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Baraibar AM, Colomer T, Moreno-García A, Bernal-Chico A, Sánchez-Martín E, Utrilla C, Serrat R, Soria-Gómez E, Rodríguez-Antigüedad A, Araque A, Matute C, Marsicano G, Mato S. Autoimmune inflammation triggers aberrant astrocytic calcium signaling to impair synaptic plasticity. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 121:192-210. [PMID: 39032542 PMCID: PMC11415231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cortical pathology involving inflammatory and neurodegenerative mechanisms is a hallmark of multiple sclerosis and a correlate of disease progression and cognitive decline. Astrocytes play a pivotal role in multiple sclerosis initiation and progression but astrocyte-neuronal network alterations contributing to gray matter pathology remain undefined. Here we unveil deregulation of astrocytic calcium signaling and astrocyte-to-neuron communication as key pathophysiological mechanisms of cortical dysfunction in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis. Using two-photon imaging ex vivo and fiber photometry in freely behaving mice, we found that acute EAE was associated with the emergence of spontaneously hyperactive cortical astrocytes exhibiting dysfunctional responses to cannabinoid, glutamate and purinoreceptor agonists. Abnormal astrocyte signaling by Gi and Gq protein coupled receptors was observed in the inflamed cortex. This was mirrored by treatments with pro-inflammatory factors both in vitro and ex vivo, suggesting cell-autonomous effects of the cortical neuroinflammatory environment. Finally, deregulated astrocyte calcium activity was associated with an enhancement of glutamatergic gliotransmission and a shift of astrocyte-mediated short-term and long-term plasticity mechanisms towards synaptic potentiation. Overall, our data identify astrocyte-neuronal network dysfunctions as key pathological features of gray matter inflammation in multiple sclerosis and potentially additional neuroimmunological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Baraibar
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Neuroinmunology Group, Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - T Colomer
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Neuroinmunology Group, Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - A Moreno-García
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Neuroinmunology Group, Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - A Bernal-Chico
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Neuroinmunology Group, Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - E Sánchez-Martín
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Neuroinmunology Group, Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - C Utrilla
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Neuroinmunology Group, Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - R Serrat
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie, 33077 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - E Soria-Gómez
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - A Rodríguez-Antigüedad
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Neuroinmunology Group, Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - A Araque
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455 MN, USA
| | - C Matute
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - G Marsicano
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie, 33077 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France.
| | - S Mato
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Neuroinmunology Group, Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain.
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2
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Shen FS, Liu C, Sun HZ, Chen XY, Xue Y, Chen L. Emerging evidence of context-dependent synapse elimination by phagocytes in the CNS. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 116:511-522. [PMID: 38700080 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Precise synapse elimination is essential for the establishment of a fully developed neural circuit during brain development and higher function in adult brain. Beyond immune and nutrition support, recent groundbreaking studies have revealed that phagocytic microglia and astrocytes can actively and selectively eliminate synapses in normal and diseased brains, thereby mediating synapse loss and maintaining circuit homeostasis. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that the mechanisms of synapse elimination by phagocytic glia are not universal but rather depend on specific contexts and detailed neuron-glia interactions. The mechanism of synapse elimination by phagocytic glia is dependent on neuron-intrinsic factors and many innate immune and local apoptosis-related molecules. During development, microglial synapse engulfment in the visual thalamus is primarily influenced by the classic complement pathway, whereas in the barrel cortex, the fractalkine pathway is dominant. In Alzheimer's disease, microglia employ complement-dependent mechanisms for synapse engulfment in tauopathy and early β-amyloid pathology, but microglia are not involved in synapse loss at late β-amyloid stages. Phagocytic microglia also engulf synapses in a complement-dependent way in schizophrenia, anxiety, and stress. In addition, phagocytic astrocytes engulf synapses in a MEGF10-dependent way during visual development, memory, and stroke. Furthermore, the mechanism of a phenomenon that phagocytes selectively eliminate excitatory and inhibitory synapses is also emphasized in this review. We hypothesize that elucidating context-dependent synapse elimination by phagocytic microglia and astrocytes may reveal the molecular basis of synapse loss in neural disorders and provide a rationale for developing novel candidate therapies that target synapse loss and circuit homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Shuai Shen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Shinan District, Qingdao University 266071, Qingdao, China
| | - Cui Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Shinan District, Qingdao University 266071, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui-Zhe Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Shinan District, Qingdao University 266071, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin-Yi Chen
- Department of International Medicine, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Shinan District, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University 266000, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Xue
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Shinan District, Qingdao University 266071, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Shinan District, Qingdao University 266071, Qingdao, China
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3
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Arizanovska D, Dallera CA, Folorunso OO, Bush GF, Frye JB, Doyle KP, Jagid JR, Wolosker H, Monaco BA, Cordeiro JG, Atkins CM, Griswold AJ, Liebl DJ. Cognitive dysfunction following brain trauma results from sex-specific reactivation of the developmental pruning processes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.13.607610. [PMID: 39211262 PMCID: PMC11360988 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.13.607610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive losses resulting from severe brain trauma have long been associated with the focal region of tissue damage, leading to devastating functional impairment. For decades, researchers have focused on the sequelae of cellular alterations that exist within the perilesional tissues; however, few clinical trials have been successful. Here, we employed a mouse brain injury model that resulted in expansive synaptic damage to regions outside the focal injury. Our findings demonstrate that synaptic damage results from the prolonged increase in D-serine release from activated microglia and astrocytes, which leads to hyperactivation of perisynaptic NMDARs, tagging of damaged synapses by complement components, and the reactivation of developmental pruning processes. We show that this mechanistic pathway is reversible at several stages within a prolonged and progressive period of synaptic loss. Importantly, these key factors are present in acutely injured brain tissue acquired from patients with brain injury, which supports a therapeutic neuroprotective strategy.
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Calabrese M, Preziosa P, Scalfari A, Colato E, Marastoni D, Absinta M, Battaglini M, De Stefano N, Di Filippo M, Hametner S, Howell OW, Inglese M, Lassmann H, Martin R, Nicholas R, Reynolds R, Rocca MA, Tamanti A, Vercellino M, Villar LM, Filippi M, Magliozzi R. Determinants and Biomarkers of Progression Independent of Relapses in Multiple Sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2024; 96:1-20. [PMID: 38568026 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Clinical, pathological, and imaging evidence in multiple sclerosis (MS) suggests that a smoldering inflammatory activity is present from the earliest stages of the disease and underlies the progression of disability, which proceeds relentlessly and independently of clinical and radiological relapses (PIRA). The complex system of pathological events driving "chronic" worsening is likely linked with the early accumulation of compartmentalized inflammation within the central nervous system as well as insufficient repair phenomena and mitochondrial failure. These mechanisms are partially lesion-independent and differ from those causing clinical relapses and the formation of new focal demyelinating lesions; they lead to neuroaxonal dysfunction and death, myelin loss, glia alterations, and finally, a neuronal network dysfunction outweighing central nervous system (CNS) compensatory mechanisms. This review aims to provide an overview of the state of the art of neuropathological, immunological, and imaging knowledge about the mechanisms underlying the smoldering disease activity, focusing on possible early biomarkers and their translation into clinical practice. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:1-20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Calabrese
- Department of Neurosciences and Biomedicine and Movement, The Multiple Sclerosis Center of University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Preziosa
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Scalfari
- Centre of Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Elisa Colato
- Department of Neurosciences and Biomedicine and Movement, The Multiple Sclerosis Center of University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Damiano Marastoni
- Department of Neurosciences and Biomedicine and Movement, The Multiple Sclerosis Center of University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Martina Absinta
- Translational Neuropathology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Battaglini
- Siena Imaging S.r.l., Siena, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola De Stefano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Di Filippo
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Simon Hametner
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Owain W Howell
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
| | - Matilde Inglese
- Dipartimento di neuroscienze, riabilitazione, oftalmologia, genetica e scienze materno-infantili - DINOGMI, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Martin
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Therapeutic Design Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Cellerys AG, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Richard Nicholas
- Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Burlington Danes, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Agnese Tamanti
- Department of Neurosciences and Biomedicine and Movement, The Multiple Sclerosis Center of University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Vercellino
- Multiple Sclerosis Center & Neurologia I U, Department of Neuroscience, University Hospital AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Luisa Maria Villar
- Department of Immunology, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital. IRYCIS. REI, Madrid, Spain
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Magliozzi
- Department of Neurosciences and Biomedicine and Movement, The Multiple Sclerosis Center of University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Gillani RL, Kironde EN, Whiteman S, Zwang TJ, Bacskai BJ. Instability of excitatory synapses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and the outcome for excitatory circuit inputs to individual cortical neurons. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:251-260. [PMID: 38552924 PMCID: PMC11298162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Synapses are lost on a massive scale in the brain and spinal cord of people living with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), and this synaptic loss extends far beyond demyelinating lesions. Post-mortem studies show the long-term consequences of multiple sclerosis (MS) on synapses but do not inform on the early impacts of neuroinflammation on synapses that subsequently lead to synapse loss. How excitatory circuit inputs are altered across the dendritic tree of individual neurons under neuroinflammatory stress is not well understood. Here, we directly assessed the structural dynamics of labeled excitatory synapses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a model of immune-mediated cortical neuronal damage. We used in vivo two-photon imaging and a synthetic tissue-hydrogel super-resolution imaging technique to reveal the dynamics of excitatory synapses, map their location across the dendritic tree of individual neurons, and examine neurons at super-resolution for synaptic loss. We found that excitatory synapses are destabilized but not lost from dendritic spines in EAE, starting with the earliest imaging session before symptom onset. This led to changes in excitatory circuit inputs to individual cells. In EAE, stable synapses are replaced by synapses that appear or disappear across the imaging sessions or repeatedly change at the same location. These unstable excitatory inputs occur closer to one another in EAE than in healthy controls and are distributed across the dendritic tree. When imaged at super-resolution, we found that a small proportion of dendritic protrusions lost their presynapse and/or postsynapse. Our finding of diffuse destabilizing effects of neuroinflammation on excitatory synapses across cortical neurons may have significant functional consequences since normal dendritic spine dynamics and clustering are essential for learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Gillani
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Neuroimmunology and Neuro-Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Eseza N Kironde
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara Whiteman
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Theodore J Zwang
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian J Bacskai
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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6
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Woo MS, Engler JB, Friese MA. The neuropathobiology of multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:493-513. [PMID: 38789516 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00823-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation and neuronal deregulation are two components of a smoldering disease activity that drives the progression of disability in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Although several therapies exist to dampen the acute inflammation that drives MS relapses, therapeutic options to halt chronic disability progression are a major unmet clinical need. The development of such therapies is hindered by our limited understanding of the neuron-intrinsic determinants of resilience or vulnerability to inflammation. In this Review, we provide a neuron-centric overview of recent advances in deciphering neuronal response patterns that drive the pathology of MS. We describe the inflammatory CNS environment that initiates neurotoxicity by imposing ion imbalance, excitotoxicity and oxidative stress, and by direct neuro-immune interactions, which collectively lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and epigenetic dysregulation. The neuronal demise is further amplified by breakdown of neuronal transport, accumulation of cytosolic proteins and activation of cell death pathways. Continuous neuronal damage perpetuates CNS inflammation by activating surrounding glia cells and by directly exerting toxicity on neighbouring neurons. Further, we explore strategies to overcome neuronal deregulation in MS and compile a selection of neuronal actuators shown to impact neurodegeneration in preclinical studies. We conclude by discussing the therapeutic potential of targeting such neuronal actuators in MS, including some that have already been tested in interventional clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel S Woo
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Broder Engler
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Dörje NM, Shvachiy L, Kück F, Outeiro TF, Strenzke N, Beutner D, Setz C. Age-related alterations in efferent medial olivocochlear-outer hair cell and primary auditory ribbon synapses in CBA/J mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1412450. [PMID: 38988659 PMCID: PMC11234844 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1412450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hearing decline stands as the most prevalent single sensory deficit associated with the aging process. Giving compelling evidence suggesting a protective effect associated with the efferent auditory system, the goal of our study was to characterize the age-related changes in the number of efferent medial olivocochlear (MOC) synapses regulating outer hair cell (OHC) activity compared with the number of afferent inner hair cell ribbon synapses in CBA/J mice over their lifespan. Methods Organs of Corti of 3-month-old CBA/J mice were compared with mice aged between 10 and 20 months, grouped at 2-month intervals. For each animal, one ear was used to characterize the synapses between the efferent MOC fibers and the outer hair cells (OHCs), while the contralateral ear was used to analyze the ribbon synapses between inner hair cells (IHCs) and type I afferent nerve fibers of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). Each cochlea was separated in apical, middle, and basal turns, respectively. Results The first significant age-related decline in afferent IHC-SGN ribbon synapses was observed in the basal cochlear turn at 14 months, the middle turn at 16 months, and the apical turn at 18 months of age. In contrast, efferent MOC-OHC synapses in CBA/J mice exhibited a less pronounced loss due to aging which only became significant in the basal and middle turns of the cochlea by 20 months of age. Discussion This study illustrates an age-related reduction on efferent MOC innervation of OHCs in CBA/J mice starting at 20 months of age. Our findings indicate that the morphological decline of efferent MOC-OHC synapses due to aging occurs notably later than the decline observed in afferent IHC-SGN ribbon synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Marie Dörje
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, InnerEarLab, Göttingen, Germany
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Auditory Neuroscience, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Liana Shvachiy
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Cardiovascular Centre, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fabian Kück
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Medical Statistics, Core Facility Medical Biometry and Statistical Bioinformatics, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Strenzke
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Auditory Neuroscience, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Beutner
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, InnerEarLab, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cristian Setz
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, InnerEarLab, Göttingen, Germany
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Göttingen, Germany
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8
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Woo MS, Bal LC, Winschel I, Manca E, Walkenhorst M, Sevgili B, Sonner JK, Di Liberto G, Mayer C, Binkle-Ladisch L, Rothammer N, Unger L, Raich L, Hadjilaou A, Noli B, Manai AL, Vieira V, Meurs N, Wagner I, Pless O, Cocco C, Stephens SB, Glatzel M, Merkler D, Friese MA. The NR4A2/VGF pathway fuels inflammation-induced neurodegeneration via promoting neuronal glycolysis. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e177692. [PMID: 39145444 PMCID: PMC11324305 DOI: 10.1172/jci177692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
A disturbed balance between excitation and inhibition (E/I balance) is increasingly recognized as a key driver of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. To understand how chronic hyperexcitability contributes to neuronal loss in MS, we transcriptionally profiled neurons from mice lacking inhibitory metabotropic glutamate signaling with shifted E/I balance and increased vulnerability to inflammation-induced neurodegeneration. This revealed a prominent induction of the nuclear receptor NR4A2 in neurons. Mechanistically, NR4A2 increased susceptibility to excitotoxicity by stimulating continuous VGF secretion leading to glycolysis-dependent neuronal cell death. Extending these findings to people with MS (pwMS), we observed increased VGF levels in serum and brain biopsies. Notably, neuron-specific deletion of Vgf in a mouse model of MS ameliorated neurodegeneration. These findings underscore the detrimental effect of a persistent metabolic shift driven by excitatory activity as a fundamental mechanism in inflammation-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel S. Woo
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lukas C. Bal
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Winschel
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elias Manca
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NEF-Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mark Walkenhorst
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bachar Sevgili
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jana K. Sonner
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Giovanni Di Liberto
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christina Mayer
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Binkle-Ladisch
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Rothammer
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Unger
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Raich
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexandros Hadjilaou
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Noli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NEF-Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonio L. Manai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NEF-Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Vanessa Vieira
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nina Meurs
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ole Pless
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cristina Cocco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NEF-Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Samuel B. Stephens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manuel A. Friese
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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9
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Ávila-Gómez P, Shingai Y, Dash S, Liu C, Callegari K, Meyer H, Khodarkovskaya A, Aburakawa D, Uchida H, Faraco G, Garcia-Bonilla L, Anrather J, Lee FS, Iadecola C, Sanchez T. Molecular and functional alterations in the cerebral microvasculature in an optimized mouse model of sepsis-associated cognitive dysfunction. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.28.596050. [PMID: 38853992 PMCID: PMC11160628 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.28.596050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation has been implicated in the development and progression of neurodegenerative conditions such as cognitive impairment and dementia. Recent clinical studies indicate an association between sepsis, endothelial dysfunction, and cognitive decline. However, the investigations of the role and therapeutic potential of the cerebral microvasculature in systemic inflammation-induced cognitive dysfunction have been limited by the lack of standardized experimental models for evaluating the alterations in the cerebral microvasculature and cognition induced by the systemic inflammatory response. Herein, we validated a mouse model of endotoxemia that recapitulates key pathophysiology related to sepsis-induced cognitive dysfunction, including the induction of an acute systemic hyperinflammatory response, blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage, neurovascular inflammation, and memory impairment after recovery from the systemic inflammatory response. In the acute phase, we identified novel molecular (e.g. upregulation of plasmalemma vesicle associated protein, a driver of endothelial permeability, and the pro-coagulant plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, PAI-1) and functional perturbations (i.e., albumin and small molecule BBB leakage) in the cerebral microvasculature along with neuroinflammation. Remarkably, small molecule BBB permeability, elevated levels of PAI-1, intra/perivascular fibrin/fibrinogen deposition and microglial activation persisted 1 month after recovery from sepsis. We also highlight molecular neuronal alterations of potential clinical relevance following systemic inflammation including changes in neurofilament phosphorylation and decreases in postsynaptic density protein 95 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor suggesting diffuse axonal injury, synapse degeneration and impaired neurotrophism. Our study serves as a standardized model to support future mechanistic studies of sepsis-associated cognitive dysfunction and to identify novel endothelial therapeutic targets for this devastating condition. SIGNIFICANCE The limited knowledge of how systemic inflammation contributes to cognitive decline is a major obstacle to the development of novel therapies for dementia and other neurodegenerative diseases. Clinical evidence supports a role for the cerebral microvasculature in sepsis-induced neurocognitive dysfunction, but the investigation of the underlying mechanisms has been limited by the lack of standardized experimental models. Herein, we optimized a mouse model that recapitulates important pathophysiological aspects of systemic inflammation-induced cognitive decline and identified key alterations in the cerebral microvasculature associated with cognitive dysfunction. Our study provides a reliable experimental model for mechanistic studies and therapeutic discovery of the impact of systemic inflammation on cerebral microvascular function and the development and progression of cognitive impairment.
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10
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Beiter RM, Sheehan PW, Schafer DP. Microglia phagocytic mechanisms: Development informing disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2024; 86:102877. [PMID: 38631077 PMCID: PMC11162951 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2024.102877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are tissue-resident macrophages and professional phagocytes of the central nervous system (CNS). In development, microglia-mediated phagocytosis is important for sculpting the cellular architecture. This includes the engulfment of dead/dying cells, pruning extranumerary synapses and axons, and phagocytosing fragments of myelin sheaths. Intriguingly, these developmental phagocytic mechanisms by which microglia sculpt the CNS are now appreciated as important for eliminating synapses, myelin, and proteins during neurodegeneration. Here, we discuss parallels between neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration, which highlights how development is informing disease. We further discuss recent advances and challenges towards therapeutically targeting these phagocytic pathways and how we can leverage development to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Beiter
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Patrick W Sheehan
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Dorothy P Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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11
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Wang Y, Song Y, Zhang L, Huang X. The paradoxical role of zinc on microglia. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 83:127380. [PMID: 38171037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element for humans, and its homeostasis is essential for the health of the central nervous system. Microglia, the resident immune cells in the central nervous system, play the roles of sustaining, nourishing, and immune surveillance. Microglia are sensitive to microenvironment changes and are easily activated to M1 phenotype to enhance disease progression or the M2 phenotype to improve peripheral nerves injury repair. Zinc is requisite for microglial activation, However, the cytotoxicity outcome of zinc against microglia, the activated microglia phenotype, and activated microglia function are ambiguous. Herein, we have reviewed the neurological function of zinc and microglia, particularly the ambiguous role of zinc on microglia. We also pay attention to the role of zinc homeostasis on microglial function within the central nervous system disease. Finally, we observe the relationship between zinc and microglia, attempting to design new therapeutic measures against major nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehong Wang
- Graduate Faculty, Xi'an Physical Education University, Xi'an 710068, PR China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Dong Medicine, Ethnic Medicine Research Center, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, PR China
| | - Yi Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing 404100, PR China.
| | - Lingdang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing 404100, PR China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Dong Medicine, Ethnic Medicine Research Center, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, PR China.
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12
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Mauker P, Beckmann D, Kitowski A, Heise C, Wientjens C, Davidson AJ, Wanderoy S, Fabre G, Harbauer AB, Wood W, Wilhelm C, Thorn-Seshold J, Misgeld T, Kerschensteiner M, Thorn-Seshold O. Fluorogenic Chemical Probes for Wash-free Imaging of Cell Membrane Damage in Ferroptosis, Necrosis, and Axon Injury. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38592946 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Selectively labeling cells with damaged membranes is needed not only for identifying dead cells in culture, but also for imaging membrane barrier dysfunction in pathologies in vivo. Most membrane permeability stains are permanently colored or fluorescent dyes that need washing to remove their non-uptaken extracellular background and reach good image contrast. Others are DNA-binding environment-dependent fluorophores, which lack design modularity, have potential toxicity, and can only detect permeabilization of cell volumes containing a nucleus (i.e., cannot delineate damaged volumes in vivo nor image non-nucleated cell types or compartments). Here, we develop modular fluorogenic probes that reveal the whole cytosolic volume of damaged cells, with near-zero background fluorescence so that no washing is needed. We identify a specific disulfonated fluorogenic probe type that only enters cells with damaged membranes, then is enzymatically activated and marks them. The esterase probe MDG1 is a reliable tool to reveal live cells that have been permeabilized by biological, biochemical, or physical membrane damage, and it can be used in multicolor microscopy. We confirm the modularity of this approach by also adapting it for improved hydrolytic stability, as the redox probe MDG2. We conclude by showing the unique performance of MDG probes in revealing axonal membrane damage (which DNA fluorogens cannot achieve) and in discriminating damage on a cell-by-cell basis in embryos in vivo. The MDG design thus provides powerful modular tools for wash-free in vivo imaging of membrane damage, and indicates how designs may be adapted for selective delivery of drug cargoes to these damaged cells: offering an outlook from selective diagnosis toward therapy of membrane-compromised cells in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Mauker
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 7, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Beckmann
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Grosshaderner Strasse 9, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Annabel Kitowski
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 7, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Constanze Heise
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 7, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Chantal Wientjens
- Immunopathology Unit, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrew J Davidson
- Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, U.K
| | - Simone Wanderoy
- University Hospital, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Gabin Fabre
- Pharmacology & Transplantation, UMR 1248 INSERM, University of Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Angelika B Harbauer
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Biedersteiner Straße 29, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Will Wood
- Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, U.K
| | - Christoph Wilhelm
- Immunopathology Unit, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Thorn-Seshold
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 7, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Misgeld
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Biedersteiner Straße 29, 80802 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Kerschensteiner
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Grosshaderner Strasse 9, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Thorn-Seshold
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 7, 81377 Munich, Germany
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13
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Cilingir V, Seven E. Retinal clues for selective neuronal loss in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:1163-1171. [PMID: 37837508 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relationship between the cell body layer and the dendritic network layer of the retina and cognitive performance (CP) in MS patients has not been examined separately. The objective of this study is to predict cognitive impairment (CI) in RRMS patients and to examine the relationship between CP and ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), and GCL divided by IPL (GCL/IPL). METHODS Ophthalmological evaluation, retinal segmentation, and Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) were performed on 102 RRMS patients and 54 healthy subjects. The relationships of GCL, IPL, and GCL/IPL with CP in eyes without a history of optic neuritis were investigated using Spearman's correlation. Models were created by accepting 1 standard deviation less of the SDMT mean of the control group as the limit for CI. The cutoff value of the GCL/IPL variable that could predict CI was calculated by ROC analysis, and the ability to accurately predict CI was tested with binary logistic regression. RESULTS No correlation was found between OCT parameters and CP in healthy subjects. Correlation was found between GCL thickness and GCL/IPL variable and CP in RRMS patients (r=0.235, r=0.667 respectively). A GCL/IPL value of 1.255 was able to identify CI with 81.8% sensitivity and 75.9% specificity (AUC=0.844, LR=3.38) and predicted CI with 74.5% accuracy (Nagelkerke R2=0.439). CONCLUSION In RRMS patients, the IPL thickness is unrelated to CP. Therewithal, the GCL/IPL-CP relationship is stronger than the GCL-CP relationship and GCL/IPL can predict CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedat Cilingir
- Department of Neurology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Bardakcı, Tusba, 65300, Van, Turkey.
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Tusba, Van, Turkey.
| | - Erbil Seven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Tusba, Van, Turkey
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14
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Gillani RL, Kironde EN, Whiteman S, Zwang TJ, Bacskai BJ. Instability of excitatory synapses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and the outcome for excitatory circuit inputs to individual cortical neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.23.576662. [PMID: 38328177 PMCID: PMC10849614 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Synapses are lost on a massive scale in the brain and spinal cord of people living with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), and this synaptic loss extends far beyond demyelinating lesions. Post-mortem studies show the long-term consequences of multiple sclerosis (MS) on synapses but do not inform on the early impacts of neuroinflammation on synapses that subsequently lead to synapse loss. How excitatory circuit inputs are altered across the dendritic tree of individual neurons under neuroinflammatory stress is not well understood. Here, we directly assessed the structural dynamics of labeled excitatory synapses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a model of immune-mediated cortical neuronal damage. We used in vivo two-photon imaging and a synthetic tissue-hydrogel super-resolution imaging technique to reveal the dynamics of excitatory synapses, map their location across the dendritic tree of individual neurons, and examine neurons at super-resolution for synaptic loss. We found that excitatory synapses are destabilized but not lost from dendritic spines in EAE, starting with the earliest imaging session before symptom onset. This led to dramatic changes in excitatory circuit inputs to individual cells. In EAE, stable synapses are replaced by synapses that appear or disappear across the imaging sessions or repeatedly change at the same location. These unstable excitatory inputs occur closer to one another in EAE than in healthy controls and are distributed across the dendritic tree. When imaged at super-resolution, we found that a small proportion of dendritic protrusions lost their presynapse and/or postsynapse. Our finding of diffuse destabilizing effects of neuroinflammation on excitatory synapses across cortical neurons may have significant functional consequences since normal dendritic spine dynamics and clustering are essential for learning and memory.
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15
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Amoriello R, Memo C, Ballerini L, Ballerini C. The brain cytokine orchestra in multiple sclerosis: from neuroinflammation to synaptopathology. Mol Brain 2024; 17:4. [PMID: 38263055 PMCID: PMC10807071 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-024-01077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is finely protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Immune soluble factors such as cytokines (CKs) are normally produced in the CNS, contributing to physiological immunosurveillance and homeostatic synaptic scaling. CKs are peptide, pleiotropic molecules involved in a broad range of cellular functions, with a pivotal role in resolving the inflammation and promoting tissue healing. However, pro-inflammatory CKs can exert a detrimental effect in pathological conditions, spreading the damage. In the inflamed CNS, CKs recruit immune cells, stimulate the local production of other inflammatory mediators, and promote synaptic dysfunction. Our understanding of neuroinflammation in humans owes much to the study of multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common autoimmune and demyelinating disease, in which autoreactive T cells migrate from the periphery to the CNS after the encounter with a still unknown antigen. CNS-infiltrating T cells produce pro-inflammatory CKs that aggravate local demyelination and neurodegeneration. This review aims to recapitulate the state of the art about CKs role in the healthy and inflamed CNS, with focus on recent advances bridging the study of adaptive immune system and neurophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Amoriello
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), 34136, Trieste, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy.
| | - Christian Memo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Ballerini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Clara Ballerini
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), 34136, Trieste, Italy.
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16
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Lai J, Demirbas D, Kim J, Jeffries AM, Tolles A, Park J, Chittenden TW, Buckley PG, Yu TW, Lodato MA, Lee EA. ATM-deficiency-induced microglial activation promotes neurodegeneration in ataxia-telangiectasia. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113622. [PMID: 38159274 PMCID: PMC10908398 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
While ATM loss of function has long been identified as the genetic cause of ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), how it leads to selective and progressive degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje and granule neurons remains unclear. ATM expression is enriched in microglia throughout cerebellar development and adulthood. Here, we find evidence of microglial inflammation in the cerebellum of patients with A-T using single-nucleus RNA sequencing. Pseudotime analysis revealed that activation of A-T microglia preceded upregulation of apoptosis-related genes in granule and Purkinje neurons and that microglia exhibited increased neurotoxic cytokine signaling to granule and Purkinje neurons in A-T. To confirm these findings experimentally, we performed transcriptomic profiling of A-T induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia, which revealed cell-intrinsic microglial activation of cytokine production and innate immune response pathways compared to controls. Furthermore, A-T microglia co-culture with either control or A-T iPSC-derived neurons was sufficient to induce cytotoxicity. Taken together, these studies reveal that cell-intrinsic microglial activation may promote neurodegeneration in A-T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Lai
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Didem Demirbas
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Junho Kim
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ailsa M Jeffries
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Allie Tolles
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Junseok Park
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Thomas W Chittenden
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Computational Statistics and Bioinformatics Group, Genuity AI Research Institute, Genuity Science, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - Timothy W Yu
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Michael A Lodato
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Eunjung Alice Lee
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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17
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Cserép C, Pósfai B, Szabadits E, Dénes Á. Contactomics of Microglia and Intercellular Communication. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 37:135-149. [PMID: 39207690 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-55529-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Microglia represent the main immunocompetent cell type in the parenchyma of the brain and the spinal cord, with roles extending way beyond their immune functions. While emerging data show the pivotal role of microglia in brain development, brain health and brain diseases, the exact mechanisms through which microglia contribute to complex neuroimmune interactions are still largely unclear. Understanding the communication between microglia and other cells represents an important cornerstone of these interactions, which may provide novel opportunities for therapeutic interventions in neurological or psychiatric disorders. As such, in line with studying the effects of the numerous soluble mediators that influence neuroimmune processes, attention on physical interactions between microglia and other cells in the CNS has increased substantially in recent years. In this chapter, we briefly summarize the latest literature on "microglial contactomics" and its functional implications in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Cserép
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Pósfai
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Szabadits
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dénes
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
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18
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Ayyubova G, Kodali M, Upadhya R, Madhu LN, Attaluri S, Somayaji Y, Shuai B, Rao S, Shankar G, Shetty AK. Extracellular vesicles from hiPSC-NSCs can prevent peripheral inflammation-induced cognitive dysfunction with inflammasome inhibition and improved neurogenesis in the hippocampus. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:297. [PMID: 38087314 PMCID: PMC10717852 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02971-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem cells (hiPSC-NSCs) are enriched with miRNAs and proteins capable of mediating robust antiinflammatory activity. The lack of tumorigenic and immunogenic properties and ability to permeate the entire brain to incorporate into microglia following intranasal (IN) administrations makes them an attractive biologic for curtailing chronic neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders. We tested the hypothesis that IN administrations of hiPSC-NSC-EVs can alleviate chronic neuroinflammation and cognitive impairments induced by the peripheral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Adult male, C57BL/6J mice received intraperitoneal injections of LPS (0.75 mg/kg) for seven consecutive days. Then, the mice received either vehicle (VEH) or hiPSC-NSC-EVs (~ 10 × 109 EVs/administration, thrice over 6 days). A month later, mice in all groups were investigated for cognitive function with behavioral tests and euthanized for histological and biochemical studies. Mice receiving VEH after LPS displayed deficits in associative recognition memory, temporal pattern processing, and pattern separation. Such impairments were associated with an increased incidence of activated microglia presenting NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes, elevated levels of NLRP3 inflammasome mediators and end products, and decreased neurogenesis in the hippocampus. In contrast, the various cognitive measures in mice receiving hiPSC-NSC-EVs after LPS were closer to naive mice. Significantly, these mice displayed diminished microglial activation, NLRP3 inflammasomes, proinflammatory cytokines, and a level of neurogenesis matching age-matched naïve controls. Thus, IN administrations of hiPSC-NSC-EVs are an efficacious approach to reducing chronic neuroinflammation-induced cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunel Ayyubova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 1114 TAMU, 206 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Maheedhar Kodali
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 1114 TAMU, 206 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Raghavendra Upadhya
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 1114 TAMU, 206 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Leelavathi N Madhu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 1114 TAMU, 206 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Sahithi Attaluri
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 1114 TAMU, 206 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yogish Somayaji
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 1114 TAMU, 206 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Bing Shuai
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 1114 TAMU, 206 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Shama Rao
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 1114 TAMU, 206 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Goutham Shankar
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 1114 TAMU, 206 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 1114 TAMU, 206 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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19
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Itoh N, Itoh Y, Stiles L, Voskuhl R. Sex differences in the neuronal transcriptome and synaptic mitochondrial function in the cerebral cortex of a multiple sclerosis model. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1268411. [PMID: 38020654 PMCID: PMC10654219 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1268411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects the cerebral cortex, inducing cortical atrophy and neuronal and synaptic pathology. Despite the fact that women are more susceptible to getting MS, men with MS have worse disability progression. Here, sex differences in neurodegenerative mechanisms are determined in the cerebral cortex using the MS model, chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Methods Neurons from cerebral cortex tissues of chronic EAE, as well as age-matched healthy control, male and female mice underwent RNA sequencing and gene expression analyses using RiboTag technology. The morphology of mitochondria in neurons of cerebral cortex was assessed using Thy1-CFP-MitoS mice. Oxygen consumption rates were determined using mitochondrial respirometry assays from intact as well as permeabilized synaptosomes. Results RNA sequencing of neurons in cerebral cortex during chronic EAE in C57BL/6 mice showed robust differential gene expression in male EAE compared to male healthy controls. In contrast, there were few differences in female EAE compared to female healthy controls. The most enriched differential gene expression pathways in male mice during EAE were mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial morphology in neurons showed significant abnormalities in the cerebral cortex of EAE males, but not EAE females. Regarding function, synaptosomes isolated from cerebral cortex of male, but not female, EAE mice demonstrated significantly decreased oxygen consumption rates during respirometry assays. Discussion Cortical neuronal transcriptomics, mitochondrial morphology, and functional respirometry assays in synaptosomes revealed worse neurodegeneration in male EAE mice. This is consistent with worse neurodegeneration in MS men and reveals a model and a target to develop treatments to prevent cortical neurodegeneration and mitigate disability progression in MS men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Itoh
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yuichiro Itoh
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Linsey Stiles
- Department of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rhonda Voskuhl
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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20
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Pérez-Acuña D, Shin SJ, Rhee KH, Kim SJ, Lee SJ. α-Synuclein propagation leads to synaptic abnormalities in the cortex through microglial synapse phagocytosis. Mol Brain 2023; 16:72. [PMID: 37848910 PMCID: PMC10580656 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The major neuropathologic feature of Parkinson's disease is the presence of widespread intracellular inclusions of α-synuclein known as Lewy bodies. Evidence suggests that these misfolded protein inclusions spread through the brain with disease progression. Changes in synaptic function precede neurodegeneration, and this extracellular α-synuclein can affect synaptic transmission. However, whether and how the spreading of α-synuclein aggregates modulates synaptic function before neuronal loss remains unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effect of intrastriatal injection of α-synuclein preformed fibrils (PFFs) on synaptic activity in the somatosensory cortex using a combination of whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology, histology, and Golgi-Cox staining. Intrastriatal PFF injection was followed by formation of phosphorylated α-synuclein inclusions in layer 5 of the somatosensory cortex, leading to a decrease in synapse density, dendritic spines, and spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic currents, without apparent neuronal loss. Additionally, three-dimensional reconstruction of microglia using confocal imaging showed an increase in the engulfment of synapses. Collectively, our data indicate that propagation of α-synuclein through neural networks causes abnormalities in synaptic structure and dynamics prior to neuronal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana Pérez-Acuña
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongro-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jean Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongro-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ka Hyun Rhee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongro-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongro-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongro-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Convergence Research Center for Dementia, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- , Neuramedy, Seoul, 04796, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Itoh N, Itoh Y, Meyer CE, Suen TT, Cortez-Delgado D, Rivera Lomeli M, Wendin S, Somepalli SS, Golden LC, MacKenzie-Graham A, Voskuhl RR. Estrogen receptor beta in astrocytes modulates cognitive function in mid-age female mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6044. [PMID: 37758709 PMCID: PMC10533869 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41723-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Menopause is associated with cognitive deficits and brain atrophy, but the brain region and cell-specific mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we identify a sex hormone by age interaction whereby loss of ovarian hormones in female mice at midlife, but not young age, induced hippocampal-dependent cognitive impairment, dorsal hippocampal atrophy, and astrocyte and microglia activation with synaptic loss. Selective deletion of estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) in astrocytes, but not neurons, in gonadally intact female mice induced the same brain effects. RNA sequencing and pathway analyses of gene expression in hippocampal astrocytes from midlife female astrocyte-ERβ conditional knock out (cKO) mice revealed Gluconeogenesis I and Glycolysis I as the most differentially expressed pathways. Enolase 1 gene expression was increased in hippocampi from both astrocyte-ERβ cKO female mice at midlife and from postmenopausal women. Gain of function studies showed that ERβ ligand treatment of midlife female mice reversed dorsal hippocampal neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Itoh
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yuichiro Itoh
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cassandra E Meyer
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Timothy Takazo Suen
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Diego Cortez-Delgado
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Sophia Wendin
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sri Sanjana Somepalli
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lisa C Golden
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Allan MacKenzie-Graham
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rhonda R Voskuhl
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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22
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Ardizzone A, Bova V, Casili G, Filippone A, Lanza M, Repici A, Esposito E, Paterniti I. bFGF-like Activity Supported Tissue Regeneration, Modulated Neuroinflammation, and Rebalanced Ca 2+ Homeostasis following Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14654. [PMID: 37834102 PMCID: PMC10572408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A spinal cord injury (SCI) is a well-defined debilitating traumatic event to the spinal cord that usually triggers permanent changes in motor, sensory, and autonomic functions. Injured tissue becomes susceptible to secondary mechanisms caused by SCIs, which include pro-inflammatory cytokine release, the activation of astrocytes and microglia, and increased neuronal sensibility. As a consequence, the production of factors such as GFAP, IBA-1, TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and S100-β slow down or inhibit central nervous system (CNS) regeneration. In this regard, a thorough understanding of the mechanisms regulating the CNS, and specifically SCI, is essential for the development of new therapeutic strategies. It has been demonstrated that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was successful in the modulation of neurotrophic activity, also promoting neurite survival and tissue repair, thus resulting in the valuable care of CNS disorders. However, bFGF therapeutic use is limited due to the undesirable effects developed following its administration. Therefore, the synthetic compound mimetic of bFGF, SUN11602 (with chemical name 4-[[4-[[2-[(4-Amino-2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenyl)amino]acetyl]methylamino]-1-piperidinyl]methyl]benzamide), has been reported to show neuroprotective activities similar to those of bFGF, also demonstrating a good pharmacokinetic profile. Here, we aimed to investigate the neuroprotective activity of this bFGF-like compound in modulating tissue regeneration, neuroinflammation, and Ca2+ overload by using a subacute mouse model of SCI. SUN11602 (1, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg) was administered orally to mice for 72 h daily following the in vivo model of SCI, which was generated by the extradural compression of the spinal cord. The data obtained demonstrated that SUN11602 treatment considerably decreased motor alteration and diminished the neuroinflammatory state through the regulation of glial activation, the NF-κB pathway, and kinases. Additionally, by controlling Ca2+-binding proteins and restoring neurotrophin expression, we showed that SUN11602 therapy restored the equilibrium of the neuronal circuit. Because of these findings, bFGF-like compounds may be an effective tool for reducing inflammation in SCI patients while enhancing their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (V.B.); (G.C.); (A.F.); (M.L.); (A.R.); (I.P.)
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23
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Gao H, Di J, Clausen BH, Wang N, Zhu X, Zhao T, Chang Y, Pang M, Yang Y, He R, Wang Y, Zhang L, Liu B, Qiu W, Lambertsen KL, Brambilla R, Rong L. Distinct myeloid population phenotypes dependent on TREM2 expression levels shape the pathology of traumatic versus demyelinating CNS disorders. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112629. [PMID: 37289590 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 2 (TREM2) signaling often drives opposing effects in traumatic versus demyelinating CNS disorders. Here, we identify two distinct phenotypes of microglia and infiltrating myeloid populations dependent on TREM2 expression levels at the acute stage and elucidate how they mediate the opposing effects of TREM2 in spinal cord injury (SCI) versus multiple sclerosis animal models (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis [EAE]). High TREM2 levels sustain phagocytic microglia and infiltrating macrophages after SCI. In contrast, moderate TREM2 levels sustain immunomodulatory microglia and infiltrating monocytes in EAE. TREM2-ablated microglia (purine-sensing phenotype in SCI and reduced immunomodulatory phenotype in EAE) drive transient protection at the acute stage of both disorders, whereas reduced phagocytic macrophages and lysosome-activated monocytes lead to contrasting neuroprotective and demyelinating effects in SCI versus EAE, respectively. Our study provides comprehensive insights into the complex roles of TREM2 in myeloid populations across diverse CNS disorders, which has crucial implications in devising TREM2-targeting therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Jiawei Di
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Bettina Hjelm Clausen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Nanxiang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xizhong Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Tianlun Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yanyu Chang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Mao Pang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Ronghan He
- Department of Joint and Trauma Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yuge Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Liangming Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Roberta Brambilla
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33161, USA.
| | - Limin Rong
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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24
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Mezydlo A, Treiber N, Ullrich Gavilanes EM, Eichenseer K, Ancău M, Wens A, Ares Carral C, Schifferer M, Snaidero N, Misgeld T, Kerschensteiner M. Remyelination by surviving oligodendrocytes is inefficient in the inflamed mammalian cortex. Neuron 2023; 111:1748-1759.e8. [PMID: 37071991 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis, an inflammatory attack results in myelin loss, which can be partially reversed by remyelination. Recent studies suggest that mature oligodendrocytes could contribute to remyelination by generating new myelin. Here, we show that in a mouse model of cortical multiple sclerosis pathology, surviving oligodendrocytes can indeed extend new proximal processes but rarely generate new myelin internodes. Furthermore, drugs that boost myelin recovery by targeting oligodendrocyte precursor cells did not enhance this alternate mode of myelin regeneration. These data indicate that the contribution of surviving oligodendrocytes to myelin recovery in the inflamed mammalian CNS is minor and inhibited by distinct remyelination brakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Mezydlo
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany; Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Martinsried, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nils Treiber
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany; Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Emily Melisa Ullrich Gavilanes
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany; Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Katharina Eichenseer
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mihai Ancău
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Adinda Wens
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany; Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Carla Ares Carral
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany; Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Martina Schifferer
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolas Snaidero
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Misgeld
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
| | - Martin Kerschensteiner
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany; Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Martinsried, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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25
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Zipp F, Bittner S, Schafer DP. Cytokines as emerging regulators of central nervous system synapses. Immunity 2023; 56:914-925. [PMID: 37163992 PMCID: PMC10233069 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are key messengers by which immune cells communicate, and they drive many physiological processes, including immune and inflammatory responses. Early discoveries demonstrated that cytokines, such as the interleukin family members and TNF-α, regulate synaptic scaling and plasticity. Still, we continue to learn more about how these traditional immune system cytokines affect neuronal structure and function. Different cytokines shape synaptic function on multiple levels ranging from fine-tuning neurotransmission, to regulating synapse number, to impacting global neuronal networks and complex behavior. These recent findings have cultivated an exciting and growing field centered on the importance of immune system cytokines for regulating synapse and neural network structure and function. Here, we highlight the latest findings related to cytokines in the central nervous system and their regulation of synapse structure and function. Moreover, we explore how these mechanisms are becoming increasingly important to consider in diseases-especially those with a large neuroinflammatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Zipp
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Stefan Bittner
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dorothy P Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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26
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Cao K, Hu Y, Gao Z. Sense to Tune: Engaging Microglia with Dynamic Neuronal Activity. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:553-556. [PMID: 36577882 PMCID: PMC10043096 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-01010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kelei Cao
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yaling Hu
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Zhihua Gao
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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27
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Wang J, Chen HS, Li HH, Wang HJ, Zou RS, Lu XJ, Wang J, Nie BB, Wu JF, Li S, Shan BC, Wu PF, Long LH, Hu ZL, Chen JG, Wang F. Microglia-dependent excessive synaptic pruning leads to cortical underconnectivity and behavioral abnormality following chronic social defeat stress in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 109:23-36. [PMID: 36581303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapse loss in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been implicated in stress-related mood disorders, such as depression. However, the exact effect of synapse elimination in the depression and how it is triggered are largely unknown. Through repeated longitudinal imaging of mPFC in the living brain, we found both presynaptic and postsynaptic components were declined, together with the impairment of synapse remodeling and cross-synaptic signal transmission in the mPFC during chronic stress. Meanwhile, chronic stress also induced excessive microglia phagocytosis, leading to engulfment of excitatory synapses. Further investigation revealed that the elevated complement C3 during the stress acted as the tag of synapses to be eliminated by microglia. Besides, chronic stress induced a reduction of the connectivity between the mPFC and neighbor regions. C3 knockout mice displayed significant reduction of synaptic pruning and alleviation of disrupted functional connectivity in mPFC, resulting in more resilience to chronic stress. These results indicate that complement-mediated excessive microglia phagocytosis in adulthood induces synaptic dysfunction and cortical hypo-connectivity, leading to stress-related behavioral abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan City, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Hong-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan City, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Hou-Hong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan City, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Hua-Jie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan City, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Ruo-Si Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan City, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Xiao-Jia Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan City, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin-Bin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin-Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bao-Ci Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng-Fei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan City, Hubei 430030, China; The Research Center for Depression, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, 430030 Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, Wuhan City, Hubei 430030, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Hong Long
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan City, Hubei 430030, China; The Research Center for Depression, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, 430030 Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, Wuhan City, Hubei 430030, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuang-Li Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan City, Hubei 430030, China; The Research Center for Depression, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, 430030 Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, Wuhan City, Hubei 430030, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China.
| | - Jian-Guo Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan City, Hubei 430030, China; The Research Center for Depression, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, 430030 Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, Wuhan City, Hubei 430030, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China.
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan City, Hubei 430030, China; The Research Center for Depression, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, 430030 Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, Wuhan City, Hubei 430030, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China.
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Charabati M, Wheeler MA, Weiner HL, Quintana FJ. Multiple sclerosis: Neuroimmune crosstalk and therapeutic targeting. Cell 2023; 186:1309-1327. [PMID: 37001498 PMCID: PMC10119687 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and degenerative disease of the central nervous system afflicting nearly three million individuals worldwide. Neuroimmune interactions between glial, neural, and immune cells play important roles in MS pathology and offer potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Here, we review underlying risk factors, mechanisms of MS pathogenesis, available disease modifying therapies, and examine the value of emerging technologies, which may address unmet clinical needs and identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Charabati
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael A Wheeler
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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29
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Lin CH, Scheller A, Liu Y, Krause E, Chang HF. Study of Effector CD8+ T Cell Interactions with Cortical Neurons in Response to Inflammation in Mouse Brain Slices and Neuronal Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043166. [PMID: 36834581 PMCID: PMC9960285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells contribute to neuronal damage in inflammatory and degenerative CNS disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). The mechanism of cortical damage associated with CD8+ T cells is not well understood. We developed in vitro cell culture and ex vivo brain slice co-culture models of brain inflammation to study CD8+ T cell-neuron interactions. To induce inflammation, we applied T cell conditioned media, which contains a variety of cytokines, during CD8+ T cell polyclonal activation. Release of IFNγ and TNFα from co-cultures was verified by ELISA, confirming an inflammatory response. We also visualized the physical interactions between CD8+ T cells and cortical neurons using live-cell confocal imaging. The imaging revealed that T cells reduced their migration velocity and changed their migratory patterns under inflammatory conditions. CD8+ T cells increased their dwell time at neuronal soma and dendrites in response to added cytokines. These changes were seen in both the in vitro and ex vivo models. The results confirm that these in vitro and ex vivo models provide promising platforms for the study of the molecular details of neuron-immune cell interactions under inflammatory conditions, which allow high-resolution live microscopy and are readily amenable to experimental manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsin Lin
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Anja Scheller
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Elmar Krause
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Hsin-Fang Chang
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6841-161-6417
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Pasquini L, Wies Mancini VB, Di Pietro A. Microglia depletion as a therapeutic strategy: friend or foe in multiple sclerosis models? Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:267-272. [PMID: 35900401 PMCID: PMC9396475 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.346538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic central nervous system demyelinating disease whose onset and progression are driven by a combination of immune dysregulation, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors. The activation of microglia and astrocytes is a key player in multiple sclerosis immunopathology, playing specific roles associated with anatomical location and phase of the disease and controlling demyelination and neurodegeneration. Even though reactive microglia can damage tissue and heighten deleterious effects and neurodegeneration, activated microglia also perform neuroprotective functions such as debris phagocytosis and growth factor secretion. Astrocytes can be activated into pro-inflammatory phenotype A1 through a mechanism mediated by activated neuroinflammatory microglia, which could also mediate neurodegeneration. This A1 phenotype inhibits oligodendrocyte proliferation and differentiation and is toxic to both oligodendrocytes and neurons. However, astroglial activation into phenotype A2 may also take place in response to neurodegeneration and as a protective mechanism. A variety of animal models mimicking specific multiple sclerosis features and the associated pathophysiological processes have helped establish the cascades of events that lead to the initiation, progression, and resolution of the disease. The colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor is expressed by myeloid lineage cells such as peripheral monocytes and macrophages and central nervous system microglia. Importantly, as microglia development and survival critically rely on colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor signaling, colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor inhibition can almost completely eliminate microglia from the brain. In this context, the present review discusses the impact of microglial depletion through colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor inhibition on demyelination, neurodegeneration, astroglial activation, and behavior in different multiple sclerosis models, highlighting the diversity of microglial effects on the progression of demyelinating diseases and the strengths and weaknesses of microglial modulation in therapy design.
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31
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Huiskamp M, Kiljan S, Kulik S, Witte ME, Jonkman LE, Gjm Bol J, Schenk GJ, Hulst HE, Tewarie P, Schoonheim MM, Geurts JJ. Inhibitory synaptic loss drives network changes in multiple sclerosis: An ex vivo to in silico translational study. Mult Scler 2022; 28:2010-2019. [PMID: 36189828 PMCID: PMC9574900 DOI: 10.1177/13524585221125381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: Synaptic and neuronal loss contribute to network dysfunction and disability
in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, it is unknown whether excitatory or
inhibitory synapses and neurons are more vulnerable and how their losses
impact network functioning. Objective: To quantify excitatory and inhibitory synapses and neurons and to investigate
how synaptic loss affects network functioning through computational
modeling. Methods: Using immunofluorescent staining and confocal microscopy, densities of
glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses and neurons were compared between
post-mortem MS and non-neurological control cases. Then, a corticothalamic
biophysical model was employed to study how MS-induced excitatory and
inhibitory synaptic loss affect network functioning. Results: In layer VI of normal-appearing MS cortex, excitatory and inhibitory synaptic
densities were significantly lower than controls (reductions up to 14.9%),
but demyelinated cortex showed larger losses of inhibitory synapses (29%).
In our computational model, reducing inhibitory synapses impacted the
network most, leading to a disinhibitory increase in neuronal activity and
connectivity. Conclusion: In MS, excitatory and inhibitory synaptic losses were observed, predominantly
for inhibitory synapses in demyelinated cortex. Inhibitory synaptic loss
affected network functioning most, leading to increased neuronal activity
and connectivity. As network disinhibition relates to cognitive impairment,
inhibitory synaptic loss seems particularly relevant in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn Huiskamp
- Anatomy and Neurosciences, MS Center Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Svenja Kiljan
- Anatomy and Neurosciences, MS Center Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shanna Kulik
- Anatomy and Neurosciences, MS Center Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarteen E Witte
- Molecular Cell Biology and Inflammation, MS Center Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura E Jonkman
- Anatomy and Neurosciences, MS Center Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John Gjm Bol
- Anatomy and Neurosciences, MS Center Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert J Schenk
- Anatomy and Neurosciences, MS Center Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke E Hulst
- Anatomy and Neurosciences, MS Center Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands/Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Prejaas Tewarie
- Neurology, MS center Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands/Clinical Neurophysiology and MEG Center, MS Center Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Menno M Schoonheim
- Anatomy and Neurosciences, MS Center Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Jg Geurts
- Anatomy and Neurosciences, MS Center Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Systemic inflammation elicited by sepsis can induce an acute cerebral dysfunction known as sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). Recent evidence suggests that SAE is common but shows a dynamic trajectory over time. Half of all patients with sepsis develop SAE in the intensive care unit, and some survivors present with sustained cognitive impairments for several years after initial sepsis onset. It is not clear why some, but not all, patients develop SAE and also the factors that determine the persistence of SAE. Here, we first summarize the chronic pathology and the dynamic changes in cognitive functions seen after the onset of sepsis. We then outline the cerebral effects of sepsis, such as neuroinflammation, alterations in neuronal synapses and neurovascular changes. We discuss the key factors that might contribute to the development and persistence of SAE in older patients, including premorbid neurodegenerative pathology, side effects of sedatives, renal dysfunction and latent virus reactivation. Finally, we postulate that some of the mechanisms that underpin neuropathology in SAE may also be relevant to delirium and persisting cognitive impairments that are seen in patients with severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Manabe
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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33
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Martins D, Dipasquale O, Veronese M, Turkheimer F, Loggia ML, McMahon S, Howard MA, Williams SC. Transcriptional and cellular signatures of cortical morphometric remodelling in chronic pain. Pain 2022; 163:e759-e773. [PMID: 34561394 PMCID: PMC8940732 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chronic pain is a highly debilitating and difficult to treat condition, which affects the structure of the brain. Although the development of chronic pain is moderately heritable, how disease-related alterations at the microscopic genetic architecture drive macroscopic brain abnormalities is currently largely unknown. Here, we examined alterations in morphometric similarity (MS) and applied an integrative imaging transcriptomics approach to identify transcriptional and cellular correlates of these MS changes, in 3 independent small cohorts of patients with distinct chronic pain syndromes (knee osteoarthritis, low back pain, and fibromyalgia) and age-matched and sex-matched pain-free controls. We uncover a novel pattern of cortical MS remodelling involving mostly small-to-medium MS increases in the insula and limbic cortex (none of these changes survived stringent false discovery rate correction for the number of regions tested). This pattern of changes is different from that observed in patients with major depression and cuts across the boundaries of specific pain syndromes. By leveraging transcriptomic data from Allen Human Brain Atlas, we show that cortical MS remodelling in chronic pain spatially correlates with the brain-wide expression of genes related to pain and broadly involved in the glial immune response and neuronal plasticity. Our findings bridge levels to connect genes, cell classes, and biological pathways to in vivo imaging correlates of chronic pain. Although correlational, our data suggest that cortical remodelling in chronic pain might be shaped by multiple elements of the cellular architecture of the brain and identifies several pathways that could be prioritized in future genetic association or drug development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martins
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ottavia Dipasquale
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mattia Veronese
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Turkheimer
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco L. Loggia
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, United States
| | - Stephen McMahon
- Wolfson CARD, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew A. Howard
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven C.R. Williams
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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34
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Selective plasticity of callosal neurons in the adult contralesional cortex following murine traumatic brain injury. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2659. [PMID: 35551446 PMCID: PMC9098892 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29992-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in deficits that are often followed by recovery. The contralesional cortex can contribute to this process but how distinct contralesional neurons and circuits respond to injury remains to be determined. To unravel adaptations in the contralesional cortex, we used chronic in vivo two-photon imaging. We observed a general decrease in spine density with concomitant changes in spine dynamics over time. With retrograde co-labeling techniques, we showed that callosal neurons are uniquely affected by and responsive to TBI. To elucidate circuit connectivity, we used monosynaptic rabies tracing, clearing techniques and histology. We demonstrate that contralesional callosal neurons adapt their input circuitry by strengthening ipsilateral connections from pre-connected areas. Finally, functional in vivo two-photon imaging demonstrates that the restoration of pre-synaptic circuitry parallels the restoration of callosal activity patterns. Taken together our study thus delineates how callosal neurons structurally and functionally adapt following a contralateral murine TBI. Which contralesional circuits adapt after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is unclear. Here the authors used in vivo imaging, retrograde labeling, rabies tracing, clearing and functional imaging to demonstrate that callosal neurons selectively adapt after TBI in mice.
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Ardizzone A, Bova V, Casili G, Filippone A, Campolo M, Lanza M, Esposito E, Paterniti I. SUN11602, a bFGF mimetic, modulated neuroinflammation, apoptosis and calcium-binding proteins in an in vivo model of MPTP-induced nigrostriatal degeneration. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:107. [PMID: 35526035 PMCID: PMC9080217 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02457-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disease. PD etiopathogenesis is multifactorial and not yet fully known, however, the scientific world advised the establishment of neuroinflammation among the possible risk factors. In this field, basic fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (bFGF/FGFR1) could be a promising way to treat CNS-mediated inflammation; unfortunately, the use of bFGF as therapeutic agent is limited by its side effects. The novel synthetic compound SUN11602 exhibited neuroprotective activities like bFGF. With this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of SUN11602 administration in a murine model of MPTP-induced dopaminergic degeneration. Methods Specifically, nigrostriatal degeneration was induced by intraperitoneal injection of MPTP (80 mg/kg). SUN11602 (1 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg, and 5 mg/kg) was administered daily by oral gavage starting from 24 h after the first administration of MPTP. Mice were killed 7 days after MPTP induction. Results The results obtained showed that SUN11602 administration significantly reduced the alteration of PD hallmarks, attenuating the neuroinflammatory state via modulation of glial activation, NF-κB pathway, and cytokine overexpression. Furthermore, we demonstrated that SUN11602 treatment rebalanced Ca2+ overload in neurons by regulating Ca2+-binding proteins while inhibiting the apoptotic cascade. Conclusion Therefore, in the light of these findings, SUN11602 could be considered a valuable pharmacological strategy for PD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02457-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Ardizzone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Valentina Bova
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Casili
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessia Filippone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Michela Campolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Lanza
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
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36
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Rosmus DD, Lange C, Ludwig F, Ajami B, Wieghofer P. The Role of Osteopontin in Microglia Biology: Current Concepts and Future Perspectives. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040840. [PMID: 35453590 PMCID: PMC9027630 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune landscape of the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and the retina, consists of different myeloid cell populations with distinct tasks to fulfill. Whereas the CNS borders harbor extraparenchymal CNS-associated macrophages whose main duty is to build up a defense against invading pathogens and other damaging factors from the periphery, the resident immune cells of the CNS parenchyma and the retina, microglia, are highly dynamic cells with a plethora of functions during homeostasis and disease. Therefore, microglia are constantly sensing their environment and closely interacting with surrounding cells, which is in part mediated by soluble factors. One of these factors is Osteopontin (OPN), a multifunctional protein that is produced by different cell types in the CNS, including microglia, and is upregulated in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory conditions. In this review, we discuss the current literature about the interaction between microglia and OPN in homeostasis and several disease entities, including multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer’s and cerebrovascular diseases (AD, CVD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR), in the context of the molecular pathways involved in OPN signaling shaping the function of microglia. As nearly all CNS diseases are characterized by pathological alterations in microglial cells, accompanied by the disturbance of the homeostatic microglia phenotype, the emergence of disease-associated microglia (DAM) states and their interplay with factors shaping the DAM-signature, such as OPN, is of great interest for therapeutical interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clemens Lange
- Eye Center, Freiburg Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (C.L.); (F.L.)
- Ophtha-Lab, Department of Ophthalmology, St. Franziskus Hospital, 48145 Muenster, Germany
| | - Franziska Ludwig
- Eye Center, Freiburg Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (C.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Bahareh Ajami
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Peter Wieghofer
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Cellular Neuroanatomy, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Augsburg University, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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37
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Bourseguin J, Cheng W, Talbot E, Hardy L, Lai J, Jeffries A, Lodato MA, Lee EA, Khoronenkova S. Persistent DNA damage associated with ATM kinase deficiency promotes microglial dysfunction. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:2700-2718. [PMID: 35212385 PMCID: PMC8934660 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The autosomal recessive genome instability disorder Ataxia-telangiectasia, caused by mutations in ATM kinase, is characterized by the progressive loss of cerebellar neurons. We find that DNA damage associated with ATM loss results in dysfunctional behaviour of human microglia, immune cells of the central nervous system. Microglial dysfunction is mediated by the pro-inflammatory RELB/p52 non-canonical NF-κB transcriptional pathway and leads to excessive phagocytic clearance of neuronal material. Activation of the RELB/p52 pathway in ATM-deficient microglia is driven by persistent DNA damage and is dependent on the NIK kinase. Activation of non-canonical NF-κB signalling is also observed in cerebellar microglia of individuals with Ataxia-telangiectasia. These results provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of aberrant microglial behaviour in ATM deficiency, potentially contributing to neurodegeneration in Ataxia-telangiectasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bourseguin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court road, CambridgeCB2 1GA, UK
| | - Wen Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court road, CambridgeCB2 1GA, UK
| | - Emily Talbot
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court road, CambridgeCB2 1GA, UK
| | - Liana Hardy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court road, CambridgeCB2 1GA, UK
| | - Jenny Lai
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ailsa M Jeffries
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Michael A Lodato
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Eunjung Alice Lee
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Svetlana V Khoronenkova
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court road, CambridgeCB2 1GA, UK
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38
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Redefining microglia states: Lessons and limits of human and mouse models to study microglia states in neurodegenerative diseases. Semin Immunol 2022; 60:101651. [PMID: 36155944 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are resident macrophages of the brain parenchyma and play an essential role in various aspects of brain development, plasticity, and homeostasis. With recent advances in single-cell RNA-sequencing, heterogeneous microglia transcriptional states have been identified in both animal models of neurodegenerative disorders and patients. However, the functional roles of these microglia states remain unclear; specifically, the question of whether individual states or combinations of states are protective or detrimental (or both) in the context of disease progression. To attempt to answer this, the field has largely relied on studies employing mouse models, human in vitro and chimeric models, and human post-mortem tissue, all of which have their caveats, but used in combination can enable new biological insight and validation of candidate disease pathways and mechanisms. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of disease-associated microglia states and phenotypes in neurodegenerative disorders, discuss important considerations when comparing mouse and human microglia states and functions, and identify areas of microglia biology where species differences might limit our understanding of microglia state.
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Aljovic A, Zhao S, Chahin M, de la Rosa C, Van Steenbergen V, Kerschensteiner M, Bareyre FM. A deep learning-based toolbox for Automated Limb Motion Analysis (ALMA) in murine models of neurological disorders. Commun Biol 2022; 5:131. [PMID: 35169263 PMCID: PMC8847458 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In neuroscience research, the refined analysis of rodent locomotion is complex and cumbersome, and access to the technique is limited because of the necessity for expensive equipment. In this study, we implemented a new deep learning-based open-source toolbox for Automated Limb Motion Analysis (ALMA) that requires only basic behavioral equipment and an inexpensive camera. The ALMA toolbox enables the consistent and comprehensive analyses of locomotor kinematics and paw placement and can be applied to neurological conditions affecting the brain and spinal cord. We demonstrated that the ALMA toolbox can (1) robustly track the evolution of locomotor deficits after spinal cord injury, (2) sensitively detect locomotor abnormalities after traumatic brain injury, and (3) correctly predict disease onset in a multiple sclerosis model. We, therefore, established a broadly applicable automated and standardized approach that requires minimal financial and time commitments to facilitate the comprehensive analysis of locomotion in rodent disease models. Presenting ALMA toolbox, an open source Python repository for automatic analysis of mouse locomotion using bodypart coordinates from markerless pose estimation tools. ALMA is capable of analyzing both healthy and CNS-injured mice. ALMA is also capable of predicting onset of disease in a multiple sclerosis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almir Aljovic
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Shuqing Zhao
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Maryam Chahin
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Clara de la Rosa
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Valerie Van Steenbergen
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Martin Kerschensteiner
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Florence M Bareyre
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany. .,Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany. .,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377, Munich, Germany.
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Yan Q, Wu X, Zhou P, Zhou Y, Li X, Liu Z, Tan H, Yao W, Xia Y, Zhu F. HERV-W Envelope Triggers Abnormal Dopaminergic Neuron Process through DRD2/PP2A/AKT1/GSK3 for Schizophrenia Risk. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010145. [PMID: 35062349 PMCID: PMC8777930 DOI: 10.3390/v14010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have begun considering human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) as potential pathogenic phenomena. Our previous research suggests that HERV-W Envelope (HERV-W ENV), a HERV-W family envelope protein, is elevated in schizophrenia patients and contributes to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The dopamine (DA) hypothesis is the cornerstone in research and clinical practice related to schizophrenia. Here, we found that the concentration of DA and the expression of DA receptor D2 (DRD2) were significantly higher in schizophrenia patients than in healthy individuals. Intriguingly, there was a positive correlation between HERV-W ENV and DA concentration. Depth analyses showed that there was a marked consistency between HERV-W ENV and DRD2 in schizophrenia. Studies in vitro indicated that HERV-W ENV could increase the DA concentration by regulating DA metabolism and induce the expression of DRD2. Co-IP assays and laser confocal scanning microscopy indicated cellular colocalization and a direct interaction between DRD2 and HERV-W ENV. Additionally, HERV-W ENV caused structural and functional abnormalities of DA neurons. Further studies showed that HERV-W ENV could trigger the PP2A/AKT1/GSK3 pathway via DRD2. A whole-cell patch-clamp analysis suggested that HERV-W ENV enhanced sodium influx through DRD2. In conclusion, we uncovered a relationship between HERV-W ENV and the dopaminergic system in the DA neurons. Considering that GNbAC1, a selective monoclonal antibody to the MSRV-specific epitope, has been promised as a therapy for treating type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis (MS) in clinical trials, understanding the precise function of HERV-W ENV in the dopaminergic system may provide new insights into the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (Q.Y.); (X.W.); (P.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (W.Y.); (Y.X.)
| | - Xiulin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (Q.Y.); (X.W.); (P.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (W.Y.); (Y.X.)
| | - Ping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (Q.Y.); (X.W.); (P.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (W.Y.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (Q.Y.); (X.W.); (P.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (W.Y.); (Y.X.)
| | - Xuhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (Q.Y.); (X.W.); (P.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (W.Y.); (Y.X.)
| | - Zhongchun Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (Z.L.); (H.T.)
| | - Huawei Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (Z.L.); (H.T.)
| | - Wei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (Q.Y.); (X.W.); (P.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (W.Y.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yaru Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (Q.Y.); (X.W.); (P.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (W.Y.); (Y.X.)
| | - Fan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (Q.Y.); (X.W.); (P.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (W.Y.); (Y.X.)
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Correspondence:
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Di Liberto G, Egervari K, Kreutzfeldt M, Schürch CM, Hewer E, Wagner I, Du Pasquier R, Merkler D. OUP accepted manuscript. Brain 2022; 145:2730-2741. [PMID: 35808999 PMCID: PMC9420019 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell activation is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. During HIV infection, neuroinflammation is associated with cognitive impairment, even during sustained long-term suppressive antiretroviral therapy. However, the cellular subsets contributing to neuronal damage in the CNS during HIV infection remain unclear. Using post-mortem brain samples from eight HIV patients and eight non-neurological disease controls, we identify a subset of CNS phagocytes highly enriched in LGALS3, CTSB, GPNMB and HLA-DR, a signature identified in the context of ageing and neurodegeneration. In HIV patients, the presence of this phagocyte phenotype was associated with synaptic stripping, suggesting an involvement in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Taken together, our findings elucidate some of the molecular signatures adopted by CNS phagocytes in HIV-positive patients and contribute to the understanding of how HIV might pave the way to other forms of cognitive decline in ageing HIV patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Liberto
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kristof Egervari
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian M Schürch
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Hewer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Renaud Du Pasquier
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Correspondence to: Doron Merkler Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU) 1, rue Michel Servet 1211 Geneva, Switzerland E-mail:
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Edara VV, Manning KE, Ellis M, Lai L, Moore KM, Foster SL, Floyd K, Davis-Gardner ME, Mantus G, Nyhoff LE, Bechnak S, Alaaeddine G, Naji A, Samaha H, Lee M, Bristow L, Hussaini L, Ciric CR, Nguyen PV, Gagne M, Roberts-Torres J, Henry AR, Godbole S, Grakoui A, Sexton M, Piantadosi A, Waggoner JJ, Douek DC, Anderson EJ, Rouphael N, Wrammert J, Suthar MS. mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 mRNA vaccines have reduced neutralizing activity against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34981056 DOI: 10.1101/2021.09.09.459619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccines generate potent neutralizing antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, the global emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutations in the spike protein, the principal antigenic target of these vaccines, has raised concerns over the neutralizing activity of vaccine-induced antibody responses. The Omicron variant, which emerged in November 2021, consists of over 30 mutations within the spike protein. Here, we used an authentic live virus neutralization assay to examine the neutralizing activity of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant against mRNA vaccine-induced antibody responses. Following the 2nd dose, we observed a 30-fold reduction in neutralizing activity against the omicron variant. Through six months after the 2nd dose, none of the sera from naïve vaccinated subjects showed neutralizing activity against the Omicron variant. In contrast, recovered vaccinated individuals showed a 22-fold reduction with more than half of the subjects retaining neutralizing antibody responses. Following a booster shot (3rd dose), we observed a 14-fold reduction in neutralizing activity against the omicron variant and over 90% of boosted subjects showed neutralizing activity against the omicron variant. These findings show that a 3rd dose is required to provide robust neutralizing antibody responses against the Omicron variant.
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Borst K, Dumas AA, Prinz M. Microglia: Immune and non-immune functions. Immunity 2021; 54:2194-2208. [PMID: 34644556 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), microglia are associated with diverse functions essential to the developing and adult brain during homeostasis and disease. They are aided in their tasks by intricate bidirectional communication with other brain cells under steady-state conditions as well as with infiltrating peripheral immune cells during perturbations. Harmonious cell-cell communication involving microglia are considered crucial to maintain the healthy state of the tissue environment and to overcome pathology such as neuroinflammation. Analyses of such intercellular pathways have contributed to our understanding of the heterogeneous but context-associated microglial responses to environmental cues across neuropathology, including inflammatory conditions such as infections and autoimmunity, as well as immunosuppressive states as seen in brain tumors. Here, we summarize the latest evidence demonstrating how these interactions drive microglia immune and non-immune functions, which coordinate the transition from homeostatic to disease-related cellular states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Borst
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Anaelle Aurelie Dumas
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Kesharwani A, Schwarz K, Dembla E, Dembla M, Schmitz F. Early Changes in Exo- and Endocytosis in the EAE Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis Correlate with Decreased Synaptic Ribbon Size and Reduced Ribbon-Associated Vesicle Pools in Rod Photoreceptor Synapses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910789. [PMID: 34639129 PMCID: PMC8509850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that finally leads to demyelination. Demyelinating optic neuritis is a frequent symptom in MS. Recent studies also revealed synapse dysfunctions in MS patients and MS mouse models. We previously reported alterations of photoreceptor ribbon synapses in the experimental auto-immune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS. In the present study, we found that the previously observed decreased imunosignals of photoreceptor ribbons in early EAE resulted from a decrease in synaptic ribbon size, whereas the number/density of ribbons in photoreceptor synapses remained unchanged. Smaller photoreceptor ribbons are associated with fewer docked and ribbon-associated vesicles. At a functional level, depolarization-evoked exocytosis as monitored by optical recording was diminished even as early as on day 7 after EAE induction. Moreover compensatory, post-depolarization endocytosis was decreased. Decreased post-depolarization endocytosis in early EAE correlated with diminished synaptic enrichment of dynamin3. In contrast, basal endocytosis in photoreceptor synapses of resting non-depolarized retinal slices was increased in early EAE. Increased basal endocytosis correlated with increased de-phosphorylation of dynamin1. Thus, multiple endocytic pathways in photoreceptor synapse are differentially affected in early EAE and likely contribute to the observed synapse pathology in early EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kesharwani
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical School, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (K.S.); (E.D.); (M.D.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Karin Schwarz
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical School, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (K.S.); (E.D.); (M.D.); (F.S.)
| | - Ekta Dembla
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical School, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (K.S.); (E.D.); (M.D.); (F.S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mayur Dembla
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical School, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (K.S.); (E.D.); (M.D.); (F.S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Frank Schmitz
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical School, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (K.S.); (E.D.); (M.D.); (F.S.)
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de Fraga LS, Tassinari ID, Jantsch J, Guedes RP, Bambini-Junior V. 'A picture is worth a thousand words': The use of microscopy for imaging neuroinflammation. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 206:325-345. [PMID: 34596237 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first studies of the nervous system by the Nobel laureates Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramon y Cajal using simple dyes and conventional light microscopes, microscopy has come a long way to the most recent techniques that make it possible to perform images in live cells and animals in health and disease. Many pathological conditions of the central nervous system have already been linked to inflammatory responses. In this scenario, several available markers and techniques can help imaging and unveil the neuroinflammatory process. Moreover, microscopy imaging techniques have become even more necessary to validate the large quantity of data generated in the era of 'omics'. This review aims to highlight how to assess neuroinflammation by using microscopy as a tool to provide specific details about the cell's architecture during neuroinflammatory conditions. First, we describe specific markers that have been used in light microscopy studies and that are widely applied to unravel and describe neuroinflammatory mechanisms in distinct conditions. Then, we discuss some important methodologies that facilitate the imaging of these markers, such as immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence techniques. Emphasis will be given to studies using two-photon microscopy, an approach that revolutionized the real-time assessment of neuroinflammatory processes. Finally, some studies integrating omics with microscopy will be presented. The fusion of these techniques is developing, but the high amount of data generated from these applications will certainly improve comprehension of the molecular mechanisms involved in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Stürmer de Fraga
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Isadora D'Ávila Tassinari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Jantsch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Renata Padilha Guedes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Victorio Bambini-Junior
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire (UCLan), Preston, UK
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Tsouki F, Williams A. Multifaceted involvement of microglia in gray matter pathology in multiple sclerosis. Stem Cells 2021; 39:993-1007. [PMID: 33754376 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the inflammatory demyelinating neurodegenerative disease multiple sclerosis (MS), there is increasing interest in gray matter pathology, as neuronal loss and cortical atrophy correlate with disability and disease progression, and MS therapeutics fail to significantly slow or stop neurodegeneration. Microglia, the central nervous system (CNS)-resident macrophages, are extensively involved in white matter MS pathology, but are also implicated in gray matter pathology, similar to other neurodegenerative diseases, for which there is synaptic, axonal, and neuronal degeneration. Microglia display regional heterogeneity within the CNS, which reflects their highly plastic nature and their ability to deliver context-dependent responses tailored to the demands of their microenvironment. Therefore, microglial roles in the MS gray matter in part reflect and in part diverge from those in the white matter. The present review summarizes current knowledge of microglial involvement in gray matter changes in MS, in demyelination, synaptic damage, and neurodegeneration, with evidence implicating microglia in pathology, neuroprotection, and repair. As our understanding of microglial physiology and pathophysiology increases, we describe how we are moving toward potential therapeutic applications in MS, harnessing microglia to protect and regenerate the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foteini Tsouki
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anna Williams
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
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Kalafatakis I, Karagogeos D. Oligodendrocytes and Microglia: Key Players in Myelin Development, Damage and Repair. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1058. [PMID: 34356682 PMCID: PMC8301746 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes, the myelin-making cells of the CNS, regulate the complex process of myelination under physiological and pathological conditions, significantly aided by other glial cell types such as microglia, the brain-resident, macrophage-like innate immune cells. In this review, we summarize how oligodendrocytes orchestrate myelination, and especially myelin repair after damage, and present novel aspects of oligodendroglial functions. We emphasize the contribution of microglia in the generation and regeneration of myelin by discussing their beneficial and detrimental roles, especially in remyelination, underlining the cellular and molecular components involved. Finally, we present recent findings towards human stem cell-derived preclinical models for the study of microglia in human pathologies and on the role of microbiome on glial cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Kalafatakis
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Basic Science, University of Crete Medical School, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
- IMBB FORTH, Nikolaou Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Basic Science, University of Crete Medical School, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
- IMBB FORTH, Nikolaou Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
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48
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Kono R, Ikegaya Y, Koyama R. Phagocytic Glial Cells in Brain Homeostasis. Cells 2021; 10:1348. [PMID: 34072424 PMCID: PMC8229427 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis by glial cells has been shown to play an important role in maintaining brain homeostasis. Microglia are currently considered to be the major phagocytes in the brain parenchyma, and these cells phagocytose a variety of materials, including dead cell debris, abnormally aggregated proteins, and, interestingly, the functional synapses of living neurons. The intracellular signaling mechanisms that regulate microglial phagocytosis have been studied extensively, and several important factors, including molecules known as "find me" signals and "eat me" signals and receptors on microglia that are involved in phagocytosis, have been identified. In addition, recent studies have revealed that astrocytes, which are another major glial cell in the brain parenchyma, also have phagocytic abilities. In this review, we will discuss the roles of microglia and astrocytes in phagocytosis-mediated brain homeostasis, focusing on the characteristics and differences of their phagocytic abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Kono
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (R.K.); (Y.I.)
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (R.K.); (Y.I.)
- Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita City 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryuta Koyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (R.K.); (Y.I.)
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Kasatkina LA, Rittchen S, Sturm EM. Neuroprotective and Immunomodulatory Action of the Endocannabinoid System under Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115431. [PMID: 34063947 PMCID: PMC8196612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are lipid-based retrograde messengers with a relatively short half-life that are produced endogenously and, upon binding to the primary cannabinoid receptors CB1/2, mediate multiple mechanisms of intercellular communication within the body. Endocannabinoid signaling is implicated in brain development, memory formation, learning, mood, anxiety, depression, feeding behavior, analgesia, and drug addiction. It is now recognized that the endocannabinoid system mediates not only neuronal communications but also governs the crosstalk between neurons, glia, and immune cells, and thus represents an important player within the neuroimmune interface. Generation of primary endocannabinoids is accompanied by the production of their congeners, the N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), which together with N-acylneurotransmitters, lipoamino acids and primary fatty acid amides comprise expanded endocannabinoid/endovanilloid signaling systems. Most of these compounds do not bind CB1/2, but signal via several other pathways involving the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α and non-cannabinoid G-protein coupled receptors (GPRs) to mediate anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and neuroprotective activities. In vivo generation of the cannabinoid compounds is triggered by physiological and pathological stimuli and, specifically in the brain, mediates fine regulation of synaptic strength, neuroprotection, and resolution of neuroinflammation. Here, we review the role of the endocannabinoid system in intrinsic neuroprotective mechanisms and its therapeutic potential for the treatment of neuroinflammation and associated synaptopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila A. Kasatkina
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.A.K.); (S.R.)
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sonja Rittchen
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.A.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Eva M. Sturm
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.A.K.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Kingwell K. Targeting phagocytes in progressive MS. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:178. [PMID: 33564176 DOI: 10.1038/d41573-021-00024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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