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Yau B, Madsen S, Nelson ME, Cooke KC, Fritzen AM, Thorius IH, Stöckli J, James DE, Kebede MA. Genetics and diet shape the relationship between islet function and whole body metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 326:E663-E672. [PMID: 38568150 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00060.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Despite the fact that genes and the environment are known to play a central role in islet function, our knowledge of how these parameters interact to modulate insulin secretory function remains relatively poor. Presently, we performed ex vivo glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and insulin content assays in islets of 213 mice from 13 inbred mouse strains on chow, Western diet (WD), and a high-fat, carbohydrate-free (KETO) diet. Strikingly, among these 13 strains, islets from the commonly used C57BL/6J mouse strain were the least glucose responsive. Using matched metabolic phenotyping data, we performed correlation analyses of isolated islet parameters and found a positive correlation between basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, but no relationship between insulin secretion and insulin content. Using in vivo metabolic measures, we found that glucose tolerance determines the relationship between ex vivo islet insulin secretion and plasma insulin levels. Finally, we showed that islet glucose-stimulated insulin secretion decreased with KETO in almost all strains, concomitant with broader phenotypic changes, such as increased adiposity and glucose intolerance. This is an important finding as it should caution against the application of KETO diet for beta-cell health. Together these data offer key insights into the intersection of diet and genetic background on islet function and whole body glucose metabolism.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Thirteen strains of mice on chow, Western diet, and high-fat, carbohydrate-free (KETO), correlating whole body phenotypes to ex vivo pancreatic islet functional measurements, were used. The study finds a huge spectrum of functional islet responses and insulin phenotypes across all strains and diets, with the ubiquitous C57Bl/6J mouse exhibiting the lowest secretory response of all strains, highlighting the overall importance of considering genetic background when investigating islet function. Ex vivo basal and stimulated insulin secretion are correlated in the islet, and KETO imparts widescale downregulation of islet insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Yau
- School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Søren Madsen
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marin E Nelson
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristen C Cooke
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andreas M Fritzen
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ida H Thorius
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Stöckli
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David E James
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melkam A Kebede
- School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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Cheng HL, Chang WT, Lin JL, Tsai CT, Cheng MC, Huang SC, Wong YC, Hsu CL. Mei-Gin Formula Ameliorates Obesity through Lipolysis, Fatty Oxidation, and Thermogenesis in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats. Foods 2023; 12:3539. [PMID: 37835191 PMCID: PMC10573010 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a metabolic dysfunction characterized by excessive body fat deposition as a consequence of an energy imbalance. Novel therapeutic strategies have emerged that are safe and have comparatively low side effects for obesity treatment. Functional foods and nutraceuticals have recently received a great deal of attention because of their components with the properties of antimetabolic syndrome. Based on our previous in vitro and in vivo investigations on anti-adipogenesis activity and improved body fat accumulation in serials, the combination of three ingredients (including bainiku-ekisu, black garlic, and Mesona procumbens Hemsl), comprising the Mei-Gin formula (MGF), was eventually selected as a novel inhibitor that exhibited preventive effects against obesity. Herein, we verify the anti-obesity effects of MGF in obese rats induced by a high-fat diet and discuss the potential molecular mechanisms underlying obesity development. Oral administration of MGF significantly suppressed the final body weight, weight change, energy and water intake, subcutaneous and visceral fat mass, liver weight, hepatic total lipids and triglycerides (TG), and serum levels of TG, triglycerides (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), alanine transaminase (AST), uric acid, and ketone bodies and augmented fecal total lipids, TG, and cholesterol excretion in the high-dose MGF-supplemented groups. Furthermore, the corresponding lipid metabolic pathways revealed that MGF supplementation effectively increased lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation gene expression and attenuated fatty acid synthesis gene expression in the white adipose tissue (WAT) and liver and it also increased mitochondrial activation and thermogenic gene expression in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) of rats with obesity induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). These results demonstrate that the intake of MGF can be beneficial for the suppression of HFD-induced obesity in rats through the lipolysis, fatty oxidation, and thermogenesis pathway. In conclusion, these results demonstrate the anti-obesity efficacy of MGF in vivo and suggest that MGF may act as a potential therapeutic agent against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Lin Cheng
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (H.-L.C.); (J.-L.L.); (C.-T.T.); (S.-C.H.); (Y.-C.W.)
| | - Wei-Tang Chang
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan;
| | - Jiun-Ling Lin
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (H.-L.C.); (J.-L.L.); (C.-T.T.); (S.-C.H.); (Y.-C.W.)
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Tse Tsai
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (H.-L.C.); (J.-L.L.); (C.-T.T.); (S.-C.H.); (Y.-C.W.)
| | - Ming-Ching Cheng
- Department of Health Food, Chung Chou University of Science and Technology, Changhua 51591, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Chien Huang
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (H.-L.C.); (J.-L.L.); (C.-T.T.); (S.-C.H.); (Y.-C.W.)
| | - Yue-Ching Wong
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (H.-L.C.); (J.-L.L.); (C.-T.T.); (S.-C.H.); (Y.-C.W.)
| | - Chin-Lin Hsu
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (H.-L.C.); (J.-L.L.); (C.-T.T.); (S.-C.H.); (Y.-C.W.)
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
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Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus administration to anorexigenic neuropeptides and some biochemical parameters on rats fed with a high-fat diet. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2023; 166:106729. [PMID: 36914021 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2023.106729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM One of the rapidly rising global public health concern is obesity. Over the past three decades, the prevalence of obesity has doubled/tripled in several nations around the world, most likely as a result of urbanization, sedentary lifestyles, and increased intake of high-calorie processed foods. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus administration on rats exposed to high-fat diet experimentally on anorexigenic peptides in the brain and some biochemical parameters in the serum. METHODS In the study, 4 different experimental groups were formed. Group 1 was designated as the control group and fed with a standard rat chow (SD). Group 2 was designated as the high-fat diet (HFD) fed group. Group 3 fed with SD and L. acidophilus probiotic administered. Group 4 fed with HFD and L. acidophilus probiotic administered. At the end of the experiment, leptin, serotonin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels were measured in the brain tissue and serum. Glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), total protein (TP), albumin, uric acid, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were determined in the serum. RESULTS At the end of the study, it was found that there was an increase in body weight and body mass index in Group 2 compared to Group 1. It was determined that the levels of AST, ALT, TG, TC, glucose, leptin in the serum were significantly high (P < 0.05). The levels of GLP-1 and serotonin in the serum and in the brain were significantly low (P < 0.05). There was a significant decrease in TG and TC in Groups 3 and 4 compared to Group 2 (P < 0.05). The leptin hormone levels in serum and brain were significantly higher in Group 2 than in other groups (P < 0.05). GLP-1 and serotonin levels were found to be significantly low (P < 0.05). The leptin levels in the serum of Groups 3 and 4 decreased significantly compared to Group 2 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION It was found that probiotic supplementation in high-fat diet had positive effects on anorexigenic peptides. It was concluded that L. acidophilus probiotic can be recommended as a food supplement in the treatment of obesity.
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Anti-Obesity and Anti-Adipogenic Effects of Administration of Arginyl-Fructose-Enriched Jeju Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) Extract in C57BL/6 Mice and in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes Models. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103248. [PMID: 35630735 PMCID: PMC9143543 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, we reported that arginyl-fructose (AF), one of the Amadori rearrangement compounds (ARCs) produced by the heat processing of Korean ginseng can reduce carbohydrate absorption by inhibiting intestinal carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes in both in vitro and in vivo animal models. This reduced absorption of carbohydrate might be helpful to control body weight gain due to excessive carbohydrate consumption and support induced calorie restriction. However, the weight management effect, except for the effect due to anti-hyperglycemic action, along with the potential mechanism of action have not yet been determined. Therefore, the efforts of this study are to investigate and understand the possible weight management effect and mechanism action of AF-enriched barley extracts (BEE). More specifically, the effect of BEE on lipid accumulation and adipogenic gene expression, body weight gain, body weight, plasma lipids, body fat mass, and lipid deposition were evaluated using C57BL/6 mice and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes models. The formation of lipid droplets in the 3T3-L1 treated with BEE (500 and 750 µg/mL) was significantly blocked (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet (30% fat) for 8 weeks with BEE (0.3 g/kg-body weight). Compared to the high fat diet control (HFD) group, the cells treated with BEE significantly decreased in intracellular lipid accumulation with concomitant decreases in the expression of key transcription factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBP/α), the mRNA expression of downstream lipogenic target genes such as fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c). Supplementation of BEE effectively lowered the body weight gain, visceral fat accumulation, and plasma lipid concentrations. Compared to the HFD group, BEE significantly suppressed body weight gain (16.06 ± 2.44 g vs. 9.40 ± 1.39 g, p < 0.01) and increased serum adiponectin levels, significantly, 1.6-folder higher than the control group. These results indicate that AF-enriched barley extracts may prevent diet-induced weight gain and the anti-obesity effect is mediated in part by inhibiting adipogenesis and increasing adiponectin level.
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Liaqat I, Naseem S, Eijaz S, Hanif U, Rubab S, Aftab N, Iqbal R. Impact of Interplay between Obese Gut Microbiota and Diet in Developing Obesity in Synthetic Community Mice. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:1285-1293. [PMID: 34483221 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims at investigating the effects of cultured gut microbiota (GM) of obese human coupled high fat diet (HFD) or chow diet (CD) in development of obesity in mice. 20 stool samples were collected from obese patients and isolated bacteria were identified morphologically and biochemically. Identified isolates were mixed in equal proportions to synthesize obese GM. In vivo study was performed using obese GM combined with HFD/CD using mouse model for three months. Albino mice were treated with ampicillin from one week prior to birth until weaning of the pups at seven weeks of age and then inoculated with obese GM. Sixteen mice were divided into four groups: i.e. group 1 (G1) mice fed with CD, group 2 (G2) mice with HFD, group 3 (G3) mice with GM + HFD and group 4 (G4) mice with GM + CD. Mice from groups 3-4 were considered synthetic community (SC) mice due to transfer of synthesize human GM. 16S rRNA sequencing identified five abundant bacteria as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus sp., Escherichia coli, Morganella morganii, and Klebsiella oxytoca (accession numbers: MZ150742-MZ150746). In vivo study indicated that GM combination with either HFD/CD caused significantly increased body weight in SC mice (BMI; Kg/m2) compared to HFD or CD fed mice groups. One way ANOVA revealed highly significant increase (p ≤ 0.001) in levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides and low density lipoprotein (LDL) in GM coupled diet groups (G3-G4; SC mice) compared to significant increase in HFD group (G2) versus CD group (G1). Our study is first of its kind to report significant effects of using purified strains as obese GM plus diet (HFD/CD) in inducing obesity in SC mice and elevated serum liver parameters as metabolic indicators, hence providing strong evidence about significance of modified GM combination with HFD in developing obesity in SC mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Liaqat
- Microbiology Lab, Department of Zoology, Government College University
| | - Sajida Naseem
- Department of Zoology, University of Education, Lower Mall Campus
| | - Sana Eijaz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi
| | | | - Saima Rubab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Lahore Pharmacy College
| | - Nauman Aftab
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University
| | - Riffat Iqbal
- Microbiology Lab, Department of Zoology, Government College University
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Minderis P, Fokin A, Dirmontas M, Kvedaras M, Ratkevicius A. Caloric Restriction per se Rather Than Dietary Macronutrient Distribution Plays a Primary Role in Metabolic Health and Body Composition Improvements in Obese Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:3004. [PMID: 34578880 PMCID: PMC8466799 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) is of key importance in combating obesity and its associated diseases. We aimed to examine effects of dietary macronutrient distribution on weight loss and metabolic health in obese mice exposed to CR. Male C57BL/6J mice underwent diet-induced obesity for 18 weeks. Thereafter mice were exposed to a 6-week CR for up to 40% on either low-fat diet (LFD; 20, 60, 20% kcal from protein, carbohydrate, fat), low-carb diet (LCD; 20, 20, 60% kcal, respectively) or high-pro diet (HPD; 35, 35, 30% kcal, respectively) (n = 16 each). Ten mice on the obesogenic diet served as age-matched controls. Body composition was evaluated by tissue dissections. Glucose tolerance, bloods lipids and energy metabolism were measured. CR-induced weight loss was similar for LFD and LCD while HPD was associated with a greater weight loss than LCD. The diet groups did not differ from obese controls in hindlimb muscle mass, but showed a substantial decrease in body fat without differences between them. Glucose tolerance and blood total cholesterol were weight-loss dependent and mostly improved in LFD and HPD groups during CR. Blood triacylglycerol was lowered only in LCD group compared to obese controls. Thus, CR rather than macronutrient distribution in the diet plays the major role for improvements in body composition and glucose control in obese mice. Low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet more successfully reduces triacylglycerol but not cholesterol levels compared to isocaloric high-carbohydrate-low-fat weight loss diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petras Minderis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.F.); (M.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Andrej Fokin
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.F.); (M.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Mantas Dirmontas
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Mindaugas Kvedaras
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.F.); (M.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Aivaras Ratkevicius
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.F.); (M.K.); (A.R.)
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania;
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Liaqat I, Durrani AI, Zafar U, Rubab S, Faheem M, Mubin M, Raza C, Aftab N. Role of modified diet and gut microbiota in metabolic endotoxemia in mice. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:5085-5093. [PMID: 34302505 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02491-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at investigating the effect of cultured gut microbiota (GM) from obese humans coupled HFD in inducing metabolic endotoxemia in humanized mice. In total, 30 strains were isolated from 10 stool samples of obese patients. Following morphological and biochemical characterization, 16S rRNA gene sequencing of six abundant isolates identified these Klebsiella aerogenes, Levilactobacillus brevis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis (MZ052089-MZ052094). In vivo trial using above isolates, known as human gut microbiota (HGM), was performed for six months. Sixteen mice were distributed into four groups, i.e., G1 (control) mice fed with chow diet, group 2 (G2) with HFD, group 3 (G3) with HFD + HGM and group 4 (G4) with chow diet + HGM. Body mass index (BMI) and plasma endotoxins were measured pre- and post-experiment. In vivo study revealed that HFD + HGM caused significant increase (3.9 g/cm at 20 weeks) in the body weight and BMI (0.4 g/cm post-experiment) of G3 mice compared to the other groups. One-way ANOVA showed significantly higher level of endotoxins (2.41, 4.08 and 3.7 mmol/L) in mice groups G2, G3 and G4, respectively, indicating onset of metabolic endotoxemia. Cecal contents of experimental mice groups showed a shift in microbial diversity as observed by all isolates belonging to either Firmicutes or Bacteroidetes phyla, respectively. In conclusion, current study reported that minor alteration in GM composition through HFD feeding and cultured GM transfer has significant impact in development of metabolic endotoxemia, possibly via modified intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Liaqat
- Microbiology Lab, Department of Zoology, GC University, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | | | - Urooj Zafar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Saima Rubab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Lahore Pharmacy College, LMDC Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Faheem
- Microbiology Lab, Department of Zoology, GC University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mubin
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Chand Raza
- Microbiology Lab, Department of Zoology, GC University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nauman Aftab
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore, Pakistan
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Ketogenic Diets Induced Glucose Intolerance and Lipid Accumulation in Mice with Alterations in Gut Microbiota and Metabolites. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.03601-20. [PMID: 33785628 PMCID: PMC8092315 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03601-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ketogenic diet (KD), which can induce changes in gut microbiota, has shown benefits for epilepsy and several neurodegenerative diseases. However, the effects of a KD on glucose and lipid metabolism remain inconclusive. Using two formulas of ketogenic diets (KDR with 89.5% fat and KDH with 91.3% fat), which are commonly used in mouse trials, we found that KDR but not KDH induced insulin resistance and damaged glucose homeostasis, while KDH induced more fat accumulation in mice. Further study showed that KD impacted glucose metabolism, which was related to the sources of fat, while both the sources and proportions of fat affected lipid metabolism. And the KD widely used in human studies still induced insulin resistance and fat accumulation in mice. Moreover, KDs changed the gut microbiota and metabolites in mice, and the sources and proportions of fat in the diets respectively changed the abundance of specific bacteria and metabolites which were correlated with parameters related to glucose intolerance and lipid accumulation. Overall, our study demonstrated that the metabolic disorders induced by KDs are closely related to the source and proportion of fat in the diet, which may be associated with the changes of the gut microbiota and metabolites.IMPORTANCE The ketogenic diet with extremely high fat and very low carbohydrate levels is very popular in society today. Although it has beneficial effects on epilepsy and neurodegenerative diseases, how ketogenic diets impact host glucose and lipid metabolism and gut microbiota still needs further investigation. Here, we surveyed the effects of two ketogenic diets which are commonly used in mouse trials on metabolic phenotypes, gut microbiota, and metabolites in mice. We found that both ketogenic diets impaired glucose and lipid metabolism in mice, and this may be due to the sources and proportions of fat in the diets. This work highlights the potential risk of glucose and lipid metabolism disorders and the importance of evaluating the sources and proportions of fat in the diets, when using ketogenic diets for weight loss and the treatment of diseases.
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Subramanian G, Shanmugamprema D, Subramani R, Muthuswamy K, Ponnusamy V, Tankay K, Velusamy T, Krishnan V, Subramaniam S. Anti-Obesity Effect of T. Chebula Fruit Extract on High Fat Diet Induced Obese Mice: A Possible Alternative Therapy. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2001224. [PMID: 33754444 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202001224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Occurrence of obesity and its associated metabolic disorders continues to escalate. The present study evaluates the anti-obesity effects of ethanolic fruit extract of Terminalia chebula (EETC) on high fat diet induced obese mice. The bioactive compounds present in the EETC is evaluated by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. The effects of EETC on energy intake, glucose tolerance, and various biochemical parameters were analyzed using laboratory mice. Relative gene expression of Fatty acid synthase (FAS), Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α (PPARα), Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1), Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) as well as Interleukin 6 (IL-6) were analyzed in liver and adipose tissues. The findings reveal the hypolipidemic and anti-obesity potential of EETC on high fat fed obese mice. EETC exerts its anti-obesity effects by suppressing lipogenesis through reduction in lipogenic enzyme (FAS) expression, increased fatty acid oxidation via PPARα and CPT-1 and by triggering the anti-inflammatory responses. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the effect of EETC on PPARα and CPT-1 in in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowtham Subramanian
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Deepankumar Shanmugamprema
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Ramya Subramani
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Karthi Muthuswamy
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Vinithra Ponnusamy
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Kalpana Tankay
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Thirunavukkarasu Velusamy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Vasanth Krishnan
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Selvakumar Subramaniam
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
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Binayi F, Zardooz H, Ghasemi R, Hedayati M, Askari S, Pouriran R, Sahraei M. The chemical chaperon 4-phenyl butyric acid restored high-fat diet- induced hippocampal insulin content and insulin receptor level reduction along with spatial learning and memory deficits in male rats. Physiol Behav 2021; 231:113312. [PMID: 33412188 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the effect of a chronic high-fat diet (HFD) on plasma and hippocampal insulin and corticosterone levels, the hippocampus insulin receptor amount, and spatial learning and memory with or without receiving 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA) in male rats. Rats were divided into high-fat and normal diet groups, then each group was subdivided into dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 4-PBA groups. After weaning, the rats were fed with HFD for 20 weeks. Then, 4-PBA or DMSO were injected for 3 days. Subsequently, oral glucose tolerance test was done. On the following day, spatial memory tests were performed. Then the hippocampus Bip, Chop, insulin, corticosterone, and insulin receptor levels were determined. HFD increased plasma glucose, leptin and corticosterone concentrations, hippocampus Bip, Chop and corticosterone levels, food intake, abdominal fat weight and body weight along with impaired glucose tolerance. It decreased plasma insulin, and insulin content, and its receptor amount in hippocampus. HFD lengthened escape latency and shortened the duration spent in target zone. 4-PBA administration improved the HFD- induced adverse changes. Chronic HFD possibly through the induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and subsequent changes in the levels of hippocampal corticosterone, insulin and insulin receptor along with possible leptin resistance caused spatial learning and memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Binayi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homeira Zardooz
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rasoul Ghasemi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Askari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Pouriran
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sahraei
- School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Breukelman GJ, Basson AK, Djarova TG, Shaw BS, du Preez CJ, Shaw I. Establishing a proof of concept for the effects of low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet (LCHFD) and physical activity on body composition in type 2 diabetes. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06266. [PMID: 33665433 PMCID: PMC7900685 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are both a risk factor for developing and exacerbating type 2 diabetes (T2D). While the most common diet used to treat overweight and obesity focus on high-carbohydrate, low-fat, energy deficit diets, recently, low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets (LCHFD) have become popular in targeting obesity. This proof-of-concept study attempted to determine if an LCHFD could improve body composition variables, or if a concurrent treatment of LCHFD and physical activity would create an interference effect in individuals with T2D. Overweight and obese with T2D (n = 39) were assigned into either a 16-week combined physical activity and LCHFD group (ConG), LCHFD-only group (DieG) or control group (NonG). No statistically significant (p > 0.01) changes were found in body mass in the ConG (2.0%, F = 0.039, P = 0.846) and DieG (2.5%, F = 0.188, P = 0.669); for body mass index in the ConG (2.2%, F = 0.046, P = 0.832) and DieG (2.3%, F = 0.098, P = 0.758.); and waist-to-hip ratio in the ConG (0%, F = 0.002, P = 0.968) and DieG (0%, F = 0.023, P = 0.882). However, clinically significant changes were observed in HbA1c in the ConG male group (23% decrease); percentage body fat for the ConG (16.7%, F = 1.682, P = 0.208, g = 0.534) and DieG (13.0%, F = 0.638, P = 0435, g = 0.361); for waist circumferences in the ConG (5.4%, F = 0.686, P = 0.416, g = 0.341) and DieG (6.3%, F = 1.327, P = 0.264, g = 0.520); and for hip circumference in the ConG (5.8%, F = 0.993, P = 0.329, g = 0.410) and DieG (7.0%, F = 2.668, P = 0.119, g = 0.737). Results indicate that moderate clinically significant changes in body composition are achievable with LCHFD and/or daily walking in obese adults living with T2D. However, more robust research is required to determine the effects of LCHFD, with or without concurrent physical activity, on obesity and other diabetic complication markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit J Breukelman
- Department of Human Movement Science, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa
| | - Albertus K Basson
- Department Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa
| | - Trayana G Djarova
- Department Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa
| | - Brandon S Shaw
- Department of Human Movement Science, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa
| | - Cornelia J du Preez
- Department of Consumer Sciences, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa
| | - Ina Shaw
- Department of Human Movement Science, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa
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12
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Immune Function Response Following a Low-carbohydrate, High-fat Diet (LCHFD) in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Asian J Sports Med 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.106582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that can result in micro- and macrovascular complications and is complicated by an impaired healing process. Research suggests that both dietary factors and habitual physical activity influence the hemostatic system through several pathways. Objectives: The study attempted to investigate if a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet (LCHFD), on its own or in conjunction with physical activity, could alter hematologic variables in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Participants (n = 39; 31 - 71 y.) were assigned into three groups, which included either a 16 week continuous physical activity program with the consumption of an LCHFD (ExDG) (n = 13; 41 - 71 y), consuming only a LCHFD group (DietG) (n = 13; 31 - 71 y.), or a control group (ConG) (n = 13; 44 - 69 y). Participants in the ExDG were advised only to consume a diet high in fat and not consume more than 50 g of carbohydrates per day. Furthermore, participants had to walk a minimum of 10000 steps per day. The DietG were instructed to only consume a diet high in fat and low in carbohydrates, where the ConG continued with their normal daily routine. Results: No significant changes (P > 0.05) were observed in white blood cell count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, platelets, red blood cell distribution width, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and C-reactive protein following ExDG, DietG or in the ConG. Conclusions: A LCHFD on its own or in conjunction with physical activity does not have any effect on the measured hematologic variables in patients with type 2 diabetes. This may be due to the current popular recommendation of LCHFD not being useful in type 2 diabetics and 10000 steps being of insufficient intensity to improve hematologic parameters in type 2 diabetics.
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13
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Locatelli CAA, Mulvihill EE. Islet Health, Hormone Secretion, and Insulin Responsivity with Low-Carbohydrate Feeding in Diabetes. Metabolites 2020; 10:E455. [PMID: 33187118 PMCID: PMC7697690 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10110455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploring new avenues to control daily fluctuations in glycemia has been a central theme for diabetes research since the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). Carbohydrate restriction has re-emerged as a means to control type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), becoming increasingly popular and supported by national diabetes associations in Canada, Australia, the USA, and Europe. This approval comes from many positive outcomes on HbA1c in human studies; yet mechanisms underlying their success have not been fully elucidated. In this review, we discuss the preclinical and clinical studies investigating the role of carbohydrate restriction and physiological elevations in ketone bodies directly on pancreatic islet health, islet hormone secretion, and insulin sensitivity. Included studies have clearly outlined diet compositions, including a diet with 30% or less of calories from carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra A. A. Locatelli
- Energy Substrate Laboratory, The University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, H-3229A, Ottawa, ON KIY 4W7, Canada;
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Erin E. Mulvihill
- Energy Substrate Laboratory, The University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, H-3229A, Ottawa, ON KIY 4W7, Canada;
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Montreal Diabetes Research Centre CRCHUM-Pavillion R, 900 Saint-Denis-Room R08.414, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, The University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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Totsch SK, Kemp KM, Lopez SA, Quinn TL, Meir RY, Gower BA, Sorge RE. The sad weekend: A perilous North American tradition. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN 2020; 8:100053. [PMID: 33204899 PMCID: PMC7653164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2020.100053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Long-term consumption of poor-quality diet prolonged recovery. Mice with only weekend access to poor-quality diet recovered similarly to those with constant access. Diet composition significantly changed abundance and diversity of bacterial groups in the gut.
Obesity is a global concern and affects millions of Americans who consume poor-quality diets. Diets directly affect the gut microbiota, which can have subsequent effects on inflammation and contribute to other chronic states. Previously we have shown that a Standard American Diet (SAD) increased immune cell activation and prolonged recovery and that a beneficial diet could reduce these negative effects. Here, male and female mice were given access to regular chow (REG), SAD, our Anti-Inflammatory Diet (AID) or a combination of SAD and AID. This latter group was modeled on the commonplace dietary pattern of healthy eating during the week (AID: Monday-Friday) and relaxed eating patterns on the weekend (SAD: Saturday-Sunday). After 14 weeks of diet consumption and an inflammatory injury, we found that the SAD prolonged and the AID promoted recovery. However, recovery was significantly delayed in those mice consuming the AID-SAD, regardless of weekly healthy diet access. In addition, fecal samples taken during the study revealed dramatic differences in microbial community composition, relative abundance of abundant bacterial phyla and alpha diversity. These data confirm the impact of diet on gut microbiota and suggest a relation between abundance of specific bacterial taxa and susceptibility to prolonged recovery from injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie K. Totsch
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Keri M. Kemp
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Salvador A. Lopez
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Tammie L. Quinn
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Remy Y. Meir
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Barbara A. Gower
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Robert E. Sorge
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA.
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15
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Oshita K, Hara Y, Watanabe N. Effects of Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diets on Body and Skeletal Muscle Weights in Mice. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.67.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Oshita
- Graduate Program in Life Sciences and Design, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Showa Women’s University
| | - Yurie Hara
- Department of Advanced Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tamagawa University
| | - Nakamichi Watanabe
- Graduate Program in Life Sciences and Design, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Showa Women’s University
- Institute of Women’s Health Sciences, Showa Women’s University
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16
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Churuangsuk C, Lean MEJ, Combet E. Low and reduced carbohydrate diets: challenges and opportunities for type 2 diabetes management and prevention. Proc Nutr Soc 2020; 79:1-16. [PMID: 32131904 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665120000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Low-carbohydrate diets (LCD) have been promoted for weight control and type 2 diabetes (T2D) management, based on an emerging body of evidence, including meta-analyses with an indication of publication bias. Proposed definitions vary between 50 and 130 g/d, or <10 and <40 % of energy from carbohydrate, with no consensus on LCD compositional criteria. LCD are usually followed with limited consideration for other macronutrients in the overall diet composition, introducing variance in the constituent foods and in metabolic responses. For weight management, extensive evidence supports LCD as a valid weight loss treatment, up to 1-2 years. Solely lowering carbohydrate intake does not, in the medium/long term, reduce HbA1c for T2D prevention or treatment, as many mechanisms interplay. Under controlled feeding conditions, LCD are not physiologically or clinically superior to diets with higher carbohydrates for weight-loss, fat loss, energy expenditure or glycaemic outcomes; indeed, all metabolic improvements require weight loss. Long-term evidence also links the LCD pattern to increased CVD risks and mortality. LCD can lead to micronutrient deficiencies and increased LDL-cholesterol, depending on food selection to replace carbohydrates. Evidence is limited but promising regarding food choices/sources to replace high-carbohydrate foods that may alleviate the negative effects of LCD, demanding further insight into the dietary practice of medium to long term LCD followers. Long-term, high-quality studies of LCD with different food sources (animal and/or plant origins) are needed, aiming for clinical endpoints (T2D incidence and remission, cardiovascular events, mortality). Ensuring micronutrient adequacy by food selection or supplementation should be considered for people who wish to pursue long-term LCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitong Churuangsuk
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 10-16 Alexandra Parade, GlasgowG31 2ER, UK
- Division of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Michael E J Lean
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 10-16 Alexandra Parade, GlasgowG31 2ER, UK
| | - Emilie Combet
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 10-16 Alexandra Parade, GlasgowG31 2ER, UK
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17
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Llévenes P, Rodrigues-Díez R, Cros-Brunsó L, Prieto MI, Casaní L, Balfagón G, Blanco-Rivero J. Beneficial Effect of a Multistrain Synbiotic Prodefen® Plus on the Systemic and Vascular Alterations Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Rats: The Role of the Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase and Protein Kinase A. Nutrients 2020; 12:E117. [PMID: 31906276 PMCID: PMC7019517 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A high fat diet (HFD) intake is crucial for the development and progression of metabolic syndrome (MtS). Increasing evidence links gut dysbiosis with the metabolic and vascular alterations associated with MtS. Here we studied the use of a combination of various probiotic strains together with a prebiotic (synbiotic) in a commercially available Prodefen® Plus. MtS was induced by HFD (45%) in male Wistar rats. Half of the MtS animals received Prodefen® Plus for 4 weeks. At 12 weeks, we observed an increase in body weight, together with the presence of insulin resistance, liver steatosis, hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension in MtS rats. Prodefen® Plus supplementation did not affect the body weight gain but ameliorated all the MtS-related symptoms. Moreover, the hypertension induced by HFD is caused by a diminished both nitric oxide (NO) functional role and release probably due to a diminished neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) activation by protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. Prodefen® Plus supplementation for 4 weeks recovered the NO function and release and the systolic blood pressure was returned to normotensive values as a result. Overall, supplementation with Prodefen® Plus could be considered an interesting non-pharmacological approach in MtS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Llévenes
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle de Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (P.L.); (L.C.-B.); (G.B.)
| | - Raquel Rodrigues-Díez
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle de Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Center for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER) in Cardiovascular Diseases, Calle de Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute University Hospital la Paz (IdIPaz), Calle de Pedro Rico 6, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Laia Cros-Brunsó
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle de Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (P.L.); (L.C.-B.); (G.B.)
| | - Mᵃ Isabel Prieto
- Research Institute University Hospital la Paz (IdIPaz), Calle de Pedro Rico 6, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Hospital Universitario la Paz, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Casaní
- Research Institute of Santa Creu i Sant Pau Hospital, Carrer de Sant Quintí 77–79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Gloria Balfagón
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle de Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (P.L.); (L.C.-B.); (G.B.)
- Center for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER) in Cardiovascular Diseases, Calle de Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute University Hospital la Paz (IdIPaz), Calle de Pedro Rico 6, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Javier Blanco-Rivero
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle de Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (P.L.); (L.C.-B.); (G.B.)
- Center for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER) in Cardiovascular Diseases, Calle de Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute University Hospital la Paz (IdIPaz), Calle de Pedro Rico 6, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
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Shakya A, Chaudary SK, Garabadu D, Bhat HR, Kakoti BB, Ghosh SK. A Comprehensive Review on Preclinical Diabetic Models. Curr Diabetes Rev 2020; 16:104-116. [PMID: 31074371 DOI: 10.2174/1573399815666190510112035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical experimental models historically play a critical role in the exploration and characterization of disease pathophysiology. Further, these in-vivo and in-vitro preclinical experiments help in target identification, evaluation of novel therapeutic agents and validation of treatments. INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a multifaceted metabolic disorder of multidimensional aetiologies with the cardinal feature of chronic hyperglycemia. To avoid or minimize late complications of diabetes and related costs, primary prevention and early treatment are therefore necessary. Due to its chronic manifestations, new treatment strategies need to be developed, because of the limited effectiveness of the current therapies. METHODS The study included electronic databases such as Pubmed, Web of Science and Scopus. The datasets were searched for entries of studies up to June, 2018. RESULTS A large number of in-vivo and in-vitro models have been presented for evaluating the mechanism of anti-hyperglycaemic effect of drugs in hormone-, chemically-, pathogen-induced animal models of diabetes mellitus. The advantages and limitations of each model have also been addressed in this review. CONCLUSION This review encompasses the wide pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms associated with diabetes, particularly focusing on the challenges associated with the evaluation and predictive validation of these models as ideal animal models for preclinical assessments and discovering new drugs and therapeutic agents for translational application in humans. This review may further contribute to discover a novel drug to treat diabetes more efficaciously with minimum or no side effects. Furthermore, it also highlights ongoing research and considers the future perspectives in the field of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Shakya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh - 786 004, Assam, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Chaudary
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Debapriya Garabadu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura - 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hans Raj Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh - 786 004, Assam, India
| | - Bibhuti Bhusan Kakoti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh - 786 004, Assam, India
| | - Surajit Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh - 786 004, Assam, India
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Fujita Y, Atageldiyeva KK, Takeda Y, Yanagimachi T, Makino Y, Haneda M. A Low-Carbohydrate Diet Improves Glucose Metabolism in Lean Insulinopenic Akita Mice Along With Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:601594. [PMID: 33362717 PMCID: PMC7759607 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.601594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A low-carbohydrate diet (LC) can be beneficial to obese subjects with type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) presents prompt glucose-lowering effects in subjects with T2DM. We investigated how LC and SGLT2i could similarly or differently influence on the metabolic changes, including glucose, lipid, and ketone metabolism in lean insulinopenic Akita mice. We also examined the impacts of the combination. METHODS Male Akita mice were fed ad libitum normal-carbohydrate diet (NC) as a control or low-carbohydrate diet (LC) as an intervention for 8 weeks with or without SGLT2i treatment. Body weight and casual bold glucose levels were monitored during the study, in addition to measuring TG, NEFA, and ketone levels. We quantified gene expressions involved in gluconeogenesis, lipid metabolism and ketogenesis in the liver and the kidney. We also investigated the immunostaining analysis of pancreatic islets to assess the effect of islet protection. RESULTS Both LC and SGLT2i treatment reduced chronic hyperglycemia. Moreover, the combination therapy additionally ameliorated glycemic levels and preserved the islet morphology in part. LC but not SGLT2i increased body weight accompanied by epididymal fat accumulation. In contrast, SGLT2i, not LC potentiated four-fold ketone production with higher ketogenic gene expression, in comparison with the non-treated Akita mice. Besides, the combination did not enhance further ketone production compared to the SGLT2i alone. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that both LC and SGLT2i reduced chronic hyperglycemia, and the combination presented synergistic favorable effects concomitantly with amelioration of islet morphology, while the combination did not enhance further ketosis in Akita mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Fujita
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
- Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yukihiro Fujita,
| | - Kuralay K. Atageldiyeva
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
- School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan City, Kazakhstan
| | - Yasutaka Takeda
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yanagimachi
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
- Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Yuichi Makino
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
- Integrated Medical Education Center, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Masakazu Haneda
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
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20
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Lin YH, Huang YY, Chen HY, Hsieh SH, Sun JH, Chen ST, Lin CH. Impact of Carbohydrate on Glucose Variability in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Assessed Through Professional Continuous Glucose Monitoring: A Retrospective Study. Diabetes Ther 2019; 10:2289-2304. [PMID: 31659627 PMCID: PMC6848334 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-019-00707-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to objectively analyze the correlation between dietary components and blood glucose variation by means of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). METHODS Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) who received CGM to manage their blood glucose levels were enrolled into the study, and the components of their total caloric intake were analyzed. Glycemic variation parameters were calculated, and dietary components, including percentages of carbohydrate, protein and fat in the total dietary intake, were analyzed by a dietitian. The interaction between parameters of glycemic variability and dietary components was analyzed. RESULTS Sixty-one patients with T1DM (33 females, 28 males) were enrolled. The mean age of the participants was 34.7 years, and the average duration of diabetes was 14 years. Glycated hemoglobin before CGM was 8.54%. Participants with a carbohydrate intake that accounted for < 50% of their total caloric intake had a longer DM duration and a higher protein and fat intake than did those with a carbohydrate intake that accounted for ≥ 50% of total caloric intake, but there was no between-group difference in total caloric intake per day. The group with a carbohydrate intake that accounted for < 50% of their total caloric intake also had lower nocturnal continuous overlapping net glycemic action (CONGA) 1, - 2 and - 4 values. The percentage of protein intake had a slightly negative correlation with mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE) (r = - 0.286, p < 0.05) and a moderately negative correlation with coefficient of variation (CV) (r = 0.289, p < 0.05). One additional percentage of protein calories of total calories per day decreased the MAGE to 4.25 mg/dL and CV to 0.012 (p < 0.05). The optimal dietary protein percentage for MAGE < 140 mg/dL was 15.13%. The performance of predictive models revealed the beneficial effect of adequate carbohydrate intake on glucose variation when combined with protein consumption. CONCLUSIONS Adequate carbohydrate consumption-but not more than half the daily total calories-combined with protein calories that amount to approximately 15% of the daily caloric intake is important for glucose stability and beneficial for patients with T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Lin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yao Huang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Nutrition Therapy, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yun Chen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hwu Hsieh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hung Sun
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Tah Chen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Lin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.
- Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Low-Carbohydrate Diet Inhibits Different Advanced Glycation End Products in Kidney Depending on Lipid Composition but Causes Adverse Morphological Changes in a Non-Obese Model Mice. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112801. [PMID: 31744125 PMCID: PMC6893679 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Low carbohydrate diets (LC diets) have been noted for adverse health effects. In addition, the effect of lipid composition on an LC diet is unclear. In this study, we used an LC diet containing two different lipids, lard (LC group) and medium-chain triglyceride oil (MCT-LC group), to examine the effect of an LC diet in non-obese mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed the control diet or one of the experimental diets ad libitum for 13 weeks. Increased renal weight and glomerular hypertrophy, as well as enlargement of intraglomerular small vessels with wall thickening, were seen in the LC and MCT-LC groups. Renal AMP-activated protein kinase activity was significantly decreased only in the LC diet group. On the other hand, epididymal adipose tissue weight and adipocyte area were markedly decreased only in the MCT-LC group. A positive effect was also observed in the kidney, where different advanced glycation end products, Nε-(carboxyethyl)-lysine and Nε-(carboxymethyl)-lysine, were inhibited depending on the lipid composition of the LC diet. Our findings suggest that, in non-obese conditions, low dietary intake of carbohydrates had both positive and negative impacts. The safety of diets low in carbohydrates, including the effects of fatty acid composition, requires further investigation.
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Hu S, Wang L, Togo J, Yang D, Xu Y, Wu Y, Douglas A, Speakman JR. The carbohydrate-insulin model does not explain the impact of varying dietary macronutrients on the body weight and adiposity of mice. Mol Metab 2019; 32:27-43. [PMID: 32029228 PMCID: PMC6938849 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The carbohydrate-insulin model (CIM) predicts that increases in fasting and post-prandial insulin in response to dietary carbohydrates stimulate energy intake and lower energy expenditures, leading to positive energy balance and weight gain. The objective of the present study was to directly test the CIM's predictions using C57BL/6 mice. Methods Diets were designed by altering dietary carbohydrates with either fixed protein or fat content and were fed to C57BL/6 mice acutely or chronically for 12 weeks. The body weight, body composition, food intake, and energy expenditures of the mice were measured. Their fasting and post-prandial glucose and insulin levels were also measured. RNA-seq was performed on RNA from the hypothalamus and subcutaneous white adipose tissue. Pathway analysis was conducted using IPA. Results Only the post-prandial insulin and fasting glucose levels followed the CIM's predictions. The lipolysis and leptin signaling pathways in the sWAT were inhibited in relation to the elevated fasting insulin, supporting the CIM's predicted impact of high insulin. However, because higher fasting insulin was unrelated to carbohydrate intake, the overall pattern did not support the model. Moreover, the hypothalamic hunger pathways were inhibited in relation to the increased fasting insulin, and the energy intake was not increased. The browning pathway in the sWAT was inhibited at higher insulin levels, but the daily energy expenditure was not altered. Conclusions Two of the predictions were partially supported (and hence also partially not supported) and the other three predictions were not supported. We conclude that the CIM does not explain the impact of dietary macronutrients on adiposity in mice. Higher fasting insulin related to inhibited lipolysis and leptin pathways in sWAT, supporting CIM. Higher fasting insulin related to inhibited hypothalamic hunger pathway, contrasting CIM. Fasting insulin decreased with higher dietary carbohydrate, overall contrasting CIM. Higher dietary carbohydrate did not lead to greater EI/adiposity, or lowered EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Jacques Togo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Dengbao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Yanchao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Yingga Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Alex Douglas
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - John R Speakman
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China; Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK; CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics (CCEAEG), Kunming, PR China.
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Blagosklonny MV. Rapamycin for longevity: opinion article. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:8048-8067. [PMID: 31586989 PMCID: PMC6814615 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
From the dawn of civilization, humanity has dreamed of immortality. So why didn't the discovery of the anti-aging properties of mTOR inhibitors change the world forever? I will discuss several reasons, including fear of the actual and fictional side effects of rapamycin, everolimus and other clinically-approved drugs, arguing that no real side effects preclude their use as anti-aging drugs today. Furthermore, the alternative to the reversible (and avoidable) side effects of rapamycin/everolimus are the irreversible (and inevitable) effects of aging: cancer, stroke, infarction, blindness and premature death. I will also discuss why it is more dangerous not to use anti-aging drugs than to use them and how rapamycin-based drug combinations have already been implemented for potential life extension in humans. If you read this article from the very beginning to its end, you may realize that the time is now.
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Yuan J, Chen C, Cui J, Lu J, Yan C, Wei X, Zhao X, Li N, Li S, Xue G, Cheng W, Li B, Li H, Lin W, Tian C, Zhao J, Han J, An D, Zhang Q, Wei H, Zheng M, Ma X, Li W, Chen X, Zhang Z, Zeng H, Ying S, Wu J, Yang R, Liu D. Fatty Liver Disease Caused by High-Alcohol-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Cell Metab 2019; 30:675-688.e7. [PMID: 31543403 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The underlying etiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is believed to be quite varied. Changes in the gut microbiota have been investigated and are believed to contribute to at least some cases of the disease, though a causal relationship remains unclear. Here, we show that high-alcohol-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (HiAlc Kpn) is associated with up to 60% of individuals with NAFLD in a Chinese cohort. Transfer of clinical isolates of HiAlc Kpn by oral gavage into mice induced NAFLD. Likewise, fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) into mice using a HiAlc-Kpn-strain-containing microbiota isolated from an individual with NASH induced NAFLD. However, selective elimination of the HiAlc Kpn strain before FMT prevented NAFLD in the recipient mice. These results suggest that at least in some cases of NAFLD an alteration in the gut microbiome drives the condition due to excess endogenous alcohol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yuan
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China; Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Chen Chen
- Beijing key laboratory of emerging infectious diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Jinghua Cui
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Xiao Wei
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiangna Zhao
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100071, China
| | - NanNan Li
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Shaoli Li
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Guanhua Xue
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Weiwei Cheng
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Boxing Li
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Huan Li
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Weishi Lin
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Changyu Tian
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jiangtao Zhao
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Juqiang Han
- Institute of Hepatology, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Daizhi An
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Beijing key laboratory of emerging infectious diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Hong Wei
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Minghua Zheng
- NAFLD Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, China
| | - Xuejun Ma
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wei Li
- Computational Virology Group, Center for Bacteria and Virus Resources and Application, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; Institue of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Beijing key laboratory of emerging infectious diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Sun Ying
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - JianXin Wu
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Ruifu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Di Liu
- Computational Virology Group, Center for Bacteria and Virus Resources and Application, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China.
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Gupta L, Khandelwal D, Kalra S, Gupta P, Dutta D, Aggarwal S. Ketogenic diet in endocrine disorders: Current perspectives. J Postgrad Med 2019; 63:242-251. [PMID: 29022562 PMCID: PMC5664869 DOI: 10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_16_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat, adequate-protein, and low-carbohydrate diet that leads to nutritional ketosis, long known for antiepileptic effects and has been used therapeutically to treat refractory epilepsy. This review attempts to summarize the evidence and clinical application of KD in diabetes, obesity, and other endocrine disorders. KD is usually animal protein based. An empiric vegetarian Indian variant of KD has been provided keeping in mind the Indian food habits. KD has beneficial effects on cardiac ischemic preconditioning, improves oxygenation in patients with respiratory failure, improves glycemic control in diabetics, is associated with significant weight loss, and has a beneficial impact on polycystic ovarian syndrome. Multivitamin supplementations are recommended with KD. Recently, ketones are being proposed as super-metabolic fuel; and KD is currently regarded as apt dietary therapy for "diabesity."
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gupta
- Department of Dietetics, Maharaja Agrasen Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - D Khandelwal
- Department of Endocrinology, Maharaja Agrasen Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - S Kalra
- Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital and Bharti Research Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - P Gupta
- Department of Paediatrics, Maharaja Agrasen Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - D Dutta
- Department of Endocrinology, Venkateshwar Hospitals, New Delhi, India
| | - S Aggarwal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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Abstract
Designed a century ago to treat epilepsy, the ketogenic diet (KD) is also effective against obesity and diabetes. Paradoxically, some studies in rodents have found that the KD seemingly causes diabetes, contradicting solid clinical data in humans. This paradox can be resolved by applying the concept of starvation pseudo-diabetes, which was discovered in starved animals almost two centuries ago, and has also been observed in some rapamycin-treated rodents. Intriguingly, use of the KD and rapamycin is indicated for a similar spectrum of diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and cancer. Even more intriguingly, benevolent (starvation) pseudo-diabetes may counteract type 2 diabetes or its complications.
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Abstract
Background Chemerin is a recently discovered adipokine that plays a role in adipocyte metabolism. It is a novel chemoattractant adipokine whose expression and secretion are increased by adipogenesis. Aims To evaluate the effects of probiotic supplementation on chemerin level, inflammation, and metabolic syndrome components in obese Wistar rats. Study Design Animal experiment. Methods We divided the experimental animals into three groups, each consisting of eight rats. Group 1 was the control group. Group 2 was the experimentally obese group, in which rats were fed with a high-fat diet. Group 3 was the obese intervention group, in which rats were supplemented with probiotics after obesity induction. Results At the end of the study, a statistically significant difference was found between the groups in final weights, weight changes, and body mass index values (p<0.05). Weight gain was 34.12±3.70 g in group 3 post-probiotic supplementation and 53.25±8.35 g in group 2 (p<0.05). Obese rats showed increased levels of fasting plasma glucose, insulin, insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, inflammatory markers, and leptin compared to those in the control group. Chemerin levels were 14.31±13.34 ng/mL in group 2 and 2.67±2.42 ng/mL in group 3 (p<0.05). Conclusion Probiotic supplementation (group 3) reduced weight gain, and there were positive effects on the levels of fasting plasma glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance, triglycerides, inflammatory markers, leptin, and chemerin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menşure Nur Çelik
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University School of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehtap Ünlü Söğüt
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ondokuz Mayıs University School of Health Sciences, Samsun, Turkey
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28
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Clawson RC, dela Cruz LN, Allen S, Wolgemuth T, Maner A, Dorsett A, I'Anson H. Continuous access to snacks from weaning onwards in female rats causes weight gain, insulin insensitivity, and sustained leptin resistance in adulthood. Physiol Behav 2019; 201:165-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Nutritional Quality during Development Alters Insulin-Like Peptides' Expression and Physiology of the Adult Yellow Fever Mosquito, Aedes aegypti. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9030110. [PMID: 30200185 PMCID: PMC6163675 DOI: 10.3390/insects9030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes have distinct developmental and adult life history, and the vectorial capacity of females has been shown to be affected by the larval nutritional environment. However, little is known about the effect of developmental nutrition on insulin-signaling and nutrient storage. In this study, we used Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito, to determine whether larval nutrition affects insulin gene expression. We also determined the traits regulated by insulin signaling, such as stored-nutrient levels and fecundity. We raised mosquito larvae on two different diets, containing either high protein or high carbohydrates. Development on a high-carbohydrate diet resulted in several life-history phenotypes indicative of suboptimal conditions, including increased developmental time and decreased fecundity. Additionally, our data showed that insulin transcript levels are affected by a high-carbohydrate diet during development. Females, not males, reared on high-carbohydrate diets had much higher transcript levels of insulin-like peptide 3 (ILP3), a mosquito equivalent of human insulin, and these females more readily converted sugar meals into lipids. We also found that AaILP4, not AaILP3, transcript levels were much higher in the males after a sugar meal, suggesting sex-specific differences in the insulin-signaling pathway. Our findings suggest a conserved mechanism of carbohydrate-mediated hyperinsulinemia in animals.
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Sato S, Parr EB, Devlin BL, Hawley JA, Sassone-Corsi P. Human metabolomics reveal daily variations under nutritional challenges specific to serum and skeletal muscle. Mol Metab 2018; 16:1-11. [PMID: 30293576 PMCID: PMC6157466 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Advances in the field of metabolomics and the concomitant development of bioinformatics tools constitute a promising avenue towards the development of precision medicine and personalized profiling for numerous disease states. Studies in animal models have strengthened this concept, but the application in human subjects is scarce. Methods Utilizing high-throughput metabolomics, we have analyzed the metabolome levels of human serum and skeletal muscle in the morning and evening in response to divergent nutritional challenges in order to identify unique signatures present in serum and muscle. Results We reveal dynamic daily variation of human metabolome unique to serum and muscle. The overall effect of nutritional challenges on the serum and muscle metabolome results in a profound rewiring of morning-evening metabolic profiles in human participants in response to the timing and type of dietary challenge. Conclusion We highlight time-of-day and meal-composition dependence of reprogramming of human metabolome by nutritional challenges. Human metabolome identifies the daily variation of metabolite levels. Divergent nutritional challenges reprogram the daily variation of human serum/muscle metabolome. Metabolomics delineates parallels between human serum and skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Sato
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, Department of Biological Chemistry, INSERM U1233, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Evelyn B Parr
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Brooke L Devlin
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - John A Hawley
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - Paolo Sassone-Corsi
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, Department of Biological Chemistry, INSERM U1233, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, 324 Sprague Hall, University of California, Irvine, USA.
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Totsch SK, Meir RY, Quinn TL, Lopez SA, Gower BA, Sorge RE. Effects of a Standard American Diet and an anti-inflammatory diet in male and female mice. Eur J Pain 2018; 22:1203-1213. [PMID: 29436058 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and chronic pain are prevalent concerns. Pain is frequently experienced in weight-bearing joints, but is common in other areas of the body as well, suggesting other factors. Poor diet often contributes to obesity and can directly influence the immune system. We have shown that poor diet prolongs recovery from inflammatory injury. Therefore, our goal was to determine whether poor-quality diet-induced consequences could be prevented or reversed by an anti-inflammatory diet (AID). METHODS A Standard American Diet (SAD) was developed to investigate the effects of poor diet on pain. The SAD includes amounts of refined sugar, carbohydrates and fats that better model the typical American diet, as compared to high-fat diets. We developed an AID to explore whether the effects of the SAD could reverse or whether the AID would enhance recovery prophylactically. The AID was developed using ingredients (epigallocatechin gallate, sulforaphane, resveratrol, curcumin and ginseng) with known anti-inflammatory properties. Following 15 weeks of diet [SAD, AID or regular (REG)] exposure, male and female mice underwent inflammatory injury, at which point some animals had their diets switched for the remainder of the study. RESULTS Animals who consumed the SAD showed longer recovery compared to the AID- and REG-fed animals. Animals switched off the SAD had faster recovery times, with AID-fed animals recovering as fast as REG-fed animals. CONCLUSIONS Poor diet prolonged recovery from inflammatory injury. Substitution of SAD with AID or REG promoted faster recovery. These findings suggest diet can be used as a non-pharmacological intervention following injury. SIGNIFICANCE Obesity may increase susceptibility to chronic pain often due to poor diet. Diet has potential to be used as treatment for pain. This study investigates the use of a novel translatable diet to act as a preventative (i.e. prior to surgery) or an intervention (i.e. following an injury).
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Totsch
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - R Y Meir
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - T L Quinn
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - S A Lopez
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - B A Gower
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - R E Sorge
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
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Small L, Brandon AE, Turner N, Cooney GJ. Modeling insulin resistance in rodents by alterations in diet: what have high-fat and high-calorie diets revealed? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 314:E251-E265. [PMID: 29118016 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00337.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
For over half a century, researchers have been feeding different diets to rodents to examine the effects of macronutrients on whole body and tissue insulin action. During this period, the number of different diets and the source of macronutrients employed have grown dramatically. Because of the large heterogeneity in both the source and percentage of different macronutrients used for studies, it is not surprising that different high-calorie diets do not produce the same changes in insulin action. Despite this, diverse high-calorie diets continue to be employed in an attempt to generate a "generic" insulin resistance. The high-fat diet in particular varies greatly between studies with regard to the source, complexity, and ratio of dietary fat, carbohydrate, and protein. This review examines the range of rodent dietary models and methods for assessing insulin action. In almost all studies reviewed, rodents fed diets that had more than 45% of dietary energy as fat or simple carbohydrates had reduced whole body insulin action compared with chow. However, different high-calorie diets produced significantly different effects in liver, muscle, and whole body insulin action when insulin action was measured by the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp method. Rodent dietary models remain an important tool for exploring potential mechanisms of insulin resistance, but more attention needs to be given to the total macronutrient content and composition when interpreting dietary effects on insulin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewin Small
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Amanda E Brandon
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Nigel Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Gregory J Cooney
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney , New South Wales , Australia
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Weiser A, Giesbertz P, Daniel H, Spanier B. Acylcarnitine Profiles in Plasma and Tissues of Hyperglycemic NZO Mice Correlate with Metabolite Changes of Human Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2018; 2018:1864865. [PMID: 29854816 PMCID: PMC5944288 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1864865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The New Zealand obese (NZO) mouse is a polygenic model for obesity and diabetes with obese females and obese, diabetes-prone males, used to study traits of the metabolic syndrome like type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, and dyslipidaemia. By using LC-MS/MS, we here examine the suitability of this model to mirror tissue-specific changes in acylcarnitine (AC) and amino acid (AA) species preceding T2DM which may reflect patterns investigated in human metabolism. We observed high concentrations of fatty acid-derived ACs in 11 female mice, high abundance of branched-chain amino acid- (BCAA-) derived ACs in 6 male mice, and slight increases in BCAA-derived ACs in the remaining 6 males. Principal component analysis (PCA) including all ACs and AAs confirmed our hypothesis especially in plasma samples by clustering females, males with high BCAA-derived ACs, and males with slight increases in BCAA-derived ACs. Concentrations of insulin, blood glucose, NEFAs, and triacylglycerols (TAGs) further supported the hypothesis of high BCAA-derived ACs being able to mirror the onset of diabetic traits in male individuals. In conclusion, alterations in AC and AA profiles overlap with observations from human studies indicating the suitability of NZO mice to study metabolic changes preceding human T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Weiser
- Nutrition Physiology, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Pieter Giesbertz
- Nutrition Physiology, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Hannelore Daniel
- Nutrition Physiology, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Britta Spanier
- Nutrition Physiology, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85350 Freising, Germany
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Caminhotto RDO, Lima FB. Low carbohydrate high fat diets: when models do not match reality. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2017; 60:405-6. [PMID: 27533617 DOI: 10.1590/2359-3997000000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rennan de Oliveira Caminhotto
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (ICB-USP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Fabio Bessa Lima
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (ICB-USP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Francois ME, Gillen JB, Little JP. Carbohydrate-Restriction with High-Intensity Interval Training: An Optimal Combination for Treating Metabolic Diseases? Front Nutr 2017; 4:49. [PMID: 29075629 PMCID: PMC5643422 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2017.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle interventions incorporating both diet and exercise strategies remain cornerstone therapies for treating metabolic disease. Carbohydrate-restriction and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) have independently been shown to improve cardiovascular and metabolic health. Carbohydrate-restriction reduces postprandial hyperglycemia, thereby limiting potential deleterious metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of excessive glucose excursions. Additionally, carbohydrate-restriction has been shown to improve body composition and blood lipids. The benefits of exercise for improving insulin sensitivity are well known. In this regard, HIIT has been shown to rapidly improve glucose control, endothelial function, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Here, we report the available evidence for each strategy and speculate that the combination of carbohydrate-restriction and HIIT will synergistically maximize the benefits of both approaches. We hypothesize that this lifestyle strategy represents an optimal intervention to treat metabolic disease; however, further research is warranted in order to harness the potential benefits of carbohydrate-restriction and HIIT for improving cardiometabolic health.
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Lian Y, Xia X, Zhao H, Zhu Y. The potential of chrysophanol in protecting against high fat-induced cardiac injury through Nrf2-regulated anti-inflammation, anti-oxidant and anti-fibrosis in Nrf2 knockout mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 93:1175-1189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Metformin Reduces Lipogenesis Markers in Obese Mice Fed a Low-Carbohydrate and High-Fat Diet. Lipids 2016; 51:1375-1384. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4209-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Schofield G, Henderson G, Crofts C, Thornley S. What are we to think when results from mouse research contradict those from human experiments and clinical practice? Nutr Diabetes 2016; 6:e224. [PMID: 27525819 PMCID: PMC5022145 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2016.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G Schofield
- Human Potential Centre, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - G Henderson
- Human Potential Centre, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - C Crofts
- Human Potential Centre, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - S Thornley
- Human Potential Centre, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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