective. GPI-APs function in vitamin-B6 and folate transport, nucleotide metabolism and lipid homeostasis. Defining GPI-APs role in disease bears significant clinical implications.
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49
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Kinoshita T. Congenital Defects in the Expression of the Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Complement Regulatory Proteins CD59 and Decay-Accelerating Factor. Semin Hematol 2018; 55:136-140. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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50
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Knaus A, Pantel JT, Pendziwiat M, Hajjir N, Zhao M, Hsieh TC, Schubach M, Gurovich Y, Fleischer N, Jäger M, Köhler S, Muhle H, Korff C, Møller RS, Bayat A, Calvas P, Chassaing N, Warren H, Skinner S, Louie R, Evers C, Bohn M, Christen HJ, van den Born M, Obersztyn E, Charzewska A, Endziniene M, Kortüm F, Brown N, Robinson PN, Schelhaas HJ, Weber Y, Helbig I, Mundlos S, Horn D, Krawitz PM. Characterization of glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis defects by clinical features, flow cytometry, and automated image analysis. Genome Med 2018; 10:3. [PMID: 29310717 PMCID: PMC5759841 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-017-0510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis defects (GPIBDs) cause a group of phenotypically overlapping recessive syndromes with intellectual disability, for which pathogenic mutations have been described in 16 genes of the corresponding molecular pathway. An elevated serum activity of alkaline phosphatase (AP), a GPI-linked enzyme, has been used to assign GPIBDs to the phenotypic series of hyperphosphatasia with mental retardation syndrome (HPMRS) and to distinguish them from another subset of GPIBDs, termed multiple congenital anomalies hypotonia seizures syndrome (MCAHS). However, the increasing number of individuals with a GPIBD shows that hyperphosphatasia is a variable feature that is not ideal for a clinical classification. Methods We studied the discriminatory power of multiple GPI-linked substrates that were assessed by flow cytometry in blood cells and fibroblasts of 39 and 14 individuals with a GPIBD, respectively. On the phenotypic level, we evaluated the frequency of occurrence of clinical symptoms and analyzed the performance of computer-assisted image analysis of the facial gestalt in 91 individuals. Results We found that certain malformations such as Morbus Hirschsprung and diaphragmatic defects are more likely to be associated with particular gene defects (PIGV, PGAP3, PIGN). However, especially at the severe end of the clinical spectrum of HPMRS, there is a high phenotypic overlap with MCAHS. Elevation of AP has also been documented in some of the individuals with MCAHS, namely those with PIGA mutations. Although the impairment of GPI-linked substrates is supposed to play the key role in the pathophysiology of GPIBDs, we could not observe gene-specific profiles for flow cytometric markers or a correlation between their cell surface levels and the severity of the phenotype. In contrast, it was facial recognition software that achieved the highest accuracy in predicting the disease-causing gene in a GPIBD. Conclusions Due to the overlapping clinical spectrum of both HPMRS and MCAHS in the majority of affected individuals, the elevation of AP and the reduced surface levels of GPI-linked markers in both groups, a common classification as GPIBDs is recommended. The effectiveness of computer-assisted gestalt analysis for the correct gene inference in a GPIBD and probably beyond is remarkable and illustrates how the information contained in human faces is pivotal in the delineation of genetic entities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-017-0510-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexej Knaus
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jean Tori Pantel
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela Pendziwiat
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nurulhuda Hajjir
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Zhao
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tzung-Chien Hsieh
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Max Schubach
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Marten Jäger
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hiltrud Muhle
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Korff
- Unité de Neuropédiatrie, Université de Genève, CH-1211, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Rikke S Møller
- Danish Epilepsy Centre, DK-4293, Dianalund, Denmark.,Institute for Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Allan Bayat
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Hvidovre, 2650, Hvicovre, Denmark
| | - Patrick Calvas
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Purpan, CHU, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Chassaing
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Purpan, CHU, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | - Christina Evers
- Genetische Poliklinik, Universitätsklinik Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Bohn
- St. Bernward Krankenhaus, 31134, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Christen
- Kinderkrankenhaus auf der Bult, Hannoversche Kinderheilanstalt, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Ewa Obersztyn
- Institute of Mother and Child Department of Molecular Genetics, 01-211, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Charzewska
- Institute of Mother and Child Department of Molecular Genetics, 01-211, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Milda Endziniene
- Neurology Department, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50009, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Fanny Kortüm
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Natasha Brown
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Royal Children's Hospital, MCRI, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Peter N Robinson
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 06032, Farmington, USA
| | - Helenius J Schelhaas
- Departement of Neurology, Academic Center for Epileptology, 5590, Heeze, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Weber
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingo Helbig
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Stefan Mundlos
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Denise Horn
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Peter M Krawitz
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195, Berlin, Germany. .,Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
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