1
|
Shen L, Xiao D, Cao T. Proximity-Induced Exchange Interaction: A New Pathway for Quantum Sensing Using Spin Centers in Hexagonal Boron Nitride. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:4359-4366. [PMID: 38619851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Defects in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), a two-dimensional van der Waals material, have attracted a great deal of interest because of its potential in various quantum applications. Due to hBN's two-dimensional nature, the spin center in hBN can be engineered in the proximity of the target material, providing advantages over its three-dimensional counterparts, such as the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond. Here we propose a novel quantum sensing protocol driven by exchange interaction between the spin center in hBN and the underlying magnetic substrate induced by the magnetic proximity effect. By first-principles calculation, we demonstrate that the induced exchange interaction dominates over the dipole-dipole interaction by orders of magnitude when in the proximity. The interaction remains antiferromagnetic across all stacking configurations between the spin center in hBN and the target van der Waals magnets. Additionally, we explored the scaling behavior of the exchange field as a function of the spatial separation between the spin center and the targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingnan Shen
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, United States
| | - Di Xiao
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2120, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Ting Cao
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2120, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kumar J, Yudilevich D, Smooha A, Zohar I, Pariari AK, Stöhr R, Denisenko A, Hücker M, Finkler A. Room Temperature Relaxometry of Single Nitrogen Vacancy Centers in Proximity to α-RuCl 3 Nanoflakes. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24. [PMID: 38588382 PMCID: PMC11057446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c05090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen vacancy (NV) center-based magnetometry has been proven to be a versatile sensor for various classes of magnetic materials in broad temperature and frequency ranges. Here, we use the longitudinal relaxation time T1 of single NV centers to investigate the spin dynamics of nanometer-thin flakes of α-RuCl3 at room temperature. We observe a significant reduction in the T1 in the presence of α-RuCl3 in the proximity of NVs, which we attribute to paramagnetic spin noise confined in the 2D hexagonal planes. Furthermore, the T1 time exhibits a monotonic increase with an applied magnetic field. We associate this trend with the alteration of the spin and charge noise in α-RuCl3 under an external magnetic field. These findings suggest that the influence of the spin dynamics of α-RuCl3 on the T1 of the NV center can be used to gain information about the material itself and the technique to be used on other 2D materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Kumar
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dan Yudilevich
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ariel Smooha
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Inbar Zohar
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Arnab K. Pariari
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute
of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rainer Stöhr
- 3rd
Institute of Physics, IQST and ZAQuant, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrej Denisenko
- 3rd
Institute of Physics, IQST and ZAQuant, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Hücker
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute
of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amit Finkler
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liang K, Zhu M, Qin X, Meng Z, Wang P, Du J. Field-programmable-gate-array based hardware platform for nitrogen-vacancy center based fast magnetic imaging. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:024701. [PMID: 38341725 DOI: 10.1063/5.0187228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
A nitrogen-vacancy center based scanning magnetic microscope can be used to characterize magnetics at the nanoscale with high sensitivity. This paper reports a field-programmable-gate-array based hardware system that is designed to realize control and signal readout for fast scanning magnetic imaging with a nitrogen-vacancy center. A 10-channel 1 Msps @ 20 bit analog signal generator, a 12-channel 50 ps resolution pulse generator, a 300 Msps @ 16 bit lock-in amplifier with proportional integral derivative control function, and a 4-channel 200 Msps counter are integrated on the platform. A customized acceleration algorithm is realized with the re-configurable field-programmable-gate-array chip to accelerate the imaging speed of the nitrogen-vacancy system, and the experimental results prove that the imaging efficiency can be accelerated by five times compared to the system without the acceleration algorithm. The platform has considerable potential for future applications of fast scanning magnetic imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqing Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Mingdong Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Xi Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Ziqing Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
- Institute of Quantum Sensing and School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
McLaughlin N, Li S, Brock JA, Zhang S, Lu H, Huang M, Xiao Y, Zhou J, Tserkovnyak Y, Fullerton EE, Wang H, Du CR. Local Control of a Single Nitrogen-Vacancy Center by Nanoscale Engineered Magnetic Domain Wall Motion. ACS NANO 2023; 17:25689-25696. [PMID: 38050827 PMCID: PMC10753891 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Effective control and readout of qubits form the technical foundation of next-generation, transformative quantum information sciences and technologies. The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center, an intrinsic three-level spin system, is naturally relevant in this context due to its excellent quantum coherence, high fidelity of operations, and remarkable functionality over a broad range of experimental conditions. It is an active contender for the development and implementation of cutting-edge quantum technologies. Here, we report magnetic domain wall motion driven local control and measurements of the NV spin properties. By engineering the local magnetic field environment of an NV center via nanoscale reconfigurable domain wall motion, we show that NV photoluminescence, spin level energies, and coherence time can be reliably controlled and correlated to the magneto-transport response of a magnetic device. Our results highlight the electrically tunable dipole interaction between NV centers and nanoscale magnetic structures, providing an attractive platform to realize interactive information transfer between spin qubits and nonvolatile magnetic memory in hybrid quantum spintronic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan
J. McLaughlin
- Department
of Physics, University of California, San
Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Senlei Li
- School of
Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Brock
- Center
for
Memory and Recording Research, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0401, United States
| | - Shu Zhang
- Max Planck
Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden 01187, Germany
| | - Hanyi Lu
- Department
of Physics, University of California, San
Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Mengqi Huang
- School of
Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yuxuan Xiao
- Center
for
Memory and Recording Research, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0401, United States
| | - Jingcheng Zhou
- School of
Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yaroslav Tserkovnyak
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Eric E. Fullerton
- Center
for
Memory and Recording Research, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0401, United States
| | - Hailong Wang
- School of
Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Chunhui Rita Du
- Department
of Physics, University of California, San
Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- School of
Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Aldarawsheh A, Sallermann M, Abusaa M, Lounis S. Intrinsic Néel Antiferromagnetic Multimeronic Spin Textures in Ultrathin Films. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8970-8978. [PMID: 37773009 PMCID: PMC10577774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Topological antiferromagnetism is a vibrant and captivating research field, generating considerable enthusiasm with the aim of identifying topologically protected magnetic states of key importance in the hybrid realm of topology, magnetism, and spintronics. While topological antiferromagnetic (AFM) solitons bear various advantages with respect to their ferromagnetic cousins, their observation is scarce. Utilizing first-principles simulations, here we predict new chiral particles in the realm of AFM topological magnetism, exchange-frustrated multimeronic spin textures hosted by a Néel magnetic state, arising universally in single Mn layers directly grown on an Ir(111) surface or interfaced with Pd-based films. These nanoscale topological structures are intrinsic; i.e. they form in a single AFM material, can carry distinct topological charges, and can combine in various multimeronic sequences with enhanced stability against external magnetic fields. We envision the frustrated Néel AFM multimerons as exciting highly sought after AFM solitons having the potential to be utilized in novel spintronic devices hinging on nonsynthetic AFM quantum materials, further advancing the frontiers of nanotechnology and nanophysics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amal Aldarawsheh
- Peter
Grünberg Institute and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich and JARA, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen
and CENIDE, 47053 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Sallermann
- Peter
Grünberg Institute and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich and JARA, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- RWTH
Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Science
Institute and Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Iceland, VR-III, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Muayad Abusaa
- Department
of Physics, Arab American University, 240 Jenin, Palestine
| | - Samir Lounis
- Peter
Grünberg Institute and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich and JARA, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen
and CENIDE, 47053 Duisburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang M, Green JC, Zhou J, Williams V, Li S, Lu H, Djugba D, Wang H, Flebus B, Ni N, Du CR. Layer-Dependent Magnetism and Spin Fluctuations in Atomically Thin van der Waals Magnet CrPS 4. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:8099-8105. [PMID: 37656017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
van der Waals (vdW) magnets, an emerging family of two-dimensional (2D) materials, have received tremendous attention due to their rich fundamental physics and significant potential for cutting-edge technological applications. In contrast to the conventional bulk counterparts, vdW magnets exhibit significant tunability of local material properties, such as stacking engineered interlayer coupling and layer-number dependent magnetic and electronic interactions, which promise to deliver previously unavailable merits to develop multifunctional microelectronic devices. As a further ingredient of this emerging topic, here we report nanoscale quantum sensing and imaging of the atomically thin vdW magnet chromium thiophosphate CrPS4, revealing its characteristic layer-dependent 2D static magnetism and dynamic spin fluctuations. We also show a large tunneling magnetoresistance in CrPS4-based spin filter vdW heterostructures. The excellent material stability and robust strategy against environmental degradation in combination with tailored magnetic properties highlight the potential of CrPS4 in developing state-of-the-art 2D spintronic devices for next-generation information technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Huang
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jazmine C Green
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jingcheng Zhou
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Violet Williams
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Senlei Li
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hanyi Lu
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Dziga Djugba
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hailong Wang
- Center for Memory and Recording Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Benedetta Flebus
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Ni Ni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Chunhui Rita Du
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center for Memory and Recording Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Huang M, Sun Z, Yan G, Xie H, Agarwal N, Ye G, Sung SH, Lu H, Zhou J, Yan S, Tian S, Lei H, Hovden R, He R, Wang H, Zhao L, Du CR. Revealing intrinsic domains and fluctuations of moiré magnetism by a wide-field quantum microscope. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5259. [PMID: 37644000 PMCID: PMC10465594 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40543-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Moiré magnetism featured by stacking engineered atomic registry and lattice interactions has recently emerged as an appealing quantum state of matter at the forefront of condensed matter physics research. Nanoscale imaging of moiré magnets is highly desirable and serves as a prerequisite to investigate a broad range of intriguing physics underlying the interplay between topology, electronic correlations, and unconventional nanomagnetism. Here we report spin defect-based wide-field imaging of magnetic domains and spin fluctuations in twisted double trilayer (tDT) chromium triiodide CrI3. We explicitly show that intrinsic moiré domains of opposite magnetizations appear over arrays of moiré supercells in low-twist-angle tDT CrI3. In contrast, spin fluctuations measured in tDT CrI3 manifest little spatial variations on the same mesoscopic length scale due to the dominant driving force of intralayer exchange interaction. Our results enrich the current understanding of exotic magnetic phases sustained by moiré magnetism and highlight the opportunities provided by quantum spin sensors in probing microscopic spin related phenomena on two-dimensional flatland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Huang
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Zeliang Sun
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Gerald Yan
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hongchao Xie
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Nishkarsh Agarwal
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Gaihua Ye
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Suk Hyun Sung
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Hanyi Lu
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jingcheng Zhou
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Shaohua Yan
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Materials MicroNano Devices, Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Shangjie Tian
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Materials MicroNano Devices, Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Hechang Lei
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Materials MicroNano Devices, Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Robert Hovden
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Rui He
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Hailong Wang
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Center for Memory and Recording Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Liuyan Zhao
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Chunhui Rita Du
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Center for Memory and Recording Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lu S, Fowler CR, Ream B, Waugh SM, Russell TM, Rohloff JC, Gold L, Cleveland JP, Stoll S. Magnetically Detected Protein Binding Using Spin-Labeled Slow Off-Rate Modified Aptamers. ACS Sens 2023; 8:2219-2227. [PMID: 37300508 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in aptamer chemistry open up opportunities for new tools for protein biosensing. In this work, we present an approach to use immobilized slow off-rate modified aptamers (SOMAmers) site-specifically labeled with a nitroxide radical via azide-alkyne click chemistry as a means for detecting protein binding. Protein binding induces a change in rotational mobility of the spin label, which is detected via solution-state electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. We demonstrate the workflow and test the protocol using the SOMAmer SL5 and its protein target, platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-BB). In a complete site scan of the nitroxide over the SOMAmer, we determine the rotational mobility of the spin label in the absence and presence of target protein. Several sites with sufficiently tight affinity and large rotational mobility change upon protein binding are identified. We then model a system where the spin-labeled SOMAmer assay is combined with fluorescence detection via diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center relaxometry. The NV center spin-lattice relaxation time is modulated by the rotational mobility of a proximal spin label and thus responsive to SOMAmer-protein binding. The spin label-mediated assay provides a general approach for transducing protein binding events into magnetically detectable signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shutian Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | | | - Brian Ream
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | | | | | | | - Larry Gold
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | | | - Stefan Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rahman MM, Rustagi A, Tserkovnyak Y, Upadhyaya P. Electrically Active Domain Wall Magnons in Layered van der Waals Antiferromagnets. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:036701. [PMID: 36763400 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.036701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We study, theoretically, domain wall (DW) magnons-elementary collective excitations of magnetic DWs-in easy-axis layered van der Waals (vdW) antiferromagnets, where they behave as normal modes of coupled spin superfluids. We uncover that, due to spin-charge coupling in vdW magnets, such DW magnons can be activated by voltage-induced torques, thereby providing a path for their low-dissipation and nanoscale excitation. Moreover, the electrical activation and the number of DW magnons at a frequency can be controlled by applying symmetry-breaking static magnetic field, adding tunability of signal transmission by them. Our results highlight that domain walls in vdW magnets provide a promising platform to route coherent spin information for a broad range of explorations in spintronics and magnetism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mushfiqur Rahman
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Avinash Rustagi
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tserkovnyak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Pramey Upadhyaya
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Quantum Science Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Relaxometry is a technique which makes use of a specific crystal lattice defect in diamond, the so-called NV center. This defect consists of a nitrogen atom, which replaces a carbon atom in the diamond lattice, and an adjacent vacancy. NV centers allow converting magnetic noise into optical signals, which dramatically increases the sensitivity of the readout, allowing for nanoscale resolution. Analogously to T1 measurements in conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), relaxometry allows the detection of different concentrations of paramagnetic species. However, since relaxometry allows very local measurements, the detected signals are from nanoscale voxels around the NV centers. As a result, it is possible to achieve subcellular resolutions and organelle specific measurements.A relaxometry experiment starts with polarizing the spins of NV centers in the diamond lattice, using a strong laser pulse. Afterward the laser is switched off and the NV centers are allowed to stochastically decay into the equilibrium mix of different magnetic states. The polarized configuration exhibits stronger fluorescence than the equilibrium state, allowing one to optically monitor this transition and determine its rate. This process happens faster at higher levels of magnetic noise. Alternatively, it is possible to conduct T1 relaxation measurements from the dark to the bright equilibrium by applying a microwave pulse which brings NV centers into the -1 state instead of the 0 state. One can record a spectrum of T1 at varying strengths of the applied magnetic field. This technique is called cross-relaxometry. Apart from detecting magnetic signals, responsive coatings can be applied which render T1 sensitive to other parameters as pH, temperature, or electric field. Depending on the application there are three different ways to conduct relaxometry experiments: relaxometry in moving or stationary nanodiamonds, scanning magnetometry, and relaxometry in a stationary bulk diamond with a stationary sample on top.In this Account, we present examples for various relaxometry modes as well as their advantages and limitations. Due to the simplicity and low cost of the approach, relaxometry has been implemented in many different instruments and for a wide range of applications. Herein we review the progress that has been achieved in physics, chemistry, and biology. Many articles in this field have a proof-of-principle character, and the full potential of the technology still waits to be unfolded. With this Account, we would like to stimulate discourse on the future of relaxometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Mzyk
- Groningen
University, University Medical
Center Groningen, Antonius
Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW Groningen, the Netherlands,Institute
of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Reymonta 25, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Alina Sigaeva
- Groningen
University, University Medical
Center Groningen, Antonius
Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- Groningen
University, University Medical
Center Groningen, Antonius
Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW Groningen, the Netherlands,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Erickson A, Abbas Shah SQ, Mahmood A, Fescenko I, Timalsina R, Binek C, Laraoui A. Nanoscale imaging of antiferromagnetic domains in epitaxial films of Cr 2O 3 via scanning diamond magnetic probe microscopy. RSC Adv 2022; 13:178-185. [PMID: 36605625 PMCID: PMC9764058 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06440e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We report direct imaging of boundary magnetization associated with antiferromagnetic domains in magnetoelectric epitaxial Cr2O3 thin films using diamond nitrogen vacancy microscopy. We found a correlation between magnetic domain size and structural grain size which we associate with the domain formation process. We performed field cooling, i.e., cooling from above to below the Néel temperature in the presence of a magnetic field, which resulted in the selection of one of the two otherwise degenerate 180° domains. Lifting of such a degeneracy is achievable with a magnetic field alone due to the Zeeman energy of a weak parasitic magnetic moment in Cr2O3 films that originates from defects and the imbalance of the boundary magnetization of opposing interfaces. This boundary magnetization couples to the antiferromagnetic order parameter enabling selection of its orientation. Nanostructuring the Cr2O3 film with mesa structures revealed reversible edge magnetic states with the direction of magnetic field during field cooling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Erickson
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln900 N 16th St., W342 NHLincolnNebraska 68588USA
| | - Syed Qamar Abbas Shah
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln855 N 16th StLincolnNebraska 68588USA
| | - Ather Mahmood
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln855 N 16th StLincolnNebraska 68588USA
| | - Ilja Fescenko
- Laser Center, University of LatviaJelgavas St 3RigaLV-1004Latvia
| | - Rupak Timalsina
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln900 N 16th St., W342 NHLincolnNebraska 68588USA
| | - Christian Binek
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln855 N 16th StLincolnNebraska 68588USA
| | - Abdelghani Laraoui
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln900 N 16th St., W342 NHLincolnNebraska 68588USA,Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln855 N 16th StLincolnNebraska 68588USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Simon B, Kurdi S, Carmiggelt JJ, Borst M, Katan AJ, van der Sar T. Filtering and Imaging of Frequency-Degenerate Spin Waves Using Nanopositioning of a Single-Spin Sensor. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9198-9204. [PMID: 36270006 PMCID: PMC9706654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) magnetometry is a new technique for imaging spin waves in magnetic materials. It detects spin waves by their microwave magnetic stray fields, which decay evanescently on the scale of the spin-wavelength. Here, we use nanoscale control of a single-NV sensor as a wavelength filter to characterize frequency-degenerate spin waves excited by a microstrip in a thin-film magnetic insulator. With the NV probe in contact with the magnet, we observe an incoherent mixture of thermal and microwave-driven spin waves. By retracting the tip, we progressively suppress the small-wavelength modes until a single coherent mode emerges from the mixture. In-contact scans at low drive power surprisingly show occupation of the entire isofrequency contour of the two-dimensional spin-wave dispersion despite our one-dimensional microstrip geometry. Our distance-tunable filter sheds light on the spin-wave band occupation under microwave excitation and opens opportunities for imaging magnon condensates and other coherent spin-wave modes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brecht
G. Simon
- Department
of Quantum Nanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJDelft, The Netherlands
| | - Samer Kurdi
- Department
of Quantum Nanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJDelft, The Netherlands
| | - Joris J. Carmiggelt
- Department
of Quantum Nanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJDelft, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Borst
- Department
of Quantum Nanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJDelft, The Netherlands
| | - Allard J. Katan
- Department
of Quantum Nanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJDelft, The Netherlands
| | - Toeno van der Sar
- Department
of Quantum Nanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJDelft, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Huang M, Zhou J, Chen D, Lu H, McLaughlin NJ, Li S, Alghamdi M, Djugba D, Shi J, Wang H, Du CR. Wide field imaging of van der Waals ferromagnet Fe3GeTe2 by spin defects in hexagonal boron nitride. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5369. [PMID: 36100604 PMCID: PMC9470674 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergent color centers with accessible spins hosted by van der Waals materials have attracted substantial interest in recent years due to their significant potential for implementing transformative quantum sensing technologies. Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is naturally relevant in this context due to its remarkable ease of integration into devices consisting of low-dimensional materials. Taking advantage of boron vacancy spin defects in hBN, we report nanoscale quantum imaging of low-dimensional ferromagnetism sustained in Fe3GeTe2/hBN van der Waals heterostructures. Exploiting spin relaxometry methods, we have further observed spatially varying magnetic fluctuations in the exfoliated Fe3GeTe2 flake, whose magnitude reaches a peak value around the Curie temperature. Our results demonstrate the capability of spin defects in hBN of investigating local magnetic properties of layered materials in an accessible and precise way, which can be extended readily to a broad range of miniaturized van der Waals heterostructure systems. Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) has been used extensively to encapsulate other van der Waals materials, protecting them from environmental degradation, and allowing integration into more complex heterostructures. Here, the authors make use of boron vacancy spin defects in h-BN using them to image the magnetic properties of a Fe3GeTe2 flake.
Collapse
|
14
|
McLaughlin NJ, Hu C, Huang M, Zhang S, Lu H, Yan GQ, Wang H, Tserkovnyak Y, Ni N, Du CR. Quantum Imaging of Magnetic Phase Transitions and Spin Fluctuations in Intrinsic Magnetic Topological Nanoflakes. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:5810-5817. [PMID: 35816128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Topological materials featuring exotic band structures, unconventional current flow patterns, and emergent organizing principles offer attractive platforms for the development of next-generation transformative quantum electronic technologies. The family of MnBi2Te4 (Bi2Te3)n materials is naturally relevant in this context due to their nontrivial band topology, tunable magnetism, and recently discovered extraordinary quantum transport behaviors. Despite numerous pioneering studies to date, the local magnetic properties of MnBi2Te4 (Bi2Te3)n remain an open question, hindering a comprehensive understanding of their fundamental material properties. Exploiting nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, we report nanoscale quantum imaging of the magnetic phase transitions and spin fluctuations in exfoliated MnBi4Te7 flakes, revealing the underlying spin transport physics and magnetic domains at the nanoscale. Our results highlight the unique advantage of NV centers in exploring the magnetic properties of emergent quantum materials, opening new opportunities for investigating the interplay between topology and magnetism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J McLaughlin
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Chaowei Hu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Mengqi Huang
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hanyi Lu
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Gerald Q Yan
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Hailong Wang
- Center for Memory and Recording Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yaroslav Tserkovnyak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ni Ni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Chunhui Rita Du
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center for Memory and Recording Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yan GQ, Li S, Lu H, Huang M, Xiao Y, Wernert L, Brock JA, Fullerton EE, Chen H, Wang H, Du CR. Quantum Sensing and Imaging of Spin-Orbit-Torque-Driven Spin Dynamics in the Non-Collinear Antiferromagnet Mn 3 Sn. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200327. [PMID: 35322479 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Novel non-collinear antiferromagnets with spontaneous time-reversal symmetry breaking, non-trivial band topology, and unconventional transport properties have received immense research interest over the past decade due to their rich physics and enormous promise in technological applications. One of the central focuses in this emerging field is exploring the relationship between the microscopic magnetic structure and exotic material properties. Here, nanoscale imaging of both spin-orbit-torque-induced deterministic magnetic switching and chiral spin rotation in non-collinear antiferromagnet Mn3 Sn films using nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers are reported. Direct evidence of the off-resonance dipole-dipole coupling between the spin dynamics in Mn3 Sn and proximate NV centers is also demonstrated by NV relaxometry measurements. These results demonstrate the unique capabilities of NV centers in accessing the local information of the magnetic order and dynamics in these emergent quantum materials and suggest new opportunities for investigating the interplay between topology and magnetism in a broad range of topological magnets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Q Yan
- Department of Physics, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Senlei Li
- Department of Physics, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hanyi Lu
- Department of Physics, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mengqi Huang
- Department of Physics, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yuxuan Xiao
- Center for Memory and Recording Research, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0401, USA
| | - Luke Wernert
- Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Brock
- Center for Memory and Recording Research, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0401, USA
| | - Eric E Fullerton
- Center for Memory and Recording Research, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0401, USA
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- School of Advanced Materials Discovery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Hailong Wang
- Center for Memory and Recording Research, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0401, USA
| | - Chunhui Rita Du
- Department of Physics, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
- Center for Memory and Recording Research, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0401, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mzyk A, Ong Y, Ortiz Moreno AR, Padamati SK, Zhang Y, Reyes-San-Martin CA, Schirhagl R. Diamond Color Centers in Diamonds for Chemical and Biochemical Analysis and Visualization. Anal Chem 2022; 94:225-249. [PMID: 34841868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Mzyk
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Reymonta 25, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Yori Ong
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ari R Ortiz Moreno
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandeep K Padamati
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yue Zhang
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia A Reyes-San-Martin
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
McLaughlin NJ, Wang H, Huang M, Lee-Wong E, Hu L, Lu H, Yan GQ, Gu G, Wu C, You YZ, Du CR. Strong Correlation Between Superconductivity and Ferromagnetism in an Fe-Chalcogenide Superconductor. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:7277-7283. [PMID: 34415171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The interplay among topology, superconductivity, and magnetism promises to bring a plethora of exotic and unintuitive behaviors in emergent quantum materials. The family of Fe-chalcogenide superconductors FeTexSe1-x are directly relevant in this context due to their intrinsic topological band structure, high-temperature superconductivity, and unconventional pairing symmetry. Despite enormous promise and expectation, the local magnetic properties of FeTexSe1-x remain largely unexplored, which prevents a comprehensive understanding of their underlying material properties. Exploiting nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, here we report nanoscale quantum sensing and imaging of magnetic flux generated by exfoliated FeTexSe1-x flakes, demonstrating strong correlation between superconductivity and ferromagnetism in FeTexSe1-x. The coexistence of superconductivity and ferromagnetism in an established topological superconductor opens up new opportunities for exploring exotic spin and charge transport phenomena in quantum materials. The demonstrated coupling between NV centers and FeTexSe1-x may also find applications in developing hybrid architectures for next-generation, solid-state-based quantum information technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J McLaughlin
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Hailong Wang
- Center for Memory and Recording Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Mengqi Huang
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Eric Lee-Wong
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lunhui Hu
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Hanyi Lu
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Gerald Q Yan
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Genda Gu
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Congjun Wu
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Yi-Zhuang You
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Chunhui Rita Du
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center for Memory and Recording Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| |
Collapse
|