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Wang B, Yin X, Yu S, Wang H. Hysteresis-Free and Bias-Stable Organic Transistors Fabricated by Dip-Coating with a Vertical-Phase-Separation Structure. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1465. [PMID: 38611980 PMCID: PMC11012522 DOI: 10.3390/ma17071465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The morphology of organic films plays a pivotal role in determining the performance of transistor devices. While the dip-coating technique is capable of producing highly oriented organic films, it often encounters challenges such as limited coverage and the presence of defects in gaps between strips, adversely affecting device performance. In this study, we address these challenges by increasing solution viscosity through the incorporation of a substantial proportion of dielectric polymers, thereby enhancing the participation of additional molecules during the film formation process when pulled up. This method produces continuous and oriented organic films with a notable absence of gaps, significantly improving the carrier mobility of transistor devices by more than twofold. Importantly, the fabricated devices exhibit remarkable reliability, showing no hysteresis even after 200 cycles of measurement. Furthermore, the current and threshold voltages of the devices demonstrate exceptional stability, maintaining steady after 10,000 s of bias measurement. This approach provides a solution for the cost-effective and large-scale production of organic transistors, contributing significantly to the advancement of organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (B.W.)
| | - Xiaowen Yin
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (B.W.)
| | - Shuwen Yu
- Division of Energy Research Resources, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (B.W.)
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2
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Zhao W, Fu GE, Yang H, Zhang T. Two-Dimensional Conjugated Polymers: a New Choice For Organic Thin-Film Transistors. Chem Asian J 2023:e202301076. [PMID: 38151907 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) as a vital component among transistors have shown great potential in smart sensing, flexible displays, and bionics due to their flexibility, biocompatibility and customizable chemical structures. Even though linear conjugated polymer semiconductors are common for constructing channel materials of OTFTs, advanced materials with high charge carrier mobility, tunable band structure, robust stability, and clear structure-property relationship are indispensable for propelling the evolution of OTFTs. Two-dimensional conjugated polymers (2DCPs), featured with conjugated lattice, tailorable skeletons, and functional porous structures, match aforementioned criteria closely. In this review, we firstly introduce the synthesis of 2DCP thin films, focusing on their characteristics compatible with the channels of OTFTs. Subsequently, the physics and operating mechanisms of OTFTs and the applications of 2DCPs in OTFTs are summarized in detail. Finally, the outlook and perspective in the field of OTFTs using 2DCPs are provided as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Zhao
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, 315201, Ningbo, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-En Fu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, 315201, Ningbo, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Haoyong Yang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, 315201, Ningbo, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, 315201, Ningbo, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
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3
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Bruckner EP, Curk T, Đorđević L, Wang Z, Yang Y, Qiu R, Dannenhoffer AJ, Sai H, Kupferberg J, Palmer LC, Luijten E, Stupp SI. Hybrid Nanocrystals of Small Molecules and Chemically Disordered Polymers. ACS NANO 2022; 16:8993-9003. [PMID: 35588377 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic crystals formed by small molecules can be highly functional but are often brittle or insoluble structures with limited possibilities for use or processing from a liquid phase. A possible solution is the nanoscale integration of polymers into organic crystals without sacrificing long-range order and therefore function. This enables the organic crystals to benefit from the advantageous mechanical and chemical properties of the polymeric component. We report here on a strategy in which small molecules cocrystallize with side chains of chemically disordered polymers to create hybrid nanostructures containing a highly ordered lattice. Synchrotron X-ray scattering, absorption spectroscopy, and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the polymer backbones form an "exo-crystalline" layer of disordered chains that wrap around the nanostructures, becoming a handle for interesting properties. The morphology of this "hybrid bonding polymer" nanostructure is dictated by the competition between the polymers' entropy and the enthalpy of the lattice allowing for control over the aspect ratio of the nanocrystal by changing the degree of polymer integration. We observed that nanostructures with an exo-crystalline layer of polymer exhibit enhanced fracture strength, self-healing capacity, and dispersion in water, which benefits their use as light-harvesting assemblies in photocatalysis. Guided by computation, future work could further explore these hybrid nanostructures as components for functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Bruckner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Tine Curk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Luka Đorđević
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yang Yang
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Ruomeng Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Adam J Dannenhoffer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hiroaki Sai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Jacob Kupferberg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Liam C Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Erik Luijten
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Samuel I Stupp
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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4
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Wenzel FA, Welz H, van der Zwan KP, Stäter S, Kreger K, Hildner R, Senker J, Schmidt HW. Highly Efficient Supramolecular Nucleating Agents for Poly(3-hexylthiophene). Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix A. Wenzel
- Macromolecular Chemistry I and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Hannes Welz
- Macromolecular Chemistry I and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Kasper P. van der Zwan
- Inorganic Chemistry III, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sebastian Stäter
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus Kreger
- Macromolecular Chemistry I and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Richard Hildner
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Senker
- Inorganic Chemistry III, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Hans-Werner Schmidt
- Macromolecular Chemistry I and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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5
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Enabling three-dimensional porous architectures via carbonyl functionalization and molecular-specific organic-SERS platforms. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6119. [PMID: 34675208 PMCID: PMC8531383 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular engineering via functionalization has been a great tool to tune noncovalent intermolecular interactions. Herein, we demonstrate three-dimensional highly crystalline nanostructured D(C7CO)-BTBT films via carbonyl-functionalization of a fused thienoacene π-system, and strong Raman signal enhancements in Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) are realized. The small molecule could be prepared on the gram scale with a facile synthesis-purification. In the engineered films, polar functionalization induces favorable out-of-plane crystal growth via zigzag motif of dipolar C = O···C = O interactions and hydrogen bonds, and strengthens π-interactions. A unique two-stage film growth behavior is identified with an edge-on-to-face-on molecular orientation transition driven by hydrophobicity. The analysis of the electronic structures and the ratio of the anti-Stokes/Stokes SERS signals suggests that the π-extended/stabilized LUMOs with varied crystalline face-on orientations provide the key properties in the chemical enhancement mechanism. A molecule-specific Raman signal enhancement is also demonstrated on a high-LUMO organic platform. Our results demonstrate a promising guidance towards realizing low-cost SERS-active semiconducting materials, increasing structural versatility of organic-SERS platforms, and advancing molecule-specific sensing via molecular engineering. Nanostructured films of organic semiconductors with low lying LUMO orbitals can enhance Raman signals via a chemical enhancement mechanism but currently the material choice is limited to fluorinated oligothiophenes. Here, the authors investigate the growth of a porous thienoacene film enabled by carbonyls and demonstrate molecular specific organic-SERS platforms.
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6
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Botiz I, Durbin MM, Stingelin N. Providing a Window into the Phase Behavior of Semiconducting Polymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Botiz
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Treboniu Laurian nr. 42, Cluj-Napoca 400271, Romania
| | - Marlow M. Durbin
- School of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- School of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
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7
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Munshi J, Chien T, Chen W, Balasubramanian G. Elasto-morphology of P3HT:PCBM bulk heterojunction organic solar cells. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:6743-6751. [PMID: 32588009 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00849d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the mechanical properties of organic semiconductors is important when using these materials in flexible electronics applications. For instance, knowledge of the mechanical and thermal stability of thin film organic solar cells (OSCs) is critical for the roll-to-roll production of photovoltaic devices and their use under various operating conditions. Here, we examine the thermal and elasto-mechanical properties of the conjugated donor polymer poly-(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and the interpenetrating mixtures of P3HT and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl (PCBM) ester bulk heterojunction (BHJ) active layers under the application of unidirectional tensile deformation using coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) simulations. The predictions are validated against previous experimental reports as well as with earlier modeling results derived using different intermolecular force fields. Our results reveal that PCBM molecules behave as anti-plasticizers when mixed with P3HT and tend to increase the tensile modulus and glass transition temperature, while decreasing the crack-onset strain relative to pure P3HT. The variations in the mechanical properties with the composition of the BHJ active layer suggest that, in the presence of small oligomers as additives in the BHJ, the P3HT:PCBM mixture resists the anti-plasticizing effect of PCBM molecules due to the low tensile modulus of the short polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeep Munshi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics, Lehigh University, Packard Laboratory 561, 19 Memorial Drive West, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
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8
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Morphology and transport characterization of solution-processed rubrene thin films on polymer-modified substrates. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12183. [PMID: 32699246 PMCID: PMC7376014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68293-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, the morpho-structural peculiarities and the crystallization mechanisms in solution-processed, solvent vapor annealed (SVA) thin films of rubrene (5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthacene) on different substrates were investigated. The high-quality rubrene crystal films with a triclinic crystal structure were successfully prepared on the FTO substrates (glass slide coated with fluorine-tin-oxide) modified by PLA (polylactic acid) for the first time. The area coverage of rubrene crystal and the sizes of rubrene dendritic crystals increased with increasing thickness of PLA film and concentration of rubrene solution. For rubrene molecules, FTO wafers with rough surface provided the possibility of heterogeneous nucleation. During the SVA process, there were two kinds of forces acting on the diffusion of rubrene molecules: one force was provided by the residual chloroform solvent, which was perpendicular to the substrate, and the other force was provided by gaseous dichloromethane, which was parallel to the substrate. The synergy of these two forces was proposed to explain the nucleation and the crystallization processes of rubrene films. The higher nucleus of PLA/rubrene dendrites and the layer-by-layer stacking of needle-shaped nanocrystalline PLA/rubrene were important for exploring their kinetic formation process.
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9
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Water stable molecular n-doping produces organic electrochemical transistors with high transconductance and record stability. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3004. [PMID: 32532975 PMCID: PMC7293298 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16648-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
From established to emergent technologies, doping plays a crucial role in all semiconducting devices. Doping could, theoretically, be an excellent technique for improving repressively low transconductances in n-type organic electrochemical transistors – critical for advancing logic circuits for bioelectronic and neuromorphic technologies. However, the technical challenge is extreme: n-doped polymers are unstable in electrochemical transistor operating environments, air and water (electrolyte). Here, the first demonstration of doping in electron transporting organic electrochemical transistors is reported. The ammonium salt tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride is simply admixed with the conjugated polymer poly(N,N’-bis(7-glycol)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-co-2,2’-bithiophene-co-N,N’-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide), and found to act as a simultaneous molecular dopant and morphology-additive. The combined effects enhance the n-type transconductance with improved channel capacitance and mobility. Furthermore, operational and shelf-life stability measurements showcase the first example of water-stable n-doping in a polymer. Overall, the results set a precedent for doping/additives to impact organic electrochemical transistors as powerfully as they have in other semiconducting devices. Improving electron transport and stability of n-type organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) is required to realize a commercially-viable technology for bioelectronics applications. Here, the authors report water-stable doped n-type OECTs with enhanced transconductance and record stability.
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10
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Kushwaha K, Yu L, Stranius K, Singh SK, Hultmark S, Iqbal MN, Eriksson L, Johnston E, Erhart P, Müller C, Börjesson K. A Record Chromophore Density in High-Entropy Liquids of Two Low-Melting Perylenes: A New Strategy for Liquid Chromophores. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1801650. [PMID: 30828534 PMCID: PMC6382313 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromophores constitute a rare but intriguing class of molecules that are in high demand for the design of luminescent inks, liquid semiconductors, and solar energy storage materials. The most common way to achieve liquid chromophores involves the introduction of long alkyl chains, which, however, significantly reduces the chromophore density. Here, strategy is presented that allows for the preparation of liquid chromophores with a minimal increase in molecular weight, using the important class of perylenes as an example. Two synergistic effects are harnessed: (1) the judicious positioning of short alkyl substituents, and (2) equimolar mixing, which in unison results in a liquid material. A series of 1-alkyl perylene derivatives is synthesized and it is found that short ethyl or butyl chains reduce the melting temperature from 278 °C to as little as 70 °C. Then, two low-melting derivatives are mixed, which results in materials that do not crystallize due to the increased configurational entropy of the system. As a result, liquid chromophores with the lowest reported molecular weight increase compared to the neat chromophore are obtained. The mixing strategy is readily applicable to other π-conjugated systems and, hence, promises to yield a wide range of low molecular weight liquid chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbu Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GothenburgKemigården 441296GothenburgSweden
| | - Liyang Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of Technology41296GothenburgSweden
| | - Kati Stranius
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GothenburgKemigården 441296GothenburgSweden
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Department of PhysicsMaterials and Surface Theory DivisionChalmers University of Technology41296GothenburgSweden
| | - Sandra Hultmark
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of Technology41296GothenburgSweden
| | - Muhammad Naeem Iqbal
- Department of Materials and Environmental ChemistryStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Lars Eriksson
- Department of Materials and Environmental ChemistryStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Eric Johnston
- Sigrid Therapeutics ABSankt Göransgatan 159112 17StockholmSweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of PhysicsMaterials and Surface Theory DivisionChalmers University of Technology41296GothenburgSweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of Technology41296GothenburgSweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GothenburgKemigården 441296GothenburgSweden
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11
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Riera-Galindo S, Tamayo A, Mas-Torrent M. Role of Polymorphism and Thin-Film Morphology in Organic Semiconductors Processed by Solution Shearing. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:2329-2339. [PMID: 29503976 PMCID: PMC5830697 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors (OSCs) are promising materials for cost-effective production of electronic devices because they can be processed from solution employing high-throughput techniques. However, small-molecule OSCs are prone to structural modifications because of the presence of weak van der Waals intermolecular interactions. Hence, controlling the crystallization in these materials is pivotal to achieve high device reproducibility. In this perspective article, we focus on controlling polymorphism and morphology in small-molecule organic semiconducting thin films deposited by solution-shearing techniques compatible with roll-to-roll systems. Special attention is paid to the influence that the different experimental deposition parameters can have on thin films. Further, the main characterization techniques for thin-film structures are reviewed, highlighting the in situ characterization tools that can provide crucial insights into the crystallization mechanisms.
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12
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Kim HS, Mun J, Lee WH, Park YD. Ultrasonication-Mediated Self-Assembly in Polythiophene Films via Control of Residual Solvent Evaporation. Macromol Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-018-6014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Kayes MN, Shahabuddin M, Miah MJ, Karikomi M, Yoshihara S, Nasuno E, Kato N, Iimura KI. Thin films of an axially chiral bibenzo[c]phenanthrene diol and its enantiomers: Film structure, optical property, and photoelectrochemical response. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Bu L, Hu M, Lu W, Wang Z, Lu G. Printing Semiconductor-Insulator Polymer Bilayers for High-Performance Coplanar Field-Effect Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1704695. [PMID: 29178351 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Source-semiconductor-drain coplanar transistors with an organic semiconductor layer located within the same plane of source/drain electrodes are attractive for next-generation electronics, because they could be used to reduce material consumption, minimize parasitic leakage current, avoid cross-talk among different devices, and simplify the fabrication process of circuits. Here, a one-step, drop-casting-like printing method to realize a coplanar transistor using a model semiconductor/insulator [poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)/polystyrene (PS)] blend is developed. By manipulating the solution dewetting dynamics on the metal electrode and SiO2 dielectric, the solution within the channel region is selectively confined, and thus make the top surface of source/drain electrodes completely free of polymers. Subsequently, during solvent evaporation, vertical phase separation between P3HT and PS leads to a semiconductor-insulator bilayer structure, contributing to an improved transistor performance. Moreover, this coplanar transistor with semiconductor-insulator bilayer structure is an ideal system for injecting charges into the insulator via gate-stress, and the thus-formed PS electret layer acts as a "nonuniform floating gate" to tune the threshold voltage and effective mobility of the transistors. Effective field-effect mobility higher than 1 cm2 V-1 s-1 with an on/off ratio > 107 is realized, and the performances are comparable to those of commercial amorphous silicon transistors. This coplanar transistor simplifies the fabrication process of corresponding circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laju Bu
- School of Science and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Mengxing Hu
- School of Science and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Wanlong Lu
- School of Science and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- School of Science and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Guanghao Lu
- School of Science and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
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15
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El Sayed MT. Synthetic Routes to Electroactive Organic Discotic Aromatic Triazatruxenes. J Heterocycl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mardia Telep El Sayed
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, Chemical Industries Division; National Research Centre; Dokki 12311 Egypt
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16
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Zhou F, Liu S, Santarsiero BD, Wink DJ, Boudinet D, Facchetti A, Driver T. Synthesis and Properties of New N‐Heteroheptacenes for Solution‐Based Organic Field Effect Transistors. Chemistry 2017; 23:12542-12549. [PMID: 28719724 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 West Taylor Street Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 West Taylor Street Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Bernard D. Santarsiero
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences University of Illinois at Chicago 900 South Ashland Avenue Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Donald J. Wink
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 West Taylor Street Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | | | | | - Tom Driver
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 West Taylor Street Chicago IL 60607 USA
- Institute of Next Generation Matter Transformation College of Chemical Engineering Huaqiao University 668 Jimei Boulevard, Chicago Fujian 351021 P. R. China
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17
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Mortuza SM, Banerjee S. Atomistic modelling – impact and opportunities in thin-film photovoltaic solar cell technologies. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2017.1295455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Mortuza
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Soumik Banerjee
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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18
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Yavuz I, Lopez SA. Understanding dispersive charge-transport in crystalline organic-semiconductors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:231-236. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06431k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of short-range order and dispersivity on charge-transport for organic crystalline semiconductors are important and unresolved questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhan Yavuz
- Department of Physics, Marmara University
- 34722
- Ziverbey
- Turkey
| | - Steven A. Lopez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- 12 Oxford Street
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
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19
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He X, Chow W, Liu F, Tay B, Liu Z. MoS 2 /Rubrene van der Waals Heterostructure: Toward Ambipolar Field-Effect Transistors and Inverter Circuits. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1602558. [PMID: 27762499 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201602558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
2D transition metal dichalcogenides are promising channel materials for the next-generation electronic device. Here, vertically 2D heterostructures, so called van der Waals solids, are constructed using inorganic molybdenum sulfide (MoS2 ) few layers and organic crystal - 5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthacene (rubrene). In this work, ambipolar field-effect transistors are successfully achieved based on MoS2 and rubrene crystals with the well balanced electron and hole mobilities of 1.27 and 0.36 cm2 V-1 s-1 , respectively. The ambipolar behavior is explained based on the band alignment of MoS2 and rubrene. Furthermore, being a building block, the MoS2 /rubrene ambipolar transistors are used to fabricate CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) inverters that show good performance with a gain of 2.3 at a switching threshold voltage of -26 V. This work paves a way to the novel organic/inorganic ultrathin heterostructure based flexible electronics and optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexia He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 710119, Xi'an, China
- Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - WaiLeong Chow
- Centre for Micro-/Nano-electronics (NOVITAS), School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Fucai Liu
- Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - BengKang Tay
- Centre for Micro-/Nano-electronics (NOVITAS), School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zheng Liu
- Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
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20
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Agbolaghi S, Abbasi F, Abbaspoor S. Double/single phase segregation and vertical stratification induced by crystallization in all-crystalline tri/diblock copolymers and homopolymer blends of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and poly(ethylene glycol). SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samira Agbolaghi
- Institute of Polymeric Materials; Sahand University of Technology; Tabriz Iran
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering; Sahand University of Technology; Tabriz Iran
| | - Farhang Abbasi
- Institute of Polymeric Materials; Sahand University of Technology; Tabriz Iran
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering; Sahand University of Technology; Tabriz Iran
| | - Saleheh Abbaspoor
- Institute of Polymeric Materials; Sahand University of Technology; Tabriz Iran
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering; Sahand University of Technology; Tabriz Iran
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21
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Wang G, Chu PH, Fu B, He Z, Kleinhenz N, Yuan Z, Mao Y, Wang H, Reichmanis E. Conjugated Polymer Alignment: Synergisms Derived from Microfluidic Shear Design and UV Irradiation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:24761-24772. [PMID: 27564549 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b07548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Solution shearing has attracted great interest for the fabrication of robust and reliable, high performance organic electronic devices, owing to applicability of the method to large area and continuous fabrication, as well as its propensity to enhance semiconductor charge transport characteristics. To date, effects of the design of the blade shear features (especially the microfluidic shear design) and the prospect of synergistically combining the shear approach with an alternate process strategy have not been investigated. Here, a generic thin film fabrication concept that enhanced conjugated polymer intermolecular alignment and aggregation, improved orientation (both nanoscale and long-range), and narrowed the π-π stacking distance is demonstrated for the first time. The impact of the design of shearing blade microfluidic channels and synergistic effects of fluid shearing design with concomitant irradiation strategies were demonstrated, enabling fabrication of polymer-based devices with requisite morphologies for a range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping-Hsun Chu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Boyi Fu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Zhongyuan He
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Nabil Kleinhenz
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Zhibo Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yimin Mao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Dr., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Elsa Reichmanis
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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22
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Scott JI, Xue X, Wang M, Kline RJ, Hoffman BC, Dougherty D, Zhou C, Bazan G, O’Connor BT. Significantly Increasing the Ductility of High Performance Polymer Semiconductors through Polymer Blending. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:14037-45. [PMID: 27200458 PMCID: PMC5494703 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b01852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polymer semiconductors based on donor-acceptor monomers have recently resulted in significant gains in field effect mobility in organic thin film transistors (OTFTs). These polymers incorporate fused aromatic rings and have been designed to have stiff planar backbones, resulting in strong intermolecular interactions, which subsequently result in stiff and brittle films. The complex synthesis typically required for these materials may also result in increased production costs. Thus, the development of methods to improve mechanical plasticity while lowering material consumption during fabrication will significantly improve opportunities for adoption in flexible and stretchable electronics. To achieve these goals, we consider blending a brittle donor-acceptor polymer, poly[4-(4,4-dihexadecyl-4H-cyclopenta[1,2-b:5,4-b']dithiophen-2-yl)-alt-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-c]pyridine] (PCDTPT), with ductile poly(3-hexylthiophene). We found that the ductility of the blend films is significantly improved compared to that of neat PCDTPT films, and when the blend film is employed in an OTFT, the performance is largely maintained. The ability to maintain charge transport character is due to vertical segregation within the blend, while the improved ductility is due to intermixing of the polymers throughout the film thickness. Importantly, the application of large strains to the ductile films is shown to orient both polymers, which further increases charge carrier mobility. These results highlight a processing approach to achieve high performance polymer OTFTs that are electrically and mechanically optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua I. Scott
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Xiao Xue
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Ming Wang
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - R. Joseph Kline
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Material Measurement Laboratory, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Benjamin C. Hoffman
- Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Daniel Dougherty
- Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Chuanzhen Zhou
- Analytical Instrumentation Facility, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Guillermo Bazan
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Brendan T. O’Connor
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Corresponding Author: Corresponding author:
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23
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Wang L, Li Y, Zou F, Du H, Sun L, Zhang J, Song X, Song G. Insight into crystallization process of rubrene by binary solvent mixtures. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra21556k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubrene crystals have been prepared by properly tuning the blend ratio and evaporation rate of the high-boiling-point solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Changchun University of Technology
- Changchun 130012
- PR China
| | - Yiping Li
- School of Science
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
- Changchun 130022
- PR China
| | - Fengjun Zou
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Changchun University of Technology
- Changchun 130012
- PR China
| | - Hao Du
- School of Science
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
- Changchun 130022
- PR China
| | - Lijing Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Changchun University of Technology
- Changchun 130012
- PR China
| | - Jidong Zhang
- State Key Lab of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Changchun 130022
- PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Song
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Changchun University of Technology
- Changchun 130012
- PR China
| | - Guicai Song
- School of Science
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
- Changchun 130022
- PR China
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24
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Venkatesan S, Sun J, Zhang L, Dubey A, Sykes A, Lin TY, Hung YC, Qiao Q, Zhang C. An oligothiophene chromophore with a macrocyclic side chain: synthesis, morphology, charge transport, and photovoltaic performance. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21681a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular chromophores tend to form crystals beyond nanometer sizes upon thermal aging. A novel ring-protection structure has shown promise to solve morphological stability problem of solution-processed small molecule solar cell devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianyuan Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- South Dakota State University
- USA
| | - Lianjie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- South Dakota State University
- USA
| | - Ashish Dubey
- Department of Electrical Engineering
- South Dakota State University
- USA
| | - Andrew Sykes
- Department of Chemistry
- University of South Dakota
- Vermillion
- USA
| | - Ting-Yu Lin
- Institute of Photonics Technologies
- National Tsing Hua University
- Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chueh Hung
- Institute of Photonics Technologies
- National Tsing Hua University
- Taiwan
| | - Qiquan Qiao
- Department of Electrical Engineering
- South Dakota State University
- USA
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- South Dakota State University
- USA
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25
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Park B, Bae IG, Kwon OE, Jeon HG. Organic thin-film transistors fabricated using a slot-die-coating process and related sensing applications. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18545b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein present the results of a study involving the fabrication of semiconductor thin films for organic thin-film transistors composed of a small molecular TIPS-PEN composite blended with a polymer binder of PaMS, i.e., TIPS-PEN:PaMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoungchoo Park
- Department of Electrophysics
- Kwangwoon University
- Seoul 139-701
- Korea
| | - In-Gon Bae
- Department of Electrophysics
- Kwangwoon University
- Seoul 139-701
- Korea
| | - O. Eun Kwon
- Department of Electrophysics
- Kwangwoon University
- Seoul 139-701
- Korea
| | - Hong Goo Jeon
- Department of Electrophysics
- Kwangwoon University
- Seoul 139-701
- Korea
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26
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Mendaza ADDZ, Melianas A, Rossbauer S, Bäcke O, Nordstierna L, Erhart P, Olsson E, Anthopoulos TD, Inganäs O, Müller C. High-Entropy Mixtures of Pristine Fullerenes for Solution-Processed Transistors and Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:7325-7331. [PMID: 26460821 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201503530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The solubility of pristine fullerenes can be enhanced by mixing C60 and C70 due to the associated increase in configurational entropy. This "entropic dissolution" allows the preparation of field-effect transistors with an electron mobility of 1 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) and polymer solar cells with a highly reproducible power-conversion efficiency of 6%, as well as a thermally stable active layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Diaz de Zerio Mendaza
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Armantas Melianas
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Stephan Rossbauer
- Department of Physics and Center for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, SW7 2BW, London, UK
| | - Olof Bäcke
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lars Nordstierna
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Eva Olsson
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- Department of Physics and Center for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, SW7 2BW, London, UK
| | - Olle Inganäs
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
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27
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Destouesse E, Chambon S, Courtel S, Hirsch L, Wantz G. Solution-Processed Small-Molecule Bulk Heterojunctions: Leakage Currents and the Dewetting Issue for Inverted Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:24663-24669. [PMID: 26479086 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In organic photovoltaic (PV) devices based on solution-processed small molecules, we report here that the physicochemical properties of the substrate are critical for achieving high-performances organic solar cells. Three different substrates were tested: ITO coated with PEDOT PSS, ZnO sol-gel, and ZnO nanoparticles. PV performances are found to be low when the ZnO nanoparticles layer is used. This performance loss is attributed to the formation of many dewetting points in the active layer, because of a relatively high roughness of the ZnO nanoparticles layer, compared to the other layers. We successfully circumvented this phenomenon by adding a small quantity of polystyrene (PS) in the active layer. The introduction of PS improves the quality of film forming and reduces the dark currents of solar cells. Using this method, high-efficiency devices were achieved, even in the case of substrates with higher roughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Destouesse
- Université de Bordeaux, IMS, UMR 5218, F-33400 Talence, France
- ARMOR, 20, rue Chevreul - BP 90508 44105, Nantes, France
| | - Sylvain Chambon
- Université de Bordeaux, IMS, UMR 5218, F-33400 Talence, France
| | | | - Lionel Hirsch
- Université de Bordeaux, IMS, UMR 5218, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Guillaume Wantz
- Université de Bordeaux, IMS, UMR 5218, F-33400 Talence, France
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28
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Yavuz I, Martin BN, Park J, Houk KN. Theoretical Study of the Molecular Ordering, Paracrystallinity, And Charge Mobilities of Oligomers in Different Crystalline Phases. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:2856-66. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5076376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilhan Yavuz
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Blanton N. Martin
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jiyong Park
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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29
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Ho CC, Tao YT. Crystallization of rubrene on a nanopillar-templated surface by the melt-recrystallization process and its application in field-effect transistors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:603-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07739c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oriented rubrene nanocrystal growth from melt on a nanopillar-templated surface, adaptable for field-effect transistor application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chih Ho
- Institute of Chemistry
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei
- Taiwan
- Nano Science and Technology Program
| | - Yu-Tai Tao
- Institute of Chemistry
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei
- Taiwan
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30
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Eftaiha AF, Sun JP, Hendsbee AD, Macaulay C, Hill IG, Welch GC. High open circuit voltage organic solar cells based upon fullerene free bulk heterojunction active layers. CAN J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2014-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported on a small organic molecule containing a bithiophene core with end-capping phthalimide units (PthTh2Pth) that exhibited a H-aggregation tendency in the solid state and high electron mobility in organic field effect transistors. In this contribution, we have studied both the physical and electrical properties of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and PthTh2Pth thin films by measuring the optical absorption, Frontier molecular orbital energy levels, photoluminescence quenching, thermal properties, and photovoltaic response. Our results have provided a useful insight into the use of PthTh2Pth as an electron acceptor material for organic photovoltaic applications. In comparison with high-performance, fullerene-based, solution-processed bulk heterojunction solar cells reported in the literature, a relatively high open circuit voltage (∼0.94 V) was obtained for various donor–acceptor blend ratios. These results highlight the potential for PthTh2Pth to act as an alternative to fullerenes as acceptors in organic solar cell devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala’a F. Eftaiha
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Physics, Dalhousie University, 1459 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jon-Paul Sun
- Department of Physics, Dalhousie University, 1459 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Arthur D. Hendsbee
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Casper Macaulay
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Ian G. Hill
- Department of Physics, Dalhousie University, 1459 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Gregory C. Welch
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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31
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Ahmed R, Kadashchuk A, Simbrunner C, Schwabegger G, Baig M, Sitter H. Geometrical structure and interface dependence of bias stress induced threshold voltage shift in C60-based OFETs. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:15148-15153. [PMID: 25142130 PMCID: PMC4159991 DOI: 10.1021/am5032192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the nature of interface between organic semiconductor and gate dielectric on bias stress electrical stability of n-type C60-based organic field effect transistors (OFETs) was studied. The bias stress induced threshold voltage (Vth) shift was found to depend critically on the OFET device structure: the direction of V(th) shift in top-gate OFETs was opposite to that in bottom-gate OFETs, while the use of the dual-gate OFET structure resulted in just very small variations in V(th). The opposite direction of Vth shift is attributed to the different nature of interfaces between C60 semiconductor and Parylene dielectric in these devices. The V(th) shift to more positive voltages upon bias stress in bottom-gate C60-OFET was similar to that observed for other n-type semiconductors and rationalized by electron trapping in the dielectric or at the gate dielectric/C60 interface. The opposite direction of Vth shift in top-gate C60-OFETs is attributed to free radical species created in the course of Parylene deposition on the surface of C60 during device fabrication, which produce plenty of hole traps. It was also realized that the dual-gate OFETs gives stable characteristics, which are immune to bias stress effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Ahmed
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, A-4040 Linz, Austria
- National Center for Physics, Quaid-e-Azam
University Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Andrey Kadashchuk
- Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine
- IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Clemens Simbrunner
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Günther Schwabegger
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Muhammad
Aslam Baig
- National Center for Physics, Quaid-e-Azam
University Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Helmut Sitter
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, A-4040 Linz, Austria
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32
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Large-scale complementary macroelectronics using hybrid integration of carbon nanotubes and IGZO thin-film transistors. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4097. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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33
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Lee CH, Schiros T, Santos EJG, Kim B, Yager KG, Kang SJ, Lee S, Yu J, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Hone J, Kaxiras E, Nuckolls C, Kim P. Epitaxial growth of molecular crystals on van der waals substrates for high-performance organic electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:2812-7. [PMID: 24458727 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201304973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Epitaxial van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures of organic and layered materials are demonstrated to create high-performance organic electronic devices. High-quality rubrene films with large single-crystalline domains are grown on h-BN dielectric layers via vdW epitaxy. In addition, high carrier mobility comparable to free-standing single-crystal counterparts is achieved by forming interfacial electrical contacts with graphene electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Ho Lee
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA; Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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34
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Jones C, Boudinet D, Xia Y, Denti M, Das A, Facchetti A, Driver TG. Synthesis and Properties of Semiconducting Bispyrrolothiophenes for Organic Field-Effect Transistors. Chemistry 2014; 20:5938-45. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Lewandowska K, Barszcz B, Graja A, Nam SY, Han YS, Kim TD, Lee KS. Spectroscopic properties and orientation of molecules in Langmuir-Blodgett layers of selected functionalized fullerenes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 118:204-209. [PMID: 24051291 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.08.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational properties of two fullerene derivatives: C60TZ-OT-5 (1) and C60TH-3HX (2) have been studied using infrared absorption and Raman scattering spectroscopies. Additionally, quantum chemical calculations of the equilibrium geometry and normal mode vibrations of these functionalized fullerenes were performed. It was stated that despite of distinct structural differences between the investigated molecules, their experimental spectra are quite similar and correspond well with the calculated ones. The orientation of the molecules in the Langmuir-Blodgett films was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia Lewandowska
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-179 Poznań, Poland; AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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36
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Diemer PJ, Lyle CR, Mei Y, Sutton C, Payne MM, Anthony JE, Coropceanu V, Brédas JL, Jurchescu OD. Vibration-assisted crystallization improves organic/dielectric interface in organic thin-film transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:6956-6962. [PMID: 24115382 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201302838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Solution processability of organic semiconductors allows high-throughput fabrication on arbitrary substrates at low-cost, but the films often exhibit low performance. Here, we report on a new method for device fabrication, vibration assisted crystallization (VAC) that produces superior films, which approach the fundamental performance limits shown in corresponding single-crystal measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Diemer
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
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37
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Li L, Gao P, Wang W, Müllen K, Fuchs H, Chi L. Growth of Ultrathin Organic Semiconductor Microstripes with Thickness Control in the Monolayer Precision. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12530-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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38
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Li L, Gao P, Wang W, Müllen K, Fuchs H, Chi L. Growth of Ultrathin Organic Semiconductor Microstripes with Thickness Control in the Monolayer Precision. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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39
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Mei Y, Loth MA, Payne M, Zhang W, Smith J, Day CS, Parkin SR, Heeney M, McCulloch I, Anthopoulos TD, Anthony JE, Jurchescu OD. High mobility field-effect transistors with versatile processing from a small-molecule organic semiconductor. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:4352-4357. [PMID: 23553772 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201205371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Trialkylgermyl functionalization allows the development of high-performance soluble small-molecule organic semiconductors with mobilities greater than 5 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) . Spray-deposited organic thin-film transistors show a record mobility of 2.2 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) and demonstrate the potential for incorporation in large-area, low-cost electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaochuan Mei
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
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40
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Baeg KJ, Caironi M, Noh YY. Toward printed integrated circuits based on unipolar or ambipolar polymer semiconductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:4210-44. [PMID: 23761043 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201205361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
For at least the past ten years printed electronics has promised to revolutionize our daily life by making cost-effective electronic circuits and sensors available through mass production techniques, for their ubiquitous applications in wearable components, rollable and conformable devices, and point-of-care applications. While passive components, such as conductors, resistors and capacitors, had already been fabricated by printing techniques at industrial scale, printing processes have been struggling to meet the requirements for mass-produced electronics and optoelectronics applications despite their great potential. In the case of logic integrated circuits (ICs), which constitute the focus of this Progress Report, the main limitations have been represented by the need of suitable functional inks, mainly high-mobility printable semiconductors and low sintering temperature conducting inks, and evoluted printing tools capable of higher resolution, registration and uniformity than needed in the conventional graphic arts printing sector. Solution-processable polymeric semiconductors are the best candidates to fulfill the requirements for printed logic ICs on flexible substrates, due to their superior processability, ease of tuning of their rheology parameters, and mechanical properties. One of the strongest limitations has been mainly represented by the low charge carrier mobility (μ) achievable with polymeric, organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). However, recently unprecedented values of μ ∼ 10 cm(2) /Vs have been achieved with solution-processed polymer based OFETs, a value competing with mobilities reported in organic single-crystals and exceeding the performances enabled by amorphous silicon (a-Si). Interestingly these values were achieved thanks to the design and synthesis of donor-acceptor copolymers, showing limited degree of order when processed in thin films and therefore fostering further studies on the reason leading to such improved charge transport properties. Among this class of materials, various polymers can show well balanced electrons and holes mobility, therefore being indicated as ambipolar semiconductors, good environmental stability, and a small band-gap, which simplifies the tuning of charge injection. This opened up the possibility of taking advantage of the superior performances offered by complementary "CMOS-like" logic for the design of digital ICs, easing the scaling down of critical geometrical features, and achieving higher complexity from robust single gates (e.g., inverters) and test circuits (e.g., ring oscillators) to more complete circuits. Here, we review the recent progress in the development of printed ICs based on polymeric semiconductors suitable for large-volume micro- and nano-electronics applications. Particular attention is paid to the strategies proposed in the literature to design and synthesize high mobility polymers and to develop suitable printing tools and techniques to allow for improved patterning capability required for the down-scaling of devices in order to achieve the operation frequencies needed for applications, such as flexible radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags, near-field communication (NFC) devices, ambient electronics, and portable flexible displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Jun Baeg
- Nano Carbon Materials Research Group, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), 12, Bulmosan-ro 10beon-gil, Seongsan-gu, Changwon, Gyeongsangnam-do 642-120, Republic of Korea
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Treat ND, Nekuda Malik JA, Reid O, Yu L, Shuttle CG, Rumbles G, Hawker CJ, Chabinyc ML, Smith P, Stingelin N. Microstructure formation in molecular and polymer semiconductors assisted by nucleation agents. NATURE MATERIALS 2013; 12:628-633. [PMID: 23727949 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Additives, including nucleating agents, have been used to regulate the solidification process of (semi-)crystalline polymer solids and thus control both their crystallite dimensions and shape. Here, we demonstrate that minute amounts (0.1-1 wt%) of commercially available nucleating agents can be used to efficiently manipulate the solidification kinetics of a wide range of organic semiconductors--including poly(3-alkylthiophene)s, the fullerene derivative [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and 6,13-bis(triisopropyl-silylethynyl) (TIPS) pentacene--when processed from the melt, solution or solid state, without adversely affecting the semiconductors' electronic properties. Heterogeneous nucleation increases the temperature of and rate of crystallization of poly(3-alkylthiophene)s, permits patterning of crystallites at pre-defined locations in PCBM, and minimizes dewetting of films of TIPS-pentacene formed by inkjet printing. Nucleating agents thus make possible the fabrication of thin-film transistors with uniform electrical characteristics at high yield.
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Mei J, Diao Y, Appleton AL, Fang L, Bao Z. Integrated Materials Design of Organic Semiconductors for Field-Effect Transistors. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:6724-46. [DOI: 10.1021/ja400881n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1165] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ying Diao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Anthony L. Appleton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Zhang Y, Liu J, Nguyen TQ. Photoresponse of donor/acceptor blends in organic transistors: a tool for understanding field-assisted charge separation in small molecule bulk heterojunction solar cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:2347-2353. [PMID: 23432127 DOI: 10.1021/am302833j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Photoresponse and ambipolar charge transport in organic bulk heterojunctions (BHJ) is investigated using field-effect transistors (FET) based on two donors, poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and 3,6-bis(5-(benzofuran-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-2,5-bis(2-ethylhexyl)pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione (DPP(TBFu)2) blends with [6,6]-phenyl-C70-butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM) acceptor. Upon 100 mW/cm2 AM 1.5 G illumination, P3HT:PC70BM shows an equivalent hole and electron current together with a largely enhanced photoresponse in the FET. The DPP(TBFu)2:PC70BM blends display an electron-dominating transport along with showing a relatively poor photoresponse in FETs upon irradiation. By comparing the two systems, it suggests that DPP(TBFu)2:PC70BM possesses a less-efficient charge separation assisted by electric fields after exciton dissociation. The FET results correlate well to the solar cell device performance and provide further understanding and optimizing of solution-processed DPP small molecule solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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44
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Lu G, Blakesley J, Himmelberger S, Pingel P, Frisch J, Lieberwirth I, Salzmann I, Oehzelt M, Di Pietro R, Salleo A, Koch N, Neher D. Moderate doping leads to high performance of semiconductor/insulator polymer blend transistors. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1588. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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45
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Su Y, Zheng L, Liu J, Han Y. A morphological transition from sheet crystals to r crystals of triethylsilylethynyl anthradithiophene based on thermal annealing. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra23275a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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46
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Provencher F, Bérubé N, Laprade JF, Simard G, Tant J, de Halleux V, Geerts Y, Silva C, Côté M. Large electronic bandwidth in solution-processable pyrene crystals: the role of close-packed crystal structure. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:034706. [PMID: 22830723 DOI: 10.1063/1.4732504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We examine the interdependence of structural and electronic properties of two substituted pyrene crystals by means of combined spectroscopic probes and density-functional theory calculations. Substituted pyrenes are useful model systems to unravel the interplay of crystal structure and electronic properties in organic semiconductors. To study the effect of steric encumbrance on the crystalline arrangement of two 1,3,6,8-tetraalkynylpyrene derivatives, one features linear n-hexyl side groups while the other contains branched trimethylsilyl groups. Both derivatives form triclinic crystal structures when grown from solution, but the electronic dispersion behavior is significantly different due to differences in π-π overlap along the π-stacking axis. Both systems display dispersion of around 0.45 eV in the valence band, suggesting a high intrinsic hole mobility. However, the direction of the dispersion is different: it is primarily along the π-stacking axis in the trimethylsilyl-substituted derivative, but less aligned with this crystal axis in the hexyl-substituted molecule. This is a direct consequence of the differences in co-facial π electron overlap revealed by the crystallographic studies. We find that photophysical defects, ascribed to excimer-like states, point to the importance of localized trap states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Provencher
- Département de Physique et Regroupement Québécois sur les Matériaux de Pointe, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal (Québec) H3C 3J7, Canada
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Zheng L, Liu J, Sun Y, Ding Y, Han Y. Manipulating the Crystallization of Methanofullerene Thin Films with Polymer Additives. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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48
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49
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Liu D, Li Z, He Z, Xu J, Miao Q. Induced crystallization of rubrene with diazapentacene as the template. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm14941a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Park B, Jeon HG, Choi J, Kim YK, Lim J, Jung J, Cho SY, Lee C. High-performance organic thin-film transistors with polymer-blended small-molecular semiconductor films, fabricated using a pre-metered coating process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm16007b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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