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Vilaboa N, Bloom DC, Canty W, Voellmy R. A Broad Influenza Vaccine Based on a Heat-Activated, Tissue-Restricted Replication-Competent Herpesvirus. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:703. [PMID: 39066341 PMCID: PMC11281492 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccination with transiently activated replication-competent controlled herpesviruses (RCCVs) expressing influenza A virus hemagglutinins broadly protects mice against lethal influenza virus challenges. The non-replicating RCCVs can be activated to transiently replicate with high efficiency. Activation involves a brief heat treatment to the epidermal administration site in the presence of a drug. The drug co-control is intended as a block to inadvertent reactivation in the nervous system and, secondarily, viremia under adverse conditions. While the broad protective effects observed raise an expectation that RCCVs may be developed as universal flu vaccines, the need for administering a co-activating drug may dampen enthusiasm for such a development. To replace the drug co-control, we isolated keratin gene promoters that were active in skin cells but inactive in nerve cells and other cells in vitro. In a mouse model of lethal central nervous system (CNS) infection, the administration of a recombinant that had the promoter of the infected cell protein 8 (ICP8) gene of a wild-type herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) strain replaced by a keratin promoter did not result in any clinical signs, even at doses of 500 times wild-type virus LD50. Replication of the recombinant was undetectable in brain homogenates. Second-generation RCCVs expressing a subtype H1 hemagglutinin (HA) were generated in which the infected cell protein 4 (ICP4) genes were controlled by a heat switch and the ICP8 gene by the keratin promoter. In mice, these RCCVs replicated efficiently and in a heat-controlled fashion in the epidermal administration site. Immunization with the activated RCCVs induced robust neutralizing antibody responses against influenza viruses and protected against heterologous and cross-group influenza virus challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Vilaboa
- Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain;
- CIBER de Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - David C. Bloom
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0266, USA; (D.C.B.); (W.C.)
| | - William Canty
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0266, USA; (D.C.B.); (W.C.)
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2
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Bloom DC, Lilly C, Canty W, Vilaboa N, Voellmy R. Very Broadly Effective Hemagglutinin-Directed Influenza Vaccines with Anti-Herpetic Activity. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:537. [PMID: 38793788 PMCID: PMC11125745 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
A universal vaccine that generally prevents influenza virus infection and/or illness remains elusive. We have been exploring a novel approach to vaccination involving replication-competent controlled herpesviruses (RCCVs) that can be deliberately activated to replicate efficiently but only transiently in an administration site in the skin of a subject. The RCCVs are derived from a virulent wild-type herpesvirus strain that has been engineered to contain a heat shock promoter-based gene switch that controls the expression of, typically, two replication-essential viral genes. Additional safety against inadvertent replication is provided by an appropriate secondary mechanism. Our first-generation RCCVs can be activated at the administration site by a mild local heat treatment in the presence of an antiprogestin. Here, we report that epidermal vaccination with such RCCVs expressing a hemagglutinin or neuraminidase of an H1N1 influenza virus strain protected mice against lethal challenges by H1N1 virus strains representing 75 years of evolution. Moreover, immunization with an RCCV expressing a subtype H1 hemagglutinin afforded full protection against a lethal challenge by an H3N2 influenza strain, and an RCCV expressing a subtype H3 hemagglutinin protected against a lethal challenge by an H1N1 strain. Vaccinated animals continued to gain weight normally after the challenge. Protective effects were even observed in a lethal influenza B virus challenge. The RCCV-based vaccines induced robust titers of in-group, cross-group and even cross-type neutralizing antibodies. Passive immunization suggested that observed vaccine effects were at least partially antibody-mediated. In summary, RCCVs expressing a hemagglutinin induce robust and very broad cross-protective immunity against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Bloom
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0266, USA; (D.C.B.); (C.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Cameron Lilly
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0266, USA; (D.C.B.); (C.L.); (W.C.)
| | - William Canty
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0266, USA; (D.C.B.); (C.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Nuria Vilaboa
- Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain;
- CIBER de Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER de Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, 28046 Madrid, Spain
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3
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Lim CML, Komarasamy TV, Adnan NAAB, Radhakrishnan AK, Balasubramaniam VRMT. Recent Advances, Approaches and Challenges in the Development of Universal Influenza Vaccines. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2024; 18:e13276. [PMID: 38513364 PMCID: PMC10957243 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Every year, influenza virus infections cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. They pose a substantial burden of disease, in terms of not only health but also the economy. Owing to the ability of influenza viruses to continuously evolve, annual seasonal influenza vaccines are necessary as a prophylaxis. However, current influenza vaccines against seasonal strains have limited effectiveness and require yearly reformulation due to the virus undergoing antigenic drift or shift. Vaccine mismatches are common, conferring suboptimal protection against seasonal outbreaks, and the threat of the next pandemic continues to loom. Therefore, there is a great need to develop a universal influenza vaccine (UIV) capable of providing broad and durable protection against all influenza virus strains. In the quest to develop a UIV that would obviate the need for annual vaccination and formulation, a multitude of strategies is currently underway. Promising approaches include targeting the highly conserved epitopes of haemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), M2 extracellular domain (M2e) and internal proteins of the influenza virus. The identification and characterization of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) targeting conserved regions of the viral HA protein, in particular, have provided important insight into novel vaccine designs and platforms. This review discusses universal vaccine approaches presently under development, with an emphasis on those targeting the highly conserved stalk of the HA protein, recent technological advancements used and the future prospects of a UIV in terms of its advantages, developmental obstacles and potential shortcomings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caryn Myn Li Lim
- Infection and Immunity Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health SciencesMonash University MalaysiaBandar SunwayMalaysia
| | - Thamil Vaani Komarasamy
- Infection and Immunity Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health SciencesMonash University MalaysiaBandar SunwayMalaysia
| | - Nur Amelia Azreen Binti Adnan
- Infection and Immunity Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health SciencesMonash University MalaysiaBandar SunwayMalaysia
| | - Ammu Kutty Radhakrishnan
- Infection and Immunity Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health SciencesMonash University MalaysiaBandar SunwayMalaysia
| | - Vinod R. M. T. Balasubramaniam
- Infection and Immunity Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health SciencesMonash University MalaysiaBandar SunwayMalaysia
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4
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Ji W, Guthmiller J. Goldilocks Zone of Preexisting Immunity: Too Little or Too Much Suppresses Diverse Antibody Responses Against Influenza Viruses. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:299-302. [PMID: 37979157 PMCID: PMC10873167 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ji
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jenna Guthmiller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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5
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Ellis D, Dosey A, Boyoglu-Barnum S, Park YJ, Gillespie R, Syeda H, Hutchinson GB, Tsybovsky Y, Murphy M, Pettie D, Matheson N, Chan S, Ueda G, Fallas JA, Carter L, Graham BS, Veesler D, Kanekiyo M, King NP. Antigen spacing on protein nanoparticles influences antibody responses to vaccination. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113552. [PMID: 38096058 PMCID: PMC10801709 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunogen design approaches aim to control the specificity and quality of antibody responses elicited by next-generation vaccines. Here, we use computational protein design to generate a nanoparticle vaccine platform based on the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of influenza hemagglutinin (HA) that enables precise control of antigen conformation and spacing. HA RBDs are presented as either monomers or native-like closed trimers that are connected to the underlying nanoparticle by a rigid linker that is modularly extended to precisely control antigen spacing. Nanoparticle immunogens with decreased spacing between trimeric RBDs elicit antibodies with improved hemagglutination inhibition and neutralization potency as well as binding breadth across diverse H1 HAs. Our "trihead" nanoparticle immunogen platform provides insights into anti-HA immunity, establishes antigen spacing as an important parameter in structure-based vaccine design, and embodies several design features that could be used in next-generation vaccines against influenza and other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ellis
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Annie Dosey
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Seyhan Boyoglu-Barnum
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rebecca Gillespie
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hubza Syeda
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Geoffrey B Hutchinson
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Vaccine Research Center Electron Microscopy Unit, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Michael Murphy
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Deleah Pettie
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nick Matheson
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sidney Chan
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - George Ueda
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jorge A Fallas
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lauren Carter
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Neil P King
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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6
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Dosey A, Ellis D, Boyoglu-Barnum S, Syeda H, Saunders M, Watson MJ, Kraft JC, Pham MN, Guttman M, Lee KK, Kanekiyo M, King NP. Combinatorial immune refocusing within the influenza hemagglutinin RBD improves cross-neutralizing antibody responses. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113553. [PMID: 38096052 PMCID: PMC10801708 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) elicits potently neutralizing yet mostly strain-specific antibodies. Here, we evaluate the ability of several immunofocusing techniques to enhance the functional breadth of vaccine-elicited immune responses against the HA RBD. We present a series of "trihead" nanoparticle immunogens that display native-like closed trimeric RBDs from the HAs of several H1N1 influenza viruses. The series includes hyperglycosylated and hypervariable variants that incorporate natural and designed sequence diversity at key positions in the receptor-binding site periphery. Nanoparticle immunogens displaying triheads or hyperglycosylated triheads elicit higher hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and neutralizing activity than the corresponding immunogens lacking either trimer-stabilizing mutations or hyperglycosylation. By contrast, mosaic nanoparticle display and antigen hypervariation do not significantly alter the magnitude or breadth of vaccine-elicited antibodies. Our results yield important insights into antibody responses against the RBD and the ability of several structure-based immunofocusing techniques to influence vaccine-elicited antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Dosey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Daniel Ellis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Seyhan Boyoglu-Barnum
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hubza Syeda
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mason Saunders
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael J Watson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John C Kraft
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Minh N Pham
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Miklos Guttman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kelly K Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Neil P King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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7
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Rijnink WF, Stadlbauer D, Puente-Massaguer E, Okba NMA, Kirkpatrick Roubidoux E, Strohmeier S, Mudd PA, Schmitz A, Ellebedy A, McMahon M, Krammer F. Characterization of non-neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies that target the M1 and NP of influenza A viruses. J Virol 2023; 97:e0164622. [PMID: 37916834 PMCID: PMC10688359 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01646-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Currently, many groups are focusing on isolating both neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies to the mutation-prone hemagglutinin as a tool to treat or prevent influenza virus infection. Less is known about the level of protection induced by non-neutralizing antibodies that target conserved internal influenza virus proteins. Such non-neutralizing antibodies could provide an alternative pathway to induce broad cross-reactive protection against multiple influenza virus serotypes and subtypes by partially overcoming influenza virus escape mediated by antigenic drift and shift. Accordingly, more information about the level of protection and potential mechanism(s) of action of non-neutralizing antibodies targeting internal influenza virus proteins could be useful for the design of broadly protective and universal influenza virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Stadlbauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eduard Puente-Massaguer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nisreen M. A. Okba
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ericka Kirkpatrick Roubidoux
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shirin Strohmeier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Philip A. Mudd
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Aaron Schmitz
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ali Ellebedy
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Meagan McMahon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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8
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Fukao K, Noshi T, Shano S, Baba K, Sato K, Sakuramoto M, Kitade N, Tanioka H, Kusakabe S, Shishido T. Prophylactic Treatment with Baloxavir Protects Mice from Lethal Infection with Influenza A and B Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:2264. [PMID: 38005940 PMCID: PMC10675732 DOI: 10.3390/v15112264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza remains a worldwide health concern. Antiviral drugs are considered as one of the useful options for its prevention as a complementary measure to vaccination. Baloxavir acid selectively inhibits the cap-dependent endonuclease of influenza viruses and exhibits marked viral titre reduction in patients. Here, we describe the prophylactic potency of baloxavir acid against lethal infection with influenza A and B viruses in mice. BALB/c mice were subcutaneously administered once with baloxavir acid suspension, or orally administered once daily for 10 days with oseltamivir phosphate solution at human relevant doses. Next, the mice were intranasally inoculated with A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) or B/Hong Kong/5/72 strain at 24 to 96 h after the initial dosing. Prophylactic treatment with the antiviral drugs significantly reduced the lung viral titres and prolonged survival time. In particular, baloxavir acid showed a greater suppressive effect on lung viral titres compared to oseltamivir phosphate. In this model, baloxavir acid maintained significant prophylactic effects against influenza A and B virus infections when the plasma concentration at the time of infection was at least 0.88 and 3.58 ng/mL, respectively. The significant prophylactic efficacy observed in our mouse model suggests the potential utility of baloxavir marboxil for prophylaxis against influenza in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Fukao
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan (S.K.)
| | | | - Shinya Shano
- Shionogi TechnoAdvance Research, Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Kaoru Baba
- Shionogi TechnoAdvance Research, Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Kenji Sato
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan (S.K.)
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9
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Huang CQ, Vishwanath S, Carnell GW, Chan ACY, Heeney JL. Immune imprinting and next-generation coronavirus vaccines. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:1971-1985. [PMID: 37932355 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines based on historical virus isolates provide limited protection from continuously evolving RNA viruses, such as influenza viruses or coronaviruses, which occasionally spill over between animals and humans. Despite repeated booster immunizations, population-wide declines in the neutralization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants have occurred. This has been compared to seasonal influenza vaccinations in humans, where the breadth of immune responses induced by repeat exposures to antigenically distinct influenza viruses is confounded by pre-existing immunity-a mechanism known as imprinting. Since its emergence, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved in a population with partial immunity, acquired by infection, vaccination or both. Here we critically examine the evidence for and against immune imprinting in host humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 and its implications for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) booster vaccine programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Qingzhou Huang
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sneha Vishwanath
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - George William Carnell
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Chun Yue Chan
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan Luke Heeney
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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10
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Puente-Massaguer E, Vasilev K, Beyer A, Loganathan M, Francis B, Scherm MJ, Arunkumar GA, González-Domínguez I, Zhu X, Wilson IA, Coughlan L, Sun W, Palese P, Krammer F. Chimeric hemagglutinin split vaccines elicit broadly cross-reactive antibodies and protection against group 2 influenza viruses in mice. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi4753. [PMID: 37703367 PMCID: PMC10499326 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi4753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza virus vaccines are effective when they are well matched to circulating strains. Because of antigenic drift/change in the immunodominant hemagglutinin (HA) head domain, annual vaccine reformulations are necessary to maintain a match with circulating strains. In addition, seasonal vaccines provide little to no protection against newly emerging pandemic strains. Sequential vaccination with chimeric HA (cHA) constructs has been proven to direct the immune response toward the immunosubdominant but more conserved HA stalk domain. In this study, we show that immunization with group 2 cHA split vaccines in combination with the CpG 1018 adjuvant elicits broadly cross-reactive antibodies against all group 2 HAs, as well as systemic and local antigen-specific T cell responses. Antibodies elicited after sequential vaccination are directed to conserved regions of the HA such as the stalk and the trimer interface and also to the N2 neuraminidase (NA). Immunized mice were fully protected from challenge with a broad panel of influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Puente-Massaguer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kirill Vasilev
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Annika Beyer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Madhumathi Loganathan
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Benjamin Francis
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael J. Scherm
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | | | - Xueyong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lynda Coughlan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Weina Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Peter Palese
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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11
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Li Y, Wang X, Zeng X, Ren W, Liao P, Zhu B. Protective efficacy of a universal influenza mRNA vaccine against the challenge of H1 and H5 influenza A viruses in mice. MLIFE 2023; 2:308-316. [PMID: 38817814 PMCID: PMC10989953 DOI: 10.1002/mlf2.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines need to be updated annually owing to constant antigenic drift in the globular head of the viral surface hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. The immunogenic subdominant stem domain of HA is highly conserved and can be recognized by antibodies capable of binding multiple HA subtypes. Therefore, the HA stem antigen is a promising target for the design of universal influenza vaccines. On the basis of an established lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated mRNA vaccine platform, we designed and developed a novel universal influenza mRNA vaccine (mHAs) encoding the HA stem antigen of the influenza A (H1N1) virus. We tested the efficacy of the mHAs vaccine using a mouse model. The vaccine induced robust humoral and specific cellular immune responses against the stem region of HA. Importantly, two doses of the mHAs vaccine fully protected mice from lethal challenges of the heterologous H1N1 and heterosubtypic H5N8 influenza viruses. Vaccinated mice had less pathological lung damage and lower viral titers than control mice. These results suggest that an mRNA vaccine using the conserved stem region of HA may provide effective protection against seasonal and other possible influenza variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Li
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology (Hepatobiliary Diseases) of Guangxi, Department of PathologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for NationalitiesBaiseChina
| | - Xi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and ImmunologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xi Zeng
- Beijing Children's HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wenbo Ren
- College of Life SciencesJiangxi Science and Technology Normal UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Pu Liao
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryChongqing General HospitalChongqingChina
| | - Baoli Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and ImmunologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical SciencesSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
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12
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Chiba S, Kong H, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y. Influenza H3 hemagglutinin vaccine with scrambled immunodominant epitopes elicits antibodies directed toward immunosubdominant head epitopes. mBio 2023; 14:e0062223. [PMID: 37466314 PMCID: PMC10470489 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00622-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective countermeasure to reduce the severity of influenza. Current seasonal influenza vaccines mainly elicit humoral immunity targeting hemagglutinin (HA). In particular, the amino acid residues around the receptor-binding site in the HA head domain are predominantly targeted by humoral immunity as "immunodominant" epitopes. However, mutations readily accumulate in the head domain due to high plasticity, resulting in antigenic drift and vaccine mismatch, particularly with influenza A (H3N2) viruses. A vaccine strategy that targets more conserved immunosubdominant epitopes is required to attain a universal vaccine. Here, we designed an H3 HA vaccine antigen with various amino acids at immunodominant epitopes of the HA head domain, termed scrambled HA (scrHA). In ferrets, scrHA vaccination induced lower serum neutralizing antibody levels against homologous virus compared with wild-type (WT) HA vaccination; however, similar levels of moderately neutralizing titers against antigenically distinct H3N2 viruses were observed. Ferrets vaccinated with scrHA twice and then challenged with homologous or heterologous virus showed the same level of reduced virus shedding in nasal swabs as WT HA-vaccinated animals but reduced body temperature increase, whereas WT HA-vaccinated ferrets exhibited body temperature increases similar to those of mock-vaccinated animals. scrHA elicited antibodies against HA immunodominant and -subdominant epitopes at lower and higher levels, respectively, than WT HA vaccination, whereas antistalk antibodies were induced at the same level for both groups, suggesting scrHA-induced redirection from immunodominant to immunosubdominant head epitopes. scrHA vaccination thus induced broader coverage than WT HA vaccination by diluting out the immunodominancy of HA head epitopes. IMPORTANCE Current influenza vaccines mainly elicit antibodies that target the immunodominant head domain, where strain-specific mutations rapidly accumulate, resulting in frequent antigenic drift and vaccine mismatch. Targeting conserved immunosubdominant epitopes is essential to attain a universal vaccine. Our findings with the scrHA developed in this study suggest that designing vaccine antigens that "dilute out" the immunodominancy of the head epitopes may be an effective strategy to induce conserved immunosubdominant epitope-based immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Chiba
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Huihui Kong
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Gabriele Neumann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Pandemic Preparedness, Infection and Advanced Research Center (UTOPIA), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Dosey A, Ellis D, Boyoglu-Barnum S, Syeda H, Saunders M, Watson M, Kraft JC, Pham MN, Guttman M, Lee KK, Kanekiyo M, King NP. Combinatorial immune refocusing within the influenza hemagglutinin head elicits cross-neutralizing antibody responses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.23.541996. [PMID: 37292967 PMCID: PMC10245820 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.23.541996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The head domain of influenza hemagglutinin (HA) elicits potently neutralizing yet mostly strain-specific antibodies during infection and vaccination. Here we evaluated a series of immunogens that combined several immunofocusing techniques for their ability to enhance the functional breadth of vaccine-elicited immune responses. We designed a series of "trihead" nanoparticle immunogens that display native-like closed trimeric heads from the HAs of several H1N1 influenza viruses, including hyperglycosylated variants and hypervariable variants that incorporate natural and designed sequence diversity at key positions in the periphery of the receptor binding site (RBS). Nanoparticle immunogens displaying triheads or hyperglycosylated triheads elicited higher HAI and neutralizing activity against vaccine-matched and -mismatched H1 viruses than corresponding immunogens lacking either trimer-stabilizing mutations or hyperglycosylation, indicating that both of these engineering strategies contributed to improved immunogenicity. By contrast, mosaic nanoparticle display and antigen hypervariation did not significantly alter the magnitude or breadth of vaccine-elicited antibodies. Serum competition assays and electron microscopy polyclonal epitope mapping revealed that the trihead immunogens, especially when hyperglycosylated, elicited a high proportion of antibodies targeting the RBS, as well as cross-reactive antibodies targeting a conserved epitope on the side of the head. Our results yield important insights into antibody responses against the HA head and the ability of several structure-based immunofocusing techniques to influence vaccine-elicited antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Dosey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Daniel Ellis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Seyhan Boyoglu-Barnum
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hubza Syeda
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mason Saunders
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael Watson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John C. Kraft
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Minh N. Pham
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Miklos Guttman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kelly K. Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Neil P. King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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14
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Ellis D, Dosey A, Boyoglu-Barnum S, Park YJ, Gillespie R, Syeda H, Tsybovsky Y, Murphy M, Pettie D, Matheson N, Chan S, Ueda G, Fallas JA, Carter L, Graham BS, Veesler D, Kanekiyo M, King NP. Antigen spacing on protein nanoparticles influences antibody responses to vaccination. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.23.541980. [PMID: 37292995 PMCID: PMC10245855 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.23.541980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Immunogen design approaches aim to control the specificity and quality of antibody responses to enable the creation of next-generation vaccines with improved potency and breadth. However, our understanding of the relationship between immunogen structure and immunogenicity is limited. Here we use computational protein design to generate a self-assembling nanoparticle vaccine platform based on the head domain of influenza hemagglutinin (HA) that enables precise control of antigen conformation, flexibility, and spacing on the nanoparticle exterior. Domain-based HA head antigens were presented either as monomers or in a native-like closed trimeric conformation that prevents exposure of trimer interface epitopes. These antigens were connected to the underlying nanoparticle by a rigid linker that was modularly extended to precisely control antigen spacing. We found that nanoparticle immunogens with decreased spacing between closed trimeric head antigens elicited antibodies with improved hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and neutralization potency as well as binding breadth across diverse HAs within a subtype. Our "trihead" nanoparticle immunogen platform thus enables new insights into anti-HA immunity, establishes antigen spacing as an important parameter in structure-based vaccine design, and embodies several design features that could be used to generate next-generation vaccines against influenza and other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ellis
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Daniel Ellis and Annie Dosey
| | - Annie Dosey
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Daniel Ellis and Annie Dosey
| | - Seyhan Boyoglu-Barnum
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rebecca Gillespie
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hubza Syeda
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Vaccine Research Center Electron Microscopy Unit, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Michael Murphy
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Deleah Pettie
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nick Matheson
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sidney Chan
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - George Ueda
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jorge A. Fallas
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lauren Carter
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Neil P. King
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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15
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Shafqat A, Omer MH, Ahmad O, Niaz M, Abdulkader HS, Shafqat S, Mushtaq AH, Shaik A, Elshaer AN, Kashir J, Alkattan K, Yaqinuddin A. SARS-CoV-2 epitopes inform future vaccination strategies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1041185. [PMID: 36505475 PMCID: PMC9732895 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1041185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
All currently approved COVID-19 vaccines utilize the spike protein as their immunogen. SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) contain mutations in the spike protein, enabling them to escape infection- and vaccination-induced immune responses to cause reinfection. New vaccines are hence being researched intensively. Studying SARS-CoV-2 epitopes is essential for vaccine design, as identifying targets of broadly neutralizing antibody responses and immunodominant T-cell epitopes reveal candidates for inclusion in next-generation COVID-19 vaccines. We summarize the major studies which have reported on SARS-CoV-2 antibody and T-cell epitopes thus far. These results suggest that a future of pan-coronavirus vaccines, which not only protect against SARS-CoV-2 but numerous other coronaviruses, may be possible. The T-cell epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 have gotten less attention than neutralizing antibody epitopes but may provide new strategies to control SARS-CoV-2 infection. T-cells target many SARS-CoV-2 antigens other than spike, recognizing numerous epitopes within these antigens, thereby limiting the chance of immune escape by VOCs that mainly possess spike protein mutations. Therefore, augmenting vaccination-induced T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 may provide adequate protection despite broad antibody escape by VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areez Shafqat
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,*Correspondence: Areez Shafqat,
| | - Mohamed H. Omer
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Omar Ahmad
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahnoor Niaz
- Medical College, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Abdullah Shaik
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Junaid Kashir
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Department of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Alkattan
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Ursin RL, Dhakal S, Liu H, Jayaraman S, Park HS, Powell HR, Sherer ML, Littlefield KE, Fink AL, Ma Z, Mueller AL, Chen AP, Seddu K, Woldetsadik YA, Gearhart PJ, Larman HB, Maul RW, Pekosz A, Klein SL. Greater Breadth of Vaccine-Induced Immunity in Females than Males Is Mediated by Increased Antibody Diversity in Germinal Center B Cells. mBio 2022; 13:e0183922. [PMID: 35856618 PMCID: PMC9426573 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01839-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivated influenza vaccines induce greater antibody responses in females than males among both humans and mice. To test the breadth of protection, we used recombinant mouse-adapted A/California/2009 (maA/Cal/09) H1N1 viruses containing mutations at one (1M), two (2M), or three (3M) antigenic sites, in addition to a virus containing the 1M mutation and a substitution of the Ca2 antigenic site (Sub) with one derived from an H5 hemagglutinin (HA) to challenge mice of both sexes. Following maA/Cal/09 vaccination, females produced greater virus-specific, class-switched total IgG and IgG2c antibodies against the vaccine and all mutant viruses, and antibodies from females recognized a greater number of unique, linear HA epitopes than did antibodies from males. While females had greater neutralizing antibody titers against the vaccine virus, both sexes showed a lower neutralization capacity against mutant viruses. After virus challenge, vaccinated females had lower pulmonary virus titers and reduced morbidity than males for the 1M and 2M viruses, but not the Sub virus. Females generated greater numbers of germinal center (GC) B cells containing superior somatic hypermutation (SHM) frequencies than vaccinated males. Deletion of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (Aicda) eliminated female-biased immunity and protection against the 2M virus. Harnessing methods to improve GC B cell responses and frequencies of SHM, especially in males, should be considered in the development of universal influenza vaccines. IMPORTANCE Adult females develop greater antibody responses to influenza vaccines than males. We hypothesized that female-biased immunity and protection would be dependent on the extent of virus diversity as well as molecular mechanisms in B cells which constrain the breadth of epitope recognition. We developed a panel of mouse-adapted (ma) A/Cal/09 viruses that had mutations in the immunodominant hemagglutinin. Following vaccination against maA/Cal/09, females were better able to neutralize maA/Cal/09 than males, but neutralization of mutant maA/Cal/09 viruses was equally poor in both sexes, despite vaccinated females being better protected against these viruses. Vaccinated females benefited from the greater production of class-switched, somatically hypermutated antibodies generated in germinal center B cells, which increased recognition of more diverse maA/Cal/09 hemagglutinin antigen epitopes. Female-biased protection against influenza infection and disease after vaccination is driven by differential mechanisms in males versus females and should be considered in the design of novel vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Ursin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hsuan Liu
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sahana Jayaraman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Han-Sol Park
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Harrison R. Powell
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Morgan L. Sherer
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kirsten E. Littlefield
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ashley L. Fink
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zexu Ma
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alice L. Mueller
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Allison P. Chen
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kumba Seddu
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yishak A. Woldetsadik
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Patricia J. Gearhart
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - H. Benjamin Larman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert W. Maul
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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17
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Dhakal S, Deshpande S, McMahon M, Strohmeier S, Krammer F, Klein SL. Female-biased effects of aging on a chimeric hemagglutinin stalk-based universal influenza virus vaccine in mice. Vaccine 2022; 40:1624-1633. [PMID: 33293159 PMCID: PMC8178415 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To determine if biological sex and age intersect to affect universal influenza vaccine-induced immunity, adult and aged male and female C57BL/6 mice were sequentially immunized with a chimeric-hemagglutinin (cHA) stalk-based H1 vaccine. Adult mice developed greater quantity and quality of H1-stalk antibodies, that were more cross-reactive with other group 1, but not group 2, influenza viruses, than aged mice. The vaccine did not induce neutralizing or hemagglutination inhibition antibodies, but rather antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, which was greater in adult than aged mice. Vaccinated adult mice were better protected than aged mice after challenge with 2009 H1N1 virus, experiencing less morbidity and having lower pulmonary virus titers. The age-associated decline in immunity and protection was consistently greater among females than males, with the reduction in immunity and protection for aged as compared with adult females often being the sole comparison driving the overall age-associated significant differences. The age-associated reduction in stalk-based immunity in females was not, however, associated with changes in estradiol. To determine if the better antibodies in adults could be utilized to protect aged mice, serum was passively transferred from vaccinated adult mice into naïve sex-matched aged mice. Even with transferred serum from young adult mice, aged females still suffered greater morbidity than aged males. These data suggest there are sex-dependent effects of aging on cHA-based universal influenza virus vaccine-induced immunity that cannot be reversed through transfer of serum from young animals. The lack of consideration of sex-specific effects of aging on immunity could hinder efforts toward universal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sharvari Deshpande
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Meagan McMahon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Shirin Strohmeier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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18
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Kotey EN, Ampofo WK, Daines R, Sadeyen JR, Iqbal M, Quaye O. Immune Response in Mice Immunized with Chimeric H1 Antigens. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1182. [PMID: 34696290 PMCID: PMC8538909 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of a universal influenza vaccine candidate has remained a global challenge for both humans and animals. This study describes an approach that uses consensus sequence building to generate chimeric HAs (cHAs): two resultant H1 HA-based chimeras comprising of conserved sequences (within several areas spanning the head and stalk regions) of H1 and H5 or H9 HAs. These cHAs expressed in Drosophila cells (S2) were used to immunize mice. All immunized mice were protected from an infectious H1 virus challenge. Seroconverted mice sera to the H1 cHAs inhibited both the challenge virus and an H5 virus isolate by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. These findings further emphasize that cHAs induce cross-reactive antibodies against conserved areas of both head and stalk regions of the seasonal influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus' HA and holds potential for further development of a universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erasmus Nikoi Kotey
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra 23321, Ghana;
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra 23321, Ghana
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra 23321, Ghana;
| | - William Kwabena Ampofo
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra 23321, Ghana;
| | - Rebecca Daines
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (R.D.); (J.-R.S.); (M.I.)
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Jean-Remy Sadeyen
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (R.D.); (J.-R.S.); (M.I.)
| | - Munir Iqbal
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (R.D.); (J.-R.S.); (M.I.)
| | - Osbourne Quaye
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra 23321, Ghana;
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra 23321, Ghana
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19
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Liu Y, Strohmeier S, González-Domínguez I, Tan J, Simon V, Krammer F, García-Sastre A, Palese P, Sun W. Mosaic Hemagglutinin-Based Whole Inactivated Virus Vaccines Induce Broad Protection Against Influenza B Virus Challenge in Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:746447. [PMID: 34603333 PMCID: PMC8481571 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.746447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses undergo antigenic changes in the immuno-dominant hemagglutinin (HA) head domain, necessitating annual re-formulation of and re-vaccination with seasonal influenza virus vaccines for continuing protection. We previously synthesized mosaic HA (mHA) proteins of influenza B viruses which redirect the immune response towards the immuno-subdominant conserved epitopes of the HA via sequential immunization. As ~90% of current influenza virus vaccines are manufactured using the inactivated virus platform, we generated and sequentially vaccinated mice with inactivated influenza B viruses displaying either the homologous (same B HA backbones) or the heterologous (different B HA backbones) mosaic HAs. Both approaches induced long-lasting and cross-protective antibody responses showing strong antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity. We believe the B virus mHA vaccine candidates represent a major step towards a universal influenza B virus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shirin Strohmeier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Irene González-Domínguez
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jessica Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Peter Palese
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Weina Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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20
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Bull MB, Cohen CA, Leung NH, Valkenburg SA. Universally Immune: How Infection Permissive Next Generation Influenza Vaccines May Affect Population Immunity and Viral Spread. Viruses 2021; 13:1779. [PMID: 34578360 PMCID: PMC8472936 DOI: 10.3390/v13091779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Next generation influenza vaccines that target conserved epitopes are becoming a clinical reality but still have challenges to overcome. Universal next generation vaccines are considered a vital tool to combat future pandemic viruses and have the potential to vastly improve long-term protection against seasonal influenza viruses. Key vaccine strategies include HA-stem and T cell activating vaccines; however, they could have unintended effects for virus adaptation as they recognise the virus after cell entry and do not directly block infection. This may lead to immune pressure on residual viruses. The potential for immune escape is already evident, for both the HA stem and T cell epitopes, and mosaic approaches for pre-emptive immune priming may be needed to circumvent key variants. Live attenuated influenza vaccines have not been immunogenic enough to boost T cells in adults with established prior immunity. Therefore, viral vectors or peptide approaches are key to harnessing T cell responses. A plethora of viral vector vaccines and routes of administration may be needed for next generation vaccine strategies that require repeated long-term administration to overcome vector immunity and increase our arsenal against diverse influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maireid B. Bull
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (M.B.B.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Carolyn A. Cohen
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (M.B.B.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Nancy H.L. Leung
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Sophie A. Valkenburg
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (M.B.B.); (C.A.C.)
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21
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Animal Models Utilized for the Development of Influenza Virus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070787. [PMID: 34358203 PMCID: PMC8310120 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models have been an important tool for the development of influenza virus vaccines since the 1940s. Over the past 80 years, influenza virus vaccines have evolved into more complex formulations, including trivalent and quadrivalent inactivated vaccines, live-attenuated vaccines, and subunit vaccines. However, annual effectiveness data shows that current vaccines have varying levels of protection that range between 40–60% and must be reformulated every few years to combat antigenic drift. To address these issues, novel influenza virus vaccines are currently in development. These vaccines rely heavily on animal models to determine efficacy and immunogenicity. In this review, we describe seasonal and novel influenza virus vaccines and highlight important animal models used to develop them.
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22
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Narkhede YB, Gonzalez KJ, Strauch EM. Targeting Viral Surface Proteins through Structure-Based Design. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071320. [PMID: 34372526 PMCID: PMC8310314 DOI: 10.3390/v13071320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of novel viral infections of zoonotic origin and mutations of existing human pathogenic viruses represent a serious concern for public health. It warrants the establishment of better interventions and protective therapies to combat the virus and prevent its spread. Surface glycoproteins catalyzing the fusion of viral particles and host cells have proven to be an excellent target for antivirals as well as vaccines. This review focuses on recent advances for computational structure-based design of antivirals and vaccines targeting viral fusion machinery to control seasonal and emerging respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh B Narkhede
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Karen J Gonzalez
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Eva-Maria Strauch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
- Correspondence:
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23
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Guthmiller JJ, Han J, Li L, Freyn AW, Liu STH, Stovicek O, Stamper CT, Dugan HL, Tepora ME, Utset HA, Bitar DJ, Hamel NJ, Changrob S, Zheng NY, Huang M, Krammer F, Nachbagauer R, Palese P, Ward AB, Wilson PC. First exposure to the pandemic H1N1 virus induced broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting hemagglutinin head epitopes. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/596/eabg4535. [PMID: 34078743 PMCID: PMC10173203 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abg4535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies are critical for protection against both drifted and shifted influenza viruses. Here, we reveal that first exposure to the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus recalls memory B cells that are specific to the conserved receptor-binding site (RBS) or lateral patch epitopes of the hemagglutinin (HA) head domain. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) generated against these epitopes are broadly neutralizing against H1N1 viruses spanning 40 years of viral evolution and provide potent protection in vivo. Lateral patch-targeting antibodies demonstrated near universal binding to H1 viruses, and RBS-binding antibodies commonly cross-reacted with H3N2 viruses and influenza B viruses. Lateral patch-targeting mAbs were restricted to expressing the variable heavy-chain gene VH3-23 with or without the variable kappa-chain gene VK1-33 and often had a Y-x-R motif within the heavy-chain complementarity determining region 3 to make key contacts with HA. Moreover, lateral patch antibodies that used both VH3-23 and VK1-33 maintained neutralizing capability with recent pH1N1 strains that acquired mutations near the lateral patch. RBS-binding mAbs used a diverse repertoire but targeted the RBS epitope similarly and made extensive contacts with the major antigenic site Sb. Together, our data indicate that RBS- and lateral patch-targeting clones are abundant within the human memory B cell pool, and universal vaccine strategies should aim to drive antibodies against both conserved head and stalk epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna J Guthmiller
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Julianna Han
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alec W Freyn
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sean T H Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Olivia Stovicek
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Haley L Dugan
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Micah E Tepora
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Henry A Utset
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Dalia J Bitar
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Natalie J Hamel
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Siriruk Changrob
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Nai-Ying Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Raffael Nachbagauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Peter Palese
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Patrick C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. .,Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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24
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Sandor AM, Sturdivant MS, Ting JPY. Influenza Virus and SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 206:2509-2520. [PMID: 34021048 PMCID: PMC8722349 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza and the current COVID-19 pandemic represent looming global health challenges. Efficacious and safe vaccines remain the frontline tools for mitigating both influenza virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced diseases. This review will discuss the existing strategies for influenza vaccines and how these strategies have informed SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. It will also discuss new vaccine platforms and potential challenges for both viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Sandor
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; and
| | - Michael S Sturdivant
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jenny P Y Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC;
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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25
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Zeigler DF, Gage E, Clegg CH. Epitope-targeting platform for broadly protective influenza vaccines. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252170. [PMID: 34043704 PMCID: PMC8158873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza vaccines are often ineffective because they elicit strain-specific antibody responses to mutation-prone sites on the hemagglutinin (HA) head. Vaccines that provide long-lasting immunity to conserved epitopes are needed. Recently, we reported a nanoparticle-based vaccine platform produced by solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) for targeting linear and helical protein-based epitopes. Here, we illustrate its potential for building broadly protective influenza vaccines. Targeting known epitopes in the HA stem, neuraminidase (NA) active site, and M2 ectodomain (M2e) conferred 50-75% survival against 5LD50 influenza B and H1N1 challenge; combining stem and M2e antigens increased survival to 90%. Additionally, protein sequence and structural information were employed in tandem to identify alternative epitopes that stimulate greater protection; we report three novel HA and NA sites that are highly conserved in type B viruses. One new target in the HA stem stimulated 100% survival, highlighting the value of this simple epitope discovery strategy. A candidate influenza B vaccine targeting two adjacent HA stem sites led to >104-fold reduction in pulmonary viral load. These studies describe a compelling platform for building vaccines that target conserved influenza epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F. Zeigler
- TRIA Bioscience Corp., Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Emily Gage
- TRIA Bioscience Corp., Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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26
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Targeting Antigens for Universal Influenza Vaccine Development. Viruses 2021; 13:v13060973. [PMID: 34073996 PMCID: PMC8225176 DOI: 10.3390/v13060973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional influenza vaccines generate strain-specific antibodies which cannot provide protection against divergent influenza virus strains. Further, due to frequent antigenic shifts and drift of influenza viruses, annual reformulation and revaccination are required in order to match circulating strains. Thus, the development of a universal influenza vaccine (UIV) is critical for long-term protection against all seasonal influenza virus strains, as well as to provide protection against a potential pandemic virus. One of the most important strategies in the development of UIVs is the selection of optimal targeting antigens to generate broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies or cross-reactive T cell responses against divergent influenza virus strains. However, each type of target antigen for UIVs has advantages and limitations for the generation of sufficient immune responses against divergent influenza viruses. Herein, we review current strategies and perspectives regarding the use of antigens, including hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, matrix proteins, and internal proteins, for universal influenza vaccine development.
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27
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Guthmiller JJ, Utset HA, Wilson PC. B Cell Responses against Influenza Viruses: Short-Lived Humoral Immunity against a Life-Long Threat. Viruses 2021; 13:965. [PMID: 34067435 PMCID: PMC8224597 DOI: 10.3390/v13060965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are critical for providing protection against influenza virus infections. However, protective humoral immunity against influenza viruses is limited by the antigenic drift and shift of the major surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. Importantly, people are exposed to influenza viruses throughout their life and tend to reuse memory B cells from prior exposure to generate antibodies against new variants. Despite this, people tend to recall memory B cells against constantly evolving variable epitopes or non-protective antigens, as opposed to recalling them against broadly neutralizing epitopes of hemagglutinin. In this review, we discuss the factors that impact the generation and recall of memory B cells against distinct viral antigens, as well as the immunological limitations preventing broadly neutralizing antibody responses. Lastly, we discuss how next-generation vaccine platforms can potentially overcome these obstacles to generate robust and long-lived protection against influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna J. Guthmiller
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (H.A.U.); (P.C.W.)
| | - Henry A. Utset
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (H.A.U.); (P.C.W.)
| | - Patrick C. Wilson
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (H.A.U.); (P.C.W.)
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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28
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Boyoglu-Barnum S, Ellis D, Gillespie RA, Hutchinson GB, Park YJ, Moin SM, Acton OJ, Ravichandran R, Murphy M, Pettie D, Matheson N, Carter L, Creanga A, Watson MJ, Kephart S, Ataca S, Vaile JR, Ueda G, Crank MC, Stewart L, Lee KK, Guttman M, Baker D, Mascola JR, Veesler D, Graham BS, King NP, Kanekiyo M. Quadrivalent influenza nanoparticle vaccines induce broad protection. Nature 2021; 592:623-628. [PMID: 33762730 PMCID: PMC8269962 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Influenza vaccines that confer broad and durable protection against diverse viral strains would have a major effect on global health, as they would lessen the need for annual vaccine reformulation and immunization1. Here we show that computationally designed, two-component nanoparticle immunogens2 induce potently neutralizing and broadly protective antibody responses against a wide variety of influenza viruses. The nanoparticle immunogens contain 20 haemagglutinin glycoprotein trimers in an ordered array, and their assembly in vitro enables the precisely controlled co-display of multiple distinct haemagglutinin proteins in defined ratios. Nanoparticle immunogens that co-display the four haemagglutinins of licensed quadrivalent influenza vaccines elicited antibody responses in several animal models against vaccine-matched strains that were equivalent to or better than commercial quadrivalent influenza vaccines, and simultaneously induced broadly protective antibody responses to heterologous viruses by targeting the subdominant yet conserved haemagglutinin stem. The combination of potent receptor-blocking and cross-reactive stem-directed antibodies induced by the nanoparticle immunogens makes them attractive candidates for a supraseasonal influenza vaccine candidate with the potential to replace conventional seasonal vaccines3.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Ferrets/immunology
- Ferrets/virology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A virus/classification
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/chemistry
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Models, Molecular
- Nanomedicine
- Nanoparticles
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyhan Boyoglu-Barnum
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Ellis
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rebecca A Gillespie
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Geoffrey B Hutchinson
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Syed M Moin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Oliver J Acton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Rashmi Ravichandran
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mike Murphy
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deleah Pettie
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nick Matheson
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lauren Carter
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adrian Creanga
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael J Watson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sally Kephart
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sila Ataca
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John R Vaile
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - George Ueda
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michelle C Crank
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lance Stewart
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kelly K Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Miklos Guttman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Baker
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Neil P King
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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29
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Nagashima KA, Mousa JJ. Next-Generation Influenza HA Immunogens and Adjuvants in Pursuit of a Broadly Protective Vaccine. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040546. [PMID: 33805245 PMCID: PMC8064354 DOI: 10.3390/v13040546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus, a highly mutable respiratory pathogen, causes significant disease nearly every year. Current vaccines are designed to protect against circulating influenza strains of a given season. However, mismatches between vaccine strains and circulating strains, as well as inferior vaccine effectiveness in immunodeficient populations, represent major obstacles. In an effort to expand the breadth of protection elicited by influenza vaccination, one of the major surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA), has been modified to develop immunogens that display conserved regions from multiple viruses or elicit a highly polyclonal antibody response to broaden protection. These approaches, which target either the head or the stalk domain of HA, or both domains, have shown promise in recent preclinical and clinical studies. Furthermore, the role of adjuvants in bolstering the robustness of the humoral response has been studied, and their effects on the vaccine-elicited antibody repertoire are currently being investigated. This review will discuss the progress made in the universal influenza vaccine field with respect to influenza A viruses from the perspectives of both antigen and adjuvant, with a focus on the elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaito A. Nagashima
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jarrod J. Mousa
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Correspondence:
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Strategies Targeting Hemagglutinin as a Universal Influenza Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030257. [PMID: 33805749 PMCID: PMC7998911 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus has significant viral diversity, both through antigenic drift and shift, which makes development of a vaccine challenging. Current influenza vaccines are updated yearly to include strains predicted to circulate in the upcoming influenza season, however this can lead to a mismatch which reduces vaccine efficacy. Several strategies targeting the most abundant and immunogenic surface protein of influenza, the hemagglutinin (HA) protein, have been explored. These strategies include stalk-directed, consensus-based, and computationally derived HA immunogens. In this review, we explore vaccine strategies which utilize novel antigen design of the HA protein to improve cross-reactive immunity for development of a universal influenza vaccine.
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Sangesland M, Lingwood D. Antibody Focusing to Conserved Sites of Vulnerability: The Immunological Pathways for 'Universal' Influenza Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020125. [PMID: 33562627 PMCID: PMC7914524 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus remains a serious public health burden due to ongoing viral evolution. Vaccination remains the best measure of prophylaxis, yet current seasonal vaccines elicit strain-specific neutralizing responses that favor the hypervariable epitopes on the virus. This necessitates yearly reformulations of seasonal vaccines, which can be limited in efficacy and also shortchange pandemic preparedness. Universal vaccine development aims to overcome these deficits by redirecting antibody responses to functionally conserved sites of viral vulnerability to enable broad coverage. However, this is challenging as such antibodies are largely immunologically silent, both following vaccination and infection. Defining and then overcoming the immunological basis for such subdominant or ‘immuno-recessive’ antibody targeting has thus become an important aspect of universal vaccine development. This, coupled with structure-guided immunogen design, has led to proof-of-concept that it is possible to rationally refocus humoral immunity upon normally ‘unseen’ broadly neutralizing antibody targets on influenza virus.
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Kerstetter LJ, Buckley S, Bliss CM, Coughlan L. Adenoviral Vectors as Vaccines for Emerging Avian Influenza Viruses. Front Immunol 2021; 11:607333. [PMID: 33633727 PMCID: PMC7901974 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.607333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is evident that the emergence of infectious diseases, which have the potential for spillover from animal reservoirs, pose an ongoing threat to global health. Zoonotic transmission events have increased in frequency in recent decades due to changes in human behavior, including increased international travel, the wildlife trade, deforestation, and the intensification of farming practices to meet demand for meat consumption. Influenza A viruses (IAV) possess a number of features which make them a pandemic threat and a major concern for human health. Their segmented genome and error-prone process of replication can lead to the emergence of novel reassortant viruses, for which the human population are immunologically naïve. In addition, the ability for IAVs to infect aquatic birds and domestic animals, as well as humans, increases the likelihood for reassortment and the subsequent emergence of novel viruses. Sporadic spillover events in the past few decades have resulted in human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, with high mortality. The application of conventional vaccine platforms used for the prevention of seasonal influenza viruses, such as inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs) or live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs), in the development of vaccines for HPAI viruses is fraught with challenges. These issues are associated with manufacturing under enhanced biosafety containment, and difficulties in propagating HPAI viruses in embryonated eggs, due to their propensity for lethality in eggs. Overcoming manufacturing hurdles through the use of safer backbones, such as low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAI), can also be a challenge if incompatible with master strain viruses. Non-replicating adenoviral (Ad) vectors offer a number of advantages for the development of vaccines against HPAI viruses. Their genome is stable and permits the insertion of HPAI virus antigens (Ag), which are expressed in vivo following vaccination. Therefore, their manufacture does not require enhanced biosafety facilities or procedures and is egg-independent. Importantly, Ad vaccines have an exemplary safety and immunogenicity profile in numerous human clinical trials, and can be thermostabilized for stockpiling and pandemic preparedness. This review will discuss the status of Ad-based vaccines designed to protect against avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J. Kerstetter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Stephen Buckley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Carly M. Bliss
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Lynda Coughlan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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McMillan CL, Young PR, Watterson D, Chappell KJ. The Next Generation of Influenza Vaccines: Towards a Universal Solution. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9010026. [PMID: 33430278 PMCID: PMC7825669 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses remain a constant burden in humans, causing millions of infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths each year. Current influenza virus vaccine modalities primarily induce antibodies directed towards the highly variable head domain of the hemagglutinin protein on the virus surface. Such antibodies are often strain-specific, meaning limited cross-protection against divergent influenza viruses is induced, resulting in poor vaccine efficacy. To attempt to counteract this, yearly influenza vaccination with updated formulations containing antigens from more recently circulating viruses is required. This is an expensive and time-consuming exercise, and the constant arms race between host immunity and virus evolution presents an ongoing challenge for effective vaccine development. Furthermore, there exists the constant pandemic threat of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses with high fatality rates (~30–50%) or the emergence of new, pathogenic reassortants. Current vaccines would likely offer little to no protection from such viruses in the event of an epidemic or pandemic. This highlights the urgent need for improved influenza virus vaccines capable of providing long-lasting, robust protection from both seasonal influenza virus infections as well as potential pandemic threats. In this narrative review, we examine the next generation of influenza virus vaccines for human use and the steps being taken to achieve universal protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L.D. McMillan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.D.M.); (K.J.C.)
| | - Paul R. Young
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
- The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- The Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel Watterson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
- The Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Keith J. Chappell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
- The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- The Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Correspondence: (C.L.D.M.); (K.J.C.)
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Desselberger U. Potential of plasmid only based reverse genetics of rotavirus for the development of next-generation vaccines. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Progress in the Development of Universal Influenza Vaccines. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091033. [PMID: 32957468 PMCID: PMC7551969 DOI: 10.3390/v12091033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses pose a significant threat to human health. They are responsible for a large number of deaths annually and have a serious impact on the global economy. There are numerous influenza virus subtypes, antigenic variations occur continuously, and epidemic trends are difficult to predict—all of which lead to poor outcomes of routine vaccination against targeted strain subtypes. Therefore, the development of universal influenza vaccines still constitutes the ideal strategy for controlling influenza. This article reviews the progress in development of universal vaccines directed against the conserved regions of hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and other structural proteins of influenza viruses using new technologies and strategies with the goals of enhancing our understanding of universal influenza vaccines and providing a reference for research into the exploitation of natural immunity against influenza viruses.
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Wei CJ, Crank MC, Shiver J, Graham BS, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ. Next-generation influenza vaccines: opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:239-252. [PMID: 32060419 PMCID: PMC7223957 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza vaccines lack efficacy against drifted or pandemic influenza strains. Developing improved vaccines that elicit broader immunity remains a public health priority. Immune responses to current vaccines focus on the haemagglutinin head domain, whereas next-generation vaccines target less variable virus structures, including the haemagglutinin stem. Strategies employed to improve vaccine efficacy involve using structure-based design and nanoparticle display to optimize the antigenicity and immunogenicity of target antigens; increasing the antigen dose; using novel adjuvants; stimulating cellular immunity; and targeting other viral proteins, including neuraminidase, matrix protein 2 or nucleoprotein. Improved understanding of influenza antigen structure and immunobiology is advancing novel vaccine candidates into human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Jen Wei
- Sanofi Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michelle C Crank
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gary J Nabel
- Sanofi Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Vogel OA, Manicassamy B. Broadly Protective Strategies Against Influenza Viruses: Universal Vaccines and Therapeutics. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:135. [PMID: 32117155 PMCID: PMC7020694 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus is a respiratory pathogen that can cause disease in humans, with symptoms ranging from mild to life-threatening. The vast majority of influenza virus infections in humans are observed during seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. Given the substantial public health burden associated with influenza virus infection, yearly vaccination is recommended for protection against seasonal influenza viruses. Despite vigilant surveillance for new variants and careful selection of seasonal vaccine strains, the efficacy of seasonal vaccines can vary widely from year to year. This often results in lowered protection within the population, regardless of vaccination status. In order to broaden the protection afforded by seasonal influenza vaccines, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) has deemed the development of a universal influenza virus vaccine to be a priority in influenza virus vaccine research. This universal vaccine would provide protection against all influenza virus strains, eliminating the need for the yearly reformulations of seasonal influenza vaccines. In addition to universal influenza vaccine efforts, substantial progress has been made in developing novel influenza virus therapeutics that utilize broadly neutralizing antibodies to provide protection against influenza virus infection and to mitigate disease outcomes during infection. In this review, we discuss various approaches toward the goal of improving influenza virus vaccine efficacy through a universal influenza virus vaccine. We also address the novel methods of discovery and utilization of broadly neutralizing antibodies to improve influenza disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia A Vogel
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Balaji Manicassamy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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Role of Memory B Cells in Hemagglutinin-Specific Antibody Production Following Human Influenza A Virus Infection. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040167. [PMID: 31569328 PMCID: PMC6963758 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
When influenza A virus infects an immune individual, preexisting memory B cell (MBC) activation and rapid anamnestic antibody production plays a key role in viral clearance. The most effective neutralizing antibodies target the antigenically variable head of the viral hemagglutinin (HA); antibodies against the conserved HA stalk provide broader but less potent protection. In this review, we provide a comprehensive picture of an adult's HA-specific antibody response to influenza virus infection. The process is followed from preexisting HA-specific MBC activation and rapid production of anti-HA antibodies, through to germinal center seeding and adaptation of the response to novel features of the HA. A major focus of the review is the role of competition between preexisting MBCs in determining the character of the HA-reactive antibody response. HA novelty modifies this competition and can shift the response from the immunodominant head to the stalk. We suggest that antibodies resulting from preexisting MBC activation are important regulators of anti-HA antibody production and play a role in positive selection of germinal center B cells reactive to novel HA epitopes. Our review also considers the role of MBCs in the effects of early-life imprinting on HA head- and stalk-specific antibody responses to influenza infection. An understanding of the processes described in this review will guide development of vaccination strategies that provide broadly effective protection.
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