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Karnam S, Maurya S, Ng E, Choudhary A, Thobani A, Flanagan JG, Gronert K. Dysregulation of neuroprotective lipoxin pathway in astrocytes in response to cytokines and ocular hypertension. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2024; 12:58. [PMID: 38610040 PMCID: PMC11010376 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-024-01767-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma leads to vision loss due to retinal ganglion cell death. Astrocyte reactivity contributes to neurodegeneration. Our recent study found that lipoxin B4 (LXB4), produced by retinal astrocytes, has direct neuroprotective actions on retinal ganglion cells. In this study, we aimed to investigate how the autacoid LXB4 influences astrocyte reactivity in the retina under inflammatory cytokine-induced activation and during ocular hypertension. The protective activity of LXB4 was investigated in vivo using the mouse silicone-oil model of chronic ocular hypertension. By employing a range of analytical techniques, including bulk RNA-seq, RNAscope in-situ hybridization, qPCR, and lipidomic analyses, we discovered the formation of lipoxins and expression of the lipoxin pathway in rodents (including the retina and optic nerve), primates (optic nerve), and human brain astrocytes, indicating the presence of this neuroprotective pathway across various species. Findings in the mouse retina identified significant dysregulation of the lipoxin pathway in response to chronic ocular hypertension, leading to an increase in 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) activity and a decrease in 15-LOX activity. This dysregulation was coincident with a marked upregulation of astrocyte reactivity. Reactive human brain astrocytes also showed a significant increase in 5-LOX. Treatment with LXB4 amplified the lipoxin biosynthetic pathway by restoring and amplifying the generation of another member of the lipoxin family, LXA4, and mitigated astrocyte reactivity in mouse retinas and human brain astrocytes. In conclusion, the lipoxin pathway is functionally expressed in rodents, primates, and human astrocytes, and is a resident neuroprotective pathway that is downregulated in reactive astrocytes. Novel cellular targets for LXB4's neuroprotective action are inhibition of astrocyte reactivity and restoration of lipoxin generation. Amplifying the lipoxin pathway is a potential target to disrupt or prevent astrocyte reactivity in neurodegenerative diseases, including retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Karnam
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Shubham Maurya
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Elainna Ng
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Amodini Choudhary
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Arzin Thobani
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - John G Flanagan
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Karsten Gronert
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Infectious Disease and Immunity Program, Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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2
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Rizo-Téllez SA, Filep JG. Beyond host defense and tissue injury: the emerging role of neutrophils in tissue repair. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C661-C683. [PMID: 38189129 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00652.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Neutrophils, the most abundant immune cells in human blood, play a fundamental role in host defense against invading pathogens and tissue injury. Neutrophils carry potentially lethal weaponry to the affected site. Inadvertent and perpetual neutrophil activation could lead to nonresolving inflammation and tissue damage, a unifying mechanism of many common diseases. The prevailing view emphasizes the dichotomy of their function, host defense versus tissue damage. However, tissue injury may also persist during neutropenia, which is associated with disease severity and poor outcome. Numerous studies highlight neutrophil phenotypic heterogeneity and functional versatility, indicating that neutrophils play more complex roles than previously thought. Emerging evidence indicates that neutrophils actively orchestrate resolution of inflammation and tissue repair and facilitate return to homeostasis. Thus, neutrophils mobilize multiple mechanisms to limit the inflammatory reaction, assure debris removal, matrix remodeling, cytokine scavenging, macrophage reprogramming, and angiogenesis. In this review, we will summarize the homeostatic and tissue-reparative functions and mechanisms of neutrophils across organs. We will also discuss how the healing power of neutrophils might be harnessed to develop novel resolution and repair-promoting therapies while maintaining their defense functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma A Rizo-Téllez
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal and Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - János G Filep
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal and Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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3
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Karnam S, Maurya S, Ng E, Choudhary A, Thobani A, Flanagan JG, Gronert K. Dysregulation of Neuroprotective Lipoxin Pathway in Astrocytes in Response to Cytokines and Ocular Hypertension. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.22.546157. [PMID: 37425861 PMCID: PMC10327029 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.22.546157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma leads to vision loss due to retinal ganglion cell death. Astrocyte reactivity contributes to neurodegeneration. Our recent study found that lipoxin B4 (LXB4), produced by retinal astrocytes, has direct neuroprotective actions on retinal ganglion cells. In this study, we aimed to investigate how the autacoid LXB4 influences astrocyte activity in the retina under inflammatory cytokine-induced activation and during ocular hypertension. The protective activity of LXB4 was investigated in vivo using the mouse silicone-oil model of chronic ocular hypertension (n=40). By employing a range of analytical techniques, including bulk RNA-seq, RNAscope in-situ hybridization, qPCR, and lipidomic analyses, we discovered the formation of lipoxins and expression of the lipoxin pathway in rodents (including the retina and optic nerve), primates (optic nerve), and human brain astrocytes, indicating the presence of this neuroprotective pathway across various species. Findings in the mouse retina identified significant dysregulation of the lipoxin pathway in response to chronic ocular hypertension, leading to an increase in 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) activity and a decrease in 15-LOX activity. This dysregulation was coincident with a marked upregulation of astrocyte reactivity. Reactive human brain astrocytes also showed a significant increase in 5-LOX. Treatment with LXB4 amplified the lipoxin biosynthetic pathway by restoring and amplifying the generation of another member of the lipoxin family, LXA4, and mitigated astrocyte reactivity in mouse retinas and human brain astrocytes. In conclusion, the lipoxin pathway is functionally expressed in rodents, primates, and human astrocytes, and is a resident neuroprotective pathway that is downregulated in reactive astrocytes. Novel cellular targets for LXB4's neuroprotective action are inhibition of astrocyte reactivity and restoration of lipoxin generation. Amplifying the lipoxin pathway is a potential target to disrupt or prevent astrocyte reactivity in neurodegenerative diseases, including retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Karnam
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Shubham Maurya
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | | | - Amodini Choudhary
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Arzin Thobani
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - John G Flanagan
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Karsten Gronert
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
- Infectious Disease and Immunity Program, Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, CA, United States
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4
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Schilperoort M, Ngai D, Sukka SR, Avrampou K, Shi H, Tabas I. The role of efferocytosis-fueled macrophage metabolism in the resolution of inflammation. Immunol Rev 2023; 319:65-80. [PMID: 37158427 PMCID: PMC10615666 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The phagocytosis of dying cells by macrophages, termed efferocytosis, is a tightly regulated process that involves the sensing, binding, engulfment, and digestion of apoptotic cells. Efferocytosis not only prevents tissue necrosis and inflammation caused by secondary necrosis of dying cells, but it also promotes pro-resolving signaling in macrophages, which is essential for tissue resolution and repair following injury or inflammation. An important factor that contributes to this pro-resolving reprogramming is the cargo that is released from apoptotic cells after their engulfment and phagolysosomal digestion by macrophages. The apoptotic cell cargo contains amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids, and cholesterol that function as metabolites and signaling molecules to bring about this re-programming. Here, we review efferocytosis-induced changes in macrophage metabolism that mediate the pro-resolving functions of macrophages. We also discuss various strategies, challenges, and future perspectives related to drugging efferocytosis-fueled macrophage metabolism as strategy to dampen inflammation and promote resolution in chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Schilperoort
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - David Ngai
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Santosh R Sukka
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kleopatra Avrampou
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hongxue Shi
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ira Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Physiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Pro- and anti-inflammatory bioactive lipids imbalance contributes to the pathobiology of autoimmune diseases. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022:10.1038/s41430-022-01173-8. [PMID: 35701524 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are driven by TH17 cells that secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-17. Under normal physiological conditions, autoreactive T cells are suppressed by TGF-β and IL-10 secreted by microglia and dendritic cells. When this balance is upset due to injury, infection and other causes, leukocyte recruitment and macrophage activation occurs resulting in secretion of pro-inflammatory IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17 and PGE2, LTs (leukotrienes) accompanied by a deficiency of anti-inflammatory LXA4, resolvins, protecting, and maresins. PGE2 facilitates TH1 cell differentiation and promotes immune-mediated inflammation through TH17 expansion. There is evidence to suggest that autoimmune diseases can be suppressed by anti-inflammatory bioactive lipids LXA4, resolvins, protecting, and maresins. These results imply that systemic and/or local application of LXA4, resolvins, protecting, and maresins and administration of their precursors AA/EPA/DHA could form a potential therapeutic approach in the prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Gronert K, Modi A, Asfaha K, Chen S, Dow E, Joslin S, Chemaly M, Fadli Z, Sonoda L, Liang B. Silicone hydrogel contact lenses retain and document ocular surface lipid mediator profiles. Clin Exp Optom 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35658852 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2022.2083945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE A leading reason for patients to abandon their contact lenses is discomfort. Mechanisms and biomarkers for lens discomfort remain to be elucidated. BACKGROUND Physical stress and tear film interaction are likely factors for lens discomfort. Lipid mediators are generated from polyunsaturated fatty acids. They regulate ocular surface physiology and pathophysiology, are constituents of human tears and may interact with contact lenses. This study set out to determine if hydrogel lenses and silicone hydrogel lenses interact with tear film polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids-derived mediators. METHODS In vitro incubations, rat experiments and analysis of worn human lenses assessed polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid mediator interactions with lenses. Silicone hydrogel and hydrogel lenses were incubated with lipid mediators and polyunsaturated fatty acids up to 24 hours. Rats were fitted with custom silicone hydrogel lenses and basal tears collected. Silicone hydrogel lenses worn for 2 weeks were obtained from 57 human subjects. Tear and lens lipidomes were quantified by mass spectrometry. RESULTS Silicone hydrogel lenses retained polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid mediators within 15 minutes in vitro. Lenses contained 90% of total polyunsaturated fatty acids and 83-89% of total monohydroxy fatty acids by 12 hours. Retention correlated with polarity of lipid mediators and lipophilic properties of silicone hydrogel lenses. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid mediators such as lipoxygenase- and cyclooxygenase-derived eicosanoids were present in tears and worn lenses from rats. Worn silicone hydrogel lenses from human subjects established robust and lens-type specific lipidomes with high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, lipoxygenase-pathway markers and subject-specific differences in lipoxin A4 and leukotriene B4. CONCLUSION Worn silicone hydrogel lenses rapidly retain and accumulate tear polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid mediators. Marked subject and lens type differences in the lipidome may document changes in ocular surface physiology, cell activation or infection that are associated with lens wear. If contact lens discomfort and adverse events induce specific tear and lens fatty acid and lipid mediator profiles warrants further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Gronert
- Vision Science Program, Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, Infectious Disease and Immunity Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Arnav Modi
- Vision Science Program, Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, Infectious Disease and Immunity Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kaleb Asfaha
- Vision Science Program, Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, Infectious Disease and Immunity Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sharon Chen
- Vision Science Program, Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, Infectious Disease and Immunity Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Dow
- Advance Science and Technology, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Scott Joslin
- Advance Science and Technology, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Mike Chemaly
- Advance Science and Technology, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Zohra Fadli
- Advance Science and Technology, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Leilani Sonoda
- Advance Science and Technology, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Bailin Liang
- Advance Science and Technology, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Tan J, Taitz J, Sun SM, Langford L, Ni D, Macia L. Your Regulatory T Cells Are What You Eat: How Diet and Gut Microbiota Affect Regulatory T Cell Development. Front Nutr 2022; 9:878382. [PMID: 35529463 PMCID: PMC9067578 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.878382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern industrial practices have transformed the human diet over the last century, increasing the consumption of processed foods. Dietary imbalance of macro- and micro-nutrients and excessive caloric intake represent significant risk factors for various inflammatory disorders. Increased ingestion of food additives, residual contaminants from agricultural practices, food processing, and packaging can also contribute deleteriously to disease development. One common hallmark of inflammatory disorders, such as autoimmunity and allergies, is the defect in anti-inflammatory regulatory T cell (Treg) development and/or function. Treg represent a highly heterogeneous population of immunosuppressive immune cells contributing to peripheral tolerance. Tregs either develop in the thymus from autoreactive thymocytes, or in the periphery, from naïve CD4+ T cells, in response to environmental antigens and cues. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that various dietary factors can directly regulate Treg development. These dietary factors can also indirectly modulate Treg differentiation by altering the gut microbiota composition and thus the production of bacterial metabolites. This review provides an overview of Treg ontogeny, both thymic and peripherally differentiated, and highlights how diet and gut microbiota can regulate Treg development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tan
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jemma Taitz
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shir Ming Sun
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lachlan Langford
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Duan Ni
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Laurence Macia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and The Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Laurence Macia
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8
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Liu X, Wang C, Pang L, Pan L, Zhang Q. Combination of resolvin E1 and lipoxin A4 promotes the resolution of pulpitis by inhibiting NF-κB activation through upregulating sirtuin 7 in dental pulp fibroblasts. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13227. [PMID: 35411569 PMCID: PMC9136498 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To determine whether the combination of resolvin E1 (RvE1) and lipoxin A4 (LXA4) could promote resolution of pulpitis and to investigate the mechanism. Materials and Methods Preliminary screening was first conducted in four specialized pro‐resolving mediators (SPMs). Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and double‐immunofluorescence labelling were employed to assess the expression of RelA, SIRT1, SIRT6, SIRT7 and pro‐inflammatory factors. Dental pulp fibroblasts (DPFs) were transfected with siRNA to assess the biological role of SIRT7. A pulpitis model was utilized to evaluate the in vivo curative effect. Results Preliminary results showed that RvE1 and LXA4 reduced the expression of RelA more markedly than other two SPMs. Both RvE1 and LXA4 treatment downregulated nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) activation and increased the expression of SIRT1, SIRT6 and SIRT7, more so in combination than alone. Double‐immunofluorescence labelling showed that SIRT7 co‐localized with p‐p65 and Ac‐p65 in the nucleus. Inhibiting ChemR23 and ALX reversed the expression of RelA mRNA, p‐p65 and Ac‐p65 proteins, pro‐inflammatory factors, SIRT1, SIRT6 and SIRT7. Silencing SIRT7 significantly increased p‐p65 and Ac‐p65 protein levels and decreased SIRT1 and SIRT6 expression. In vivo experiments showed that combined administration of RvE1 and LXA4 promoted pulpitis markedly to resolution. Conclusions Combination of RvE1 and LXA4 effectively inhibited NF‐κB activation by upregulating SIRT7 expression in DPFs, leading to reduced production of pro‐inflammatory factors and promotion of pulpitis resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Liu
- Department of Endodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunmeng Wang
- Department of Endodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Pang
- Department of Endodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangliang Pan
- Department of Endodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Endodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
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9
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Gut-derived butyrate suppresses ocular surface inflammation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4512. [PMID: 35296712 PMCID: PMC8927112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08442-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye is a common ocular inflammatory disorder characterized by tear film instability and reduced tear production. There is increasing evidence that homeostasis of the ocular surface is impacted by the intestinal microbiome. We are interested in investigating the potential role of microbially produced small molecules in mediating the interaction between the intestinal microbiota and the ocular surface. One such molecule is butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) produced by certain members of the gut microbiota through fermentation of dietary fiber. Here we show that SCFA transporter SLC5A8 is expressed in vivo in murine conjunctival and corneal epithelium. Pre-treatment of in vitro corneal epithelial cultures or bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) with phenylbutyrate (PBA) reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory Tnf expression. Corneal epithelial cultures and BMDCs isolated from Slc5a8 knockout mice are unable to respond to PBA pre-treatment, suggesting that SLC5A8 is required for the protective effect of PBA. The treatment of mice undergoing desiccating stress (DS) with oral tributyrin, a prodrug form of butyrate, reduces inflammation at the ocular surface in vivo, and this effect partially requires SLC5A8. Finally, expression analysis on conjunctival tissue isolated from mice subjected to DS with and without tributyrin treatment revealed that treatment downregulated genes involved in Type I interferon signaling. Together these data support our hypothesis that SCFAs produced in the gut participate in the maintenance of ocular surface homeostasis.
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Schaefer L, Trujillo-Vargas CM, Midani FS, Pflugfelder SC, Britton RA, de Paiva CS. Gut Microbiota From Sjögren syndrome Patients Causes Decreased T Regulatory Cells in the Lymphoid Organs and Desiccation-Induced Corneal Barrier Disruption in Mice. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:852918. [PMID: 35355610 PMCID: PMC8959809 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.852918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder characterized by secretory dysfunction in the eye and mouth; in the eye, this results in tear film instability, reduced tear production, and corneal barrier disruption. A growing number of studies show that homeostasis of the ocular surface is impacted by the intestinal microbiome, and several 16S sequencing studies have demonstrated dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota in SS patients. In this study, we utilized metagenomic sequencing to perform a deeper analysis of the intestinal microbiome using stools collected from sex- and age-matched healthy (n = 20), dry eye (n = 4) and SS (n = 7) subjects. The observed Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) and Shannon alpha diversity were significantly decreased in SS compared to healthy controls, and there was a significant inverse correlation between observed OTUs and ocular severity score. We also identified specific bacterial strains that are differentially modulated in SS vs. healthy subjects. To investigate if the differential composition of intestinal microbiome would have an impact on the immune and eye phenotype, we performed functional studies using germ-free mice colonized with human intestinal microbiota from SS patients and healthy controls. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated reduced frequency of CD4+ FOXP3+ cells in ocular draining cervical lymph nodes (CLN) in mice colonized with SS patient intestinal microbiota 4 weeks post-colonization. We also found that offspring of SS-humanized mice also have fewer CD4+FOXP3+ cells in the CLN as well as spleen, demonstrating vertical transmission. SS-humanized mice subjected to desiccating stress exhibited greater corneal barrier disruption as compared to healthy control humanized mice under the same conditions. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that the intestinal microbiota can modulate ocular surface health, possibly by influencing development of CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the ocular draining lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schaefer
- Center of Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Claudia M. Trujillo-Vargas
- Center of Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Cullen Eye Institute, Houston, TX, United States
- Grupo de Inmunodeficiencias Primarias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Firas S. Midani
- Center of Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Stephen C. Pflugfelder
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Cullen Eye Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Robert A. Britton
- Center of Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Cintia S. de Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Cullen Eye Institute, Houston, TX, United States
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11
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Perez-Hernandez J, Chiurchiù V, Perruche S, You S. Regulation of T-Cell Immune Responses by Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators. Front Immunol 2021; 12:768133. [PMID: 34868025 PMCID: PMC8635229 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.768133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the initiation and the resolution of inflammatory responses are governed by the sequential activation, migration, and control/suppression of immune cells at the site of injury. Bioactive lipids play a major role in the fine-tuning of this dynamic process in a timely manner. During inflammation and its resolution, polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) and macrophages switch from producing pro-inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes to specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs), namely, lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins, which are operative at the local level to limit further inflammation and tissue injury and restore homeostasis. Accumulating evidences expand now the role and actions of these lipid mediators from innate to adaptive immunity. In particular, SPMs have been shown to contribute to the control of chronic inflammation, and alterations in their production and/or function have been associated with the persistence of several pathological conditions, including autoimmunity, in human and experimental models. In this review, we focus on the impact of pro-resolving lipids on T cells through their ability to modulate T-cell responses. In particular, the effects of the different families of SPMs to restrain effector T-cell functions while promoting regulatory T cells will be reviewed, along with the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, the emerging concept of SPMs as new biological markers for disease diagnostic and progression and as putative therapeutic tools to regulate the development and magnitude of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Perez-Hernandez
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, Institut National de la Santé et de le Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Departament of Nutrition and Health, Valencian International University (VIU), Valencia, Spain
| | - Valerio Chiurchiù
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Resolution of Neuroinflammation, European Center for Brain Research, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Sylvain Perruche
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bourgogne-Franche Comté (BFC), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1098 Research on Interaction between Graft, Host and Tumor (RIGHT), Interactions Hôte Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Integrated Center for REsearch in inflammatory diseASes (InCREASe), Besançon, France.,MED'INN'Pharma, Besançon, France
| | - Sylvaine You
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, Institut National de la Santé et de le Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
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12
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Jo YJ, Lee JS. Effects of dietary high dose DHA omega-3 supplement in dry eye with meibomian gland dysfunction. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:1700-1706. [PMID: 34804859 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.11.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the clinical efficacy of dietary supplement of high dose DHA omega-3 in dry eye with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). METHODS Prospective randomized double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted in mild to moderate dry eye patients with MGD. Patients have no history of taking any dietary omega-3 supplements before 3mo. Patients were divided into two groups: 24 patients in the omega-3 group and 26 patients in the placebo group. The omega-3 group received two capsules of Easyeye Dry®, total containing 600 mg of EPA and 1640 mg of DHA, while the placebo group received two capsules containing 3000 mg of olive oil. All patients take two pills once a day. The examination of MGD scores, tear break-up time (TBUT), corneal staining test (NEI), strip meniscometry (SM tube), and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) scores were performed at baseline, after 4 and 8wk. RESULTS A total of 50 patients were included. There were no differences in baseline characteristics between the two groups, such as age, sex, and other ocular examination findings. The TBUT, NEI, and OSDI scores significantly improved after 4 and 8wk in both groups. While after 8wk TBUT (6.00±1.62s vs 5.08±1.28s, P=0.034) and MGD score (7.2±1.8 vs 8.1±2.6, P=0.033) in the omega-3 group was more significantly improved than that of the placebo group. CONCLUSION Dry eye with the MGD patient, a high dose of DHA omega-3 dietary supplement can improve TBUT and MGD score after 8wk, effective in stabilizing the tear film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Ji Jo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pusan National University School of Medicine&Medical Research Institute of Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Soo Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pusan National University School of Medicine&Medical Research Institute of Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea
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13
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Marques RM, Gonzalez-Nunez M, Walker ME, Gomez EA, Colas RA, Montero-Melendez T, Perretti M, Dalli J. Loss of 15-lipoxygenase disrupts T reg differentiation altering their pro-resolving functions. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:3140-3160. [PMID: 34040168 PMCID: PMC8563763 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00807-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are central in the maintenance of homeostasis and resolution of inflammation. However, the mechanisms that govern their differentiation and function are not completely understood. Herein, we demonstrate a central role for the lipid mediator biosynthetic enzyme 15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15) in regulating key aspects of Treg biology. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of ALOX15 in Tregs decreased FOXP3 expression, altered Treg transcriptional profile and shifted their metabolism. This was linked with an impaired ability of Alox15-deficient cells to exert their pro-resolving actions, including a decrease in their ability to upregulate macrophage efferocytosis and a downregulation of interferon gamma expression in Th1 cells. Incubation of Tregs with the ALOX15-derived specilized pro-resolving mediators (SPM)s Resolvin (Rv)D3 and RvD5n-3 DPA rescued FOXP3 expression in cells where ALOX15 activity was inhibited. In vivo, deletion of Alox15 led to increased vascular lipid load and expansion of Th1 cells in mice fed western diet, a phenomenon that was reversed when Alox15-deficient mice were reconstituted with wild type Tregs. Taken together these findings demonstrate a central role of pro-resolving lipid mediators in governing the differentiation of naive T-cells to Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel M Marques
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Maria Gonzalez-Nunez
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Mary E Walker
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Esteban A Gomez
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Romain A Colas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Trinidad Montero-Melendez
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
- Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
- Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jesmond Dalli
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK.
- Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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14
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Mun Y, Hwang JS, Shin YJ. Role of Neutrophils on the Ocular Surface. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10386. [PMID: 34638724 PMCID: PMC8508808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ocular surface is a gateway that contacts the outside and receives stimulation from the outside. The corneal innate immune system is composed of many types of cells, including epithelial cells, fibroblasts, natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, mucin, and lysozyme. Neutrophil infiltration and degranulation occur on the ocular surface. Degranulation, neutrophil extracellular traps formation, called NETosis, and autophagy in neutrophils are involved in the pathogenesis of ocular surface diseases. It is necessary to understand the role of neutrophils on the ocular surface. Furthermore, there is a need for research on therapeutic agents targeting neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular trap formation for ocular surface diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongseok Mun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Korea; (Y.M.); (J.S.H.)
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Korea
| | - Jin Sun Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Korea; (Y.M.); (J.S.H.)
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Korea
| | - Young Joo Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Korea; (Y.M.); (J.S.H.)
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Korea
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15
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Yaeger MJ, Reece SW, Kilburg-Basnyat B, Hodge MX, Pal A, Dunigan-Russell K, Luo B, You DJ, Bonner JC, Spangenburg EE, Tokarz D, Hannan J, Armstrong M, Manke J, Reisdorph N, Tighe RM, Shaikh SR, Gowdy KM. Sex Differences in Pulmonary Eicosanoids and Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators in Response to Ozone Exposure. Toxicol Sci 2021; 183:170-183. [PMID: 34175951 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is a criteria air pollutant known to increase the morbidity and mortality of cardiopulmonary diseases. This occurs through a pulmonary inflammatory response characterized by increased recruitment of immune cells into the airspace, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and pro-inflammatory lipid mediators. Recent evidence has demonstrated sex-dependent differences in the O3-induced pulmonary inflammatory response. However, it is unknown if this dimorphic response is evident in pulmonary lipid mediator metabolism. We hypothesized that there are sex-dependent differences in lipid mediator production following acute O3 exposure. Male and female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 1 part per million O3 for 3 hours and were necropsied at 6 or 24 hours following exposure. Lung lavage was collected for cell differential and total protein analysis, and lung tissue was collected for mRNA analysis, metabololipidomics, and immunohistochemistry. Compared to males, O3-exposed female mice had increases in airspace neutrophilia, neutrophil chemokine mRNA, pro-inflammatory eicosanoids such as prostaglandin E2, and specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) such as resolvin D5 in lung tissue. Likewise, precursor fatty acids (arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid; DHA) were increased in female lung tissue following O3 exposure compared to males. Experiments with ovariectomized females revealed that loss of ovarian hormones exacerbates pulmonary inflammation and injury. However, eicosanoid and SPM production were not altered by ovariectomy despite depleted pulmonary DHA concentrations. Taken together, these data indicate that O3 drives an increased pulmonary inflammatory and bioactive lipid mediator response in females. Furthermore, ovariectomy increases susceptibility to O3-induced pulmonary inflammation and injury, as well as decreases pulmonary DHA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Yaeger
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - S W Reece
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858
| | - B Kilburg-Basnyat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858
| | - M X Hodge
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858
| | - A Pal
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
| | - K Dunigan-Russell
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - B Luo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858
| | - D J You
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27107
| | - J C Bonner
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27107
| | - E E Spangenburg
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858
| | - D Tokarz
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709
| | - J Hannan
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858
| | - M Armstrong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-AMC, Aurora, CO, 80045
| | - J Manke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-AMC, Aurora, CO, 80045
| | - N Reisdorph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-AMC, Aurora, CO, 80045
| | - R M Tighe
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710
| | - S R Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
| | - K M Gowdy
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH, 43210
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16
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The Protective Effect of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids against Dry Eye Disease: A Literature Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11104519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a common disease, and have an adverse effect the physical, functional, and psychological quality of life. It is a multifactorial disorder characterized by the loss of tear film homeostasis, in which self-perpetuating vicious cycle leads to deterioration of function and inflammation of the lacrimal functional unit. Hence, treatment strategies should be aimed at the interruption of the vicious inflammatory cycle and alleviation of ocular surface inflammation. Anti-inflammatory therapies have been shown to improve the signs and symptoms of the disease. Evidence indicates that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may contribute to reinforcement of innate anti-inflammatory mechanisms, and systemic and topical administration of PUFAs may help modulate ocular surface inflammation. In the present review, the authors will introduce the results of clinical and experimental studies to elucidate the mechanism, efficacy, and safety of systemic and topical supplementation with PUFAs as an alternative therapeutic strategy for DED. This review will also include discussion regarding current perspectives, including evidence-based recommendations and possible side effects of PUFAs supplementation. The review of the literature suggests that PUFAs supplementation can be a viable option for the treatment of DED, although further studies are needed for establishment of treatment guidelines.
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17
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Nair AP, D'Souza S, Shetty R, Ahuja P, Kundu G, Khamar P, Dadachanji Z, Paritekar P, Patel P, Dickman MM, Nuijts RM, Mohan RR, Ghosh A, Sethu S. Altered ocular surface immune cell profile in patients with dry eye disease. Ocul Surf 2021; 21:96-106. [PMID: 33862224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aberrant inflammation and immune dysregulation are known pathogenic contributors in dry eye disease (DED). Aim of the study was to determine the proportions of immune cell subsets on the ocular surface (OS) of DED patients. METHODS 15 healthy controls (22 eyes) and 48 DED subjects (36 eyes with evaporative DED - EDED; 60 eyes with aqueous deficient DED - ADED) were included in the study. Tear break up time (TBUT), Schirmer's test 1 (ST1), corneal staining (CS) and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) scoring were recorded. OS wash was used to collect immune cells on the OS of study subjects. The cells immunophenotyped using flow cytometry include leukocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, natural killer-NK cells and T cell subsets (CD4; CD8; double positive-DP; gamma delta-γδ and NK T cells). RESULTS Significantly higher proportions of leukocytes, neutrophils, CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, DP T cells and CD4/CD8 T cells ratio were observed in EDED and/or ADED patients. Significantly higher proportions of neutrophils and lower proportions of NK cells were observed in ADED subjects with corneal staining compared to those without and controls. Neutrophils/NK cells ratio was significantly higher in EDED and ADED subjects compared to controls. Correlation analysis revealed pathological relationships between proportions of leukocytes, neutrophils, CD4 T cells and Neutrophil/NK cells ratio with DED clinical parameters. CONCLUSION OS immune cell subset proportion changes in DED patients were associated with DED types and severity. The data suggests the potential for a new generation of therapies targeting immune cells on the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Padmanabhan Nair
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Sharon D'Souza
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Rohit Shetty
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Prerna Ahuja
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Gairik Kundu
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Pooja Khamar
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Zelda Dadachanji
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Prajakta Paritekar
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Pavitra Patel
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Mor M Dickman
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Rudy Mma Nuijts
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Rajiv R Mohan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Harry S Truman Veterans' Memorial Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Arkasubhra Ghosh
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, India; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.
| | - Swaminathan Sethu
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, India.
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18
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Al-Shaer AE, Buddenbaum N, Shaikh SR. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, specialized pro-resolving mediators, and targeting inflammation resolution in the age of precision nutrition. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158936. [PMID: 33794384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation contributes toward the pathogenesis of numerous diseases including, but not limited to, obesity, autoimmunity, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. The discovery of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), which are critical for resolving inflammation, has commenced investigation into targeting pathways of inflammation resolution to improve physiological outcomes. SPMs are predominately synthesized from the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. Therefore, one viable strategy to promote inflammation resolution would be to increase dietary intake of EPA/DHA, which are deficient in select populations. However, there are inconsistencies between the use of EPA/DHA as dietary or pharmacological supplements and improved inflammatory status. Herein, we review the literature on the relationship between the high n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio, downstream SPM biosynthesis, and inflammatory endpoints. We highlight key studies that have investigated how dietary intake of EPA/DHA increase tissue SPMs and their effects on inflammation. We also discuss the biochemical pathways by which EPA/DHA drive SPM biosynthesis and underscore mechanistic gaps in knowledge about these pathways which include a neglect for host genetics/ethnic differences in SPM metabolism, sexual dimorphism in SPM levels, and potential competition from select dietary n-6 PUFAs for enzymes of SPM synthesis. Altogether, establishing how dietary PUFAs control SPM biosynthesis in a genetic- and sex-dependent manner will drive new precision nutrition studies with EPA/DHA to prevent chronic inflammation in select populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar E Al-Shaer
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 170 Rosenau Hall, CB# 7400, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nicole Buddenbaum
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 170 Rosenau Hall, CB# 7400, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 170 Rosenau Hall, CB# 7400, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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19
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Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators and the Lymphatic System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052750. [PMID: 33803130 PMCID: PMC7963193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diminished lymphatic function and abnormal morphology are common in chronic inflammatory diseases. Recent studies are investigating whether it is possible to target chronic inflammation by promoting resolution of inflammation, in order to enhance lymphatic function and attenuate disease. Resolution of inflammation is an active process regulated by bioactive lipids known as specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). SPMs can modulate leukocyte migration and function, alter cytokine/chemokine release, modify autophagy, among other immune-related activities. Here, we summarize the role of the lymphatics in resolution of inflammation and lymphatic impairment in chronic inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the current literature describing the connection between SPMs and the lymphatics, and the possibility of targeting the lymphatics with innovative SPM therapy to promote resolution of inflammation and mitigate disease.
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20
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Flitter BA, Fang X, Matthay MA, Gronert K. The potential of lipid mediator networks as ocular surface therapeutics and biomarkers. Ocul Surf 2021; 19:104-114. [PMID: 32360792 PMCID: PMC7606340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In the last twenty years an impressive body of evidence in diverse inflammatory animal disease models and human tissues, has established polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) derived specialized-pro-resolving mediators (SPM), as essential mediators for controlling acute inflammation, immune responses, wound healing and for resolving acute inflammation in many non-ocular tissues. SPM pathways and receptors are highly expressed in the ocular surface where they regulate wound healing, nerve regeneration, innate immunity and sex-specific regulation of auto-immune responses. Recent evidence indicates that in the eye these resident SPM networks are important for maintaining ocular surface health and immune homeostasis. Here, we will review and discuss evidence for SPMs and other PUFA-derived mediators as important endogenous regulators, biomarkers for ocular surface health and disease and their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becca A Flitter
- School of Optometry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Xiaohui Fang
- Department of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael A Matthay
- Department of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Karsten Gronert
- School of Optometry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Infectious Diseases and Immunity Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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21
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Singh H, Thakur S, Sahajpal NS, Singh H, Singh A, Sohal HS, Jain SK. Recent Advances in the Novel Formulation of Docosahexaenoic Acid for Effective Delivery, Associated Challenges and Its Clinical Importance. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 17:483-504. [DOI: 10.2174/1567201817666200512103402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) is an essential polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid, and a fundamental structural component of the phospholipid membranes, especially of neural and retinal cells. DHA is found to be critical for the normal development and functioning of neurons and synaptogenesis in the brain, and is required during pre- and post-natal stages of life. DHA has also been observed to exhibit neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, geographical dietary variations and poor economic conditions lead to insufficient DHA levels resulting in various health deficits like improper brain development, cognitive disorders, and other clinical complications. Thus, to prevent its deficiency-induced derangements, several authorities recommend DHA as a supplement during pregnancy, infancy, and throughout adulthood. In past decades, the soft gelatin capsule was only feasible resolute of DHA, but due to their limitations and invention of new technologies; it led to the development of new dosage forms with improved physicochemical characteristics of DHA. This article will discuss in detail about the role of DHA in brain development, microalgae oil as an emerging source of DHA, clinical- and pharmacological-activities of DHA, issues related to DHA oil, current formulation of DHA along with their application, limitations, and strategies used for improvement and future prospectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmanpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143105, Punjab, India
| | - Shubham Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143105, Punjab, India
| | - Nikhil Shri Sahajpal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143105, Punjab, India
| | - Harjeet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143105, Punjab, India
| | - Amrinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143105, Punjab, India
| | - Harminder Singh Sohal
- Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College, Amritsar 143001, Punjab, India
| | - Subheet Kumar Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143105, Punjab, India
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22
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Wei J, Mattapallil MJ, Horai R, Jittayasothorn Y, Modi AP, Sen HN, Gronert K, Caspi RR. A novel role for lipoxin A 4 in driving a lymph node-eye axis that controls autoimmunity to the neuroretina. eLife 2020; 9:e51102. [PMID: 32118582 PMCID: PMC7064344 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The eicosanoid lipoxin A4 (LXA4) has emerging roles in lymphocyte-driven diseases. We identified reduced LXA4 levels in posterior segment uveitis patients and investigated the role of LXA4 in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Immunization for EAU with a retinal self-antigen caused selective downregulation of LXA4 in lymph nodes draining the site of immunization, while at the same time amplifying LXA4 in the inflamed target tissue. T cell effector function, migration and glycolytic responses were amplified in LXA4-deficient mice, which correlated with more severe pathology, whereas LXA4 treatment attenuated disease. In vivo deletion or supplementation of LXA4 identified modulation of CC-chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) and sphingosine 1- phosphate receptor-1 (S1PR1) expression and glucose metabolism in CD4+ T cells as potential mechanisms for LXA4 regulation of T cell effector function and trafficking. Our results demonstrate the intrinsic lymph node LXA4 pathway as a significant checkpoint in the development and severity of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wei
- Vision Science Program, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Mary J Mattapallil
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Reiko Horai
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Yingyos Jittayasothorn
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Arnav P Modi
- School of Optometry, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - H Nida Sen
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Karsten Gronert
- Vision Science Program, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- School of Optometry, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Infectious Disease and Immunity Program, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
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23
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Kim C, Livne-Bar I, Gronert K, Sivak JM. Fair-Weather Friends: Evidence of Lipoxin Dysregulation in Neurodegeneration. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1801076. [PMID: 31797529 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxins (LXs) are autacoids, specialized proresolving lipid mediators (SPMs) acting locally in a paracrine or autocrine fashion. They belong to a complex superfamily of dietary small polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-metabolites, which direct potent cellular responses to resolve inflammation and restore tissue homeostasis. Together, these SPM activities have been intensely studied in systemic inflammation and acute injury or infection, but less is known about LX signaling and activities in the central nervous system. LXs are derived from arachidonic acid, an omega-6 PUFA. In addition to well-established roles in systemic inflammation resolution, they have increasingly become implicated in regulating neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes. In particular, chronic inflammation plays a central role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) etiology, and dysregulated LX production and activities have been reported in a variety of AD rodent models and clinical tissue samples, yet with complex and sometimes conflicting results. In addition, reduced LX production following retinal injury has been reported recently by the authors, and an intriguing direct neuronal activity promoting survival and homeostasis in retinal and cortical neurons is demonstrated. Here, the authors review and clarify this growing literature and suggest new research directions to further elaborate the role of lipoxins in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changmo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Ave, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Izhar Livne-Bar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Ave, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Karsten Gronert
- School of Optometry, Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720
- Infectious Disease and Immunity, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720
| | - Jeremy M Sivak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Ave, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada
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24
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Dartt DA, Hodges RR, Serhan CN. Immunoresolvent Resolvin D1 Maintains the Health of the Ocular Surface. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1161:13-25. [PMID: 31562618 PMCID: PMC6859005 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21735-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present review focuses on the role of one of the D-series resolvins (Rv) RvD1 in the regulation of conjunctival goblet cell secretion and its role in ocular surface health. RvD1 is the most thoroughly studied of the specialized proresolution mediators in the goblet cells. The anterior surface of the eye consists of the cornea (the transparent central area) and the conjunctiva (opaque tissue that surrounds the cornea and lines the eyelids). The secretory mucin MUC5AC produced by the conjunctival goblet cells is protective of the ocular surface and especially helps to maintain clear vision through the cornea. In health, a complex neural reflex stimulates goblet cell secretion to maintain an optimum amount of mucin in the tear film. The specialized pro-resolution mediator, D-series resolvin (RvD1) is present in human tears and induces goblet cell mucin secretion. RvD1 interacts with its receptors ALX/FPR2 and GPR32, activates phospholipases C, D, and A2, as well as the EGFR. This stimulation increases the intracellular [Ca2+] and activates extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 to cause mucin secretion into the tear film. This mucin secretion protects the ocular surface from the challenges in the external milieu thus maintaining a healthy interface between the eye and the environment. RvD1 forms a second important mechanism along with activation of a neural reflex pathway to regulate goblet cell mucin secretion and protect the ocular surface in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene A Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Robin R Hodges
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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Pham TL, Kakazu A, He J, Bazan HEP. Mouse strains and sexual divergence in corneal innervation and nerve regeneration. FASEB J 2018; 33:4598-4609. [PMID: 30561223 PMCID: PMC6404582 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801957r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A variety of mouse strains and sexes are used in studies of corneal wound healing and nerve regeneration. However, there is a gap of knowledge about corneal nerve density and its function in different mouse strains and sexes. In this study, we report a strain divergence of total and substance P (SP) sensory corneal nerves in uninjured mice. The BALB/c mouse showed the highest nerve density, corneal sensitivity, and tear volume followed by CFW and then C57BL/6. No differences were found in total nerves and SP-positive nerves between sexes. After injury damaged the corneal nerves, an important role for mouse strains, biologic sex, and their association to corneal nerve regeneration was identified. All female mice have a faster nerve regeneration rate than males. The molecular mechanism of this sexual divergence involves higher secretion neurotrophic factors in tears, which in turn modulate gene expression in trigeminal ganglion neurons. An important upstream signaling regulator was β-estradiol, and topical treatment with β-estradiol confirmed its function in corneal nerve regeneration. In conclusion, our study shows that the strain and sex of laboratory mice significantly affect the different indicators of corneal innervation and nerve regeneration. Researchers investigating corneal diseases should carefully consider these factors.—Pham, T. L., Kakazu, A., He, J., Bazan, H. E. P. Mouse strains and sexual divergence in corneal innervation and nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thang Luong Pham
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; and
| | - Azucena Kakazu
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; and
| | - Jiucheng He
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; and.,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Haydee E P Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; and.,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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26
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Wei J, Gronert K. Eicosanoid and Specialized Proresolving Mediator Regulation of Lymphoid Cells. Trends Biochem Sci 2018; 44:214-225. [PMID: 30477730 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids and specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) regulate leukocyte function and inflammation. They are ideally positioned at the interface of the innate and adaptive immune responses when lymphocytes interact with leukocytes. Receptors for leukotriene B4 (LTB4), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and SPMs are expressed on lymphocytes. Evidence points toward an essential role of these lipid mediators (LMs) in direct regulation of lymphocyte functions. SPMs, which include lipoxins, demonstrate comprehensive protective actions with lymphocytes. LTB4 and PGE2 regulation of lymphocytes is diverse and depends on the interaction of lymphocytes with other cells. Importantly, both LTB4 and PGE2 are essential regulators of T cell antitumor activity. These LMs are attractive therapeutic targets to control dysregulated innate and adaptive immune responses, promote lymphocyte antitumor activity, and prevent tumor immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wei
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Infectious Disease and Immunity Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Karsten Gronert
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Infectious Disease and Immunity Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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