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Zhang M, Hu X, Wang L. A Review of Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation and the Pathogenesis of Congenital Hydrocephalus. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:1123-1136. [PMID: 38337135 PMCID: PMC10991002 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04113-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The brain's ventricles are filled with a colorless fluid known as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). When there is an excessive accumulation of CSF in the ventricles, it can result in high intracranial pressure, ventricular enlargement, and compression of the surrounding brain tissue, leading to potential damage. This condition is referred to as hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus is classified into two categories: congenital and acquired. Congenital hydrocephalus (CH) poses significant challenges for affected children and their families, particularly in resource-poor countries. Recognizing the psychological and economic impacts is crucial for developing interventions and support systems that can help alleviate the distress and burden faced by these families. As our understanding of CSF production and circulation improves, we are gaining clearer insights into the causes of CH. In this article, we will summarize the current knowledge regarding CSF circulation pathways and the underlying causes of CH. The main causes of CH include abnormalities in the FoxJ1 pathway of ventricular cilia, dysfunctions in the choroid plexus transporter Na+-K+-2Cl- contransporter isoform 1, developmental abnormalities in the cerebral cortex, and structural abnormalities within the brain. Understanding the causes of CH is indeed crucial for advancing research and developing effective treatment strategies. In this review, we will summarize the findings from existing studies on the causes of CH and propose potential research directions to further our understanding of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhao Zhang
- Laboratory of pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiangjun Hu
- Laboratory of pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Laboratory of pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
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2
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Lu D, Zhi Y, Su H, Lin X, Lin J, Shi Y, Yi W, Hong C, Zhang T, Fu Z, Chen LY, Zhao Z, Li R, Xu Z, Chen W, Wang N, Xu D. ESCRT-I protein UBAP1 controls ventricular expansion and cortical neurogenesis via modulating adherens junctions of radial glial cells. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113818. [PMID: 38402586 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Intricate cerebral cortex formation is orchestrated by the precise behavior and division dynamics of radial glial cells (RGCs). Endocytosis functions in the recycling and remodeling of adherens junctions (AJs) in response to changes in RGC activity and function. Here, we show that conditional disruption of ubiquitin-associated protein 1 (UBAP1), a component of endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT), causes severe brain dysplasia and prenatal ventriculomegaly. UBAP1 depletion disrupts the AJs and polarity of RGCs, leading to failure of apically directed interkinetic nuclear migration. Accordingly, UBAP1 knockout or knockdown results in reduced proliferation and precocious differentiation of neural progenitor cells. Mechanistically, UBAP1 regulates the expression and surface localization of cell adhesion molecules, and β-catenin over-expression significantly rescues the phenotypes of Ubap1 knockdown in vivo. Our study reveals a critical physiological role of the ESCRT machinery in cortical neurogenesis by regulating AJs of RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danping Lu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yiqiang Zhi
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Huizhen Su
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Xiang Lin
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Jingjing Lin
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Wenxiang Yi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Chaoyin Hong
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Tongtong Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Zhifei Fu
- Public Technology Service Center, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Li-Yu Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhiqi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Rong Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhiheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wanjin Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China.
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China.
| | - Dan Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China.
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Ueno M, Chiba Y, Murakami R, Miyai Y, Matsumoto K, Wakamatsu K, Nakagawa T, Takebayashi G, Uemura N, Yanase K, Ogino Y. Transporters, Ion Channels, and Junctional Proteins in Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells. Biomedicines 2024; 12:708. [PMID: 38672064 PMCID: PMC11048166 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) plays significant roles in secreting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and forming circadian rhythms. A monolayer of epithelial cells with tight and adherens junctions of CP forms the blood-CSF barrier to control the movement of substances between the blood and ventricles, as microvessels in the stroma of CP have fenestrations in endothelial cells. CP epithelial cells are equipped with several kinds of transporters and ion channels to transport nutrient substances and secrete CSF. In addition, junctional components also contribute to CSF production as well as blood-CSF barrier formation. However, it remains unclear how junctional components as well as transporters and ion channels contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. In this manuscript, recent findings regarding the distribution and significance of transporters, ion channels, and junctional proteins in CP epithelial cells are introduced, and how changes in expression of their epithelial proteins contribute to the pathophysiology of brain disorders are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ueno
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Yoichi Chiba
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Ryuta Murakami
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Yumi Miyai
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Koichi Matsumoto
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Keiji Wakamatsu
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Toshitaka Nakagawa
- Division of Research Instrument and Equipment, Research Facility Center, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan;
| | - Genta Takebayashi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (G.T.); (N.U.); (K.Y.); (Y.O.)
| | - Naoya Uemura
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (G.T.); (N.U.); (K.Y.); (Y.O.)
| | - Ken Yanase
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (G.T.); (N.U.); (K.Y.); (Y.O.)
| | - Yuichi Ogino
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (G.T.); (N.U.); (K.Y.); (Y.O.)
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Pan S, Hale AT, Lemieux ME, Raval DK, Garton TP, Sadler B, Mahaney KB, Strahle JM. Iron homeostasis and post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus: a review. Front Neurol 2024; 14:1287559. [PMID: 38283681 PMCID: PMC10811254 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1287559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron physiology is regulated by a complex interplay of extracellular transport systems, coordinated transcriptional responses, and iron efflux mechanisms. Dysregulation of iron metabolism can result in defects in myelination, neurotransmitter synthesis, and neuronal maturation. In neonates, germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH) causes iron overload as a result of blood breakdown in the ventricles and brain parenchyma which can lead to post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH). However, the precise mechanisms by which GMH-IVH results in PHH remain elusive. Understanding the molecular determinants of iron homeostasis in the developing brain may lead to improved therapies. This manuscript reviews the various roles iron has in brain development, characterizes our understanding of iron transport in the developing brain, and describes potential mechanisms by which iron overload may cause PHH and brain injury. We also review novel preclinical treatments for IVH that specifically target iron. Understanding iron handling within the brain and central nervous system may provide a basis for preventative, targeted treatments for iron-mediated pathogenesis of GMH-IVH and PHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelei Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Andrew T. Hale
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mackenzie E. Lemieux
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Dhvanii K. Raval
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Thomas P. Garton
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brooke Sadler
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kelly B. Mahaney
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Strahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Petrova B, Lacey TE, Culhane AJ, Cui J, Raskin A, Misra A, Lehtinen MK, Kanarek N. Metabolomics of Mouse Embryonic CSF Following Maternal Immune Activation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.06.570507. [PMID: 38105934 PMCID: PMC10723469 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.06.570507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) serves various roles in the developing central nervous system (CNS), from neurogenesis to lifelong cognitive functions. Changes in CSF composition due to inflammation can impact brain function. We recently identified an abnormal cytokine signature in embryonic CSF (eCSF) following maternal immune activation (MIA), a mouse model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We hypothesized that MIA leads to other alterations in eCSF composition and employed untargeted metabolomics to profile changes in the eCSF metabolome in mice after inducing MIA with polyI:C. We report these data here as a resource, include a comprehensive MS1 and MS2 reference dataset, and present additional datasets comparing two mouse strains (CD-1 and C57Bl/6) and two developmental time points (E12.5 and E14.5). Targeted metabolomics further validated changes upon MIA. We show a significant elevation of glucocorticoids and kynurenine pathway related metabolites. Both pathways are relevant for suppressing inflammation or could be informative as disease biomarkers. Our resource should inform future mechanistic studies regarding the etiology of MIA neuropathology and roles and contributions of eCSF metabolites to brain development.
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Xu H, Dugué GP, Cantaut-Belarif Y, Lejeune FX, Gupta S, Wyart C, Lehtinen MK. SCO-spondin knockout mice exhibit small brain ventricles and mild spine deformation. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:89. [PMID: 38049798 PMCID: PMC10696872 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00491-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reissner's fiber (RF) is an extracellular polymer comprising the large monomeric protein SCO-spondin (SSPO) secreted by the subcommissural organ (SCO) that extends through cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled ventricles into the central canal of the spinal cord. In zebrafish, RF and CSF-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) form an axial sensory system that detects spinal curvature, instructs morphogenesis of the body axis, and enables proper alignment of the spine. In mammalian models, RF has been implicated in CSF circulation. However, challenges in manipulating Sspo, an exceptionally large gene of 15,719 nucleotides, with traditional approaches has limited progress. Here, we generated a Sspo knockout mouse model using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome-editing. Sspo knockout mice lacked RF-positive material in the SCO and fibrillar condensates in the brain ventricles. Remarkably, Sspo knockout brain ventricle sizes were reduced compared to littermate controls. Minor defects in thoracic spine curvature were detected in Sspo knockouts, which did not alter basic motor behaviors tested. Altogether, our work in mouse demonstrates that SSPO and RF regulate ventricle size during development but only moderately impact spine geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Xu
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Guillaume P Dugué
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Yasmine Cantaut-Belarif
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute (Institut du Cerveau, ICM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche 7225, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Campus Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47, bld Hospital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - François-Xavier Lejeune
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute (Institut du Cerveau, ICM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche 7225, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Campus Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47, bld Hospital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Suhasini Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Claire Wyart
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute (Institut du Cerveau, ICM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche 7225, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Campus Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47, bld Hospital, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Chen Y, Lin L, Bhuiyan MIH, He K, Jha R, Song S, Fiesler VM, Begum G, Yin Y, Sun D. Transient ischemic stroke triggers sustained damage of the choroid plexus blood-CSF barrier. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1279385. [PMID: 38107410 PMCID: PMC10725199 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1279385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a pathological event associated with many neurological disorders, including dementia and stroke. The choroid plexus (ChP) is a key structure in the ventricles of the brain that secretes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), forms a blood-CSF barrier, and responds to disease conditions by recruiting immune cells and maintaining an immune microenvironment in the brain. Despite these critical roles, the exact structural and functional changes to the ChP over post-stroke time remain to be elucidated. We induced ischemic stroke in C57BL/6J mice via transient middle cerebral artery occlusion which led to reduction of cerebral blood flow and infarct stroke. At 1-7 days post-stroke, we detected time-dependent increase in the ChP blood-CSF barrier permeability to albumin, tight-junction damage, and dynamic changes of SPAK-NKCC1 protein complex, a key ion transport regulatory system for CSF production and clearance. A transient loss of SPAK protein complex but increased phosphorylation of the SPAK-NKCC1 complex was observed in both lateral ventricle ChPs. Most interestingly, stroke also triggered elevation of proinflammatory Lcn2 mRNA and its protein as well as infiltration of anti-inflammatory myeloid cells in ChP at day 5 post-stroke. These findings demonstrate that ischemic strokes cause significant damage to the ChP blood-CSF barrier, contributing to neuroinflammation in the subacute stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Kai He
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Roshani Jha
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Shanshan Song
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Victoria M. Fiesler
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Gulnaz Begum
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yan Yin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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MacAulay N, Toft-Bertelsen TL. Dual function of the choroid plexus: Cerebrospinal fluid production and control of brain ion homeostasis. Cell Calcium 2023; 116:102797. [PMID: 37801806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The choroid plexus is a small monolayered epithelium located in the brain ventricles and serves to secrete the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that envelops the brain and fills the central ventricles. The CSF secretion is sustained with a concerted effort of a range of membrane transporters located in a polarized fashion in this tissue. Prominent amongst these are the Na+/K+-ATPase, the Na+,K+,2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC1), and several HCO3- transporters, which together support the net transepithelial transport of the major electrolytes, Na+ and Cl-, and thus drive the CSF secretion. The choroid plexus, in addition, serves an important role in keeping the CSF K+ concentration at a level compatible with normal brain function. The choroid plexus Na+/K+-ATPase represents a key factor in the barrier-mediated control of the CSF K+ homeostasis, as it increases its K+ uptake activity when faced with elevated extracellular K+ ([K+]o). In certain developmental or pathological conditions, the NKCC1 may revert its net transport direction to contribute to CSF K+ homeostasis. The choroid plexus ion transport machinery thus serves dual, yet interconnected, functions with its contribution to electrolyte and fluid secretion in combination with its control of brain K+ levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.
| | - Trine L Toft-Bertelsen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
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Gonuguntla S, Herz J. Unraveling the lymphatic system in the spinal cord meninges: a critical element in protecting the central nervous system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:366. [PMID: 37985518 PMCID: PMC11072229 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature plays a crucial role in fluid clearance and immune responses in peripheral organs by connecting them to distal lymph nodes. Recently, attention has been drawn to the lymphatic vessel network surrounding the brain's border tissue (Aspelund et al. in J Exp Med 212:991-999, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20142290 ; Louveau et al. in Nat Neurosci 21:1380-1391, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-018-0227-9 ), which guides immune cells in mediating protection against tumors (Song et al. in Nature 577:689-694, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1912-x ) and pathogens Li et al. (Nat Neurosci 25:577-587, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-022-01063-z ) while also contributing to autoimmunity (Louveau et al. 2018) and neurodegeneration (Da Mesquita et al. in Nature 560:185-191, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0368-8 ). New studies have highlighted the integral involvement of meningeal lymphatic vessels in neuropathology. However, our limited understanding of spinal cord meningeal lymphatics and immunity hinders efforts to protect and heal the spinal cord from infections, injury, and other immune-mediated diseases. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the state of spinal cord meningeal immunity, highlighting its unique immunologically relevant anatomy, discussing immune cells and lymphatic vasculature, and exploring the potential impact of injuries and inflammatory disorders on this intricate environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriharsha Gonuguntla
- Division of Immunobiology, Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jasmin Herz
- Division of Immunobiology, Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Ben-Shoshan SD, Lolansen SD, Mathiesen TI, MacAulay N. CSF hypersecretion versus impaired CSF absorption in posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus: a systematic review. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2023; 165:3271-3287. [PMID: 37642688 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-023-05746-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular mechanisms underlying development of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) remain elusive. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate existing literature on increased CSF secretion and impaired CSF absorption as pathogenic contributors to CSF accumulation in neonatal and adult PHH. METHODS The systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Relevant studies published before March 11th, 2023, were identified from PubMed and reference lists. Studies were screened for eligibility using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data from eligible studies were extracted and potential sources of bias were evaluated. RESULTS Nineteen studies quantified CSF production rates and/or CSF absorption capacity in human patients with PHH or animals with experimentally induced PHH. Increased CSF production was reported as early as 24 h and as late as 28 days post ictus in six out of eight studies quantifying CSF production rates in animals with experimentally induced PHH. Impaired CSF absorption was reported in all four studies quantifying CSF absorption capacity in human patients with PHH and in seven out of nine studies quantifying CSF absorption capacity in animals with experimentally induced PHH. Impaired CSF absorption was reported as early as 30 min and as late as 10 months post ictus. CONCLUSIONS The pathological CSF accumulation in PHH likely arises from a combination of increased CSF secretion and impaired CSF absorption, which may manifest at different time scales following a hemorrhagic event. Emergent evidence on increased CSF secretion by the choroid plexus may herald a paradigm shift in our understanding of PHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai David Ben-Shoshan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara Diana Lolansen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Copenhagen - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tiit Illimar Mathiesen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Copenhagen - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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11
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Johnsen LØ, Friis KA, Damkier HH. In vitro investigation of the effect of proinflammatory cytokines on mouse choroid plexus membrane transporters Ncbe and NKCC1. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:71. [PMID: 37828581 PMCID: PMC10568836 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraventricular hemorrhage is a potentially life-threatening condition. Approximately 20% of patients develop posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus with increased ventricular volume and intracranial pressure. Hydrocephalus develops partially due to increased secretion of cerebrospinal fluid by the choroid plexus. During hemorrhage a multitude of factors are released into the cerebrospinal fluid. Many of these have been implicated in the hypersecretion. In this study, we have investigated the isolated effect of inflammatory components, on the abundance of two membrane transporters involved in cerebrospinal fluid secretion by the choroid plexus: the Na+-dependent Cl-/HCO3- exchanger, Ncbe, and the Na+, K+, 2Cl- cotransporter, NKCC1. We have established a primary choroid plexus epithelial cell culture from 1 to 7 days old mouse pups. Seven days after seeding, the cells formed a monolayer. The cells were treated with either tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), or interleukin 6 (IL-6) to mimic inflammation. The data show that treatment with TNFα, and IL-1β only transiently increased NKCC1 abundance whereas the effect on Ncbe abundance was a transient decrease. IL-6 however significantly increased NKCC1 (242%), the phosphorylated NKCC1 (147%), as well as pSPAK (406%) abundance, but had no effect on Ncbe. This study suggests that the inflammatory pathway involved in hypersecretion primarily is mediated by activation of basolateral receptors in the choroid plexus, mainly facilitated by IL-6. This study highlights the complexity of the pathophysiological circumstances occurring during intraventricular hemorrhage.
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12
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Ramagiri S, Pan S, DeFreitas D, Yang PH, Raval DK, Wozniak DF, Esakky P, Strahle JM. Deferoxamine Prevents Neonatal Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus Through Choroid Plexus-Mediated Iron Clearance. Transl Stroke Res 2023; 14:704-722. [PMID: 36308676 PMCID: PMC10147846 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus occurs in up to 30% of infants with high-grade intraventricular hemorrhage and is associated with the worst neurocognitive outcomes in preterm infants. The mechanisms of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus after intraventricular hemorrhage are unknown; however, CSF levels of iron metabolic pathway proteins including hemoglobin have been implicated in its pathogenesis. Here, we develop an animal model of intraventricular hemorrhage using intraventricular injection of hemoglobin at post-natal day 4 that results in acute and chronic hydrocephalus, pathologic choroid plexus iron accumulation, and subsequent choroid plexus injury at post-natal days 5, 7, and 15. This model also results in increased expression of aquaporin-1, Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter 1, and Na+/K+/ATPase on the apical surface of the choroid plexus 24 h post-intraventricular hemorrhage. We use this model to evaluate a clinically relevant treatment strategy for the prevention of neurological sequelae after intraventricular hemorrhage using intraventricular administration of the iron chelator deferoxamine at the time of hemorrhage. Deferoxamine treatment prevented posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus for up to 11 days after intraventricular hemorrhage and prevented the development of sensorimotor gating deficits. In addition, deferoxamine treatment facilitated acute iron clearance through the choroid plexus and subsequently reduced choroid plexus iron levels at 24 h with reversal of hemoglobin-induced aquaporin-1 upregulation on the apical surface of the choroid plexus. Intraventricular administration of deferoxamine at the time of intraventricular hemorrhage may be a clinically relevant treatment strategy for preventing posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus and likely acts through promoting iron clearance through the choroid plexus to prevent hemoglobin-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Ramagiri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, 63110, St. Louis, USA
| | - Shelei Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, 63110, St. Louis, USA
| | - Dakota DeFreitas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, 63110, St. Louis, USA
| | - Peter H Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, 63110, St. Louis, USA
| | - Dhvanii K Raval
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, 63110, St. Louis, USA
| | - David F Wozniak
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA
- Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA
| | - Prabagaran Esakky
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, 63110, St. Louis, USA
| | - Jennifer M Strahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, 63110, St. Louis, USA.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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13
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Fleming CH, Ritter AM, Bruce DA. Development of shunt valves used for treating hydrocephalus: comparison with endoscopy treatment. Childs Nerv Syst 2023; 39:2709-2717. [PMID: 37354289 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-023-06049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of hydrocephalus is not clearly defined. Thus, treatment will remain empirical until a fuller understanding of the various forms of hydrocephalus is achieved. Valve-controlled shunting has been the mainstay of therapy since the late 1950s. Initially, shunting occurred from the ventricular system to the atrium. In the 1970s, VA shunts were replaced by ventriculoperitoneal shunts as the primary location for the distal end. Multiple types of one-way valve systems have been developed in the pursuit of draining the appropriate amount of CSF that avoids either overdrainage or underdrainage while preserving normal brain development and cognition. These valves are reviewed and compared as to their function. Other locations for the distal end of the shunting system are reviewed to include pleural space and gallbladder. The lumbar subarachnoid space as the proximal location for a shunt is also reviewed. The only other surgical alternative for treating hydrocephalus is endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Since 2000, approximately 50% of children with hydrocephalus have been shown to be candidates for ETV. The benefits are the lack of need for an artificial shunt system and thus lower rates of infection and over time fewer reoperations. Future progress is dependent on improved shunt valve systems that are affordable worldwide and ready availability of ETV in developing countries. Anatomic and molecular causes of hydrocephalus need to be defined so that medications or genetic modifications become available for potential cure of hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann M Ritter
- Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Derek A Bruce
- Neurosurgery & Pediatrics, Children's National Medical Center, Washington D.C, USA.
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14
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Wyart C, Carbo-Tano M, Cantaut-Belarif Y, Orts-Del'Immagine A, Böhm UL. Cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons: multimodal cells with diverse roles in the CNS. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:540-556. [PMID: 37558908 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00723-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a complex solution that circulates around the CNS, and whose composition changes as a function of an animal's physiological state. Ciliated neurons that are bathed in the CSF - and thus referred to as CSF-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) - are unusual polymodal interoceptive neurons. As chemoreceptors, CSF-cNs respond to variations in pH and osmolarity and to bacterial metabolites in the CSF. Their activation during infections of the CNS results in secretion of compounds to enhance host survival. As mechanosensory neurons, CSF-cNs operate together with an extracellular proteinaceous polymer known as the Reissner fibre to detect compression during spinal curvature. Once activated, CSF-cNs inhibit motor neurons, premotor excitatory neurons and command neurons to enhance movement speed and stabilize posture. At longer timescales, CSF-cNs instruct morphogenesis throughout life via the release of neuropeptides that act over long distances on skeletal muscle. Finally, recent evidence suggests that mouse CSF-cNs may act as neural stem cells in the spinal cord, inspiring new paths of investigation for repair after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Wyart
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), INSERM U1127, UMR CNRS 7225 Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
| | - Martin Carbo-Tano
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), INSERM U1127, UMR CNRS 7225 Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Yasmine Cantaut-Belarif
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), INSERM U1127, UMR CNRS 7225 Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | - Urs L Böhm
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Xu H, Dugué GP, Cantaut-Belarif Y, Lejeune FX, Gupta S, Wyart C, Lehtinen MK. SCO-spondin knockout mice exhibit small brain ventricles and mild spine deformation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.01.551512. [PMID: 37577601 PMCID: PMC10418289 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.01.551512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Reissner's fiber (RF) is an extracellular polymer comprising the large monomeric protein SCO-spondin (SSPO) secreted by the subcommissural organ (SCO) that extends through cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled ventricles into the central canal of the spinal cord. In zebrafish, RF and CSF-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) form an axial sensory system that detects spinal curvature, instructs morphogenesis of the body axis, and enables proper alignment of the spine. In mammalian models, RF has been implicated in CSF circulation. However, challenges in manipulating Sspo , an exceptionally large gene of 15,719 nucleotides, with traditional approaches has limited progress. Here, we generated a Sspo knockout mouse model using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome-editing. Sspo knockout mice lacked RF-positive material in the SCO and fibrillar condensates in the brain ventricles. Remarkably, Sspo knockout brain ventricle sizes were reduced compared to littermate controls. Minor defects in thoracic spine curvature were detected in Sspo knockouts, which did not alter basic motor behaviors tested. Altogether, our work in mouse demonstrates that SSPO and RF regulate ventricle size during development but only moderately impact spine geometry.
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16
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Xiang J, Hua Y, Xi G, Keep RF. Mechanisms of cerebrospinal fluid and brain interstitial fluid production. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 183:106159. [PMID: 37209923 PMCID: PMC11071066 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluid homeostasis is fundamental for brain function with cerebral edema and hydrocephalus both being major neurological conditions. Fluid movement from blood into brain is one crucial element in cerebral fluid homeostasis. Traditionally it has been thought to occur primarily at the choroid plexus (CP) as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretion due to polarized distribution of ion transporters at the CP epithelium. However, there are currently controversies as to the importance of the CP in fluid secretion, just how fluid transport occurs at that epithelium versus other sites, as well as the direction of fluid flow in the cerebral ventricles. The purpose of this review is to evaluate evidence on the movement of fluid from blood to CSF at the CP and the cerebral vasculature and how this differs from other tissues, e.g., how ion transport at the blood-brain barrier as well as the CP may drive fluid flow. It also addresses recent promising data on two potential targets for modulating CP fluid secretion, the Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter, NKCC1, and the non-selective cation channel, transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4). Finally, it raises the issue that fluid secretion from blood is not constant, changing with disease and during the day. The apparent importance of NKCC1 phosphorylation and TRPV4 activity at the CP in determining fluid movement suggests that such secretion may also vary over short time frames. Such dynamic changes in CP (and potentially blood-brain barrier) function may contribute to some of the controversies over its role in brain fluid secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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17
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Fame RM, Kalugin PN, Petrova B, Xu H, Soden PA, Shipley FB, Dani N, Grant B, Pragana A, Head JP, Gupta S, Shannon ML, Chifamba FF, Hawks-Mayer H, Vernon A, Gao F, Zhang Y, Holtzman MJ, Heiman M, Andermann ML, Kanarek N, Lipton JO, Lehtinen MK. Defining diurnal fluctuations in mouse choroid plexus and CSF at high molecular, spatial, and temporal resolution. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3720. [PMID: 37349305 PMCID: PMC10287727 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39326-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmission and secretion of signals via the choroid plexus (ChP) brain barrier can modulate brain states via regulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition. Here, we developed a platform to analyze diurnal variations in male mouse ChP and CSF. Ribosome profiling of ChP epithelial cells revealed diurnal translatome differences in metabolic machinery, secreted proteins, and barrier components. Using ChP and CSF metabolomics and blood-CSF barrier analyses, we observed diurnal changes in metabolites and cellular junctions. We then focused on transthyretin (TTR), a diurnally regulated thyroid hormone chaperone secreted by the ChP. Diurnal variation in ChP TTR depended on Bmal1 clock gene expression. We achieved real-time tracking of CSF-TTR in awake TtrmNeonGreen mice via multi-day intracerebroventricular fiber photometry. Diurnal changes in ChP and CSF TTR levels correlated with CSF thyroid hormone levels. These datasets highlight an integrated platform for investigating diurnal control of brain states by the ChP and CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryann M Fame
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Peter N Kalugin
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Boryana Petrova
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Huixin Xu
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Paul A Soden
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Frederick B Shipley
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Neil Dani
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Bradford Grant
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Aja Pragana
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Joshua P Head
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Suhasini Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Morgan L Shannon
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Fortunate F Chifamba
- Department of Neurology and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hannah Hawks-Mayer
- Department of Neurology and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Amanda Vernon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fan Gao
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Lyterian Therapeutics, South San Francisco, 94080, CA, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Myriam Heiman
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mark L Andermann
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Naama Kanarek
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan O Lipton
- Department of Neurology and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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18
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Fame RM, Xu H, Pragana A, Lehtinen M. Age-appropriate potassium clearance from perinatal cerebrospinal fluid depends on choroid plexus NKCC1. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:45. [PMID: 37328833 PMCID: PMC10276483 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00438-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the volume and electrolyte composition of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is vital for brain development and function. The Na-K-Cl co-transporter NKCC1 in the choroid plexus (ChP) plays key roles in regulating CSF volume by co-transporting ions and mediating same-direction water movements. Our previous study showed ChP NKCC1 is highly phosphorylated in neonatal mice as the CSF K+ level drastically decreases and that overexpression of NKCC1 in the ChP accelerates CSF K+ clearance and reduces ventricle size [1]. These data suggest that NKCC1 mediates CSF K+ clearance following birth in mice. In this current study, we used CRISPR technology to create a conditional NKCC1 knockout mouse line and evaluated CSF K+ by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). We demonstrated ChP-specific reduction of total and phosphorylated NKCC1 in neonatal mice following embryonic intraventricular delivery of Cre recombinase using AAV2/5. ChP-NKCC1 knockdown was accompanied by a delayed perinatal clearance of CSF K+. No gross morphological disruptions were observed in the cerebral cortex. We extended our previous results by showing embryonic and perinatal rats shared key characteristics with mice, including decreased ChP NKCC1 expression level, increased ChP NKCC1 phosphorylation state, and increased CSF K+ levels compared to adult. Collectively, these follow up data support ChP NKCC1's role in age-appropriate CSF K+ clearance during neonatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryann M Fame
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Present Address: Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Huixin Xu
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Aja Pragana
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Maria Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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19
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Jeong I, Jurisch-Yaksi N. Boosting NKCC1 in the choroid plexus: From CSF clearance to a potential therapy for posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Neuron 2023; 111:1521-1523. [PMID: 37201502 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Sadegh et al.1 identify a novel potential therapeutical target for posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH). The authors identified that overexpression of Na-K-2Cl cotransporter-1 (NKCC1) in the choroid plexus relieves ventriculomegaly and enhances cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) clearance in improved PHH mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inyoung Jeong
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Erling Skjalgsons Gate 1, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nathalie Jurisch-Yaksi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Erling Skjalgsons Gate 1, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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20
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Sadegh C, Xu H, Sutin J, Fatou B, Gupta S, Pragana A, Taylor M, Kalugin PN, Zawadzki ME, Alturkistani O, Shipley FB, Dani N, Fame RM, Wurie Z, Talati P, Schleicher RL, Klein EM, Zhang Y, Holtzman MJ, Moore CI, Lin PY, Patel AB, Warf BC, Kimberly WT, Steen H, Andermann ML, Lehtinen MK. Choroid plexus-targeted NKCC1 overexpression to treat post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Neuron 2023; 111:1591-1608.e4. [PMID: 36893755 PMCID: PMC10198810 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) refers to a life-threatening accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that occurs following intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). An incomplete understanding of this variably progressive condition has hampered the development of new therapies beyond serial neurosurgical interventions. Here, we show a key role for the bidirectional Na-K-Cl cotransporter, NKCC1, in the choroid plexus (ChP) to mitigate PHH. Mimicking IVH with intraventricular blood led to increased CSF [K+] and triggered cytosolic calcium activity in ChP epithelial cells, which was followed by NKCC1 activation. ChP-targeted adeno-associated viral (AAV)-NKCC1 prevented blood-induced ventriculomegaly and led to persistently increased CSF clearance capacity. These data demonstrate that intraventricular blood triggered a trans-choroidal, NKCC1-dependent CSF clearance mechanism. Inactive, phosphodeficient AAV-NKCC1-NT51 failed to mitigate ventriculomegaly. Excessive CSF [K+] fluctuations correlated with permanent shunting outcome in humans following hemorrhagic stroke, suggesting targeted gene therapy as a potential treatment to mitigate intracranial fluid accumulation following hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Sadegh
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Huixin Xu
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jason Sutin
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benoit Fatou
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Suhasini Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aja Pragana
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Milo Taylor
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard College, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Peter N Kalugin
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Miriam E Zawadzki
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Osama Alturkistani
- Cellular Imaging Core, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frederick B Shipley
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Neil Dani
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ryann M Fame
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zainab Wurie
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pratik Talati
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Riana L Schleicher
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Eric M Klein
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Christopher I Moore
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Pei-Yi Lin
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aman B Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Benjamin C Warf
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - W Taylor Kimberly
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hanno Steen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mark L Andermann
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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21
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Duy PQ, Rakic P, Alper SL, Robert SM, Kundishora AJ, Butler WE, Walsh CA, Sestan N, Geschwind DH, Jin SC, Kahle KT. A neural stem cell paradigm of pediatric hydrocephalus. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:4262-4279. [PMID: 36097331 PMCID: PMC10110448 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric hydrocephalus, the leading reason for brain surgery in children, is characterized by enlargement of the cerebral ventricles classically attributed to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) overaccumulation. Neurosurgical shunting to reduce CSF volume is the default treatment that intends to reinstate normal CSF homeostasis, yet neurodevelopmental disability often persists in hydrocephalic children despite optimal surgical management. Here, we discuss recent human genetic and animal model studies that are shifting the view of pediatric hydrocephalus from an impaired fluid plumbing model to a new paradigm of dysregulated neural stem cell (NSC) fate. NSCs are neuroprogenitor cells that comprise the germinal neuroepithelium lining the prenatal brain ventricles. We propose that heterogenous defects in the development of these cells converge to disrupt cerebrocortical morphogenesis, leading to abnormal brain-CSF biomechanical interactions that facilitate passive pooling of CSF and secondary ventricular distention. A significant subset of pediatric hydrocephalus may thus in fact be due to a developmental brain malformation leading to secondary enlargement of the ventricles rather than a primary defect of CSF circulation. If hydrocephalus is indeed a neuroradiographic presentation of an inborn brain defect, it suggests the need to focus on optimizing neurodevelopment, rather than CSF diversion, as the primary treatment strategy for these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phan Q Duy
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Pasko Rakic
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Seth L Alper
- Division of Nephrology and Vascular Biology Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Stephanie M Robert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Adam J Kundishora
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - William E Butler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Christopher A Walsh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Department of Pediatrics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sheng Chih Jin
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Harvard Center for Hydrocephalus and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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22
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Blazer-Yost BL. Consideration of Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Hydrocephalus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076673. [PMID: 37047646 PMCID: PMC10094860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrocephalus is a devastating condition characterized by excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain. Currently, the only effective treatment is surgical intervention, usually involving shunt placement, a procedure prone to malfunction, blockage, and infection that requires additional, often repetitive, surgeries. There are no long-term pharmaceutical treatments for hydrocephalus. To initiate an intelligent drug design, it is necessary to understand the biochemical changes underlying the pathology of this chronic condition. One potential commonality in the various forms of hydrocephalus is an imbalance in fluid–electrolyte homeostasis. The choroid plexus, a complex tissue found in the brain ventricles, is one of the most secretory tissues in the body, producing approximately 500 mL of CSF per day in an adult human. In this manuscript, two key transport proteins of the choroid plexus epithelial cells, transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 and sodium, potassium, 2 chloride co-transporter 1, will be considered. Both appear to play key roles in CSF production, and their inhibition or genetic manipulation has been shown to affect CSF volume. As with most transporters, these proteins are regulated by kinases. Therefore, specific kinase inhibitors are also potential targets for the development of pharmaceuticals to treat hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie L. Blazer-Yost
- Biology Department, Indiana University—Purdue University, 723 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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23
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Jang A, Lehtinen MK. In utero intracerebroventricular delivery of adeno-associated viral vectors to target mouse choroid plexus and cerebrospinal fluid. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:101975. [PMID: 36580401 PMCID: PMC9807830 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimentally targeting mouse choroid plexus (ChP) provides a valuable approach for investigating mechanisms of ChP-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biology. Here, we provide a protocol to deliver adeno-associated viral vectors (AAVs) by in utero intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection to ChP epithelial cells. We begin by describing steps for induction anesthesia of the pregnant dam, laparotomy, and in utero ICV injection. We also detail post-surgical care and immunoblot validation. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Jang et al. (2022).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahram Jang
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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24
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Morphological and mitochondrial changes in murine choroid plexus epithelial cells during healthy aging. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:19. [PMID: 36918889 PMCID: PMC10012601 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choroid plexuses (ChPs) are intraventricular structures mainly composed by specialized epithelial cells interconnected by tight junctions that establish the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier. ChPs are essential to produce CSF and transport solutes from and into the brain. Deterioration of ChP function and morphology has been correlated to worsening of neurodegenerative disorders. We here map morpho-functional changes in the ChP epithelial cells during healthy aging, starting from young adult to 2-years old mice. METHODS We used a multi-tiered approach, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunohistochemistry, RT-qPCR, Western Blot and 2-photon microscopy (2-PM) at multiple timepoints ranging from young adult to 2-years old mice. RESULTS We identified distinct morpho-functional modifications in epithelial cells of ChP starting from 8 to 12 months of age, which mostly remained stable up to 2 years. These changes include flattening of the epithelium, reduction of microvilli length and an augmentation of interrupted tight junctions. We also found a decrease in mitochondria density together with elongation of mitochondria in older mice. Morphological mitochondrial rearrangements were accompanied by increased superoxide levels, decreased membrane potential and decreased mitochondrial motility in aged mice. Interestingly, most of the age-related changes were not accompanied by modification of protein and/or gene expression levels and aged mitochondria effectively responded to acute pharmacological stressful stimuli. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests a long-term progression of multiple morpho-functional features of the mouse choroid plexus epithelium during adulthood followed by structural remodeling during the aging process. These findings can lead to a better understanding on how functional and morphological rearrangements of ChP are correlated during aging.
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25
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Guadix SW, Garman TS, Gundlach C, Pisapia DJ, Souweidane MM. Durability of an endoscopic management strategy for recurrent choroid plexus carcinoma with a comprehensive molecular characterization: illustrative case. JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY. CASE LESSONS 2023; 5:CASE22508. [PMID: 36880511 PMCID: PMC10550668 DOI: 10.3171/case22508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC) is a rare, primarily intraventricular neoplasm. Extent of resection correlates with improved outcomes but is limited due to tumor vascularity and size. Evidence on optimal surgical management and molecular drivers of recurrence remains limited. Here the authors characterize a case of multiply recurrent CPC treated with sequential endoscopic removals over 10 years and highlight its genomic properties. OBSERVATIONS Five years after standard treatment, a 16-year-old female presented with a distant intraventricular recurrence of CPC. Whole exome sequencing revealed NF1, PER1, and SLC12A2 mutations, FGFR3 gain, and no TP53 alterations. Repeat sequencing on recurrences 4 and 5 years later showed persistent NF1 and FGFR3 alterations. Methylation profiling was consistent with plexus tumor, subclass pediatric B. Short-term magnetic resonance imaging detected four total isolated recurrences, all treated with complete endoscopic resections at 5, 6.5, 9, and 10 years after initial diagnosis. Mean hospital stay for all recurrences was 1 day with no complications. LESSONS The authors describe a patient with four isolated recurrences of CPC over a decade, each treated with complete endoscopic removal, and identify unique molecular alterations that persisted without TP53 alterations. These outcomes support frequent neuroimaging to facilitate endoscopic surgical removal following early detection of CPC recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tyler S. Garman
- Brady Urological Institute & Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | | | - David J. Pisapia
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Mark M. Souweidane
- Departments of Neurological Surgery, and
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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26
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NLRP3-dependent lipid droplet formation contributes to posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus by increasing the permeability of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in the choroid plexus. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:574-586. [PMID: 36869068 PMCID: PMC10073156 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00955-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrocephalus is a severe complication that can result from intracerebral hemorrhage, especially if this hemorrhage extends into the ventricles. Our previous study indicated that the NLRP3 inflammasome mediates cerebrospinal fluid hypersecretion in the choroid plexus epithelium. However, the pathogenesis of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus remains unclear, and therapeutic strategies for prevention and treatment are lacking. In this study, an Nlrp3-/- rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage with ventricular extension and primary choroid plexus epithelial cell culture were used to investigate the potential effects of NLRP3-dependent lipid droplet formation and its role in the pathogenesis of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. The data indicated that NLRP3-mediated dysfunction of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (B-CSFB) accelerated neurological deficits and hydrocephalus, at least in part, through the formation of lipid droplets in the choroid plexus; these lipid droplets interacted with mitochondria and increased the release of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species that destroyed tight junctions in the choroid plexus after intracerebral hemorrhage with ventricular extension. This study broadens the current understanding of the relationship among NLRP3, lipid droplets and the B-CSFB and provides a new therapeutic target for the treatment of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Strategies to protect the B-CSFB may be effective therapeutic approaches for posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus.
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27
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Robert SM, Reeves BC, Kiziltug E, Duy PQ, Karimy JK, Mansuri MS, Marlier A, Allington G, Greenberg ABW, DeSpenza T, Singh AK, Zeng X, Mekbib KY, Kundishora AJ, Nelson-Williams C, Hao LT, Zhang J, Lam TT, Wilson R, Butler WE, Diluna ML, Feinberg P, Schafer DP, Movahedi K, Tannenbaum A, Koundal S, Chen X, Benveniste H, Limbrick DD, Schiff SJ, Carter BS, Gunel M, Simard JM, Lifton RP, Alper SL, Delpire E, Kahle KT. The choroid plexus links innate immunity to CSF dysregulation in hydrocephalus. Cell 2023; 186:764-785.e21. [PMID: 36803604 PMCID: PMC10069664 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (ChP) is the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier and the primary source of CSF. Acquired hydrocephalus, caused by brain infection or hemorrhage, lacks drug treatments due to obscure pathobiology. Our integrated, multi-omic investigation of post-infectious hydrocephalus (PIH) and post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) models revealed that lipopolysaccharide and blood breakdown products trigger highly similar TLR4-dependent immune responses at the ChP-CSF interface. The resulting CSF "cytokine storm", elicited from peripherally derived and border-associated ChP macrophages, causes increased CSF production from ChP epithelial cells via phospho-activation of the TNF-receptor-associated kinase SPAK, which serves as a regulatory scaffold of a multi-ion transporter protein complex. Genetic or pharmacological immunomodulation prevents PIH and PHH by antagonizing SPAK-dependent CSF hypersecretion. These results reveal the ChP as a dynamic, cellularly heterogeneous tissue with highly regulated immune-secretory capacity, expand our understanding of ChP immune-epithelial cell cross talk, and reframe PIH and PHH as related neuroimmune disorders vulnerable to small molecule pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Robert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Benjamin C Reeves
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Emre Kiziltug
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Phan Q Duy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jason K Karimy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - M Shahid Mansuri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Arnaud Marlier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Garrett Allington
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ana B W Greenberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tyrone DeSpenza
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Amrita K Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xue Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kedous Y Mekbib
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Adam J Kundishora
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | - Le Thi Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratory, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - TuKiet T Lam
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Keck MS & Proteomics Resource, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Rashaun Wilson
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Keck MS & Proteomics Resource, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - William E Butler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Michael L Diluna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Philip Feinberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Dorothy P Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Kiavash Movahedi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Allen Tannenbaum
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY 11794, USA
| | - Sunil Koundal
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xinan Chen
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Helene Benveniste
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - David D Limbrick
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Steven J Schiff
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Bob S Carter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Murat Gunel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - J Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Richard P Lifton
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, the Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Seth L Alper
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA; Department of Neurosurgery and Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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28
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Activation of the RARα Attenuated CSF Hypersecretion to Inhibit Hydrocephalus Development via Regulating the MAFB/MSR1 Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032586. [PMID: 36768908 PMCID: PMC9917365 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrocephalus has been observed in rats with spontaneous hypertension (SHRs). It has been demonstrated that activation of the oxidative stress related protein retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα) has neuroprotective impacts. Our investigation aims to determine the potential role and mechanism of RARα in hydrocephalus. The RARα-specific agonist (Am80) and RARα inhibitor (AGN196996) were used to investigate the role of RARα in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretion in the choroid plexus of SHRs. Evaluations of CSF secretion, ventricular volume, Western blotting, and immunofluorescent staining were performed. Hydrocephalus and CSF hypersecretion were identified in SHRs but not in Wistar-Kyoto rats, occurring at the age of 7 weeks. The RARα/MAFB/MSR1 pathway was also activated in SHRs. Therapy with Am80 beginning in week 5 decreased CSF hypersecretion, hydrocephalus development, and pathological changes in choroid plexus alterations by week 7. AGN196996 abolished the effect of Am80. In conclusion, activation of the RARα attenuated CSF hypersecretion to inhibit hydrocephalus development via regulating the MAFB/MSR1 pathway. RARα may act as a possible therapeutic target for hydrocephalus.
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29
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Karimy JK, Newville JC, Sadegh C, Morris JA, Monuki ES, Limbrick DD, McAllister Ii JP, Koschnitzky JE, Lehtinen MK, Jantzie LL. Outcomes of the 2019 hydrocephalus association workshop, "Driving common pathways: extending insights from posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus". Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:4. [PMID: 36639792 PMCID: PMC9838022 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hydrocephalus Association (HA) workshop, Driving Common Pathways: Extending Insights from Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus, was held on November 4 and 5, 2019 at Washington University in St. Louis. The workshop brought together a diverse group of basic, translational, and clinical scientists conducting research on multiple hydrocephalus etiologies with select outside researchers. The main goals of the workshop were to explore areas of potential overlap between hydrocephalus etiologies and identify drug targets that could positively impact various forms of hydrocephalus. This report details the major themes of the workshop and the research presented on three cell types that are targets for new hydrocephalus interventions: choroid plexus epithelial cells, ventricular ependymal cells, and immune cells (macrophages and microglia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason K Karimy
- Department of Family Medicine, Mountain Area Health Education Center - Boone, North Carolina, 28607, USA
| | - Jessie C Newville
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Cameron Sadegh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, MA, Boston, 02114, USA
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jill A Morris
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Neuroscience Center, National Institutes of Health, 6001 Executive Blvd, NSC Rm 2112, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Edwin S Monuki
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Developmental & Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - David D Limbrick
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - James P McAllister Ii
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | | | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Lauren L Jantzie
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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30
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Choroid Plexus Aquaporins in CSF Homeostasis and the Glymphatic System: Their Relevance for Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010878. [PMID: 36614315 PMCID: PMC9821203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The glymphatic system, a fluid-clearance pathway involved in brain waste clearance, is known to be impaired in neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). For this reason, it is important to understand the specific mechanisms and factors controlling glymphatic function. This pathway enables the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into the brain and subsequently the brain interstitium, supported by aquaporins (AQPs). Continuous CSF transport through the brain parenchyma is critical for the effective transport and drainage of waste solutes, such as toxic proteins, through the glymphatic system. However, a balance between CSF production and secretion from the choroid plexus, through AQP regulation, is also needed. Thus, any condition that affects CSF homeostasis will also interfere with effective waste removal through the clearance glymphatic pathway and the subsequent processes of neurodegeneration. In this review, we highlight the role of AQPs in the choroid plexus in the modulation of CSF homeostasis and, consequently, the glymphatic clearance pathway, with a special focus on AD.
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31
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Saunders NR, Dziegielewska KM, Fame RM, Lehtinen MK, Liddelow SA. The choroid plexus: a missing link in our understanding of brain development and function. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:919-956. [PMID: 36173801 PMCID: PMC9678431 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00060.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the choroid plexus lag behind those of the more widely known blood-brain barrier, despite a much longer history. This review has two overall aims. The first is to outline long-standing areas of research where there are unanswered questions, such as control of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretion and blood flow. The second aim is to review research over the past 10 years where the focus has shifted to the idea that there are choroid plexuses located in each of the brain's ventricles that make specific contributions to brain development and function through molecules they generate for delivery via the CSF. These factors appear to be particularly important for aspects of normal brain growth. Most research carried out during the twentieth century dealt with the choroid plexus, a brain barrier interface making critical contributions to the composition and stability of the brain's internal environment throughout life. More recent research in the twenty-first century has shown the importance of choroid plexus-generated CSF in neurogenesis, influence of sex and other hormones on choroid plexus function, and choroid plexus involvement in circadian rhythms and sleep. The advancement of technologies to facilitate delivery of brain-specific therapies via the CSF to treat neurological disorders is a rapidly growing area of research. Conversely, understanding the basic mechanisms and implications of how maternal drug exposure during pregnancy impacts the developing brain represents another key area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman R Saunders
- Department of Neuroscience, The Alfred Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Ryann M Fame
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
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Kurki SN, Uvarov P, Pospelov AS, Trontti K, Hübner AK, Srinivasan R, Watanabe M, Hovatta I, Hübner CA, Kaila K, Virtanen MA. Expression patterns of NKCC1 in neurons and non-neuronal cells during cortico-hippocampal development. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:5906-5923. [PMID: 36573432 PMCID: PMC10183754 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC1 is widely expressed in cells within and outside the brain. However, our understanding of its roles in brain functions throughout development, as well as in neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders, has been severely hindered by the lack of reliable data on its developmental and (sub)cellular expression patterns. We provide here the first properly controlled analysis of NKCC1 protein expression in various cell types of the mouse brain using custom-made antibodies and an NKCC1 knock-out validated immunohistochemical procedure, with parallel data based on advanced mRNA approaches. NKCC1 protein and mRNA are expressed at remarkably high levels in oligodendrocytes. In immature neurons, NKCC1 protein was located in the somata, whereas in adult neurons, only NKCC1 mRNA could be clearly detected. NKCC1 immunoreactivity is also seen in microglia, astrocytes, developing pericytes, and in progenitor cells of the dentate gyrus. Finally, a differential expression of NKCC1 splice variants was observed, with NKCC1a predominating in non-neuronal cells and NKCC1b in neurons. Taken together, our data provide a cellular basis for understanding NKCC1 functions in the brain and enable the identification of major limitations and promises in the development of neuron-targeting NKCC1-blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samu N Kurki
- University of Helsinki Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki Neuroscience Center, , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Pavel Uvarov
- University of Helsinki Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki Neuroscience Center, , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Alexey S Pospelov
- University of Helsinki Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki Neuroscience Center, , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Kalevi Trontti
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki Neuroscience Center, , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
- University of Helsinki SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
- University of Helsinki Department of Psychology and Logopedics, , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Antje K Hübner
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller Universität Institute of Human Genetics, , 07747 Jena , Germany
| | - Rakenduvadhana Srinivasan
- University of Helsinki Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki Neuroscience Center, , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Hokkaido University Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, , Sapporo 060–8638 , Japan
| | - Iiris Hovatta
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki Neuroscience Center, , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
- University of Helsinki SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
- University of Helsinki Department of Psychology and Logopedics, , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Christian A Hübner
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller Universität Institute of Human Genetics, , 07747 Jena , Germany
| | - Kai Kaila
- University of Helsinki Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki Neuroscience Center, , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Mari A Virtanen
- University of Helsinki Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki Neuroscience Center, , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
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Liu G, Ladrón-de-Guevara A, Izhiman Y, Nedergaard M, Du T. Measurements of cerebrospinal fluid production: a review of the limitations and advantages of current methodologies. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:101. [PMID: 36522656 PMCID: PMC9753305 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00382-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an essential and critical component of the central nervous system (CNS). According to the concept of the "third circulation" originally proposed by Cushing, CSF is mainly produced by the choroid plexus and subsequently leaves the cerebral ventricles via the foramen of Magendie and Luschka. CSF then fills the subarachnoid space from whence it disperses to all parts of the CNS, including the forebrain and spinal cord. CSF provides buoyancy to the submerged brain, thus protecting it against mechanical injury. CSF is also transported via the glymphatic pathway to reach deep interstitial brain regions along perivascular channels; this CSF clearance pathway promotes transport of energy metabolites and signaling molecules, and the clearance of metabolic waste. In particular, CSF is now intensively studied as a carrier for the removal of proteins implicated in neurodegeneration, such as amyloid-β and tau. Despite this key function of CSF, there is little information about its production rate, the factors controlling CSF production, and the impact of diseases on CSF flux. Therefore, we consider it to be a matter of paramount importance to quantify better the rate of CSF production, thereby obtaining a better understanding of CSF dynamics. To this end, we now review the existing methods developed to measure CSF production, including invasive, noninvasive, direct, and indirect methods, and MRI-based techniques. Depending on the methodology, estimates of CSF production rates in a given species can extend over a ten-fold range. Throughout this review, we interrogate the technical details of CSF measurement methods and discuss the consequences of minor experimental modifications on estimates of production rate. Our aim is to highlight the gaps in our knowledge and inspire the development of more accurate, reproducible, and less invasive techniques for quantitation of CSF production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Antonio Ladrón-de-Guevara
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Yara Izhiman
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - Ting Du
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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Jang A, Petrova B, Cheong TC, Zawadzki ME, Jones JK, Culhane AJ, Shipley FB, Chiarle R, Wong ET, Kanarek N, Lehtinen MK. Choroid plexus-CSF-targeted antioxidant therapy protects the brain from toxicity of cancer chemotherapy. Neuron 2022; 110:3288-3301.e8. [PMID: 36070751 PMCID: PMC9588748 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For many cancer patients, chemotherapy produces untreatable life-long neurologic effects termed chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (CRCI). We discovered that the chemotherapy methotrexate (MTX) adversely affects oxidative metabolism of non-cancerous choroid plexus (ChP) cells and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We used a ChP-targeted adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector approach in mice to augment CSF levels of the secreted antioxidant SOD3. AAV-SOD3 gene therapy increased oxidative defense capacity of the CSF and prevented MTX-induced lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus. Furthermore, this gene therapy prevented anxiety and deficits in short-term learning and memory caused by MTX. MTX-induced oxidative damage to cultured human cortical neurons and analyses of CSF samples from MTX-treated lymphoma patients demonstrated that MTX diminishes antioxidant capacity of patient CSF. Collectively, our findings motivate the advancement of ChP- and CSF-targeted anti-oxidative prophylactic measures to relieve CRCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahram Jang
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Boryana Petrova
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Taek-Chin Cheong
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Miriam E Zawadzki
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard, MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jill K Jones
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard, MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew J Culhane
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frederick B Shipley
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Roberto Chiarle
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Eric T Wong
- Brain Tumor Center & Neuro-Oncology Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Naama Kanarek
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Convergent cerebrospinal fluid proteomes and metabolic ontologies in humans and animal models of Rett syndrome. iScience 2022; 25:104966. [PMID: 36060065 PMCID: PMC9437849 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MECP2 loss-of-function mutations cause Rett syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder resulting from a disrupted brain transcriptome. How these transcriptional defects are decoded into a disease proteome remains unknown. We studied the proteome of Rett cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to identify consensus Rett proteome and ontologies shared across three species. Rett CSF proteomes enriched proteins annotated to HDL lipoproteins, complement, mitochondria, citrate/pyruvate metabolism, synapse compartments, and the neurosecretory protein VGF. We used shared Rett ontologies to select analytes for orthogonal quantification and functional validation. VGF and ontologically selected CSF proteins had genotypic discriminatory capacity as determined by receiver operating characteristic analysis in Mecp2 -/y and Mecp2 -/+ . Differentially expressed CSF proteins distinguished Rett from a related neurodevelopmental disorder, CDKL5 deficiency disorder. We propose that Mecp2 mutant CSF proteomes and ontologies inform putative mechanisms and biomarkers of disease. We suggest that Rett syndrome results from synapse and metabolism dysfunction.
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Hochstetler A, Raskin J, Blazer-Yost BL. Hydrocephalus: historical analysis and considerations for treatment. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:168. [PMID: 36050779 PMCID: PMC9434947 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrocephalus is a serious condition that affects patients of all ages, resulting from a multitude of causes. While the etiologies of hydrocephalus are numerous, many of the acute and chronic symptoms of the condition are shared. These symptoms include disorientation and pain (headaches), cognitive and developmental changes, vision and sleep disturbances, and gait abnormalities. This collective group of symptoms combined with the effectiveness of CSF diversion as a surgical intervention for many types of the condition suggest that the various etiologies may share common cellular and molecular dysfunctions. The incidence rate of pediatric hydrocephalus is approximately 0.1–0.6% of live births, making it as common as Down syndrome in infants. Diagnosis and treatment of various forms of adult hydrocephalus remain understudied and underreported. Surgical interventions to treat hydrocephalus, though lifesaving, have a high incidence of failure. Previously tested pharmacotherapies for the treatment of hydrocephalus have resulted in net zero or negative outcomes for patients potentially due to the lack of understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that contribute to the development of hydrocephalus. Very few well-validated drug targets have been proposed for therapy; most of these have been within the last 5 years. Within the last 50 years, there have been only incremental improvements in surgical treatments for hydrocephalus, and there has been little progress made towards prevention or cure. This demonstrates the need to develop nonsurgical interventions for the treatment of hydrocephalus regardless of etiology. The development of new treatment paradigms relies heavily on investment in researching the common molecular mechanisms that contribute to all of the forms of hydrocephalus, and requires the concerted support of patient advocacy organizations, government- and private-funded research, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, the medical device industry, and the vast network of healthcare professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Hochstetler
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Raskin
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bonnie L Blazer-Yost
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Bitanihirwe BKY, Lizano P, Woo TUW. Deconstructing the functional neuroanatomy of the choroid plexus: an ontogenetic perspective for studying neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3573-3582. [PMID: 35618887 PMCID: PMC9133821 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01623-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) is a delicate and highly vascularized structure in the brain comprised of a dense network of fenestrated capillary loops that help in the synthesis, secretion and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This unique neuroanatomical structure is comprised of arachnoid villi stemming from frond-like surface projections-that protrude into the lumen of the four cerebral ventricles-providing a key source of nutrients to the brain parenchyma in addition to serving as a 'sink' for central nervous system metabolic waste. In fact, the functions of the CP are often described as being analogous to those of the liver and kidney. Beyond forming a barrier/interface between the blood and CSF compartments, the CP has been identified as a modulator of leukocyte trafficking, inflammation, cognition, circadian rhythm and the gut brain-axis. In recent years, advances in molecular biology techniques and neuroimaging along with the use of sophisticated animal models have played an integral role in shaping our understanding of how the CP-CSF system changes in relation to the maturation of neural circuits during critical periods of brain development. In this article we provide an ontogenetic perspective of the CP and review the experimental evidence implicating this structure in the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron K Y Bitanihirwe
- Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Paulo Lizano
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Translational Neuroscience Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tsung-Ung W Woo
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Molecular Neuropathology, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
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Oernbo EK, Steffensen AB, Razzaghi Khamesi P, Toft-Bertelsen TL, Barbuskaite D, Vilhardt F, Gerkau NJ, Tritsaris K, Simonsen AH, Lolansen SD, Andreassen SN, Hasselbalch SG, Zeuthen T, Rose CR, Kurtcuoglu V, MacAulay N. Membrane transporters control cerebrospinal fluid formation independently of conventional osmosis to modulate intracranial pressure. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:65. [PMID: 36038945 PMCID: PMC9422132 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disturbances in the brain fluid balance can lead to life-threatening elevation in the intracranial pressure (ICP), which represents a vast clinical challenge. Nevertheless, the details underlying the molecular mechanisms governing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretion are largely unresolved, thus preventing targeted and efficient pharmaceutical therapy of cerebral pathologies involving elevated ICP. Methods Experimental rats were employed for in vivo determinations of CSF secretion rates, ICP, blood pressure and ex vivo excised choroid plexus for morphological analysis and quantification of expression and activity of various transport proteins. CSF and blood extractions from rats, pigs, and humans were employed for osmolality determinations and a mathematical model employed to determine a contribution from potential local gradients at the surface of choroid plexus. Results We demonstrate that CSF secretion can occur independently of conventional osmosis and that local osmotic gradients do not suffice to support CSF secretion. Instead, the CSF secretion across the luminal membrane of choroid plexus relies approximately equally on the Na+/K+/2Cl− cotransporter NKCC1, the Na+/HCO3− cotransporter NBCe2, and the Na+/K+-ATPase, but not on the Na+/H+ exchanger NHE1. We demonstrate that pharmacological modulation of CSF secretion directly affects the ICP. Conclusions CSF secretion appears to not rely on conventional osmosis, but rather occur by a concerted effort of different choroidal transporters, possibly via a molecular mode of water transport inherent in the proteins themselves. Therapeutic modulation of the rate of CSF secretion may be employed as a strategy to modulate ICP. These insights identify new promising therapeutic targets against brain pathologies associated with elevated ICP. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12987-022-00358-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva K Oernbo
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annette B Steffensen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pooya Razzaghi Khamesi
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Trine L Toft-Bertelsen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dagne Barbuskaite
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederik Vilhardt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niklas J Gerkau
- Institute of Neurobiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katerina Tritsaris
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja H Simonsen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara D Lolansen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren N Andreassen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen G Hasselbalch
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Zeuthen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine R Rose
- Institute of Neurobiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vartan Kurtcuoglu
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Heming M, Börsch AL, Wiendl H, Meyer zu Hörste G. High-dimensional investigation of the cerebrospinal fluid to explore and monitor CNS immune responses. Genome Med 2022; 14:94. [PMID: 35978442 PMCID: PMC9385102 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-022-01097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) features a unique immune cell composition and is in constant contact with the brain borders, thus permitting insights into the brain to diagnose and monitor diseases. Recently, the meninges, which are filled with CSF, were identified as a neuroimmunological interface, highlighting the potential of exploring central nervous system (CNS) immunity by studying CNS border compartments. Here, we summarize how single-cell transcriptomics of such border compartments advance our understanding of neurological diseases, the challenges that remain, and what opportunities novel multi-omic methods offer. Single-cell transcriptomics studies have detected cytotoxic CD4+ T cells and clonally expanded T and B cells in the CSF in the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis; clonally expanded pathogenic CD8+ T cells were found in the CSF and in the brain adjacent to β-amyloid plaques of dementia patients; in patients with brain metastases, CD8+ T cell clonotypes were shared between the brain parenchyma and the CSF and persisted after therapy. We also outline how novel multi-omic approaches permit the simultaneous measurements of gene expression, chromatin accessibility, and protein in the same cells, which remain to be explored in the CSF. This calls for multicenter initiatives to create single-cell atlases, posing challenges in integrating patients and modalities across centers. While high-dimensional analyses of CSF cells are challenging, they hold potential for personalized medicine by better resolving heterogeneous diseases and stratifying patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Heming
- grid.16149.3b0000 0004 0551 4246Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Börsch
- grid.16149.3b0000 0004 0551 4246Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- grid.16149.3b0000 0004 0551 4246Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerd Meyer zu Hörste
- grid.16149.3b0000 0004 0551 4246Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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Hochstetler A, Hulme L, Delpire E, Schwerk C, Schroten H, Preston D, Simpson S, Blazer-Yost BL. Porcine choroid plexus-Riems cell line demonstrates altered polarization of transport proteins compared with the native epithelium. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1-C13. [PMID: 35508188 PMCID: PMC9236870 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00374.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The choroid plexus epithelium (CPe) forms a barrier between the cerebral blood supply and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), establishing the blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB). CSF is actively secreted by the CPe via tightly controlled processes involving multiple channels, transporters, and pumps. The importance of controlling CSF production and composition has been accentuated recently with an appreciation of CSF dysfunction in many pathologies. For mechanistic studies of CSF production, isolated CPe cell lines are valuable for the testing of hypotheses and potential drug targets. Although several continuous CPe cell lines have been described, none appear to have all the characteristics of the native epithelium and each must be used judiciously. The porcine choroid plexus-Riems (PCP-R) cell line forms a high-resistance monolayer characteristic of a barrier epithelium. Conservation of this phenotype is unusual among CPe cell lines, making this model useful for studies of the effects of infection, injury, and drugs on permeability. We have recently discovered that, although this line expresses many of the transporters expressed in the native tissue, some are mispolarized. As a result, inferences regarding fluid/electrolyte flux and the resultant CSF production should be pursued with caution. Furthermore, extended culture periods and changes in media composition result in significant morphological and functional variability. These studies provide a more detailed characterization of the PCP-R cell line concerning transporter expression, polarization, and functionality, as well as plasticity in culture, with the goal to provide the scientific community with information necessary to optimize future experiments with this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Hochstetler
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Louise Hulme
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology and Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Christian Schwerk
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Horst Schroten
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Preston
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Stefanie Simpson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Bonnie L Blazer-Yost
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
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41
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Keep RF, Jones HC, Drewes LR. Advances in brain barriers and brain fluids research in 2021: great progress in a time of adversity. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:48. [PMID: 35681151 PMCID: PMC9178944 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00343-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This editorial highlights advances in brain barrier and brain fluid research in 2021. It covers research on components of the blood–brain barrier, neurovascular unit and brain fluid systems; how brain barriers and brain fluid systems are impacted by neurological disorders and their role in disease progression; and advances in strategies for treating such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
| | | | - Lester R Drewes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
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Xu H, Miyajima M, Nakajima M, Ogino I, Kawamura K, Akiba C, Kamohara C, Sakamoto K, Karagiozov K, Nakamura E, Tada N, Arai H, Kondo A. Ptpn20 deletion in H-Tx rats enhances phosphorylation of the NKCC1 cotransporter in the choroid plexus: an evidence of genetic risk for hydrocephalus in an experimental study. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:39. [PMID: 35658898 PMCID: PMC9164390 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00341-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital hydrocephalus occurs with some inheritable characteristics, but the mechanisms of its development remain poorly understood. Animal models provide the opportunity to identify potential genetic causes in this condition. The Hydrocephalus-Texas (H-Tx) rat strain is one of the most studied animal models for investigating the causative genetic alterations and analyzing downstream pathogenetic mechanisms of congenital hydrocephalus. METHODS Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) array on non-hydrocephalic and hydrocephalic H-Tx rats was used to identify causative genes of hydrocephalus. Targeted gene knockout mice were generated by CRISPR/Cas9 to study the role of this gene in hydrocephalus. RESULTS CGH array revealed a copy number loss in chromosome 16p16 region in hydrocephalic H-Tx rats at 18 days gestation, encompassing the protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 20 (Ptpn20), a non-receptor tyrosine phosphatase, without change in most non-hydrocephalic H-Tx rats. Ptpn20-knockout (Ptpn20-/-) mice were generated and found to develop ventriculomegaly at 8 weeks. Furthermore, high expression of phosphorylated Na-K-Cl cotransporter 1 (pNKCC1) was identified in the choroid plexus (CP) epithelium of mice lacking Ptpn20 from 8 weeks until 72 weeks. CONCLUSIONS This study determined the chromosomal location of the hydrocephalus-associated Ptpn20 gene in hydrocephalic H-Tx rats. The high level of pNKCC1 mediated by Ptpn20 deletion in CP epithelium may cause overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid and contribute to the formation of hydrocephalus in Ptpn20-/- mice. Ptpn20 may be a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbing Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masakazu Miyajima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center, 3-3-20 Shinsuna, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 136-0075, Japan.
| | - Madoka Nakajima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Ikuko Ogino
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kaito Kawamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Chihiro Akiba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center, 3-3-20 Shinsuna, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 136-0075, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kamohara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Koichiro Sakamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kostadin Karagiozov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Eri Nakamura
- Department of Genetic Analysis Model Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Tada
- Department of Genetic Analysis Model Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hajime Arai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Akihide Kondo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
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Jang A, Lehtinen MK. Experimental approaches for manipulating choroid plexus epithelial cells. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:36. [PMID: 35619113 PMCID: PMC9134666 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Choroid plexus (ChP) epithelial cells are crucial for the function of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) in the developing and mature brain. The ChP is considered the primary source and regulator of CSF, secreting many important factors that nourish the brain. It also performs CSF clearance functions including removing Amyloid beta and potassium. As such, the ChP is a promising target for gene and drug therapy for neurodevelopmental and neurological disorders in the central nervous system (CNS). This review describes the current successful and emerging experimental approaches for targeting ChP epithelial cells. We highlight methodological strategies to specifically target these cells for gain or loss of function in vivo. We cover both genetic models and viral gene delivery systems. Additionally, several lines of reporters to access the ChP epithelia are reviewed. Finally, we discuss exciting new approaches, such as chemical activation and transplantation of engineered ChP epithelial cells. We elaborate on fundamental functions of the ChP in secretion and clearance and outline experimental approaches paving the way to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahram Jang
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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NKCC1 Deficiency in Forming Hippocampal Circuits Triggers Neurodevelopmental Disorder: Role of BDNF-TrkB Signalling. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12040502. [PMID: 35448033 PMCID: PMC9030861 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The time-sensitive GABA shift from excitatory to inhibitory is critical in early neural circuits development and depends upon developmentally regulated expression of cation-chloride cotransporters NKCC1 and KCC2. NKCC1, encoded by the SLC12A2 gene, regulates neuronal Cl− homeostasis by chloride import working opposite KCC2. The high NKCC1/KCC2 expression ratio decreases in early neural development contributing to GABA shift. Human SLC12A2 loss-of-function mutations were recently associated with a multisystem disorder affecting neural development. However, the multisystem phenotype of rodent Nkcc1 knockout models makes neurodevelopment challenging to study. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)-NTRK2/TrkB signalling controls KCC2 expression during neural development, but its impact on NKCC1 is still controversial. Here, we discuss recent evidence supporting BDNF-TrkB signalling controlling Nkcc1 expression and the GABA shift during hippocampal circuit formation. Namely, specific deletion of Ntrk2/Trkb from immature mouse hippocampal dentate granule cells (DGCs) affects their integration and maturation in the hippocampal circuitry and reduces Nkcc1 expression in their target region, the CA3 principal cells, leading to premature GABA shift, ultimately influencing the establishment of functional hippocampal circuitry and animal behaviour in adulthood. Thus, immature DGCs emerge as a potential therapeutic target as GABAergic transmission is vital for specific neural progenitors generating dentate neurogenesis in early development and the mature brain.
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Wang J, Liu R, Hasan MN, Fischer S, Chen Y, Como M, Fiesler VM, Bhuiyan MIH, Dong S, Li E, Kahle KT, Zhang J, Deng X, Subramanya AR, Begum G, Yin Y, Sun D. Role of SPAK-NKCC1 signaling cascade in the choroid plexus blood-CSF barrier damage after stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:91. [PMID: 35413993 PMCID: PMC9006540 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02456-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms underlying dysfunction of choroid plexus (ChP) blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier and lymphocyte invasion in neuroinflammatory responses to stroke are not well understood. In this study, we investigated whether stroke damaged the blood-CSF barrier integrity due to dysregulation of major ChP ion transport system, Na+-K+-Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1), and regulatory Ste20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK). METHODS Sham or ischemic stroke was induced in C57Bl/6J mice. Changes on the SPAK-NKCC1 complex and tight junction proteins (TJs) in the ChP were quantified by immunofluorescence staining and immunoblotting. Immune cell infiltration in the ChP was assessed by flow cytometry and immunostaining. Cultured ChP epithelium cells (CPECs) and cortical neurons were used to evaluate H2O2-mediated oxidative stress in stimulating the SPAK-NKCC1 complex and cellular damage. In vivo or in vitro pharmacological blockade of the ChP SPAK-NKCC1 cascade with SPAK inhibitor ZT-1a or NKCC1 inhibitor bumetanide were examined. RESULTS Ischemic stroke stimulated activation of the CPECs apical membrane SPAK-NKCC1 complex, NF-κB, and MMP9, which was associated with loss of the blood-CSF barrier integrity and increased immune cell infiltration into the ChP. Oxidative stress directly activated the SPAK-NKCC1 pathway and resulted in apoptosis, neurodegeneration, and NKCC1-mediated ion influx. Pharmacological blockade of the SPAK-NKCC1 pathway protected the ChP barrier integrity, attenuated ChP immune cell infiltration or neuronal death. CONCLUSION Stroke-induced pathological stimulation of the SPAK-NKCC1 cascade caused CPECs damage and disruption of TJs at the blood-CSF barrier. The ChP SPAK-NKCC1 complex emerged as a therapeutic target for attenuating ChP dysfunction and lymphocyte invasion after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116027, Liaoning, China
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 7016 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Ruijia Liu
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 7016 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Md Nabiul Hasan
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 7016 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sydney Fischer
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 7016 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116027, Liaoning, China
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 7016 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Matt Como
- Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Victoria M Fiesler
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 7016 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Mohammad Iqbal H Bhuiyan
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 7016 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shuying Dong
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 7016 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Eric Li
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 7016 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratory, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Xianming Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Arohan R Subramanya
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gulnaz Begum
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 7016 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yan Yin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116027, Liaoning, China.
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 7016 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Holste KG, Xia F, Ye F, Keep RF, Xi G. Mechanisms of neuroinflammation in hydrocephalus after intraventricular hemorrhage: a review. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:28. [PMID: 35365172 PMCID: PMC8973639 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in both neonatal and adult populations. IVH not only causes immediate damage to surrounding structures by way of mass effect and elevated intracranial pressure; the subsequent inflammation causes additional brain injury and edema. Of those neonates who experience severe IVH, 25-30% will go on to develop post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH). PHH places neonates and adults at risk for white matter injury, seizures, and death. Unfortunately, the molecular determinants of PHH are not well understood. Within the past decade an emphasis has been placed on neuroinflammation in IVH and PHH. More information has come to light regarding inflammation-induced fibrosis and cerebrospinal fluid hypersecretion in response to IVH. The aim of this review is to discuss the role of neuroinflammation involving clot-derived neuroinflammatory factors including hemoglobin/iron, peroxiredoxin-2 and thrombin, as well as macrophages/microglia, cytokines and complement in the development of PHH. Understanding the mechanisms of neuroinflammation after IVH may highlight potential novel therapeutic targets for PHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine G Holste
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 3470 Taubman Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5338, USA.
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 3470 Taubman Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5338, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fenghui Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 3470 Taubman Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5338, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 3470 Taubman Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5338, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 3470 Taubman Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5338, USA.
- , 5018 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
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MacAulay N, Keep RF, Zeuthen T. Cerebrospinal fluid production by the choroid plexus: a century of barrier research revisited. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:26. [PMID: 35317823 PMCID: PMC8941821 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) envelops the brain and fills the central ventricles. This fluid is continuously replenished by net fluid extraction from the vasculature by the secretory action of the choroid plexus epithelium residing in each of the four ventricles. We have known about these processes for more than a century, and yet the molecular mechanisms supporting this fluid secretion remain unresolved. The choroid plexus epithelium secretes its fluid in the absence of a trans-epithelial osmotic gradient, and, in addition, has an inherent ability to secrete CSF against an osmotic gradient. This paradoxical feature is shared with other 'leaky' epithelia. The assumptions underlying the classical standing gradient hypothesis await experimental support and appear to not suffice as an explanation of CSF secretion. Here, we suggest that the elusive local hyperosmotic compartment resides within the membrane transport proteins themselves. In this manner, the battery of plasma membrane transporters expressed in choroid plexus are proposed to sustain the choroidal CSF secretion independently of the prevailing bulk osmotic gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas Zeuthen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Samanta S, Joncour VL, Wegrzyniak O, Rangasami VK, Ali‐Löytty H, Hong T, Selvaraju RK, Aberg O, Hilborn J, Laakkonen P, Varghese OP, Eriksson O, Cabral H, Oommen OP. Heparin‐derived Theranostic Nanoprobes Overcome the Blood Brain Barrier and Target glioma in Murine Model. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Samanta
- Bioengineering and Nanomedicine Lab Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology Tampere University Tampere 33720 Finland
| | - Vadim Le Joncour
- Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Olivia Wegrzyniak
- Science for Life Laboratory Department of Medicinal Chemistry Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Vignesh Kumar Rangasami
- Bioengineering and Nanomedicine Lab Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology Tampere University Tampere 33720 Finland
- Polymer Chemistry Division Department of Chemistry Ångström Laboratory Uppsala University Uppsala 75121 Sweden
| | - Harri Ali‐Löytty
- Surface Science Group Photonics Laboratory Tampere University P.O. Box 692 Tampere FI‐33014 Finland
| | - Taehun Hong
- Department of Bioengineering Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku Tokyo 113–8656 Japan
| | - Ram Kumar Selvaraju
- Science for Life Laboratory Department of Medicinal Chemistry Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Ola Aberg
- Science for Life Laboratory Department of Medicinal Chemistry Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Jons Hilborn
- Polymer Chemistry Division Department of Chemistry Ångström Laboratory Uppsala University Uppsala 75121 Sweden
| | - Pirjo Laakkonen
- Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Oommen P. Varghese
- Polymer Chemistry Division Department of Chemistry Ångström Laboratory Uppsala University Uppsala 75121 Sweden
| | - Olof Eriksson
- Science for Life Laboratory Department of Medicinal Chemistry Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Horacio Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku Tokyo 113–8656 Japan
| | - Oommen P. Oommen
- Bioengineering and Nanomedicine Lab Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology Tampere University Tampere 33720 Finland
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Plancoulaine S, Guyon A, Inocente CO, Germe P, Zhang M, Robert P, Lin JS, Franco P. Cerebrospinal Fluid Histamine Levels in Healthy Children and Potential Implication for SIDS: Observational Study in a French Tertiary Care Hospital. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:819496. [PMID: 35450108 PMCID: PMC9016218 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.819496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A defect of the waking systems could constitute a factor of vulnerability for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). A decrease in orexin levels, which promotes wakefulness and activates histaminergic neurons (another hypothalamic wake-promoting system) has already been demonstrated between 2 and 6 months. This work aims to study the levels of histamine (HA), tele-methylhistamine (t-MeHA), its direct metabolite, and t-MeHA/HA ratio in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of healthy children, to evaluate the maturation of the histaminergic system and its possible involvement in SIDS. METHODS Seventy Eight French children between 0 and 20 years (48.7% boys) were included, all of whom had a clinical indication for lumbar puncture, but subsequently found to be normal. Measurements of HA and t-MeHA in CSF were performed by reverse phase liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry detection. Statistical analyses were performed using Spearman correlations and Non-parametric pairwise ranking tests. RESULTS A negative correlation was found between age and CSF HA (r = -0.44, p < 10-4) and t-MeHA (r = -0.70, p < 10-4) levels. In pairwise comparisons, no difference in CSF HA and t-MeHA levels was observed between youngest age groups (i.e., 0-2 mo vs. 3-6 mo), but CSF HA and t-MeHA levels were significantly lower in older children (i.e., >6 mo vs. 0-6 mo). The CSF HA decrease with age was only observed in boys, who also presented global lower CSF HA levels than girls. CONCLUSION CSF HA and t-MeHA levels decrease with age in boys, and global levels are lower in boys than in girls. These results reveal changes in histaminergic transmission and metabolism during maturation. Whether lower CSF histamine values in boys compared to girls could contribute to their higher risk of SIDS warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurore Guyon
- Integrative Physiology of the Brain Arousal System, CRNL, INSERM-U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Bioprojet Biotech, Saint-Grégoire, France
| | - Clara-Odilia Inocente
- Integrative Physiology of the Brain Arousal System, CRNL, INSERM-U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Philippine Germe
- Integrative Physiology of the Brain Arousal System, CRNL, INSERM-U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Min Zhang
- Integrative Physiology of the Brain Arousal System, CRNL, INSERM-U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | - Jian-Sheng Lin
- Integrative Physiology of the Brain Arousal System, CRNL, INSERM-U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Patricia Franco
- Integrative Physiology of the Brain Arousal System, CRNL, INSERM-U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Pediatric Sleep Unit, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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50
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Fame RM, Lehtinen MK. Mitochondria in Early Forebrain Development: From Neurulation to Mid-Corticogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:780207. [PMID: 34888312 PMCID: PMC8650308 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.780207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Function of the mature central nervous system (CNS) requires a substantial proportion of the body’s energy consumption. During development, the CNS anlage must maintain its structure and perform stage-specific functions as it proceeds through discrete developmental stages. While key extrinsic signals and internal transcriptional controls over these processes are well appreciated, metabolic and mitochondrial states are also critical to appropriate forebrain development. Specifically, metabolic state, mitochondrial function, and mitochondrial dynamics/localization play critical roles in neurulation and CNS progenitor specification, progenitor proliferation and survival, neurogenesis, neural migration, and neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis. With the goal of integrating neurodevelopmental biologists and mitochondrial specialists, this review synthesizes data from disparate models and processes to compile and highlight key roles of mitochondria in the early development of the CNS with specific focus on forebrain development and corticogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryann M Fame
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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