Molecular basis for redox control by the human cystine/glutamate antiporter system xc. Nat Commun 2021;12:7147. [PMID: 34880232 PMCID: PMC8654953 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27414-1]

Glutathione metabolism in ferroptosis and cancer therapy

Glutathione (GSH), a non-enzymatic antioxidant in mammalian cells, plays an essential role in maintaining redox balance, mitigating oxidative stress, and preserving cellular homeostasis. Beyond its well-established function in detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS), GSH serves as a critical regulator of ferroptosis-an iron-dependent form of cell death marked by excessive lipid peroxidation. Serving as a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), GSH catalyzes the conversion of lipid peroxides into non-toxic lipid alcohols, thereby preventing the accumulation of deleterious lipid oxidation products and halting the spread of oxidative damage. In cancer cells, upregulated GSH synthesis and GPX4 activity contribute to an enhanced antioxidant defense, countering oxidative stress provoked by increased metabolic demands and exposure to therapeutic agents such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. This ability of cancer cells to modulate their ferroptosis susceptibility through GSH metabolism underscores its potential as a therapeutic target. Additionally, GSH influences several key oncogenic and tumor-suppressive signaling pathways, including NFE2L2/NRF2, TP53/p53, NF-κB, Hippo, and mTOR, which collectively regulate responses to oxidative stress, affect metabolic processes, and modulate sensitivity to ferroptosis in cancer cells. This review explores recent advancements in understanding GSH's multifaceted role in ferroptosis, emphasizing its implications for cancer biology and therapeutic interventions.

Natural products and ferroptosis: A novel approach for heart failure management

BACKGROUND

The discovery of ferroptosis has brought a revolutionary breakthrough in heart failure treatment, and natural products, as a significant source of drug discovery, are gradually demonstrating their extraordinary potential in regulating ferroptosis and alleviating heart failure symptoms. In addition to chemically synthesized small molecule compounds, natural products have attracted attention as an important source for discovering compounds that target ferroptosis in treating heart failure.

PURPOSE

Systematically summarize and analyze the research progress on improving heart failure through natural products' modulation of the ferroptosis pathway.

METHODS

By comprehensively searching authoritative databases like PubMed, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure with keywords such as "heart failure", "cardiovascular disease", "heart disease", "ferroptosis", "natural products", "active compounds", "traditional Chinese medicine formulas", "traditional Chinese medicine", and "acupuncture", we aim to systematically review the mechanism of ferroptosis and its link with heart failure. We also want to explore natural small-molecule compounds, traditional Chinese medicine formulas, and acupuncture therapies that can inhibit ferroptosis to improve heart failure.

RESULTS

In this review, we not only trace the evolution of the concept of ferroptosis and clearly distinguish it from other forms of cell death but also establish a comprehensive theoretical framework encompassing core mechanisms such as iron overload and system xc-/GSH/GPX4 imbalance, along with multiple auxiliary pathways. On this basis, we innovatively link ferroptosis with various types of heart failure, covering classic heart failure types and extending our research to pre-heart failure conditions such as arrhythmia and aortic aneurysm, providing new insights for early intervention in heart failure. Importantly, this article systematically integrates multiple strategies of natural products for interfering with ferroptosis, ranging from monomeric compounds and bioactive components to crude extracts and further to traditional Chinese medicine formulae. In addition, non-pharmacological means such as acupuncture are also included.

CONCLUSION

This study fills the gap in the systematic description of the relationship between ferroptosis and heart failure and the therapeutic strategies of natural products, aiming to provide patients with more diverse treatment options and promote the development of the heart failure treatment field.

Metabolic Markers Demonstrate the Heterogeneity of Walking Ability in Non-Disabled Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Background: Walking ability is important for the quality of life of older adults. A self-reported walking ability index (WAI) covering the difficulty and ease of walking captures a broader spectrum of walking ability in healthy older persons. Methods: Using metabolomics in the Health, Aging and Body Composition study, we identified Year 2 metabolites cross-sectionally and longitudinally related to WAI (0-9, higher scores indicate better walking ability) using probabilistic index models and multinomial logistic models, respectively. Results: Among 2334 participants (mean age 74.6 years, 51% women, 37% Black), 27% scored 0-5, 36% scored 6-8, and 37% scored 9 at Year 2. Over 4 years, 52% maintained a stable WAI, 6% improved, while 42% declined (22% 1-2 points and 20% >2 points decline). We identified 81 metabolites significantly associated with both poorer concurrent WAI and faster decline, including higher acylcarnitine species, shorter-chain saturated diglycerides and triglycerides, and TCA cycle intermediates (cis-aconitic, fumaric, and malic acids), and lower phospholipids levels. Eighteen additional metabolites were only associated with faster WAI decline: higher short-chain saturated triglycerides and energy metabolism markers (ATP/ADP/AMP) and lower margaric acid and glycine levels. Notably, those with improved WAI, despite poorer baseline WAI and lifestyles, showed more favorable metabolic profiles than others. Conclusions: Metabolites linked to the TCA cycle and energy metabolism, as well as inflammation and protein catabolism, were related to mobility function. Some metabolites might be particularly important for the early detection of older adults at risk of mobility decline. Metabolic profiles may also help identify older individuals (i.e., with improving WAI) with greater metabolic resilience to lifestyle risk factors and health conditions.

The crosstalk between glutathione metabolism and non-coding RNAs in cancer progression and treatment resistance

Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) are closely associated with the initiation and progression of cancers. As the most abundant intracellular antioxidant, glutathione (GSH) plays a critical role in regulating cellular ROS levels, modulating physiological processes, and is intricately linked to tumor progression and drug resistance. However, the underlying mechanisms remain not fully elucidated. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), are key regulators of GSH levels. Different ncRNAs modulate various pathways involved in GSH metabolism, and these regulatory targets have the potential to serve as therapeutic targets for enhancing cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the functions of GSH metabolism and highlight the significance of ncRNA-mediated regulation of GSH in cancer progression, drug resistance, and clinical applications.

The solute carrier superfamily interactome

Solute carrier (SLC) transporters form a protein superfamily that enables transmembrane transport of diverse substrates including nutrients, ions and drugs. There are about 450 different SLCs, residing in a variety of subcellular membranes. Loss-of-function of an unusually high proportion of SLC transporters is genetically associated with a plethora of human diseases, making SLCs a rapidly emerging but challenging drug target class. Knowledge of their protein environment may elucidate the molecular basis for their functional integration with metabolic and cellular pathways and help conceive pharmacological interventions based on modulating proteostatic regulation. We aimed at obtaining a global survey of the SLC-protein interaction landscape and mapped the protein-protein interactions of 396 SLCs by interaction proteomics. We employed a functional assessment based on RNA interference of interactors in combination with measurement of protein stability and localization. As an example, we detail the role of a SLC16A6 phospho-degron and the contributions of PDZ-domain proteins LIN7C and MPP1 to the trafficking of SLC43A2. Overall, our work offers a resource for SLC-protein interactions for the scientific community.

Mechanism of ferroptosis in heart failure: The role of the RAGE/TLR4-JNK1/2 pathway in cardiomyocyte ferroptosis and intervention strategies

The ferroptosis of cardiomyocytes has been recognized as the core pathological mechanism of heart failure. During the evolution of cardiovascular diseases, the accumulation of angiotensin II and advanced glycation end products can lead to the excessive activation of the RAGE/TLR4-JNK1/2 pathway, which subsequently triggers ferritinophagy, clockophagy, and enhanced p53 activity, ultimately leading to cardiomyocyte ferroptosis. It is evident that deeply unraveling the specific mechanisms in this field and comprehensively evaluating potential drugs and therapeutic strategies targeting this pathway is crucial for improving the status of cardiomyocyte ferroptosis. However, our current understanding of this pathway's specific molecular biological mechanisms in the process of cardiomyocyte ferroptosis remains limited. In light of this, this paper first comprehensively reviews the historical context of ferroptosis research, compares the similarities and differences between ferroptosis and other standard modes of cell death, elucidates the core mechanisms of ferroptosis and its close connection with heart failure, aiming to establish a basic cognitive framework for readers on ferroptosis and its role in heart failure. Subsequently, the paper delves into the pivotal role of the RAGE/TLR4-JNK1/2 pathway in cardiomyocyte ferroptosis and its intricate molecular biological regulatory network. Furthermore, it systematically integrates various therapeutic approaches aimed at inhibiting RAGE, TLR4, and JNK1/2 activity to alleviate cardiomyocyte ferroptosis, encompassing RNA interference technology, gene knockout techniques, small molecule inhibitors, natural active ingredients, as well as traditional Chinese and Western medicines, with the ultimate goal of forging new avenues and strategies for the prevention and treatment of heart failure.

Pitavastatin and resveratrol bio-nanocomplexes against hyperhomocysteinemia-induced atherosclerosis via blocking ferroptosis-related lipid deposition

Atherosclerosis (AS) therapy has been commonly based on lipid-lowering agents (e.g., statins), supplemented by other therapies, such as anti-inflammatory agents and antioxidants, through traditional Chinese herbs. Ferroptosis, a form of regulated cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, has been implicated in the progression of AS, particularly in macrophages. In the study, we constructed a macrophage targeted hybridization nanodrug of HMLRPP, which used Pit-loaded Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) and Res-loaded liposomes as nano-core, then, coated with a macrophage membrane hybridized by hyaluronic acid. The nanodrug prolonged blood circulation time and achieved optimal Res and Pit accumulation in the atherosclerotic plaques by effectively evading immune system clearance. In vivo studies demonstrated that HMLRPP NPs significantly attenuated plaque progression, characterized by decreased plaque area, less lipid deposition, and increased collagen. Meanwhile, HMLRPP NPs inhibited macrophage ferroptosis by decreasing the expression of β-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1 (BDH1), Orosomucoid 1 (ORM1) and enhancing the expression of Ribosomal protein S27-like (RPS27L), which resulted in the alleviation of lipid accumulation and inflammation. Our data suggest that the HMLRPP nanodrug delivery system with ferroptosis-regulating capability provides a feasible therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis.

Development of DeepPQK and DeepQK sequence-based deep learning models to predict protein-ligand affinity and application in the directed evolution of ferulic esterase DLfae4

Affinity plays an essential role in the rate and stability of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, thus directly impacting the catalytic activity. In general, the predictive method for protein-ligand binding affinity mainly relies on high-resolution protein crystal structure data; however, some protein crystals are difficult to culture, time-consuming, and expensive to obtain. In this study, two sequence-based neural network deep learning models - DeepPQK and DeepQK, were constructed to predict the protein-ligand binding affinity. DeepPQK was developed by integrating local and global contextual features using convolutional neural networks(CNN) with protein sequences, pocket amino acids, and ligands as input. In particular, the protein-binding pocket, which possesses special properties for directly binding the ligand, was used as the local input feature for predicting protein-ligand binding affinity. DeepQK, consisting of a protein sequence module and a ligand module, utilizes these features for its predictions, enabling the identification of the intrinsic relationship between protein sequence and affinity. Specifically, dilated convolution was used to capture multiscale long-range interactions and the special sequence-level features of a protein and ligand. When tested on the 2016 core dataset, the Pearson correlation coefficient of DeepPQK and DeepQK reached 0.805 and 0.804 respectively, which is a significant accuracy improvement compared with the recent state-of-art methods. Both models, once trained, can learn the two- and three-dimensional structural properties of proteins, and the relative position relationship between proteins and ligands. Based on the results, a series of variants of feruloyl esterase DLFae4 were designed using DeepPQK and DeepQK, and the enzyme activity of these mutations was verified by experiments, among which the optimal mutant I149G/W237H/M297C improved 5.6-fold enzyme activity and 10.1-fold catalytic efficiency than the wild-type enzyme. In conclusion, DeepPQK and DeepQK deep learning models overcome the limitations of traditional methods that depend on protein crystal structures and have been successfully applied to guide the directed evolution of enzymes, providing a new approach to studying enzyme-directed evolution. The resource codes are available at https://github.com/KK-SW1207/DeepPQK_QK.

Structural insights into the human system y+L amino acid transporter complex

System y+L facilitates the sodium-independent transport of cationic and sodium-dependent transport of neutral amino acids via heteromeric amino acid transporters. System y+L consists of either SLC7A6 (y+LAT2) or SLC7A7 (y+LAT1) and 4F2hc (SLC3A2). The y+LAT2-4F2hc complex mediates the exchange of L-lysine (Lys), L-arginine (Arg), L-leucine (Leu), and L-glutamine (Gln) and is important for the glutamate-glutamine cycle and ammonia clearance. c-Myc-driven upregulation of y+LAT2 in cancer enhances amino acid uptake and mTORC1 activation, promoting tumor growth. Its transport mechanism has remained unclear. Here, we determined the cryoelectron microscopic (cryo-EM) structures of the y+LAT2-4F2hc complex bound to either Arg or Leu at 3.60 Å and 3.58 Å resolution, respectively, revealing an outward-open conformation. Our structural analysis highlights conformational changes during transport, and functional assays validate critical residues involved in substrate binding and transport. These findings elucidate the molecular mechanism of the system y+L and provide a foundation for developing targeted therapies against y+LAT2.

SLC7A11 is an unconventional H+ transporter in lysosomes

Lysosomes maintain an acidic pH of 4.5-5.0, optimal for macromolecular degradation. Whereas proton influx is produced by a V-type H+ ATPase, proton efflux is mediated by a fast H+ leak through TMEM175 channels, as well as an unidentified slow pathway. A candidate screen on an orphan lysosome membrane protein (OLMP) library enabled us to discover that SLC7A11, the protein target of the ferroptosis-inducing compound erastin, mediates a slow lysosomal H+ leak through downward flux of cystine and glutamate, two H+ equivalents with uniquely large but opposite concentration gradients across lysosomal membranes. SLC7A11 deficiency or inhibition caused lysosomal over-acidification, reduced degradation, accumulation of storage materials, and ferroptosis, as well as facilitated α-synuclein aggregation in neurons. Correction of abnormal lysosomal acidity restored lysosome homeostasis and prevented ferroptosis. These studies have revealed an unconventional H+ transport conduit that is integral to lysosomal flux of protonatable metabolites to regulate lysosome function, ferroptosis, and Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology.

Reactive Cysteines in Proteins are the Dominant Reductants for Platinum(IV) Prodrug Activation in Live Cells

The intracellular reduction of Pt(IV) prodrugs is crucial for their anticancer efficacy. However, the major components responsible for the reduction of Pt(IV) complexes within live cells remain elusive. Herein, we developed an aminoluciferin-functionalized Pt(IV) complex, Pt-Luc, that can be used as a bioluminescent reporter for real-time monitoring of Pt(IV) reduction in live cancer cells by capturing immediate bioluminescent signals from the released aminoluciferin. Utilizing this powerful reporter, we found that the reduction of Pt(IV) prodrugs in live cancer cells significantly slows down when cysteine levels are reduced, while the levels of glutathione do not impact the reduction rate. Further investigation reveals that reactive cysteines in proteins, rather than small-molecule thiols, play a primary role in reducing the Pt(IV) complex. In vivo studies reveal a substantial 63% decrease in bioluminescence from Pt-Luc in thiol-blocking tumors in mice, reinforcing the pivotal role of reactive cysteines in Pt(IV) reduction. This study provides valuable insights into the activation mechanisms of Pt(IV) prodrugs in live cells and in vivo, enhancing our understanding of prodrug activation beyond buffer systems or fixed cells.

Membrane drug transporters in cancer: From chemoresistance mechanism to therapeutic strategies

Chemoresistance is a multifactorial phenomenon and the primary cause to the ineffectiveness of oncotherapy and cancer recurrence. Membrane drug transporters are crucial for drug delivery and disposition in cancer cells. Changes in the expression and functionality of these transporters lead to decreased intracellular accumulation and reduced toxicity of antineoplastic drugs. As the mechanism has been better understood and genetic engineering technology progressed quickly in recent years, some novel targeting strategies have come to light. This article summarizes the regulatory mechanisms of membrane drug transporters and provides an extensive review of current approaches to address transporters-mediated chemoresistance. These strategies include the use of chemical inhibitors to block efflux transporters, the development of copper chelators to enhance platinum drug uptake, the delivery of genetic drugs to alter transporter expression, the regulation of transcription and post-translational modifications. Additionally, we provide information of the clinical trial performance of the related targeting strategies, along with the ongoing challenges. Even though some clinical trials failed due to unexpected side effects and limited therapeutic efficacy, the advent of targeting membrane drug transporters still presents a hopeful path for overcoming chemoresistance.

Novel bis-pocket binding aldose reductase inhibitors sensitize MCF-7/ADR cells to doxorubicin in a dual-role manner

Multidrug resistance (MDR) represents a bottleneck in the treatment of breast cancer. Although the potential of aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) as sensitizers against MDR has been explored in recent decades, the intrinsic mechanism still needs to be elucidated, and promising agents in the clinic need to be developed. In this study, three novel ARIs (5a-c), characterized by bis-pocket binding, were designed and synthesized. Inhibitory activity is positively correlated with antioxidation and benefits from rigid spacers. Only 5a with less activities in inhibition and antioxidation was demonstrated as a stronger sensitizer against doxorubicin (DOX)-resistant MCF-7 cells (MCF-7/ADR) than epalrestat (EPA). Either 5a or EPA may decrease GSH abundance and increase ROS, Fe2+, and lipid peroxidation levels. The restorative effects of both ARIs may be blocked by N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). These data suggest that both 5a and EPA may restore the sensitivity of MCF-7/ADR cells to DOX by increasing ferroptosis activity. Furthermore, the inhibition of AKR1B1 by 5a, as well as by EPA, dramatically decreased both p-STAT3 and SLC7A11 expression. Gene knockdown of AKR1B1 has the same effects as AKR1B1 inhibition. This evidence indicates that both ARIs can suppress MCF-7/ADR cell growth via the upregulation of ferroptosis activity via the AKR1B1/STAT3/SLC7A11 axis. Additionally, 5a was found to increase the accumulation of intramolecular DOX by inhibiting ABCB1, but EPA did not. These results support that 5a is a promising sensitizing agent against multidrug resistance in breast cancer.

Advances in the Development of Ferroptosis-Inducing Agents for Cancer Treatment

Cancer is the main leading cause of death worldwide and poses a great threat to human life and health. Although pharmacological treatment with chemotherapy and immunotherapy is the main therapeutic strategy for cancer patients, there are still many shortcomings during the treatment such as incomplete killing of cancer cells and development of drug resistance. Emerging evidence indicates the promise of inducing ferroptosis for cancer treatment, particularly for eliminating aggressive malignancies that are resistant to conventional therapies. This review covers recent advances in important regulatory targets in the ferroptosis metabolic pathway and ferroptosis inducers (focusing mainly on the last 3 years) to delineate their design, mechanisms of action, and anticancer applications. To date, many compounds, including inhibitors, degraders, and active molecules from traditional Chinese medicine, have been demonstrated to have ferroptosis-inducing activity by targeting the different biomolecules in the ferroptosis pathway. However, strictly defined ferroptosis inducers have not yet been approved for clinical use; therefore, the discovery of new highly active, less toxic, and selective compounds remains the goal of further research in the coming years.

Natural flavonoids from herbs and nutraceuticals as ferroptosis inhibitors in central nervous system diseases: current preclinical evidence and future perspectives

Flavonoids are a class of important polyphenolic compounds, renowned for their antioxidant properties. However, recent studies have uncovered an additional function of these natural flavonoids: their ability to inhibit ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is a key mechanism driving cell death in central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including both acute injuries and chronic neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by iron overload-induced lipid peroxidation and dysfunction of the antioxidant defense system. This review discusses the therapeutic potential of natural flavonoids from herbs and nutraceuticals as ferroptosis inhibitors in CNS diseases, focusing on their molecular mechanisms, summarizing findings from preclinical animal models, and providing insights for clinical translation. We specifically highlight natural flavonoids such as Baicalin, Baicalein, Chrysin, Vitexin, Galangin, Quercetin, Isoquercetin, Eriodictyol, Proanthocyanidin, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, Dihydromyricetin, Soybean Isoflavones, Calycosin, Icariside II, and Safflower Yellow, which have shown promising results in animal models of acute CNS injuries, including ischemic stroke, cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, and spinal cord injury. Among these, Baicalin and its precursor Baicalein stand out due to extensive research and favorable outcomes in acute injury models. Mechanistically, these flavonoids not only regulate the Nrf2/ARE pathway and activate GPX4/GSH-related antioxidant pathways but also modulate iron metabolism proteins, thereby alleviating iron overload and inhibiting ferroptosis. While flavonoids show promise as ferroptosis inhibitors for CNS diseases, especially in acute injury settings, further studies are needed to evaluate their efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics, and blood-brain barrier penetration for clinical application.

Structural basis for the substrate recognition and transport mechanism of the human y+LAT1-4F2hc transporter complex

Heteromeric amino acid transporters (HATs), including y+LAT1-4F2hc complex, are responsible for transporting amino acids across membranes, and mutations in y+LAT1 cause lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI), a hereditary disorder characterized by defective cationic amino acid transport. The relationship between LPI and specific mutations in y+LAT1 has yet to be fully understood. In this study, we characterized the function of y+LAT1-4F2hc complex in mammalian cells and determined the cryo-EM structures of the human y+LAT1-4F2hc complex in two distinct conformations: the apo state in an inward-open conformation and the native substrate-bound state in an outward-open conformation. Structural analysis suggests that Asp243 in y+LAT1 plays a crucial role in coordination with sodium ion and substrate selectivity. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations further revealed the different transport mechanism of cationic amino acids and neutral amino acids. These results provide important insights into the mechanisms of the substrate binding and working cycle of HATs.

From death to birth: how osteocyte death promotes osteoclast formation

Bone remodeling is a dynamic and continuous process involving three components: bone formation mediated by osteoblasts, bone resorption mediated by osteoclasts, and bone formation-resorption balancing regulated by osteocytes. Excessive osteocyte death is found in various bone diseases, such as postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP), and osteoclasts are found increased and activated at osteocyte death sites. Currently, apart from apoptosis and necrosis as previously established, more forms of cell death are reported, including necroptosis, ferroptosis and pyroptosis. These forms of cell death play important role in the development of inflammatory diseases and bone diseases. Increasing studies have revealed that various forms of osteocyte death promote osteoclast formation via different mechanism, including actively secreting pro-inflammatory and pro-osteoclastogenic cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL), or passively releasing pro-inflammatory damage associated molecule patterns (DAMPs), such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). This review summarizes the established and potential mechanisms by which various forms of osteocyte death regulate osteoclast formation, aiming to provide better understanding of bone disease development and therapeutic target.

Triptolide alleviates acute lung injury by reducing mitochondrial dysfunction mediated ferroptosis through the STAT3/p53 pathway

Acute lung injury (ALI) represents a severe clinical condition marked by intense pulmonary inflammation and complex pathogenic mechanisms. Triptolide, a potent anti-inflammatory agent derived from the plant Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f., remains to be fully elucidated for its therapeutic efficacy in ALI. This study aimed to investigate the potential of triptolide in mitigating ALI by modulating ferroptosis and preserving mitochondrial function. Utilizing an ALI model induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) both in mice and BEAS-2B cells, we evaluated the impact of triptolide on lung injury, inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function. RNA sequencing, network pharmacology, molecular docking, and a thermal stability assay for cellular proteins (CETSA) were utilized to identify triptolide targets and pathways. Triptolide significantly alleviated LPS-induced pulmonary pathological changes, downregulated inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels while increasing glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. RNA sequencing revealed that triptolide upregulated SLC7A11 and inhibited ferroptosis. Network pharmacology and molecular docking identified the STAT3/p53 pathway as a key mediator of triptolide's action. CETSA confirmed that triptolide binds to and enhances the thermal stability of STAT3 and p53 proteins. This study is the first to elucidate that triptolide mitigates ALI by targeting the STAT3/p53 pathway, preserving mitochondrial function, and inhibiting ferroptosis. Collectively, these results propose that triptolide may serve as an effective therapeutic option for the treatment of ALI.

Metabolomic analysis to study the effect of foliar copper supplementation on sulfur-containing compounds of garlic bulb by LC-MS

INTRODUCTION

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is renowned for its health-promoting properties, largely due to its sulfur-rich compounds. While copper is essential for plant growth and metabolism, excessive levels can disrupt cellular processes and lead to oxidative stress.

OBJECTIVES

This study aims to investigate the impact of copper supplementation on the metabolic profile of garlic, with a particular focus on changes in sulfur metabolism.

METHODS

Ito garlic cloves were harvested in 2020 on Red-Yellow Latosol soil. Copper chelate fertilizer was applied foliarly at 300 mL/ha, 30, 20, and 10 days before harvest. After harvesting, cloves were refrigerated and analyzed. Using LC-MS metabolomics, the metabolic profile of garlic was analyzed after copper supplementation to assess changes, specifically in sulfur-containing compounds.

RESULTS

Copper supplementation led to a significant reduction in key sulfur-containing metabolites critical for the health-promoting properties of garlic, including allicin (FC = 0.0947), alliin (FC = 0.0147), and γ-glutamyl-S-allylcysteine (FC = 0.0076). Enrichment analysis identified alterations in pathways related to glutamine, glutamate, alanine, and aspartate metabolism. Additionally, precursors of glutathione (GSH) were depleted, likely as a result of GSH sparing efforts to counteract copper-induced oxidative stress. This redirection may increase susceptibility to ferroptosis, a form of cell death linked to oxidative damage.

CONCLUSION

The metabolomic analysis of copper-supplemented Ito garlic cloves showed a significant reduction in sulfur compounds allicin, alliin, and γ-glutamyl-S-allylcysteine, important for organoleptic and medicinal properties. This decrease indicates a metabolic shift towards antioxidant defenses, with glutathione being redirected to defense pathways rather than secondary metabolites. Future studies should explore oxidative stress and ferroptosis markers, and lipidomics for a deeper understanding of garlic response to copper exposure.

Nanomaterial-Triggered Ferroptosis and Cuproptosis in Cancer Therapy

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of the death of individuals globally. Conventional treatment techniques like chemotherapy and radiation often suffer various drawbacks like toxicity and drug resistance. The study of cell death has been predominantly focused on classical forms like apoptosis, but the role of metal ions in governing controlled cell death is a fascinating and less explored area. Metal-mediated controlled cell death is a process where metal triggers cell death via a unique mechanism. Nanomaterial-based strategies have gained attention for their ability to deliver precise therapeutic agents while also triggering Regulated Cell Death (RCD) mechanisms in cancer cells. The recently discovered metal-mediated controlled cell death techniques like cuproptosis and ferroptosis can be used in cancer treatment as they can be used selectively for the treatment of drug-resistant cancer. Nano material-based delivery system can also be used for the precise delivery of the drug to the targeted sites. In this review, we have given some idea about the mechanism of metal-mediated controlled cell death techniques (ferroptosis and cuproptosis) and how we can initiate controlled cell deaths using nanomaterials for cancer treatment.

Ferroptosis in senescence and age-related diseases: pathogenic mechanisms and potential intervention targets

As the global population continues to age, the prevalence of age-related diseases is increasing, significantly influencing social and economic development, the stability of social security systems, and progress in medical technology. Ferroptosis, a recently discovered form of programmed cell death driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, has emerged as a key area of research. Studies have revealed a strong association between ferroptosis and senescence. In this article, we systematically summarize the molecular mechanisms and associated signaling pathways underlying ferroptosis, emphasizing its pivotal role in the onset and progression of age-related diseases. By providing new perspectives, we aim to advance understanding of the pathogenesis of age-related diseases and guide the development of effective intervention strategies.

Four-pronged reversal of chemotherapy resistance by mangiferin amphiphile

Despite significant advances in diverse cancer treatment methods, chemotherapy remains the primary approach, and the development of chemoresistance is still a persistent problem during treatment. Here, we developed a derivative of the natural product mangiferin as a carrier for delivering chemotherapeutic drug, aiming to overcome drug resistance through a distinctive four-pronged strategy, including modulation of inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME), induction of ferroptosis, deep tumor penetration, and the combinatory anticancer effects. After clarifying the promotion effects of the cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in chemoresistance, and leveraging our previous elucidation of the anti-inflammatory and ferroptosis-inducing ability of mangiferin, we synthesized mangiferin amphiphile (MMF) and developed a self-assembled carrier-free nanomedicine, named MP, through the self-assembly of MMF and the representative chemotherapeutic drug paclitaxel (PTX). MP possessed a particle size of approximately 68 nm with compact filamentous nanostructures. MP demonstrated efficient tumor-targeting and deep tumor penetration abilities. Furthermore, MP effectively suppressed glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) expression to induce ferroptosis, mitigated the activation of IL-6/STAT3 pathway to deactivate CAFs within the inflammatory TME, and exhibited robust anti-cancer effects against PTX-resistant breast cancer both in vitro and in vivo. This mangiferin derivative represents a promising "all-in-one" nanocarrier for delivering chemotherapeutic drugs, offering a green, safe, and convenient self-assembled carrier-free nanomedicine to effectively overcome drug resistance.

Research progress of cysteine transporter SLC7A11 in endocrine and metabolic diseases

SLC7A11, often called xCT, belongs to the SLC family of transporters, which mediates the cellular influx of cystine and the efflux of glutamate. These transport processes are crucial for synthesizing GSH, enhancing the cell's ability to mitigate oxidative stress (OS). Emerging studies highlight the pivotal role of OS in triggering and exacerbating various metabolic and endocrine disorders, underlining the critical importance of regulating SLC7A11 expression levels. This study reviews the diverse roles of SLC7A11 in endocrine and metabolic diseases, examining its relationship with the metabolism of three key nutrients: proteins and amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. Additionally, the involvement of SLC7A11 in the onset and development of various common endocrine and metabolic disorders is analyzed. Additionally, it provides an overview of the current clinical and experimental use of SLC7A11 inhibitors and agonists. This review aims to offer insightful perspectives into the involvement of SLC7A11 in endocrine and metabolic pathologies and to foster the development of innovative therapeutic strategies that target SLC7A11.

Genetic Markers of Postmortem Brain Iron

Brain iron (Fe) dyshomeostasis is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified plausible loci correlated with peripheral levels of Fe. Systemic organs and the brain share several Fe regulatory proteins but there likely exist different homeostatic pathways. We performed the first GWAS of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry measures of postmortem brain Fe from 635 Rush Memory and Aging Project (MAP) participants. Sixteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with Fe in at least one of four brain regions were measured (p < 5 × 10-8). Promising SNPs (p < 5 × 10-6) were followed up for replication in published GWAS of blood, spleen, and brain imaging Fe traits and mapped to candidate genes for targeted cortical transcriptomic and epigenetic analysis of postmortem Fe in MAP. Results for SNPs previously associated with other Fe traits were also examined. Ninety-eight SNPs associated with postmortem brain Fe were at least nominally (p < 0.05) associated with one or more related Fe traits. Most novel loci identified had no direct links to Fe regulatory pathways but rather endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi trafficking (SORL1, SORCS2, MARCH1, CLTC), heparan sulfate (HS3ST4, HS3ST1), and coenzyme A (SLC5A6, PANK3); supported by nearest gene function and omic analyses. We replicated (p < 0.05) several previously published Fe loci mapping to candidate genes in cellular and systemic Fe regulation. Finally, novel loci (BMAL, COQ5, SLC25A11) and replication of prior loci (PINK1, PPIF, LONP1) lend support to the role of circadian rhythms and mitochondria function in Fe regulation more generally. In summary, we provide support for novel loci linked to pathways that may have greater relevance to brain Fe accumulation; some of which are implicated in neurodegeneration. However, replication of a subset of prior loci for blood Fe suggests that genetic determinants or biological pathways underlying Fe accumulation in the brain are not completely distinct from those of Fe circulating in the periphery.

The role of ferroptosis in acute kidney injury: mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most common and severe clinical renal syndromes with high morbidity and mortality. Ferroptosis is a form of programmed cell death (PCD), is characterized by iron overload, reactive oxygen species accumulation, and lipid peroxidation. As ferroptosis has been increasingly studied in recent years, it is closely associated with the pathophysiological process of AKI and provides a target for the treatment of AKI. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis, summarizes its role in various AKI models, and explores its interaction with other forms of cell death, it also presents research on ferroptosis in AKI progression to other diseases. Additionally, the review highlights methods for detecting and assessing AKI through the lens of ferroptosis and describes potential inhibitors of ferroptosis for AKI treatment. Finally, the review presents a perspective on the future of clinical AKI treatment, aiming to stimulate further research on ferroptosis in AKI.

Histological and genetic features and therapeutic responses of lung cancers explored via the global analysis of their metabolome profile

BACKGROUND

Lung cancer is the deadliest disease globally, with more than 120,000 diagnosed cases and more than 75,000 deaths annually in Japan. Several treatment options for advanced lung cancer are available, and the discovery of biomarkers will be useful for personalized medicine. Using metabolome analysis, we aimed to identify biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment response by examining the changes in metabolites associated with lung cancer progression.

METHODS

Plasma samples from patients with recurrent or metastatic non-small cell lung carcinomas diagnosed at Tohoku University Hospital between 2019 and 2024 were used in this study. Metabolomic analysis was performed using the Biocrates Life Sciences MxP Quant 500 kit. Multivariate, principal component, and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analyses were performed.

RESULTS

The triglyceride and phosphatidylcholine concentrations were higher in the patients with early than in those with advanced lung adenocarcinomas. However, the cholesterol ester concentrations were higher for the patients with advanced lung cancer. The concentrations of hexosylceramide were higher in patients with early lung adenocarcinoma than in those with squamous cell carcinoma. Relative to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutation negative cases, the EGFR-mutation positive cases showed marked differences between the ceramide and triglyceride concentrations. For the best therapeutic effect of EGFR-TKI treatment, the hexosylceramide (HexCer) (d18:1/24:0), ceramide (Cer) (d18:2/22:0), and ceramide (Cer) (d18:2/24:0) concentrations were higher for the stable and progressive disease groups. The concentrations of phosphatidylcholine (PC) ae C42:2, sphingomyelin (SM) C24:1, and lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) a C18:2 were higher in the partial response group treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors and chemotherapy.

CONCLUSION

Metabolomic analysis may be useful for the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer and may provide clues for new therapeutic strategies. PC ae C42:2, SM C24:1, and lysoPC a C18:2 can serve as predictive biomarkers for monitoring the therapeutic effects of the combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors and chemotherapy.

Flammulina Velutipes polysaccharides ameliorate cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in mice via regulation of gut microbiota and Ferroptosis pathway

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious clinical complication with high incidence. Polysaccharides extracted from Flammulina velutipes (FVPs) have been proven to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The present study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect and mechanism of FVPs on cisplatin (CDPP)-induced AKI. The results of our study revealed that FVPs improved CDPP-induced AKI in mice as indicated by decreasing serum creatinine and urea levels and down-regulating the mRNA expression of IL-6 and TNF-α. Moreover, FVPs modified the composition of gut microorganisms and increased the content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Additionally, kidney metabolomics analysis demonstrated enrichment of the ferroptosis metabolic pathway. Furthermore, FVPs suppressed ferroptosis as shown by increasing levels of GSH, GPX4, and SLC7A11, while reducing the arachidonic acid level. In conclusion, FVPs were confirmed to ameliorate CDPP-induced AKI in the present study. FVPs can modify the composition of the gut microbiota to promote the production of SCFAs, as well as modulate renal metabolism and inhibit ferroptosis.

Regulation and therapy: the role of ferroptosis in DLBCL

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), up to 30%-40% of patients will relapse and 10%-15% of patients have primary refractory disease, so exploring new treatment options is necessary. Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic cell death mode discovered in recent years. Its occurrence pathway plays an essential impact on the therapeutic effect of tumors. Numerous studies have shown that modulating critical factors in the ferroptosis pathway can influence the growth of tumor cells in hematological malignancies including DLBCL. This review highlights recent advances in ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs), including STAT3, Nrf2, and ZEB1, and focuses on the clinical potential of ferroptosis inducers such as IKE, α-KG, DMF, and APR-246, which are currently being explored in clinical studies for their therapeutic effects in DLBCL. Correlational studies provide a novel idea for the research and treatment of ferroptosis in DLBCL and other hematological malignancies and lay a solid foundation for future studies.

Crosstalk between ferroptosis and autophagy: broaden horizons of cancer therapy

Ferroptosis and autophagy are two main forms of regulated cell death (RCD). Ferroptosis is a newly identified RCD driven by iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Autophagy is a self-degradation system through membrane rearrangement. Autophagy regulates the metabolic balance between synthesis, degradation and reutilization of cellular substances to maintain intracellular homeostasis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that both ferroptosis and autophagy play important roles in cancer pathogenesis and cancer therapy. We also found that there are intricate connections between ferroptosis and autophagy. In this article, we tried to clarify how different kinds of autophagy participate in the process of ferroptosis and sort out the common regulatory pathways between ferroptosis and autophagy in cancer. By exploring the complex crosstalk between ferroptosis and autophagy, we hope to broaden horizons of cancer therapy.

Ferroptosis: A New Pathway in the Interaction between Gut Microbiota and Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder marked by neuroinflammation, demyelination, and neuronal damage. Recent advancements highlight a novel interaction between iron-dependent cell death, known as ferroptosis, and gut microbiota, which may significantly influences the pathophysiology of MS. Ferroptosis, driven by lipid peroxidation and tightly linked to iron metabolism, is a pivotal contributor to the oxidative stress observed in MS. Concurrently, the gut microbiota, known to affect systemic immunity and neurological health, emerges as an important regulator of iron homeostasis and inflammatory responses, thereby influencing ferroptotic pathways. This review investigates how gut microbiota dysbiosis and ferroptosis impact MS, emphasizing their potential as therapeutic targets. Through an integrated examination of mechanistic pathways and clinical evidence, we discuss how targeting these interactions could lead to novel interventions that not only modulate disease progression but also offer personalized treatment strategies based on gut microbiota profiling. This synthesis aims at deepening insights into the microbial contributions to ferroptosis and their implications in MS, setting the stage for future research and therapeutic exploration.

In defence of ferroptosis

Rampant phospholipid peroxidation initiated by iron causes ferroptosis unless this is restrained by cellular defences. Ferroptosis is increasingly implicated in a host of diseases, and unlike other cell death programs the physiological initiation of ferroptosis is conceived to occur not by an endogenous executioner, but by the withdrawal of cellular guardians that otherwise constantly oppose ferroptosis induction. Here, we profile key ferroptotic defence strategies including iron regulation, phospholipid modulation and enzymes and metabolite systems: glutathione reductase (GR), Ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1), NAD(P)H Quinone Dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), retinal reductases and retinal dehydrogenases (RDH) and thioredoxin reductases (TR). A common thread uniting all key enzymes and metabolites that combat lipid peroxidation during ferroptosis is a dependence on a key cellular reductant, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). We will outline how cells control central carbon metabolism to produce NADPH and necessary precursors to defend against ferroptosis. Subsequently we will discuss evidence for ferroptosis and NADPH dysregulation in different disease contexts including glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, cancer and neurodegeneration. Finally, we discuss several anti-ferroptosis therapeutic strategies spanning the use of radical trapping agents, iron modulation and glutathione dependent redox support and highlight the current landscape of clinical trials focusing on ferroptosis.

Regulation of SLC7A11 as an unconventional checkpoint in tumorigenesis through ferroptosis

Although cell-cycle arrest, senescence, and apoptosis are well accepted as the classic barriers in tumorigenesis, recent studies indicate that metabolic regulation is equally important as a major checkpoint in cancer development. It is well accepted that ferroptosis, an iron-dependent programmed cell death, acts as a new type of tumor suppression mechanism tightly linked with numerous metabolic pathways. SLC7A11 is a transmembrane cystine/glutamate transporter protein that plays a vital role in controlling ferroptosis in vivo. The levels of SLC7A11 are dynamically regulated by various types of stresses, such as oxidative stress, nutrient deprivation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, radiation, oncogenic stress, DNA damage, and immune stress. SLC7A11 can be transcriptionally regulated by both activators such as ATF4, NRF2, and ETS1, and repressors including BACH1, p53, ATF3, and STAT1 during stress responses. Moreover, SLC7A11 activity and its protein stability and cellular localization are also modulated upon stress. Patients' data show that SLC7A11 is overexpressed in various types of human cancers, and higher levels of SLC7A11 predict poorer overall survival. Growing evidence also suggests that targeting SLC7A11 is a promising approach in cancer therapy by effectively inhibiting tumor proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, as well as counteracting cancer stem cells and overcoming chemoresistance. This review highlights the regulation of SLC7A11 as an unconventional checkpoint in tumorigenesis through modulating ferroptotic responses under various types of stress.

The conserved lysine residue in transmembrane helix 5 is pivotal for the cytoplasmic gating of the L-amino acid transporters

L-Amino acid transporters (LATs) play a key role in a wide range of physiological processes. Defects in LATs can lead to neurological disorders and aminoacidurias, while the overexpression of these transporters is related to cancer. BasC is a bacterial LAT transporter with an APC fold. In this study, to monitor the cytoplasmic motion of BasC, we developed a single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer assay that can characterize the conformational states of the intracellular gate in solution at room temperature. Based on combined biochemical and biophysical data and molecular dynamics simulations, we propose a model in which the conserved lysine residue in TM5 supports TM1a to explore both open and closed states within the cytoplasmic gate under apo conditions. This equilibrium can be altered by substrates, mutation of conserved lysine 154 in TM5, or a transport-blocking nanobody interacting with TM1a. Overall, these findings provide insights into the transport mechanism of BasC and highlight the significance of the lysine residue in TM5 in the cytoplasmic gating of LATs.

The role of cGAS-STING signaling pathway in ferroptosis

The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway has been identified as a crucial mechanism in antiviral defense and innate immunity pathway. Ferroptosis, characterized by iron dependence and lipid peroxidation, represents a specialized form of cell death. A burgeoning collection of studies has demonstrated that the cGAS-STING signaling pathway participates in the homeostatic regulation of the organism by modulating ferroptosis-associated enzyme activity or gene expression. Consequently, elucidating the specific roles of the STING signaling pathway and ferroptosis in vivo is vital for targeted disease intervention. This review systematically examines the interactions between the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and ferroptosis, highlighting their influence on disease progression in the contexts of inflammation, injury, and cancerous cell dynamics. Understanding these interactions may provide novel therapeutic strategies. The STING pathway has been implicated in the regulation of various cell death mechanisms, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. Our focus primarily addresses the role and mechanism of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and ferroptosis in diseases, limiting discussion of other cell death modalities and precluding a comprehensive overview of the pathway's additional functions.

Targeting ferroptosis as a prospective therapeutic approach for diabetic nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a severe complication of diabetes mellitus, causing a substantive threat to the public, which receives global concern. However, there are limited drugs targeting the treatment of DN. Owing to this, it is highly crucial to investigate the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets of DN. The process of ferroptosis is a type of regulated cell death (RCD) involving the presence of iron, distinct from autophagy, apoptosis, and pyroptosis. A primary mechanism of ferroptosis is associated with iron metabolism, lipid metabolism, and the accumulation of ROS. Recently, many studies testified to the significance of ferroptosis in kidney tissue under diabetic conditions and explored the drugs targeting ferroptosis in DN therapy. Our review summarized the most current studies between ferroptosis and DN, along with investigating the significant processes of ferroptosis in different kidney cells, providing a novel target treatment option for DN.

An update on the role of ferroptosis in ischemic stroke: from molecular pathways to Neuroprotection

INTRODUCTION

Ischemic stroke (IS), a major cause of mortality and disability worldwide, remains a significant healthcare challenge due to limited therapeutic options. Ferroptosis, a distinct iron-dependent form of regulated cell death characterized by lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress, has emerged as a crucial mechanism in IS pathophysiology. This review explores the role of ferroptosis in IS and its potential for driving innovative therapeutic strategies.

AREA COVERED

This review delves into the practical implications of ferroptosis in IS, focusing on molecular mechanisms like lipid peroxidation, iron accumulation, and their interplay with inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the Nrf2-ARE antioxidant system. It highlights ferroptotic proteins, small-molecule inhibitors, and non-coding RNA modulators as emerging therapeutic targets to mitigate neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death. Studies from PubMed (1982-2024) were identified using MeSH terms such as 'Ferroptosis' and 'Ischemic Stroke,' and only rigorously screened articles were included.

EXPERT OPINION

Despite preclinical evidence supporting the neuroprotective effects of ferroptosis inhibitors, clinical translation faces hurdles such as suboptimal pharmacokinetics and safety concerns. Advances in drug delivery systems, bioinformatics, and AI-driven drug discovery may optimize ferroptosis-targeting strategies, develop biomarkers, and improve therapeutic outcomes for IS patients.

Selective metabolic regulations by p53 mutant variants in pancreatic cancer

BACKGROUND

Approximately half of all human cancers harbour mutations in the p53 gene, leading to the generation of neomorphic p53 mutant proteins. These mutants can exert gain-of-function (GOF) effects, potentially promoting tumour progression. However, the clinical significance of p53 GOF mutations, as well as the selectivity of individual variants, remains controversial and unclear.

METHODS

To elucidate the metabolic regulations and molecular underpinnings associated with the specific p53R270H and p53R172H mutant variants (the mouse equivalents of human p53R273H and p53R175H, respectively), we employed a comprehensive approach. This included integrating global metabolomic analysis with epigenomic and transcriptomic profiling in mouse pancreatic cancer cells. Additionally, we assessed metabolic parameters such as oxygen consumption rate and conducted analyses of proliferation and cell-cell competition to validate the biological impact of metabolic changes on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) phenotype. Our findings were further corroborated through analysis of clinical datasets from human cancer cohorts.

RESULTS

Our investigation revealed that the p53R270H variant, but not p53R172H, sustains mitochondrial function and energy production while also influencing cellular antioxidant capacity. Conversely, p53R172H, while not affecting mitochondrial metabolism, attenuates the activation of pro-tumorigenic metabolic pathways such as the urea cycle. Thus, the two variants selectively control different metabolic pathways in pancreatic cancer cells. Mechanistically, p53R270H induces alterations in the expression of genes associated with oxidative stress and reduction in mitochondrial respiration. In contrast, p53R172H specifically impacts the expression levels of enzymes involved in the urea metabolism. However, our analysis of cell proliferation and cell competition suggested that the expression of either p53R270H or p53R172H does not influence confer any selective advantage to this cellular model in vitro. Furthermore, assessment of mitochondrial priming indicated that the p53R270H-driven mitochondrial effect does not alter cytochrome c release or the apoptotic propensity of pancreatic cancer cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study elucidates the mutant-specific impact of p53R270H and p53R172H on metabolism of PDAC cancer cells, highlighting the need to shift from viewing p53 mutant variants as a homogeneous group of entities to a systematic assessment of each specific p53 mutant protein. Moreover, our finding underscores the importance of further exploring the significance of p53 mutant proteins using models that more accurately reflect tumor ecology.

Citrus rhoifolin alleviated DSS-induced acute colitis by activating CEMIP/SLC7A11-mediated cystine uptake and inhibiting epithelial ferroptosis

PURPOSE

Pharmacological inhibition of ferroptosis, a specific form of regulated cell death, has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for alleviating symptoms and enhancing endoscopic outcomes in patients suffering from ulcerative colitis. Rhoifolin, a prominent bioactive constituent abundant in the widely consumed fruit Citrus grandis (grapefruit), has garnered attention for its ability to diminish the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are key inducers of ferroptosis across diverse cellular contexts. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether rhoifolin exerts its beneficial effects on colitis by modulating the process of epithelial ferroptosis.

METHODS

Colitis model was successfully established in C57BL/6 mice through the administration of 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) solution for a duration of 9 days, which was freely accessible for drinking. RNA sequencing was conducted to delve into the mechanisms underlying the rhoifolin-mediated effects on colitis. To evaluate the impact of rhoifolin on ferroptosis in epithelial cells, several key indicators were measured, including mitochondrial morphology, colonic glutathione (GSH) levels, lipid peroxidation product contents, and ROS levels.

RESULTS

The results indicated that rhoifolin exhibited profound anti-colitis properties and effectively curbs ferroptosis in epithelial cells of mice subjected to DSS treatment. The RNA sequencing analysis further revealed that rhoifolin stimulated a remarkable upregulation of colonic cell migration-inducing protein (CEMIP) expression by approximately 2.4-fold in colitis-affected mice. Notably, depletion of CEMIP significantly blocked the rhoifolin-induced increase in the cystine transporter solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11, from 1.9-fold to approximately 1.1-fold), as well as the elevation of cystine uptake (from 1.72-fold to 1.2-fold) and glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis (from 2.1-fold to 1.2-fold), and the suppression of epithelial ferroptosis (from 0.51-fold to 0.94-fold) in mice with colitis. Molecular docking investigations have pinpointed crucial amino acid residues within CEMIP, specifically His267, His289, and Phe265, as the primary interaction sites (docking score: -7.8 kcal/mol), facilitating the engagement of rhoifolin via hydrogen bonding interactions.

CONCLUSION

Rhoifolin significantly mitigated DSS-induced colitis primarily through inhibiting epithelial ferroptosis. The activation of CEMIP by citrus-derived rhoifolin led to a notable upregulation of SLC7A11 expression, thereby enhanced cystine uptake and facilitated GSH biosynthesis, ultimately suppressed the occurrence of ferroptosis in epithelial cells.

Improving understanding of ferroptosis: Molecular mechanisms, connection with cellular senescence and implications for aging

In the face of cell damage, cells can initiate a response ranging from survival to death, the balance being crucial for tissue homeostasis and overall health. Cell death, in both accidental and regulated forms, plays a fundamental role in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Among the regulated mechanisms of cell death, ferroptosis has garnered attention for its iron-dependent phospholipid (PL) peroxidation and its implications in aging and age-related disorders, as well as for its therapeutic relevance. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanisms, regulation, and physiological and pathological roles of ferroptosis. We present new insights into the relationship between ferroptosis, cellular senescence and aging, emphasizing how alterations in ferroptosis pathways contribute to aging-related tissue dysfunction. In addition, we examine the therapeutic potential of ferroptosis in aging-related diseases, offering innovative insights into future interventions aimed at mitigating the effects of aging and promoting longevity.

A review of virus host factor discovery using CRISPR screening

The emergence of genome-scale forward genetic screening techniques, such as Haploid Genetic screen and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) knockout screen has opened new horizons in our understanding of virus infection biology. CRISPR screening has become a popular tool for the discovery of novel host factors for several viruses due to its specificity and efficiency in genome editing. Here, we review how CRISPR screening has revolutionized our understanding of virus-host interactions from scientific and technological viewpoints. A summary of the published screens conducted thus far to uncover virus host factors is presented, highlighting their experimental design and significant findings. We will outline relevant methods for customizing the CRISPR screening process to answer more specific hypotheses and compile a glossary of conducted CRISPR screens to show their design aspects. Furthermore, using flaviviruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as examples, we hope to offer a broad-based perspective on the capabilities of CRISPR screening to serve as a reference point to guide future unbiased discovery of virus host factors.

Myokines and Their Potential Protective Role Against Oxidative Stress in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD)

Myokines, bioactive peptides released by skeletal muscle, have emerged as crucial regulators of metabolic and protective pathways in peripheral tissues, particularly in combating oxidative stress and inflammation. Their plasma concentration significantly increases following exercise, offering valuable insights into the role of physical activity in preventing sarcopenia and mitigating metabolic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). This review focuses on discussing the roles of specific myokines in activating intracellular signaling pathways within the liver, which confer protection against steatosis and lipid peroxidation. We detail the mechanism underlying lipid peroxidation and highlight the liver's antioxidant defenses, such as glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), which are pivotal in reducing ferroptosis. Furthermore, we provide an in-depth analysis of key myokines, including myostatin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and irisin, among others, and their potential impact on liver function. Finally, we discuss the molecular mechanisms through which these myokines influence oxidate stress and lipid metabolism, emphasizing their capacity to modulate antioxidant responses in the liver. Finally, we underscore the therapeutic potential of exercise as a non-pharmacological intervention to enhance myokine release, thereby preventing the progression of MASD through improved hepatic antioxidant defenses. This review represents a comprehensive perspective on the intersection of exercise, myokine biology, and liver health.

Triptolide induces hepatotoxicity by promoting ferroptosis through Nrf2 degradation

BACKGROUND

Triptolide (TP), a principal active substance from Tripterygium wilfordii, exhibits various pharmacological effects. However, its potential hepatotoxicity has always been a significant concern in clinical applications.

PURPOSE

This research aimed to explore the involvement of ferroptosis in TP-mediated hepatic injury and the underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

In this study, in vitro and in vivo experiments were involved. Hepatocyte damage caused by TP was evaluated using MTT assays, liver enzyme measurement and H&E staining technique. Ferroptosis was assessed by measuring iron level, lipid peroxide, glutathione (GSH), mitochondrial morphology and the key protein/mRNA expression implicated in ferroptosis. To verify the contribution of ferroptosis to TP-induced liver damage, the ferroptosis inhibitor Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) and a plasmid for overexpressing glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) were employed. Subsequently, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) knockout mice and Nrf2 overexpression plasmid were utilized to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Nontargeted lipidomics was used to analyze lipid metabolism in mouse liver. Moreover, the cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), cycloheximide (CHX) and MG132 treatments, and immunoprecipitation (IP) assays were applied to validate the binding of TP to Nrf2 and their interactions.

RESULTS

TP triggered ferroptosis in hepatocytes, as indicated by iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Ferroptosis was responsible for TP-induced hepatic injury. During the process of TP-induced liver damage, the Nrf2 signaling pathway was significantly suppressed. Notably, the deletion of Nrf2 in mice aggravated the extent of liver injury and ferroptosis associated with TP, whereas enhancing Nrf2 expression in cells significantly reduced TP-induced ferroptosis. Additionally, dysregulation of lipid metabolism was associated with TP-induced liver injury. TP may directly bind to Nrf2 and enhance its degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, thereby inhibiting or reducing Nrf2 expression.

CONCLUSION

In summary, the suppression of Nrf2 by TP facilitated the occurrence of ferroptosis, resulting in liver damage.

Ferroptosis, oxidative stress and hearing loss: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic opportunities

Hearing loss, a prevalent sensory impairment, poses significant challenges worldwide. Recent research has shed light on the intricate interplay between ferroptosis, a newly recognized form of regulated cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of hearing loss. In this review, we delve into the mechanisms underlying ferroptosis and oxidative stress in various forms of hearing loss, including age-related hearing loss (ARHL), noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) ototoxic drug-induced hearing loss and genetic hearing loss. We discuss the pivotal role of molecules such as FSP1, ACSL4, LKB1-AMPK, and Nrf2 in modulating these pathways in hearing loss. Furthermore, we explore emerging therapeutic strategies targeting the antioxidant system and ferroptosis, including iron chelators, lipid peroxide inhibitors, and antioxidants, highlighting their potential in mitigating hearing loss progression. By elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying ferroptosis and oxidative stress, this review offers insights into novel therapeutic avenues for the treatment of hearing loss and underscores the importance of targeting these pathways to preserve auditory function.

The Protective Effects of Polygala tenuifolia and Tenuifolin on Corticosterone-Evoked Ferroptosis, Oxidative Stress, and Neuroinflammation: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations and In Vitro Experiments

Excessive stress is a well-established contributor to neurological damage, insomnia, and depression, imposing a significant burden on individuals and society. This underscores the urgent need for effective stress-relief strategies. The main purpose of this study was to explore the protective effects of Polygala tenuifolia (PT) and its bioactive compound, tenuifolin, against corticosterone-induced neurotoxicity, with a focus on ferroptosis, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Both PT extracts and tenuifolin mitigated corticosterone-induced cellular damage. Tenuifolin reversed the corticosterone-induced dysregulation of ferroptosis-associated proteins, such as SLC7A11, GPX4, and Nrf2, leading to a marked reduction in ferroptosis levels. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that corticosterone significantly altered the conformation and binding energy of the SLC7A11/SLC3A2 complex, critical for ferroptosis regulation. These changes were reversed by tenuifolin. Additionally, tenuifolin alleviated corticosterone-induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, both of which accelerated ferroptosis. In conclusion, these results indicate that tenuifolin attenuates corticosterone-induced neurotoxicity by modulating ferroptosis, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the application of PT and tenuifolin in stress-induced nerve damage.

Peroxisomal homeostasis in metabolic diseases and its implication in ferroptosis

Peroxisomes are dynamic organelles involved in various cellular processes, including lipid metabolism, redox homeostasis, and intracellular metabolite transfer. Accumulating evidence suggests that peroxisomal homeostasis plays a crucial role in human health and disease, particularly in metabolic disorders and ferroptosis. The abundance and function of peroxisomes are regulated by a complex interplay between biogenesis and degradation pathways, involving peroxins, membrane proteins, and pexophagy. Peroxisome-dependent lipid metabolism, especially the synthesis of ether-linked phospholipids, has been implicated in modulating cellular susceptibility to ferroptosis, a newly discovered form of iron-dependent cell death. This review discusses the current understanding of peroxisome homeostasis, its roles in redox regulation and lipid metabolism, and its implications in human diseases. We also summarize the main mechanisms of ferroptosis and highlight recent discoveries on how peroxisome-dependent metabolism and signaling influence ferroptosis sensitivity. A better understanding of the interplay between peroxisomal homeostasis and ferroptosis may provide new insights into disease pathogenesis and reveal novel therapeutic strategies for peroxisome-related metabolic disorders and ferroptosis-associated diseases.

Nrf2-mediated ferroptosis inhibition: a novel approach for managing inflammatory diseases

Inflammatory diseases, including psoriasis, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ulcerative colitis, are characterized by persistent inflammation. Moreover, the existing treatments for inflammatory diseases only provide temporary relief by controlling symptoms, and treatments of unstable and expensive. Therefore, new therapeutic solutions are urgently needed to address the underlying causes or symptoms of inflammatory diseases. Inflammation frequently coincides with a high level of (reactive oxygen species) ROS activation, serving as a fundamental element in numerous physiological and pathological phenotypes that can result in serious harm to the organism. Given its pivotal role in inflammation, oxidative stress, and ferroptosis, ROS represents a focal node for investigating the (nuclear factor E2-related factor 2) Nrf2 pathway and ferroptosis, both of which are intricately linked to ROS. Ferroptosis is mainly triggered by oxidative stress and involves iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. The transcription factor Nrf2 targets several genes within the ferroptosis pathway. Recent studies have shown that Nrf2 plays a significant role in three key ferroptosis-related routes, including the synthesis and metabolism of glutathione/glutathione peroxidase 4, iron metabolism, and lipid processes. As a result, ferroptosis-related treatments for inflammatory diseases have attracted much attention. Moreover, drugs targeting Nrf2 can be used to manage inflammatory conditions. This review aimed to assess ferroptosis regulation mechanism and the role of Nrf2 in ferroptosis inhibition. Therefore, this review article may provide the basis for more research regarding the treatment of inflammatory diseases through Nrf2-inhibited ferroptosis.

Iron chelators as mitophagy agents: Potential and limitations

Mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) is very important process for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, functionality and survival. Its dysregulation is associated with high risk and progression numerous serious diseases (e.g., oncological, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular ones). Therefore, targeting mitophagy mechanisms is very hot topic in the biological and medicinal research. The interrelationships between the regulation of mitophagy and iron homeostasis are now becoming apparent. In short, mitochondria are central point for the regulation of iron homeostasis, but change in intracellular cheatable iron level can induce/repress mitophagy. In this review, relationships between iron homeostasis and mitophagy are thoroughly discussed and described. Also, therapeutic applicability of mitophagy chelators in the context of individual diseases is comprehensively and critically evaluated.

Ferroptosis-associated genes and compounds in renal cell carcinoma

As the main type of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), clear cell RCC (ccRCC) is often associated with the deletion or mutation of the von Hippel Lindau (VHL) gene, enhancement of glucose and lipid metabolism, and heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment. VHL alterations in RCC cells lead to the activation of hypoxia-inducible factors and their downstream target vascular endothelial growth factor, and to the reprogramming of multiple cell death pathways and metabolic weakness, including ferroptosis, which are associated with targeted therapy or immunotherapy. The changes in biological metabolites (e.g., iron and lipids) support ferroptosis as a potential therapeutic strategy for RCC, while iron metabolism and ferroptosis regulation have been examined as anti-RCC agents in numerous studies, and various ferroptosis-related molecules have been shown to be related to the metastasis and prognosis of ccRCC. For example, glutathione peroxidase 4 and glutaminase inhibitors can inhibit pyrimidine synthesis and increase reactive oxygen species levels in VHL-deficient RCC cells. In addition, the release of damage-associated molecular patterns by tumor cells undergoing ferroptosis also mediates antitumor immunity, and immune therapy can synergize with targeted therapy or radiotherapy through ferroptosis. However, Inducing ferroptosis not only suppresses cancer, but also promotes cancer development due to its potential negative effects on anti-cancer immunity. Therefore, ferroptosis and various tumor microenviroment-related molecules may co-occur during the development and treatment of RCC, and further understanding of the interactions, core targets, and related drugs of ferroptosis may provide new combination drug strategies for RCC treatment. Here we summarize the key genes and compounds on ferroptosis and RCC in order to envision future treatment strategies and to provide sufficient information for overcoming RCC resistance through ferroptosis.

Lysine 473 Regulates the Progression of SLC7A11, the Cystine/Glutamate Exchanger, through the Secretory Pathway

System xc-, the cystine/glutamate exchanger, is a membrane transporter that plays a critical role in the antioxidant response of cells. Recent work has shown that System xc- localizes to the plasma membrane during oxidative stress, allowing for increased activity to support the production of glutathione. In this study, we used site-directed mutagenesis to examine the role of C-terminal lysine residues (K422, K472, and K473) of xCT (SLC7A11) in regulating System xc-. We observed that K473R exhibits loss of transporter activity and membrane localization and is 7.5 kD lower in molecular weight, suggesting that K473 regulates System xc- trafficking and is modified under basal conditions. After ruling out ubiquitination and neddylation, we demonstrated that unlike WT xCT, K473R lacks N- and O-glycosylation and is sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum. Next, we demonstrated that K473Q, a constitutively acetylated lysine mimic, also exhibits loss of transporter activity, decreased membrane expression, and a 4 kD decrease in molecular weight; however, it is N- and O-glycosylated and localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. These results suggest that acetylation and deacetylation of K473 in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, respectively, serve to regulate the progression of the transporter through the biosynthetic pathway.

Ferroptosis in radiation-induced brain injury: roles and clinical implications

Radiation-induced brain injury (RBI) presents a significant challenge for patients undergoing radiation therapy for head, neck, and intracranial tumors. This review aims to elucidate the role of ferroptosis in RBI and its therapeutic implications. Specifically, we explore how ferroptosis can enhance the sensitivity of tumor cells to radiation while also examining strategies to mitigate radiation-induced damage to normal brain tissues. By investigating the mechanisms through which radiation increases cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and initiates ferroptosis, we aim to develop targeted therapeutic strategies that maximize treatment efficacy and minimize neurotoxicity. The review highlights key regulatory factors in the ferroptosis pathway, including glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), cystine/glutamate antiporter system Xc- (System Xc-), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4), and others, and their interactions in the context of RBI. Furthermore, we discuss the clinical implications of modulating ferroptosis in radiation therapy, emphasizing the potential for selective induction of ferroptosis in tumor cells and inhibition in healthy cells. The development of advanced diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies targeting ferroptosis offers a promising avenue for enhancing the safety and efficacy of radiation therapy, underscoring the need for further research in this burgeoning field.