Reactive oxygen species (ROS) as pleiotropic physiological signalling agents

Chemical composition, antioxidant activities, and enzyme inhibitory effects of Lespedeza bicolour Turcz. essential oil

Lespedeza bicolour Turcz. is a traditional medicinal plant with a wide range of ethnomedicinal values. The main components of L. bicolour essential oil (EO) were β-pinene (15.41%), β-phellandrene (12.43%), and caryophyllene (7.79%). The EO of L. bicolour showed antioxidant activity against ABTS radical and DPPH radical with an IC50 value of 0.69 ± 0.03 mg/mL and 10.44 ± 2.09 mg/mL, respectively. The FRAP antioxidant value was 81.96 ± 6.17 μmol/g. The EO had activities against acetylcholinesterase, α-glucosidase, and β-lactamase with IC50 values of 309.30 ± 11.16 μg/mL, 360.47 ± 35.67 μg/mL, and 27.54 ± 1.21 μg/mL, respectively. Molecular docking showed methyl dehydroabietate docked well with all tested enzymes. Sclareol and (+)-borneol acetate showed the strongest binding affinity to α-glucosidase and β-lactamase, respectively. The present study provides a direction for searching enzyme inhibitors for three tested enzymes and shows L. bicolour EO possesses the potential to treat a series of diseases.

Exploring the efficacy and constraints of platinum nanoparticles as adjuvant therapy in silicosis management

Silicosis represents a formidable occupational lung pathology precipitated by the pulmonary assimilation of respirable crystalline silica particulates. This condition engenders a cascade of cellular oxidative stress via the activation of bioavailable silica, culminating in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Such oxidative mechanisms lead to irrevocable pulmonary impairment. Contemporary scholarly examinations have underscored the substantial antioxidative efficacy of platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs), postulating their utility as an adjunct therapeutic modality in silicosis management. The physicochemical interaction between PtNPs and silica demonstrates a propensity for adsorption, thereby facilitating the amelioration and subsequent pulmonary clearance of silica aggregates. In addition to their detoxifying attributes, PtNPs exhibit pronounced anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities, which can neutralize ROS and inhibit macrophage-mediated inflammatory processes. Such attributes are instrumental in attenuating inflammatory responses and forestalling subsequent lung tissue damage. This discourse delineates the interplay between ROS and PtNPs, the pathogenesis of silicosis and its progression to pulmonary fibrosis, and critically evaluates the potential adjunct role of PtNPs in the therapeutic landscape of silicosis, alongside a contemplation of the inherent limitations associated with PtNPs application in this context.

Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species in otorhinolaryngological diseases: insights from pathophysiology to targeted antioxidant therapies

Oxidative stress, characterized by an imbalance between excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and impaired antioxidant defenses, is closely linked to the pathogenesis of various otorhinolaryngological disorders. Mitochondria, as the primary site of cellular energy production, play a crucial role in modulating oxidative stress. Mitochondrial dysfunction exacerbates ROS generation, leading to cellular damage and inflammatory responses. In otorhinolaryngological diseases, oxidative stress is strongly associated with conditions such as hearing loss, allergic rhinitis, and chronic sinusitis, where oxidative damage and tissue inflammation are key pathological features. Recent studies have highlighted the potential of antioxidant therapies to mitigate oxidative stress and restore homeostasis, offering promising avenues for alleviating symptoms in these diseases. However, despite the encouraging results from early-stage research, the clinical efficacy of antioxidant interventions remains to be fully established. This review provides an overview of the role of oxidative stress in otorhinolaryngological diseases and evaluates the therapeutic potential of antioxidant strategies.

A screen-printed microelectrode for detection of hydrogen peroxide in solid tumor in vivo

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a crucial redox signaling molecule and neuromodulator, is closely associated with pathological processes, including cancer progression and neurodegenerative disorders. Current methods for in vivo H2O2 detection, such as fluorescence imaging and chemiluminescence, suffer from the limitation of spatial resolution and invasiveness, which makes it difficult to monitor oxidative stress gradients in deep-seated tumors. Therefore, this research developed an implantable triple-electrode biosensor fabricated via screen-printing technology based on carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and Prussian blue (PB) nanocomposites. The biosensor presented dual linear detection ranges of 0.8-1126 μM (R2 = 0.9937) and 1286-3766 μM (R2 = 0.9939) with a 0.47 μM detection limit. It demonstrated a >95 % specificity compared with other interfering substances and maintained 93.2 % signal retention over 30 days. Particularly, in situ implantation in melanoma-bearing mice with one-week-growth-time solid tumors revealed the H2O2 levels 12- to 18-fold higher than in normal tissues, consistent with cancer-associated oxidative stress mechanisms. This platform addresses challenges such as rapid enzymatic degradation and microenvironmental complexity, enabling invasive profiling of H2O2 detection in solid tumors.

Robust Saccharomyces cerevisiae by rational metabolic engineering for effective ethanol production from undetoxified steam-exploded corn stover hydrolysate

Lignocellulosic bioethanol production by S.cerevisiae is severely hampered by xylose assimilation and inhibitors. Aiming to solve these barriers, the xylose isomerase pathway was heterologously introduced into parental strain, followed by conducting the adaptive laboratory evolution. Meanwhile, the reduced glutathione and NADPH synthesis systems to reduce excess intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were further enhanced. Results indicated the bioethanol production from undetoxified steam-exploded corn stover hydrolysate (SECSH) without any nutrients supplementation was improved using the customized strain. Up to 70.52 ± 0.38 g/L of bioethanol with yield of 0.450 g/g total sugars were obtained. This study provided an effective strategy combining genetic modification and adaptive laboratory evolution to simultaneously improve xylose assimilation and inhibitors' tolerance of S. cerevisiae, providing a basis for large-scale lignocellulosic bioethanol production.

Oxidative complexity: The role of ROS in the tumor environment and therapeutic implications

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) constitutes a group of reactive molecules that play a critical role in biological processes. Varying ROS levels have been frequently observed in cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME). The role of ROS displays significant complexity in cancer development and therapy. Elevated ROS levels can induce metabolic reprogramming and promote the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells, resulting in cancer progression. However, excessive ROS accumulation leads to the occurrence of apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis in cancer cells, which restrains tumor development. In the TME, ROS frequently promotes angiogenesis and remodels the extracellular matrix (ECM) by enhancing the differentiation of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), thereby supporting tumor growth. Concurrently, high ROS levels favour immunosuppressive cells, including M2-polarized macrophages, and regulatory T cells (Tregs), while impairing the antitumor capabilities of T cells. In the aspect of cancer therapy, it is overly simplistic to merely combine chemoradiotherapy with antioxidants as a therapeutic strategy. Instead, highlighting targeted therapies that modulate ROS is essential, given their inherent complexity. Fortunately, a variety of innovative treatments have emerged, including nanodrug delivery systems (NDDS), proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTAC), and adoptive cell therapy (ADT), which not only exhibit synergistic effects with immune checkpoint therapy (ICT), but also enhance the antitumor capabilities of the TME. In this paper, we elucidate the mechanism of ROS production, enumerate the role of ROS in cancer development and the TME, and discuss advancements in ROS-targeted cancer therapeutics.

An activatable β-diketonate europium(III) complex-based probe for time-gated luminescence detection and imaging of peroxynitrite in vitro and in vivo

Peroxynitrite (ONOO-), one of representative reactive nitrogen species with strong oxidative and nitrative properties, is known to be associated with various human diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, drug-induced liver injury (DILI), inflammation, and cancer. Probing its fluctuations throughout diseases holds profound promise for advancing early diagnosis and enabling prompt intervention. In this work, we designed and synthesized a β-diketonate Eu3+ complex-based probe, [Eu(Cy-CDHH)3(terpy)], for the time-gated luminescence (TGL) detection of ONOO-. The probe, composed of a cyanine-dye-conjugated β-diketonate-Eu3+ coordination structure, is non-luminescent due to the intramolecular energy transfer from β-diketonate to cyanine-dye, which inhibits the energy transfer from β-diketonate to central Eu3+ ion. Upon reaction with ONOO-, the unsaturated CC bond of cyanine-dye is cleaved. This process leads to the recovery of the intense long-lived luminescence of the β-diketonate-Eu3+ complex (ϕ = 17.3 %, τ = 436 μs), showcasing characteristics of rapid response (within 10 s), high selectivity, low detection limit (17.4 nM), and low cytotoxicity. These features enable the probe to be used for the quantitative TGL detection of ONOO- in aqueous media as well as for the background-free TGL imaging of ONOO- in living cells under assorted stimuli. Furthermore, the probe was effectively implemented for imaging of ONOO- in livers of drug-induced liver injury mice, revealing the up-regulation of ONOO- levels in this disease and the therapeutic efficacy of glutathione (GSH) via precluding the onset of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. This research paves a new way for the fabrication of lanthanide complex bioprobes, providing a useful tool for understanding the interconnection between ONOO- and disease-related physiological processes.

Targeting eEF2K induces oxidative stress and sensitizes cancer cells to ferroptosis induction

Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF2K), a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, exhibits paradoxical activation and overexpression in numerous tumors, suggesting a potential advantageous role for cancer cells. eEF2K phosphorylates and inactivates its downstream target, eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2), thereby negatively regulating protein synthesis. Despite being a translation inhibitor, eEF2K inhibition alone has demonstrated limited anti-cancer efficacy. This study investigates a novel approach to targeting eEF2K in cancer therapy, exploring its potential beyond its established role in protein synthesis regulation. We found that pharmacological inhibition of eEF2K using A484954 resulted in minimal cytotoxicity but effectively reduced eEF2 phosphorylation. Surprisingly, eEF2K inhibition impaired de novo protein synthesis and induced mild oxidative stress across multiple cancer cell lines. Furthermore, eEF2K inhibition compromised cellular antioxidant defenses, leading to enhanced ROS accumulation when challenged with oxidative stressors. Notably, eEF2K inhibition potentiated ferroptosis induction and lipid peroxidation when combined with ferroptosis inducers or glutathione depletion. These findings were corroborated by eEF2K silencing, which similarly increased basal ROS levels, enhanced sensitivity to oxidative stress, and promoted ferroptosis. Our results reveal a previously unrecognized role of eEF2K in maintaining redox homeostasis and suggest that targeting eEF2K may be a promising strategy to sensitize cancer cells to ferroptosis-inducing therapies.

Production and characterization of novel antioxidant peptides from mulberry leaf ferment using B. subtilis H4 and B. amyloliquefaciens LFB112

The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize antioxidant peptides from mulberry leaves fermented with Bacillus subtilis H4 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LFB112. The results indicated that fraction F4 (<1 kDa) exhibited superior DPPH activity compared to the F1 (>10 kDa), F2 (3-10 kDa), and F3 (1-3 kDa) fractions, and cytoprotective effect against lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells. Three novel peptides, FRFDP, RFGG, and GPPLAFGGGP, were identified in the F4 fraction of the mulberry leaf ferment, and docking results showed that these peptides could form stable carbon (covalent) and hydrogen bonds to the active sites of Keap1, thus regulating the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway by blocking the Nrf2 binding sites on Keap1. These peptides significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1, providing indirect evidence of their potential to enhance cellular antioxidant defense via the possible activation of Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. Furthermore, these peptides showed good DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities, indicating their potential as antioxidant peptides. This study offers valuable insights into the integration of these novel peptides in developing mulberry leaf ferment as a functional food and their potential use as a feed additive.

SMART-assisted discovery of butenolides from the marine-derived Aspergillus sp. NBU4698 with multidrug resistance reversing and anti-inflammatory activity

Using together HSQC NMR-guided fractionation and an invivo screening zebrafish model for bioactivity-guided fractionation, four previously undescribed butenolides, perbutanolides A-D (1-4), were isolated from the marine-derived Aspergillus sp. NBU4698. HSQC NMR-based Small Molecule Accurate Recognition Technology (SMART 2.0) was used to simplify the process of discovering and characterizing these structurally related natural products. The structures and absolute configurations were determined by HRESIMS, NMR, polarimetry, and ECD calculations. All the compounds were evaluated for multidrug resistance (MDR) reversing activity in a zebrafish model, and compound 1 induced significant MDR reversal activity by inhibiting PXR-regulated efflux transporters. In addition, compounds 1-3 exhibited a moderate inhibitory effect on pro-inflammatory mediators in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. This is the first report of MDR reversal activity for marine-derived fungal butenolides. These results provide new insights for designing and developing probes and new drugs that can inhibit MDR.

Imaging probes for the detection of brain microenvironment

The brain microenvironment (BME) is a highly dynamic system that plays a critical role in neural excitation, signal transmission, development, aging, and neurological disorders. BME consists of three key components: neural cells, extracellular spaces, and physical fields, which provide structures and physicochemical properties to synergistically and antagonistically regulate cell behaviors and functions such as nutrient transport, waste metabolism and intercellular communication. Consequently, monitoring the BME is vital to acquire a better understanding of the maintenance of neural homeostasis and the mechanisms underlying neurological diseases. In recent years, researchers have developed a range of imaging probes designed to detect changes in the microenvironment, enabling precise measurements of structural and biophysical parameters in the brain. This advancement aids in the development of improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for brain disorders and in the exploration of cutting-edge mechanisms in neuroscience. This review summarizes and highlights recent advances in the probes for sensing and imaging BME. Also, we discuss the design principles, types, applications, challenges, and future directions of probes.

Helja lectin inhibits Candida albicans phagocytosis and induces pro-inflammatory responses in dendritic cells

BACKGROUND

Plant lectins have gained attention for their antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties and potential therapeutic applications in controlling infectious diseases and inflammatory disorders.

PURPOSE

This study focused on the effect of the sunflower lectin Helja on Candida albicans phagocytosis and its immunomodulatory effects on dendritic cells, to explore alternative immunotherapeutic strategies to control infectious diseases.

RESULTS

Here, we showed that Helja lectin opsonizes and inhibits C. albicans phagocytosis by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, induces dendritic cell maturation by upregulating co-stimulatory molecules, such as CD86 and MHC class II, promotes reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide generation and increases the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-12, and TGF-β. This cytokine profile was also observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, where Helja and C. albicans pre-incubated with the lectin promoted the release of TNF-α and IL-1β.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that Helja lectin has the potential to modulate dendritic cells and cytokine responses, indicating its role in immune regulation and underscoring the significance of this plant lectin as a potential therapeutic agent.

An integrated non-alkaline derivatization strategy using 2,2'-dithiodipyridine and HPLC for simultaneous analysis of total and low-molecular-weight free thiols in human serum

BACKGROUND

Oxidative stress is a major mechanism underlying aging and health damage, and it is associated with decreased serum free thiol levels. Monitoring serum free thiol levels provides a valuable reference for assessing the body's health status. However, it is a key challenge in clinical analysis to simultaneously monitor serum total free thiols and specific low-molecular-mass free thiol compounds in a single run. Traditional methods often struggle to avoid interference from side reactions due to the high reactivity of free thiols in alkaline derivatization environments.

RESULTS

In this study, we developed an integrated non-alkaline derivatization strategy using 2,2'-dithiodipyridine and high-performance liquid chromatography. 2,2'-Dithiodipyridine can react rapidly with free thiols under acidic to neutral environments, and all derivatives exhibit similar absorbance characteristics to the substrates. Taking advantage of these properties, this method combines reliable derivatization with efficient chromatographic separation, enabling the simultaneous analysis of total free thiols and five main specific low-molecular-mass thiol compounds within a single injection cycle. Eight chromatographic peaks including free thiol derivatives, the derivatization reagent, and internal standard were observed during a 14-min analysis. The peak corresponding to 2-thiopyridone indicates the total concentration of free thiols while specific pyridyldithio derivative peaks represent the individual levels of low-molecular-mass free thiols. Using the developed method, a significant negative correlation was observed between free thiol levels and both age and health risk factors in a study involving 260 volunteers.

SIGNIFICANCE

This study presents a robust and simple method for the simultaneous measurement of total free and low-molecular-mass free thiols, providing a facile technique for population analysis and for investigating the relationship between free thiols and human health.

Ethanol-induced dysfunction of the mesenteric perivascular adipose tissue is driven by mineralocorticoid receptors

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is critical in ethanol-induced vascular dysfunction. Mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) trigger ethanol-induced vascular hypercontractility through pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory effects. However, the contribution of MR to ethanol-induced perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) dysfunction is unknown. Appreciating the importance of MR to PVAT dysfunction in distinctive pathological conditions, we investigated whether MR would play a role in ethanol-induced PVAT dysfunction. With this purpose, male Wistar Hannover rats were treated with ethanol 20% (in volume ratio) and/or potassium canrenoate [a MR antagonist (MRA); 30 mg/kg/day, gavage] for 5 weeks. Ethanol increased the circulating levels of aldosterone and impaired acetylcholine-induced relaxation of mesenteric arteries with, but not without PVAT. Antagonism of MR prevented ethanol-induced impairment in acetylcholine relaxation as well as the reduction of leptin levels and reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction in the mesenteric PVAT (mPVAT) from ethanol-treated rats. Ethanol promoted neutrophil accumulation and augmented the concentration of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the mPVAT and these responses were prevented by the MRA. Functional assays showed that tiron [a scavenger of superoxide (O2•-)] and etanercept (an antibody anti-TNF-α) failed to reverse the impairment of acetylcholine-induced relaxation promoted by ethanol. In mesenteric arteries, antagonism of MR prevented ROS generation, lipoperoxidation, and increased TNF-α levels induced by ethanol. In conclusion, our findings suggest that MR is involved in ethanol-induced dysfunction of mPVAT. This study enhances our understanding of how ethanol exerts harmful effects on the cardiovascular system, highlighting PVAT as a target for these detrimental effects.

A novel integrated diagnostic and therapeutic ferroptosis inhibitor based on a phenothiazine scaffold with ROS-Responsive strategy

Ferroptosis is a newly discovered form of cell death that is closely related to the occurrence of various diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular ischemic damage, and organ fibrosis. Therefore, the discovery of new active compounds with ferroptosis inhibitory activity is regarded as a new strategy for the clinical treatment of these diseases. In this study, a multifunctional prodrug molecule PNX-B2 with a phenoxazine structure was designed based on the oxidative microenvironment characteristic of ferroptosis. PNX-B2 can recognize the ferroptosis-associated oxidative conditions and simultaneously release compounds with ferroptosis-inhibitory activity. Moreover, it integrates diagnostic and therapeutic functions and offers a fluorescent indication of the ferroptosis microenvironment. PNX-B2 has demonstrated excellent ferroptosis-inhibitory activity with an EC50 value of 1.7 nM. This intelligent multifunctional compound shows great potential as a novel clinical agent for ferroptosis inhibition and presents broad prospects for future development.

The spatiotemporal heterogeneity of reactive oxygen species in the malignant transformation of viral hepatitis to hepatocellular carcinoma: a new insight

During the transformation of viral hepatitis into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), oxidative stress levels increase significantly, leading to tissue damage and chronic inflammation. HCC is characterized by spatiotemporal heterogeneity, which influences oxidative stress patterns, with reactive oxygen species (ROS) as the primary representative molecules. ROS serve not only as critical biomarkers of cancer but also as potential therapeutic targets for HCC, given that their increased levels can either promote or inhibit disease progression. In this review, we systematically examine the temporal heterogeneity of ROS, emphasizing its role in different stages of HCC progression caused by viral hepatitis and in influencing cell fate. We further explore ROS spatial heterogeneity at three levels: cellular, organelle, and biomolecular. Next, we comprehensively review clinical applications and potential therapies designed to selectively modulate ROS on the basis of its spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Finally, we discuss potential future applications of novel therapies that target ROS spatiotemporal heterogeneity to prevent and manage HCC onset and progression. In conclusion, this review enhances understanding of ROS in the progression of viral hepatitis to HCC and offers insights into developing new therapeutic targets and strategies centered on ROS heterogeneity.

Proteomic analysis of hydrogen peroxide-treated human chondrocytes shows endoplasmic reticulum stress, cytoskeleton remodeling, and altered secretome composition

BACKGROUND

Chondrocyte homeostasis is vital for maintaining the extracellular matrix (ECM) and overall cartilage health. In osteoarthritis (OA), for example, oxidative stress resulting from redox imbalances can disrupt chondrocyte homeostasis, leading to cartilage degradation. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a reactive oxygen species (ROS), is a key mediator of oxidative stress and contributes to chondrocyte apoptosis and ECM degradation. Previous studies have explored individual protein responses to oxidative stress; however, a comprehensive proteomic analysis in chondrocytes has not been conducted. In this study, we aimed to assess the global proteomic alterations in chondrocytes exposed to H2O2 using a shotgun proteomics approach, which enables the detection of a broad spectrum of proteomic changes.

METHODS

Chondrocytes were treated with H2O2 for 1, 4, and 16 h followed by protein extraction and processing, including denaturation, alkylation, and trypsin digestion. The peptides were then acidified, desalted, dried, and resuspended for LC-MS/MS. Proteomics data were analyzed using MaxQuant software to identify and quantify proteins. Secretome analysis was performed to examine protein secretion changes under oxidative stress. The statistical significance of all proteomics and secretome data was assessed using a two-tailed Student's t-test with a permutation-based FDR and an S0 parameter of 0.1 in the Perseus software. Other methods, including quantitative PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence, were employed to complement the proteomic analysis.

RESULTS

Our findings revealed that oxidative stress primarily affected the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), causing notable alterations in the expression of ER-associated proteins, redox-responsive enzymes, chaperones, and sialyltransferases. These changes increased intracellular accumulation of ECM proteins and decreased secretion into the extracellular environment, indicating impaired protein trafficking and secretion. Additionally, immune-related pathways were activated in the long term, with a short-term upregulation of inflammatory markers, such as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-18, although the levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) remained stable, indicating that not only complex inflammatory stimuli, but also oxidative stress responses can disrupt ECM homeostasis.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study demonstrates a detailed proteomic view of the stress response of H2O2-treated chondrocytes, highlighting the significant changes in ER function, cytoskeletal remodeling, protein secretion, and immune responses. These changes suggest that oxidative stress impacts ECM balance and can contribute to cartilage disorders, such as OA, through different mechanisms than what is usually observed with inflammatory stimulus, offering new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying oxidative stress in chondrocytes.

Advanced Strategies in Bone Tissue Engineering: "Membrane-Jelly" Hydrogel System to Improve Bone Marrow Stem Cell Osteogenic Differentiation and Bone Regeneration

Traditional bone tissue engineering presents several challenges, including difficulties in obtaining seed cells, relatively slow proliferation within scaffolds, and the potential to induce postimplantation immunogenic reactions. A promising direction for bone-tissue regeneration involves the development of cell-free scaffolds with superior physicochemical and biological properties. This study focused on encapsulating bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) within stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α)-loaded silk fibroin-gelatin methacryloyl (SF-GelMA) hydrogel to create a ″membrane-jelly″ culture platform. Within a specific concentration range, SDF-1α positively influenced BMSC induction and promoted osteogenic differentiation. Decellularized extracellular matrix mimics the stem cell microenvironment, enhancing BMSC adhesion and proliferation, while preventing the loss of stemness. Building upon this foundation, the SDF-1α/GelMA-SF hydrogel matrix provides mechanical support for both the recruitment of BMSCs and their subsequent osteogenic differentiation. Furthermore, it activates various signaling pathways, including bile acid, Notch pathway, and G protein-coupled receptor signaling according to the GO and KEGG results of the RNAseq, thereby synergistically promoting elevated expression of osteogenic markers in BMSCs from multiple perspectives. This comprehensive approach harnesses osteoinductive capacity and accelerates bone tissue regeneration. This system is expected to represent an advanced strategy for bone tissue engineering.

Quercetin, as a Nutritional Supplement, Protects against Iron Overload-Induced Testicular Dysfunction via Inhibiting Ferroptosis

Iron overload is closely associated with testicular dysfunction and ferroptosis, but the mechanism is elusive. Quercetin (Q) is a natural flavonoid with significant pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiaging. Purified quercetin can be used as a dietary supplement. However, the cellular autonomous mechanisms responsible for regulating ferroptosis in the testicular reproductive system and the molecular mechanisms of Q in treating testicular injury remain to be elucidated. In the study, based on RNA-seq results, we found that iron overload causes ferroptosis in testicular cells through the SLC39A14 and HO1 pathways, thereby promoting testicular dysfunction, including hormone secretion disorders and blood-testis barrier (BTB) dysfunction. Interestingly, using RNA-seq, we found that ferroptosis and NRF2 signaling pathways may be involved in the treatment of testicular dysfunction caused by iron overload with Q. Collectively, this study demonstrates for the first time that Q can impede the progression of ferroptosis by targeting the activation of NRF2 in the testes, which may provide a new therapeutic approach to alleviate iron overload-induced testicular injury.

Catalase-assisted peroxide quenching for electrochemical measurement of reactive oxygen intermediates in single living cells

A catalase-assisted peroxide quenching strategy is established by the injection of catalase, which consumes intracellular hydrogen peroxide generated from oxygen stress, into a living cell using a nanopipette. Accordingly, the amounts of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) are quantified at the single cell level.

The interplay between driver mutation and oxidative stress in colorectal cancer: from pathogenesis to therapeutics

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multifaceted disease influenced by genetic mutations and environmental factors, especially oxidative stress. Driver mutations are pivotal in CRC initiation and progression and alter key signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and genomic stability. Concurrently, oxidative stress, characterized by an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses, plays a crucial role in CRC development by promoting DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and redox signaling dysregulation. The molecular mechanisms linking driver mutations and oxidative stress pathways underscore their collective or antagonistic impact on CRC heterogeneity, therapeutic responses, and clinical outcomes. Insights into mutation-specific vulnerabilities and redox modulation offer promising avenues for targeted therapies and personalized medicine approaches in CRC treatment. Here, we discuss the intricate interplay between driver mutations and oxidative stress, highlight emerging trends, and propose future research directions to advance our understanding of CRC pathogenesis and optimize therapeutic interventions.

Triglyceride-glucose index as a predictor of the risk of sarcopenia in elderly patients with OSA: a multicenter study

BACKGROUND

Given the clear association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and metabolic disorders, coupled with a limited understanding of sarcopenia in patients with OSA, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and sarcopenia and in an elderly population with OSA.

METHODS

Multiple hematological and sleep-breathing status were meticulously recorded in the cohorts. The SARC-F scale ≥ 4 was considered indicative of probable sarcopenia. The correlations between clinical indicators and the SARC-F score were analyzed. The area under the curve (AUC) was utilized to assess the predictive ability of TyG for sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity. Logistic regression analysis and sensitivity stratification were employed to explore the influence of TyG.

RESULTS

A total of 1,148 individuals were included, among whom the median age was 66 (62, 71). 46.3% (n = 531) were diagnosed with severe OSA, while 24.0% (n = 276) had probable sarcopenia. The SARC-F score exhibited positive correlations with TyG (r = 0.122, P < 0.01), but it was negatively correlated with mean peripheral oxygen saturation (mean SpO2, r = -0.157, P < 0.01). The AUC for assessing sarcopenia using TyG was 65.7% (95% confidence intervals (95%CI): 61.9-69.5%. Furthermore, the cutoff value for TyG was 8.855 (sensitivity = 67.4%, specificity = 62.8%). Logistic regression and stratified sensitivity analyses, adjusted for various influencing factors, collectively revealed that TyG was a risk-related predictor of probable sarcopenia (all odds ratio > 2.0, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The TyG index emerges as an independent predictor of sarcopenia in patients with OSA, shedding light on the complex interplay between nighttime hypoxia and muscle health.

Genotoxicity of putrescine and its effects on gene expression in HepG2 cell line

Decomposing bodies release necro-leachate, a toxic fluid containing harmful compounds such as biogenic amines. This study investigated the genotoxic effects of the different concentrations (0.5, 1.4, 2.3, 3.2 mM) of bioamine putrescine on HepG2 cells using the comet assay, the micronucleus test, and gene expression analysis. The results were compared to negative control and indicated significant DNA damage in the comet assay highlighting tail DNA intensity that exhibited significant differences across all tested concentrations (0.5 = 192 %, 1.4 = 189 %, 2.3 = 208 %, 3.2 = 132 %). The micronucleus test revealed a significant increase in micronuclei for concentrations 0.5 (193 %), 1.4 (229 %), 2.3 (206 %); nuclear buds 3.2 (173 %); chromosomal bridges 3.2 (735 %). Furthermore, genes linked to oxidative stress and DNA damage exhibited statistically significant expression alterations. These findings suggest that putrescine has genotoxic potential in human-derived HepG2 cells, raising concerns about cemetery contaminants' occupational and environmental risks. This study is the first to assess putrescine's toxicity as an environmental pollutant, as previous research has mainly focused on its role in the food sector. These insights highlight the potential threats necro-leachate poses to environmental health, emphasizing the need for further research on cemetery pollution.

Differential activation of defense responses in cucumbers by adapted versus non-adapted lineages of the cotton-melon aphid

BACKGROUND

The cotton-melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, is a polyphagous pest damaging plants across over 100 families. It has multiple host-specialized lineages, including one colonizing Malvaceae (MA) and one colonizing Cucurbitaceae (CU). The mechanisms underlying these host relationships remain unknown. Here, we compared defensive compounds, gene expressions and aphid susceptibility of cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) that were infested with both lineages for up to 14 days.

RESULTS

Total jasmonic acid (JA) remained constant in CU-infested cucumbers while increased to a maximum of 19.11 folds at 1 dpi (days post infestation) in MA-infested cucumbers. Total salicylic acid (SA) increased to a maximum of 4.42 folds at 7 dpi in MA-infested cucumbers while increased to a maximum of 2.83 folds at 14 dpi in CU-infested cucumbers. Reactive oxygen species were constantly higher in MA-infested cucumbers than CU-infested cucumbers at each time point. Genes involved in defense signaling, for example, MAPKs, PR-1s, and WRKY, and genes involved in JA and SA biosynthesis, were largely up-regulated in MA-infested cucumbers compared with CU-infested ones. Both lineages exhibited more stylet probing, less phloem ingestion, higher mortality, and less reproduction on MA-infested cucumbers compared with CU-infested ones.

CONCLUSION

MA lineage aphids elicited stronger defenses in cucumbers than the CU lineage aphids. A lack of salivary effectors specific to cucumbers most likely prevents MA lineage aphids from using cucumbers. Identifying lineage-specific elicitors or effectors is therefore expected to unveil the molecular mechanisms of host specificity of this aphid. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

Vascular actions of Ang 1-7 and Ang 1-8 through EDRFs and EDHFs in non-diabetes and diabetes mellitus

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a pivotal role in regulating vascular homeostasis, while angiotensin 1-8 (Ang 1-8) traditionally dominates as a vasoconstrictor factor. However, the discovery of angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7) and Ang 1-8 has revealed counter-regulatory mechanisms mediated through endothelial-derived relaxing factors (EDRFs) and endothelial-derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHFs). This review delves into the vascular actions of Ang 1-7 and Ang 1-8 in both non-diabetes mellitus (non-DM) and diabetes mellitus (DM) conditions, highlighting their effects on vascular endothelial cell (VECs) function as well. In a non-DM vasculature context, Ang 1-8 demonstrate dual effect including vasoconstriction and vasodilation, respectively. Additionally, Ang 1-7 induces vasodilation upon nitric oxide (NO) production as a prominent EDRFs in distinct mechanisms. Further research elucidating the precise mechanisms underlying the vascular actions of Ang 1-7 and Ang 1-8 in DM will facilitate the development of tailored therapeutic interventions aimed at preserving vascular health and preventing cardiovascular complications.

NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune chronic inflammatory disease that imposes a heavy economic burden on patients and society. Bone and cartilage destruction is considered an important factor leading to RA, and inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction are closely related to bone erosion and cartilage destruction in RA. Currently, there are limitations in the clinical treatment methods for RA, which urgently necessitates finding new effective treatments for patients. Nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) is a signaling transcription factor that is widely present in various cells. It plays an important role as a stress source in the cellular environment and regulates gene expression in processes such as immunity, inflammation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. NF-κB has long been recognized as a pathogenic factor of RA, and its activation can exacerbate RA by promoting inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and bone destruction. Conversely, inhibiting the activity of the NF-κB pathway effectively inhibits these pathological processes, thereby alleviating RA. Therefore, NF-κB may be a potential therapeutic target for RA. This article describes the physiological structure of NF-κB and its important role in RA through the regulation of oxidative stress, inflammatory response, mitochondrial function, and bone destruction. Meanwhile, we also summarized the impact of NF-κB crosstalk with other signaling pathways on RA and the effect of related drugs or inhibitors targeting NF-κB on RA. The purpose of this article is to provide evidence for the role of NF-κB in RA and to emphasize its significant role in RA by elucidating the mechanisms, so as to provide a theoretical basis for targeting the NF-κB pathway as a treatment for RA.

Oxidative stress-induced CDO1 glutathionylation regulates cysteine metabolism and sustains redox homeostasis under ionizing radiation

Oxidative stress serves as a fundamental mechanism contributing to ionizing radiation-induced damage, which has significant implications for tissue injury. Cysteine dioxygenase type 1 (CDO1) catalyzes the rate-limiting step for cysteine oxidation pathway, thereby playing a crucial role in regulating cellular cysteine availability. However, the regulation of CDO1 activity and cysteine oxidation under ionizing radiation, as well as their subsequent effects on cell viability, remains largely unexplored. In this study, we provide evidence that CDO1 activity and cysteine oxidation are inhibited following radiation exposure. Mechanistically, ionizing radiation-induced oxidative stress triggers glutathionylation of CDO1 at cysteine (C) 164, which impairs CDO1 enzymatic activity by disrupting its interaction with the substrate cysteine. Furthermore, glutathionylation at CDO1 C164 is essential for maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and supports cell viability under ionizing radiation. These findings reveal a novel mechanism through which redox modifications of CDO1 regulate cysteine metabolism and glutathione synthesis under oxidative stress, thereby underscoring its potential as a therapeutic target for addressing radiation-induced injuries.

Priming effect with selenium and iodine on broccoli seedlings: Activation of biochemical mechanisms to mitigate cold damages

This study aimed to improve broccoli seedlings' cold stress tolerance by priming them with selenium (Se) and iodine (I). Different doses of selenium (0, 25, 50, and 75 mg L-1) and iodine (0, 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg L-1) were applied individually and in combination, totaling 21 treatments. After foliar spraying of Se and I, the seedlings were exposed to 20/2 °C (day/night) for three days. Antioxidant enzyme activities and osmoprotectant contents were then analyzed. Se75, Se75+I50, and I100 treatments significantly reduced leaf damage (2.64 %, 3.11 %, and 9.05 %, respectively). In addition, the results showed that Se, I, and their combination (Se + I) activate different defense mechanisms in broccoli seedlings, enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the accumulation of osmoprotectants. Our results indicate that applying Se and I proved to be an effective strategy to alleviate low-temperature stress, significantly reducing leaf damage. These findings are promising since they allow for optimizing broccoli production in regions with cold climatic conditions, improving stress tolerance at critical stages of plant development, thus reducing agricultural losses associated with low temperatures.

Impact of a high inspired oxygen fraction on oxidative stress in pediatric patients: reassuring results based on a randomized trial

High-concentration oxygen inhalation is the primary intervention to prevent perioperative hypoxemia. However, there are concerns that this may induce an imbalance in oxidation‒reduction processes, particularly in pediatric patients with compromised antioxidant defenses. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of varying intraoperative concentrations of oxygen inhalation on oxidative stress in children by analyzing plasma biomarkers, oxygenation indices, and the duration of surgery and oxygen inhalation. Forty-five children scheduled for laparoscopic pyeloplasty under general anesthesia were randomly assigned to three groups, each receiving different fractions of inspired oxygen during surgery: 30%, 50%, or 80%. The primary outcome was the plasma concentration of oxidative stress markers, and the other measurements included the surgical duration and duration of oxygen exposure. Thirty-five children completed the study, with 11 in the low group, 12 in the medium group and 12 in the high group. The levels of superoxide dismutase at immediately post-tracheal intubation, hydrogen peroxide at 1 hour post-intubation, and 8-isoprostane at immediately post-surgical procedure were significantly higher in the high group than in the low group. The S100B levels at immediately post-surgical procedure were higher than those at immediately post-tracheal intubation and 1 hour post-intubation within the low group. Therefore, we conclude that inhaling a high concentration of oxygen during laparoscopic pyeloplasty under general anesthesia, for a duration of less than 3 hours, does not significantly increase oxidative stress in pediatric patients. This study was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (registration No. ChiCTR2400083143).

Reveal the mechanism of hepatic oxidative stress in mice induced by photo-oxidation milk using multi-omics analysis techniques

INTRODUCTION

Photo-oxidation is recognized as a contributor to the deterioration of milk quality, posing potential safety hazards to human health. However, there has been limited investigation into the impact of consuming photo-oxidized milk on health.

OBJECTIVES

This study employs multi-omics analysis techniques to elucidate the mechanisms by which photo-oxidized milk induces oxidative stress in the liver.

METHODS

Mouse model was used to determine the effect of the gavage administration of milk with varying degrees of photo-oxidation on the mouse liver. The damage degree was established by measuring serum markers indicative of oxidative stress, and with a subsequent histopathological examination of liver tissues. In addition, comprehensive metabolome, lipidome, and transcriptome analyses were conducted to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of hepatic damage caused by photo-oxidized milk.

RESULTS

A significant elevation in the oxidative stress levels and the presence of hepatocellular swelling and inflammation subsequent to the gavage administration of photo-oxidized milk to mice. Significant alterations in the levels of metabolites such as lumichrome, all-trans-retinal, L-valine, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylcholine within the hepatic tissue of mice. Moreover, photo-oxidized milk exerted a pronounced detrimental impact on the glycerophospholipid metabolism of mice liver. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) signaling pathway enrichment appreciated in the animals that consumed photo-oxidized milk further supports the substantial negative influence of photo-oxidized milk on hepatic lipid metabolism. Gene set enrichment and interaction analyses revealed that photo-oxidized milk inhibited the cytochrome P450 pathway in mice, while also affecting other pathways associated with cellular stress response and lipid biosynthesis.

CONCLUSION

This comprehensive study provides significant evidence regarding the potential health risks associated with photo-oxidized milk, particularly in terms of hepatic oxidative damage. It establishes a scientific foundation for assessing the safety of such milk and ensuring the quality of dairy products.

ROS-Activated TRPM2 Channel: Calcium Homeostasis in Cardiovascular/renal System and Speculation in Cardiorenal Syndrome

The transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) channel is a nonselective calcium channel that is sensitive to oxidative stress (OS), and is widely expressed in multiple organs, such as the heart, kidney, and brain, which is inextricably related to calcium dyshomeostasis and downstream pathological events. Due to the increasing global burden of kidney or cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), safe and efficient drugs specific to novel targets are imperatively needed. Notably, investigation of the possibility to regard the TRPM2 channel as a new therapeutic target in ROS-related CVDs or renal diseases is urgently required because the roles of the TRPM2 channel in heart or kidney diseases have not received enough attention and thus have not been fully elaborated. Therefore, we aimed to review the involvement of the TRPM2 channel in cardiovascular disorders related to kidney or typical renal diseases and attempted to speculate about TRPM2-mediated mechanisms of cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) to provide representative perspectives for future research about novel and effective therapeutic strategies.

Engineered Prussian Blue-Curcumin Nanozyme with RONS Scavenging Properties for Augmented Reversible Treatment of Cardiac Hypertrophy

Pathological cardiac hypertrophy, often triggered by the excessive production and accumulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), may ultimately lead to heart failure. The treatment of myocardial hypertrophy often involves antioxidant stress therapy. In this study, by coordinating curcumin with ferric ions during the synthesis of Prussian blue nanoparticles, a Prussian blue-curcumin (PB-Cur) nanozyme is successfully engineered with exceptional reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) elimination capabilities. Following PVP modification, the PB-Cur nanozyme exhibited favorable biocompatibility and stability in aqueous solutions. Furthermore, the PB-Cur nanozyme shows remarkable reversible treatment efficacy against myocardial hypertrophy in both in vitro and in vivo models. After one week of treatment, the PB-Cur group in the transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced cardiac hypertrophy models displayed a notable decrease in myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis. Echocardiographic findings also revealed a substantial improvement in cardiac function among TAC mice following PB-Cur administration. Mechanistically, through reactive oxygen species (ROS) elimination, the PB-Cur effectively downregulated oxidative stress-related pathways, including MAPK and PI3K-Akt, which hold promise for treating oxidative stress-related cardiac diseases.

Relationships among osteoporosis, redox homeostasis, and alcohol addiction: Importance of the brain-bone axis

Overabundance of reactive oxygen species (oxidative distress) leads to redox homeostasis disturbance and is associated with many pathological conditions. Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative distress may contribute to osteoporosis. This review thoroughly outlines the relationships among osteoporosis, redox homeostasis, and alcohol addiction, since these relations are not sufficiently known and subsequently summarized. The brain-bone axis plays a crucial role in alcohol-induced damage to the nervous and skeletal systems. Alterations in the nervous system can lead to osteoporosis because the central nervous system is involved in bone remodeling through various neural pathways. Conversely, as an endocrine organ, bone secretes a number of bone-derived factors (osteokines), which can influence brain function and behavior. As a result, osteoporosis is more common in individuals with neurological disorders, and sudden neurological events can rapidly increase the risk of osteoporosis. Excessive alcohol consumption is linked to many neurological complications, as well as osteoporosis, which are manifested by disrupted redox homeostasis, inflammation, neurodegeneration, inhibition of neurogenesis, decreased bone mineral density, impaired bone microarchitecture, altered mineral homeostasis, raising fracture risk, hormonal dysregulation, and altered gut microbiota composition. Compared to men, alcohol dependence has more negative consequences for women, including an increased risk of liver, cardiovascular, metabolic, mental disorders, and breast cancer. Abstinence has been demonstrated to improve bone and brain health in alcohol addiction. The discovery of the brain-bone axis may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches for alcohol and other substance addictions. Further research is needed in this direction, as many questions remain unanswered.

Oxidative stress response and NRF2 signaling pathway in autism spectrum disorder

The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social communication and restricted/repetitive behavioral patterns, has increased significantly over the past few decades. The etiology of ASD involves a highly complex interplay of genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors, contributing to significant heterogeneity in its clinical phenotype. In the evolving landscape of ASD research, increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress, resulting from both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, may be a crucial pathophysiological driver in ASD, influencing neurodevelopmental processes that underlie behavioral abnormalities. Elevated levels of oxidative stress biomarkers, including lipid peroxides, protein oxidation products, and DNA damage markers, alongside deficient antioxidant enzyme activity, have been consistently linked to ASD. This may be attributed to dysregulated activity of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), a pivotal transcription factor that maintains cellular redox homeostasis by orchestrating the expression of genes involved in antioxidant defenses. Here, we summarize the converging evidence that redox imbalance in ASD may result from NRF2 dysregulation, leading to reduced expression of its target genes. We also highlight the most promising antioxidant compounds under investigation, which may restore NRF2 activity and ameliorate ASD behavioral symptoms.

Versatility of vimentin assemblies: From filaments to biomolecular condensates and back

Cytoskeletal structures shape and confer resistance to cells. The intermediate filament protein vimentin forms versatile structures that play key roles in cytoskeletal crosstalk, in the integration of cellular responses to a variety of external and internal cues, and in the defense against stress. Such multifaceted roles can be fulfilled thanks to the vast variety of vimentin proteoforms, which in turn arise from the combinations of a myriad of tightly regulated posttranslational modifications. Diverse vimentin proteoforms will differentially shape its polymeric assemblies, underlying vimentin ability to organize in filaments, bundles, squiggles, droplets, cell surface-bound and/or various secreted forms. Interestingly, certain vimentin dots or droplets have been lately categorized as biomolecular condensates. Biomolecular condensates are phase-separated membraneless structures that are critical for the organization of cellular components and play important roles in pathophysiology. Recent findings have unveiled the importance of low complexity sequence domains in vimentin filament assembly. Moreover, several oxidants trigger the transition of vimentin filaments into phase-separated biomolecular condensates, a reversible process that may provide clues on the role of condensates as seeds for filament formation. Revisiting previous results in the light of recent knowledge prompts the hypothesis that vimentin condensates could play a role in traffic of filament precursors, cytoskeletal crosstalk and cellular responses to stress. Deciphering the "vimentin posttranslational modification code", that is, the structure-function relationships of vimentin proteoforms, constitutes a major challenge to understand the regulation of vimentin behavior and its multiple personalities. This will contribute to unveil essential cellular mechanisms and foster novel opportunities for drug discovery.

α‑ketoglutarate protects against septic cardiomyopathy by improving mitochondrial mitophagy and fission

Septic cardiomyopathy is a considerable complication in sepsis, which has high mortality rates and an incompletely understood pathophysiology, which hinders the development of effective treatments. α‑ketoglutarate (AKG), a component of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, serves a role in cellular metabolic regulation. The present study delved into the therapeutic potential and underlying mechanisms of AKG in ameliorating septic cardiomyopathy. A mouse model of sepsis was generated and treated with AKG via the drinking water. Cardiac function was assessed using echocardiography, while the mitochondrial ultrastructure was examined using transmission electron microscopy. Additionally, in vitro, rat neonatal ventricular myocytes were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a model of sepsis and then treated with AKG. Mitochondrial function was evaluated via ATP production and Seahorse assays. Additionally, the levels of reactive oxygen species were determined using dihydroethidium and chloromethyl derivative CM‑H2DCFDA staining, apoptosis was assessed using a TUNEL assay, and the expression levels of mitochondria‑associated proteins were analyzed by western blotting. Mice subjected to LPS treatment exhibited compromised cardiac function, reflected by elevated levels of atrial natriuretic peptide, B‑type natriuretic peptide and β‑myosin heavy chain. These mice also exhibited pronounced mitochondrial morphological disruptions and dysfunction in myocardial tissues; treatment with AKG ameliorated these changes. AKG restored cardiac function, reduced mitochondrial damage and corrected mitochondrial dysfunction. This was achieved primarily through increasing mitophagy and mitochondrial fission. In vitro, AKG reversed LPS‑induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and dysregulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism by increasing mitophagy and fission. These results revealed that AKG administration mitigated cardiac dysfunction in septic cardiomyopathy by promoting the clearance of damaged mitochondria by increasing mitophagy and fission, underscoring its therapeutic potential in this context.

Microglial NOX2 as a therapeutic target in traumatic brain injury: Mechanisms, consequences, and potential for neuroprotection

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of long-term disability worldwide, with secondary injury mechanisms, including neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, driving much of its chronic pathology. While NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2)-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is a recognized factor in TBI, the specific role of microglial NOX2 in perpetuating oxidative and inflammatory damage remains underexplored. Addressing this gap is critical, as current therapeutic approaches primarily target acute symptoms and fail to interrupt the persistent neuroinflammation that contributes to progressive neurodegeneration. Besides NOX, other ROS-generating enzymes, such as CYP1B1, COX2, and XO, also play crucial roles in triggering oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory conditions in TBI. However, this review highlights the pathophysiological role of microglial NOX2 in TBI, focusing on its activation following injury and its impact on ROS generation, neuroinflammatory signaling, and neuronal loss. These insights reveal NOX2 as a critical driver of secondary injury, linked to worsened outcomes, particularly in aged individuals where NOX2 activation is more pronounced. In addition, this review evaluates emerging therapeutic approaches targeting NOX2, such as GSK2795039 and other selective NOX2 inhibitors, which show potential in reducing ROS levels, limiting neuroinflammation, and preserving neurological functions. By highlighting the specific role of NOX2 in microglial ROS production and secondary neurodegeneration, this study advocates for NOX2 inhibition as a promising strategy to improve TBI outcomes by addressing the unmet need for therapies targeting long-term inflammation and neuroprotection. Our review highlights the potential of NOX2-targeted interventions to disrupt the cycle of oxidative stress and inflammation, ultimately offering a pathway to mitigate the chronic impact of TBI.

Androgen Receptor Mediates Dopamine Agonist Resistance by Regulating Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species in Prolactin-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma

Aims: Dopamine agonists (DAs) are the first-line treatment for patients with prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma (PRL adenoma). However, a subset of individuals exhibits poor responses, known as DA resistance. Previous studies have reported that DA resistance is more prevalent in male patients. This study aims to investigate the relationship between androgen receptor (AR) expression and DA resistance, as well as to explore underlying mechanisms of AR-mediated DA resistance. Results: Our results demonstrated that patients with higher AR expression exhibit greater resistance to DA in our cohort of DA-resistant PRL adenoma. Furthermore, AR was found to be involved in cell proliferation, PRL secretion, and resistance to bromocriptine (BRC) both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) function as upstream mediators of apoptosis and ferroptosis following BRC treatment. As a ligand-dependent transcription factor, AR could translocate to the nucleus and transcriptionally promote NFE2-like bZIP transcription factor 2 (NRF2) expression, which regulates intracellular ROS levels, thereby enhancing cell viability and conferring DA resistance to pituitary adenoma (PA) cells. Finally, AR targeting agents were used to inhibit AR signaling, downregulate NRF2 transcription, and sensitize PA cells to BRC treatment. Conclusion and Innovation: We demonstrated that AR plays a crucial role in mediating DA resistance in PRL adenoma. Mechanistically, AR promotes cell proliferation and PRL secretion and confers drug resistance by transcriptionally regulating NRF2 expression to maintain redox homeostasis in PA cells. Finally, combining AR targeting agents with BRC shows promise as a therapeutic strategy for treating PRL adenomas. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 42, 954-972.

Metal-Organic Frameworks: Unlocking New Frontiers in Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the most critical diseases which is the predominant cause of death in the world. Early screening and diagnosis of the disease and effective treatment after diagnosis play an important role in the patient's recovery. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a kind of hybrid ordered micro or meso-porous materials, constructed by metal nodes or clusters with organic ligands, due to their special features like high porosity and specific surface area, open metal sites, or ligand tunability, are widely used in various areas including gas storage, catalysis, sensors, biomedicine. Recently, advances in MOFs are bringing new developments and opportunities for the healthcare industry including the theranostic of CVD. In this review, the applications of MOFs are illustrated in the diagnosis and therapy of CVD, including biomarker detection, imaging, drug delivery systems, therapeutic gas delivery platforms, and nanomedicine. Also, the toxicity and biocompatibility of MOFs are discussed. By providing a comprehensive summary of the role played by MOFs in the diagnosis and treatment of CVDs, it is hoped to promote the future applications of MOFs in disease theranostics, especially in CVDs.

Mitochondria: An overview of their origin, genome, architecture, and dynamics

Mitochondria are traditionally viewed as the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells, i.e., the main providers of the metabolic energy required to maintain their viability and function. However, the role of these ubiquitous intracellular organelles far extends energy generation, encompassing a large suite of functions, which they can adjust to changing physiological conditions. These functions rely on a sophisticated membrane system and complex molecular machineries, most of which imported from the cytosol through intricate transport systems. In turn, mitochondrial plasticity is rooted on mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy, fusion, fission, and movement. Dealing with all these aspects and terminology can be daunting for newcomers to the field of mitochondria, even for those with a background in biological sciences. The aim of the present educational article, which is part of a special issue entitled "Mitochondria in aging, cancer and cell death", is to present these organelles in a simple and concise way. Complex molecular mechanisms are deliberately omitted, as their inclusion would defeat the stated purpose of the article. Also, considering the wide scope of the article, coverage of each topic is necessarily limited, with the reader directed to excellent reviews, in which the different topics are discussed in greater depth than is possible here. In addition, the multiple cell type-specific genotypic and phenotypic differences between mitochondria are largely ignored, focusing instead on the characteristics shared by most of them, with an emphasis on mitochondria from higher eukaryotes. Also ignored are highly degenerate mitochondrion-related organelles, found in various anaerobic microbial eukaryotes lacking canonical mitochondria.

Insights into the antifungal properties and modes of action of a recombinant hepcidin, rAd-Hep from the shrimp scad, Alepes djedaba (Forsskål, 1775)

Antimicrobial peptides are short, mostly cationic and amphipathic molecules crucial for host defence. Among these, hepcidins are a family of cysteine rich peptides, with HAMP1 hepcidins playing a dual role in iron metabolism and antimicrobial defense. Recently, recombinantly produced Alepes djedaba hepcidin, rAd-Hep was characterized and its antibacterial potential against various pathogens have been discerned. Herein, we investigated the antifungal nature and modes of action of rAd-Hep against some fungal pathogens. The peptide was found to be active against both filamentous fungi and yeasts viz., Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus sydowii, Fusarium solani, Penicillium citrinum, Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The peptide acted via membrane permeabilization creating pores of ∼0.7-1.4 nm radii, ROS generation, chromatin condensation and DNA binding. The recombinant hepcidin, rAd-Hep can be considered as a promising candidate for future endeavors in antifungal therapies.

The cGAS-STING-mediated ROS and ferroptosis are involved in manganese neurotoxicity

Manganese (Mn) has been characterized as an environmental pollutant. Excessive releases of Mn due to human activities have increased Mn levels in the environment over the years, posing a threat to human health and the environment. Long-term exposure to high concentrations of Mn can induce neurotoxicity. Therefore, toxicological studies on Mn are of paramount importance. Mn induces oxidative stress through affecting the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the overabundance of ROS further triggers ferroptosis. Additionally, Mn2+ was found to be a novel activator of the cyclic guanosine-adenosine synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway in the innate immune system. Thus, we speculate that Mn exposure may promote ROS production by activating the cGAS-STING pathway, which further induces oxidative stress and ferroptosis, and ultimately triggers Mn neurotoxicity. This review discusses the mechanism between Mn-induced oxidative stress and ferroptosis via activation of the cGAS-STING pathway, which may offer a prospective direction for future in-depth studies on the mechanism of Mn neurotoxicity.

Insulin resistance: fueling oxidative stress and neurodegeneration

The growing prevalence of age-related neurodegenerative diseases is a consequence of population aging and demands urgent treatment strategies. This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the contribution of oxidative stress and insulin resistance in neurodegenerative diseases, specifically Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, current therapeutic approaches to treat oxidative stress and insulin resistance in this age-related neurodegenerative disease will be discussed. AD is the most prevalent form of neurodegenerative disease and is marked at early stages by oxidative stress and insulin resistance. Results indicate that insulin resistance may be central in generating oxidative stress and exacerbating AD hallmarks. In turn, insulin resistance can be influenced by other factors, including amyloid beta (Aβ), impaired biliverdin-reductase A (BVR-A) activity, and the gut microbiota. Defective insulin signaling in the brain comes with consequences ranging from declined cognitive functions, impaired autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, hyperphosphorylation of Tau, and increased Aβ production. Multiple therapeutic approaches that target oxidative stress or brain insulin resistance, such as antioxidant supplementation and anti-diabetic drugs, have mostly been inconclusive, except for intranasal insulin. Positive results have been obtained in clinical trials using nasal delivery devices to administer insulin; however, results are inconsistent across studies likely due to inconsistencies in the delivery method. Future investigations should focus on investigating the molecular link between oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and AD to address current knowledge gaps. Moreover, more focus should be given to optimizing the reliability and efficacy of nasal delivery devices before considering such an approach viable to treat neurodegenerative diseases.

GSTM1 suppresses cardiac fibrosis post-myocardial infarction through inhibiting lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis

BACKGROUND

Cardiac fibrosis following myocardial infarction (MI) drives adverse ventricular remodeling and heart failure, with cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) playing a central role. GSTM1 is an important member of the glutathione S-transferase (GSTs) family, which plays an important role in maintaining cell homeostasis and detoxification. This study investigated the role and mechanism of GSTM1 in post-MI fibrosis.

METHODS

Multi-omics approaches (proteomics/scRNA-seq) identified GSTM1 as a dysregulated target in post-MI fibroblasts. Using a murine coronary ligation model, we assessed GSTM1 dynamics via molecular profiling, such as Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. AAV9-mediated cardiac-specific GSTM1 overexpression was achieved through systemic delivery. In vitro studies employed transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-stimulated primary fibroblasts with siRNA/plasmid interventions. Mechanistic insights were derived from transcriptomics and lipid peroxidation assays.

RESULTS

The expression of GSTM1 in mouse CFs after MI was significantly down-regulated at both transcriptional and protein levels. In human dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) patients with severe heart failure, GSTM1 expression was decreased alongside aggravated fibrosis. Overexpression of GSTM1 in post-MI mice improved cardiac function, while significantly reducing infarct size and fibrosis compared with the control group. In vitro models demonstrated that GSTM1 markedly attenuated collagen secretion and activation of fibroblasts, as well as suppressed their proliferation and migration. Further studies revealed that GSTM1 overexpression significantly inhibited the generation of intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) under pathological conditions, suggesting that GSTM1 exerts an antioxidative stress effect in post-infarction fibroblasts. Further investigation of molecular mechanisms indicated that GSTM1 may suppress the initiation and progression of fibrosis by modulating lipid metabolism and ferroptosis-related pathways. Overexpression of GSTM1 significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and free ferrous iron levels in fibroblasts and mitochondria, markedly decreased ferroptosis-related indicators, and alleviated oxidative lipid levels [such as 12-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (HEPE) and 9-, 10-dihydroxy octadecenoic acid (DHOME)] under fibrotic conditions. GSTM1 enhanced the phosphorylation of STAT3, thereby upregulating the downstream expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), reducing ROS production, and mitigating fibroblast activation and phenotypic transformation by inhibiting lipid peroxidation.

CONCLUSIONS

This study identifies GSTM1 as a key inhibitor of fibroblast activation and cardiac fibrosis, highlighting its ability to target ferroptosis through redox regulation. AAV-mediated GSTM1 therapy demonstrates significant therapeutic potential for improving outcomes post-MI.

Rebalancing redox homeostasis: A pivotal regulator of the cGAS-STING pathway in autoimmune diseases

Autoimmune diseases (ADs) arise from the breakdown of immune tolerance to self-antigens, leading to pathological tissue damage. Proinflammatory cytokine overproduction disrupts redox homeostasis across diverse cell populations, generating oxidative stress that induces DNA damage through multiple mechanisms. Oxidative stress-induced alterations in membrane permeability and DNA damage can lead to the recognition of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and micronuclei-DNA (MN-DNA) by DNA sensors, thereby initiating activation of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway. While previous reviews have characterized cGAS-STING activation in autoimmunity, the reciprocal regulation between redox homeostasis and cGAS-STING activation remains insufficiently defined. This narrative review examines oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage as a critical driver of pathological cGAS-STING signaling and delineates molecular mechanisms linking redox homeostasis to autoimmune pathogenesis. Furthermore, we propose therapeutic strategies that combine redox restoration with the attenuation of aberrant cGAS-STING activation, thereby establishing a mechanistic foundation for precision interventions in autoimmune disorders. METHODS: The manuscript is formatted as a narrative review. We conducted a comprehensive search strategy using electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science. Various keywords were used, such as "cGAS-STING," "Redox homeostasis," "Oxidative stress," "pentose phosphate pathway," "Ferroptosis," "mtDNA," "dsDNA," "DNA damage," "Micronuclei," "Reactive oxygen species," "Reactive nitrogen species," "Nanomaterial," "Autoimmune disease," "Systemic lupus erythematosus," "Type 1 diabetes," "Rheumatoid arthritis," "Multiple sclerosis," "Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis," "Psoriasis," etc. The titles and abstracts were reviewed for inclusion into this review. After removing duplicates and irrelevant studies, 174 articles met inclusion criteria (original research, English language).

A Plant-Based Dietary Supplement Exhibits Significant Effects on Markers of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Immune Response in Subjects Recovering from Respiratory Viral Infection: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Study Using Vitamin C as a Positive Control

Respiratory viruses continue to present serious health challenges to human wellness. Growing evidence suggests that the more severe and damaging effects and symptoms of influenza, rhinovirus (RV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and COVID-19 may primarily result from their common ability to disorganize the body's healthy immune response. The simultaneous over-stimulation of several reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathways and concurrent suppression of bioavailable Nitic Oxide (NO) contribute to an immune disbalance that can lead to cellular oxidative distress and an excessive inflammatory response. This study evaluated the real-time, acute ability of a single, orally administered 50 mg encapsulated dose of a plant-based dietary supplement ("PB-Blend"), compared to 1000 mg of Vitamin C as a positive control, to modulate multiple ROS associated with a dampened immune response, as well as NO and other markers of inflammation, in a cohort recovering from a moderate course of COVID-19. This randomized, double-blind study was performed on 28 individuals 18-24 days after a moderate COVID-19 infection. Participants were orally supplemented with a single encapsulated dose of either 50 mg of PB-Blend or 1000 mg Vitamin C as a positive control. Changes in the levels of bioavailable NO (measured as circulating NOHb) were assessed, as well as the ex vivo cellular formation of mitochondrial, NOX2-, iNOS-, and TNFα-dependent ROS. All parameters were measured in real time before ingestion (baseline), and then at 30, 60, 120, and 180 min after administration. ROS were measured using a portable electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer. Inflammatory, immunity (hsCRP and TNFα plasma levels), interleukin (IL1, IL6, IL8, and IL10), cytokine (IFNγ, TNFα, and NF-κB), and immunoglobulin (IgA, IgM, IgG, and IgE) profiles were also followed. In addition to laboratory and cell function investigations, we performed clinical cardio ergometry, blood O2 saturation, and respirometry examinations. As hypothesized, the collected baseline data from this study group confirmed that mitochondrial, NOX2, and iNOS enzymatic systems were strongly involved in the generation of ROS at 18-24 days following a positive COVID-19 PCR test. Acute single-dose supplementation of 50 mg PB-Blend had a multifunctional impact on ROS and significantly inhibited the following: (a.) mitochondrial ROS levels by up to 56%; (b.) iNOS by up to 60%; and (c.) NOX2-dependent ROS generation by up to 49%. Moreover, 1000 mg Vitamin C supplementation exhibited narrower ROS-mitigating activity by solely inhibiting NOX2-dependent ROS generation by 45%. Circulating NOHb levels were significantly increased after PB-Blend administration (33%), but not after Vitamin C administration. PB-Blend and Vitamin C exhibited similar potential to reduce ex vivo high dose TNFα (200 ng/mL)-induced H2O2 formation. These results suggest that 50 mg of PB-Blend has the potential to modulate disbalanced mitochondria, iNOS, and NOX2 enzymatic systems that can be engendered during respiratory viral infection and subsequent recovery. Moreover, PB-Blend, but not Vitamin C, showed potential to upregulate bioavailable NO, which is known to decline under these conditions. Based upon these observations, PB-Blend could be considered an alternative to, or to be used in tandem with Vitamin C in applications that promote immune support and recovery during seasons of heightened respiratory viral risk (e.g., "flu season").

Mechanism and role of ferroptosis in the development of gastric cancer

Gastric cancer (GC) represents a prevalent form of malignant neoplasm characterized by elevated incidence and fatality rates, limited early detection capabilities, and unfavorable clinical outcomes. Its occurrence and development involve complex biological processes. As a recently identified form of cellular demise, ferroptosis has been observed across multiple cancer types, garnering significant research interest in contemporary studies. Nevertheless, the precise regulatory networks governing ferroptosis in gastric cancer, along with its functional implications in the initiation and advancement of this malignancy, remain unclear. This study seeks to elucidate the functional significance of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of GC, systematically review the dysregulated metabolic pathways associated with this cell death process, and elucidate the intricate interactions among ferroptosis-related signaling cascades. These investigations are expected to establish a novel conceptual framework for understanding the molecular pathogenesis of gastric cancer and identifying potential therapeutic interventions. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed to identify relevant original research articles and review papers examining the molecular mechanisms underlying ferroptosis in gastric carcinoma. The search strategy incorporated the following key terms: "Ferroptosis," "Ferroptosis and gastric cancer," "Ferroptosis and GSH," "Ferroptosis and GPX4," "Ferroptosis and system Xc-," "Iron metabolism," "lipid peroxidation," "FSP1-CoQ10," "DHODH-CoQH2," "GCH1-BH4," "ferroptosis inducer," etc. Emerging evidence from contemporary research indicates that targeted ferroptosis represents a novel and potentially efficacious treatment modality for patients with gastric cancer. Along with the identification of precise molecular targets for therapeutic intervention, the metabolic regulatory networks associated with ferroptosis remains an essential area for future research endeavors.

Improved Redox-Responsive Cobalt(II) 19F Magnetic Resonance Imaging Agents through Addition of Hydrogen Bond Donors

Redox regulation through reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an essential component of the inflammatory response. ROS can be sensed by 19F magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging using redox-active cobalt macrocycles with an appended fluorine tag. The sensitivity of these cobalt complexes was investigated by altering the identity of the oxygen donor (hydroxypropyl, carboxylate, dimethyl amide, and acetamide) attached to the triazacyclononane scaffold. A distinct shift in the 19F MR frequency between the Co2+ and Co3+ states (6-10 ppm) allows for robust imaging of the probes before and after oxidation using selective pulse sequences. Of these complexes, [Co(II)HP]2+ exhibited an enhanced sensitivity to ROS when comparing burst kinetics and steady state oxidation through the glucose oxidase enzyme (GOX). This sensitivity corresponded with an increased fractional q value and enhanced interactions between Co2+ and 17O nuclei, which are indicative of a strong hydrogen bonding network in the secondary coordination sphere.

Enhanced glucose regulation potential of C-peptide mimics

The connecting peptide (C-peptide), once relegated as an epiphenomenon in insulin biosynthesis, has now been recognized for its capacity to instigate molecular effects along with important physiological functions. These findings suggest that C-peptide is a hormonally active molecule responsible for controlling a number of diabetes-related complications, in addition to proinsulin processing. Notably, it demonstrates cellular responsiveness and acts as a robust biomarker for beta cell functions, with a half-life longer than that of insulin. Herein, we investigated the effect of some synthetic C-peptide mimics on glucose homeostasis, specifically focusing on glucose uptake, GLUT4 translocation and associated membrane trafficking processes. The glucose utilization potential of some of the C-peptide mimics in L6 muscle myotubes was significantly better than that of the human C-peptide. One of the synthesized C-peptide mimics, CP8, showed glucose metabolism akin to insulin, including potential for Akt phosphorylation and IRβ autophosphorylation. Also, it showed the ability to mitigate intramolecular reactive oxygen species production. The results obtained here highlight the potential of C-peptide mimics on glucose metabolism, as well as interaction with Akt and IRβ, positioning them as promising candidates for future diabetes research.

Simultaneously Achieving Lipid-Droplet-Location and Activity-Based Fluorogenic Sensing of Hydrogen Peroxide by Dicyanofuran-Fused Coumarin Derivatives

Activity-based sensing of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in specific organelles of interest is significant for deciphering its physiological functions at the subcellular level. However, currently reported H2O2-responsive moieties lack organelle targetability, necessitating an auxiliary navigation to direct the probe molecule to the targeted cellular local region. Herein, we propose an economical strategy by integrating a dual-functional moiety that combines molecular recognition and organelle targeting. By exploiting the oxidation reaction of dicyanofuran, two novel H2O2-activatable probes capable of targeting lipid droplets (LDs) were rationally designed based on the coumarin scaffold. Notably, the dicyanofuran-fused coumarin derivative FC1 could effectively image endogenous and exogenous H2O2 in LDs of living cells and has been successfully utilized to distinguish cancer cells from normal cells by leveraging the synergistic combination of elevated H2O2 levels and LD abundance. Our work not only presents a new activity-based sensing mechanism for H2O2 but also provides a versatile approach for the development of subcellular fluorescent probes in the future.