1
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Haydak J, Azeloglu EU. Role of biophysics and mechanobiology in podocyte physiology. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:371-385. [PMID: 38443711 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-024-00815-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Podocytes form the backbone of the glomerular filtration barrier and are exposed to various mechanical forces throughout the lifetime of an individual. The highly dynamic biomechanical environment of the glomerular capillaries greatly influences the cell biology of podocytes and their pathophysiology. Throughout the past two decades, a holistic picture of podocyte cell biology has emerged, highlighting mechanobiological signalling pathways, cytoskeletal dynamics and cellular adhesion as key determinants of biomechanical resilience in podocytes. This biomechanical resilience is essential for the physiological function of podocytes, including the formation and maintenance of the glomerular filtration barrier. Podocytes integrate diverse biomechanical stimuli from their environment and adapt their biophysical properties accordingly. However, perturbations in biomechanical cues or the underlying podocyte mechanobiology can lead to glomerular dysfunction with severe clinical consequences, including proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. As our mechanistic understanding of podocyte mechanobiology and its role in the pathogenesis of glomerular disease increases, new targets for podocyte-specific therapeutics will emerge. Treating glomerular diseases by targeting podocyte mechanobiology might improve therapeutic precision and efficacy, with potential to reduce the burden of chronic kidney disease on individuals and health-care systems alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Haydak
- Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Evren U Azeloglu
- Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Kliewe F, Siegerist F, Hammer E, Al-Hasani J, Amling TRJ, Hollemann JZE, Schindler M, Drenic V, Simm S, Amann K, Daniel C, Lindenmeyer M, Hecker M, Völker U, Endlich N. Zyxin is important for the stability and function of podocytes, especially during mechanical stretch. Commun Biol 2024; 7:446. [PMID: 38605154 PMCID: PMC11009394 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Podocyte detachment due to mechanical stress is a common issue in hypertension-induced kidney disease. This study highlights the role of zyxin for podocyte stability and function. We have found that zyxin is significantly up-regulated in podocytes after mechanical stretch and relocalizes from focal adhesions to actin filaments. In zyxin knockout podocytes, we found that the loss of zyxin reduced the expression of vinculin and VASP as well as the expression of matrix proteins, such as fibronectin. This suggests that zyxin is a central player in the translation of mechanical forces in podocytes. In vivo, zyxin is highly up-regulated in patients suffering from diabetic nephropathy and in hypertensive DOCA-salt treated mice. Furthermore, zyxin loss in mice resulted in proteinuria and effacement of podocyte foot processes that was measured by super resolution microscopy. This highlights the essential role of zyxin for podocyte maintenance in vitro and in vivo, especially under mechanical stretch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Kliewe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Florian Siegerist
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elke Hammer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jaafar Al-Hasani
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Maximilian Schindler
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Vedran Drenic
- NIPOKA GmbH, Center of High-End Imaging, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Simm
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology; Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Department of Nephropathology; Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maja Lindenmeyer
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Hecker
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicole Endlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- NIPOKA GmbH, Center of High-End Imaging, Greifswald, Germany
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3
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Huang J, Hu X, Chen Z, Ouyang F, Li J, Hu Y, Zhao Y, Wang J, Yao F, Jing J, Cheng L. Fascin-1 limits myosin activity in microglia to control mechanical characterization of the injured spinal cord. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:88. [PMID: 38600569 PMCID: PMC11005239 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical softening of the glial scar region regulates axonal regeneration to impede neurological recovery in central nervous system (CNS) injury. Microglia, a crucial cellular component of the glial scar, facilitate neuronal survival and neurological recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the critical mechanical characterization of injured spinal cord that harmonizes neuroprotective function of microglia remains poorly understood. METHODS Spinal cord tissue stiffness was assessed using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in a mouse model of crush injury. Pharmacological depletion of microglia using PLX5622 was used to explore the effect of microglia on mechanical characterization. Conditional knockout of Fascin-1 in microglia (Fascin-1 CKO) alone or in combination with inhibition of myosin activity was performed to delve into relevant mechanisms of microglia regulating mechanical signal. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to evaluate the related protein levels, inflammatory cells, and neuron survival after SCI. The Basso mouse scale score was calculated to assess functional recovery. RESULTS Spinal cord tissue significantly softens after SCI. Microglia depletion or Fascin-1 knockout in microglia limits tissue softening and alters mechanical characterization, which leads to increased tissue pathology and impaired functional recovery. Mechanistically, Fascin-1 inhibits myosin activation to promote microglial migration and control mechanical characterization after SCI. CONCLUSIONS We reveal that Fascin-1 limits myosin activity to regulate mechanical characterization after SCI, and this mechanical signal should be considered in future approaches for the treatment of CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Xuyang Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Zeqiang Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Fangru Ouyang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Jianjian Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yixue Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yuanzhe Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Fei Yao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Juehua Jing
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Li Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.
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4
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Lausecker F, Lennon R, Randles MJ. The kidney matrisome in health, aging, and disease. Kidney Int 2022; 102:1000-1012. [PMID: 35870643 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated extracellular matrix is the hallmark of fibrosis, and it has a profound impact on kidney function in disease. Furthermore, perturbation of matrix homeostasis is a feature of aging and is associated with declining kidney function. Understanding these dynamic processes, in the hope of developing therapies to combat matrix dysregulation, requires the integration of data acquired by both well-established and novel technologies. Owing to its complexity, the extracellular proteome, or matrisome, still holds many secrets and has great potential for the identification of clinical biomarkers and drug targets. The molecular resolution of matrix composition during aging and disease has been illuminated by cutting-edge mass spectrometry-based proteomics in recent years, but there remain key questions about the mechanisms that drive altered matrix composition. Basement membrane components are particularly important in the context of kidney function; and data from proteomic studies suggest that switches between basement membrane and interstitial matrix proteins are likely to contribute to organ dysfunction during aging and disease. Understanding the impact of such changes on physical properties of the matrix, and the subsequent cellular response to altered stiffness and viscoelasticity, is of critical importance. Likewise, the comparison of proteomic data sets from multiple organs is required to identify common matrix biomarkers and shared pathways for therapeutic intervention. Coupled with single-cell transcriptomics, there is the potential to identify the cellular origin of matrix changes, which could enable cell-targeted therapy. This review provides a contemporary perspective of the complex kidney matrisome and draws comparison to altered matrix in heart and liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Lausecker
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Rachel Lennon
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael J Randles
- Chester Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK.
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5
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Wang Z, Fu Y, do Carmo JM, da Silva AA, Li X, Mouton A, Omoto ACM, Sears J, Hall JE. Transient receptor potential cation channel 6 contributes to kidney injury induced by diabetes and hypertension. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F76-F88. [PMID: 34866402 PMCID: PMC8742740 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00296.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN) are major risk factors for chronic kidney injury, together accounting for >70% of end-stage renal disease. In this study, we assessed whether DM and HTN interact synergistically to promote kidney dysfunction and whether transient receptor potential cation channel 6 (TRPC6) contributes to this synergism. In wild-type (WT; B6/129s background) and TRPC6 knockout (KO) mice, DM was induced by streptozotocin injection to increase fasting glucose levels to 250-350 mg/dL. HTN was induced by aorta constriction (AC) between the renal arteries. AC increased blood pressure (BP) by ∼25 mmHg in the right kidney (above AC), whereas BP in the left kidney (below AC) returned to near normal after 8 wk, with both kidneys exposed to the same levels of blood glucose, circulating hormones, and neural influences. Kidneys of WT mice exposed to DM or HTN alone had only mild glomerular injury and urinary albumin excretion. In contrast, WT kidneys exposed to DM plus HTN (WT-DM + AC mice) for 8 wk had much greater increases in albumin excretion and histological injury. Marked increased apoptosis was also observed in the right kidneys of WT-DM + AC mice. In contrast, in TRPC6 KO mice with DM + AC, right kidneys exposed to the same levels of high BP and high glucose had lower albumin excretion and less glomerular damage and apoptotic cell injury compared with right kidneys of WT-DM + AC mice. Our results suggest that TRPC6 may contribute to the interaction of DM and HTN to promote kidney dysfunction and apoptotic cell injury.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A major new finding of this study is that the combination of moderate diabetes and hypertension promoted marked renal dysfunction, albuminuria, and apoptotic cell injury, and that these effects were greatly ameliorated by transient receptor potential cation channel 6 deficiency. These results suggest that transient receptor potential cation channel 6 may play an important role in contributing to the interaction of diabetes and hypertension to promote kidney injury.
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MESH Headings
- Albuminuria/metabolism
- Albuminuria/pathology
- Albuminuria/physiopathology
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Blood Pressure
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology
- Female
- Glomerular Filtration Rate
- Hypertension/complications
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney/pathology
- Kidney/physiopathology
- Male
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/etiology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/physiopathology
- Risk Factors
- TRPC6 Cation Channel/genetics
- TRPC6 Cation Channel/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Yiling Fu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jussara M do Carmo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Alexandre A da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Alan Mouton
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Ana Carolina M Omoto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jaylan Sears
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - John E Hall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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6
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Sherer LA, Courtemanche N. Cooperative bundling by fascin generates actin structures with architectures that depend on filament length. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:974047. [PMID: 36120572 PMCID: PMC9479110 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.974047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of actin-based structures with precisely defined architectures supports essential cellular functions, including motility, intracellular transport, and division. The geometric arrangements of the filaments within actin structures are stabilized via the association of crosslinking proteins, which bind two filaments simultaneously. Because actin polymerization and crosslinking occur concurrently within the dynamic environment of the cell, these processes likely play interdependent roles in shaping the architectures of actin-based structures. To dissect the contribution of polymerization to the construction of higher-order actin structures, we investigated how filament elongation affects the formation of simple, polarized actin bundles by the crosslinking protein fascin. Using populations of actin filaments to represent distinct stages of elongation, we found that the rate of bundle assembly increases with filament length. Fascin assembles short filaments into discrete bundles, whereas bundles of long filaments merge with one another to form interconnected networks. Although filament elongation promotes bundle coalescence, many connections formed between elongating bundles are short-lived and are followed by filament breakage. Our data suggest that initiation of crosslinking early in elongation aligns growing filaments, creating a template for continued bundle assembly as elongation proceeds. This initial alignment promotes the assembly of bundles that are resistant to large changes in curvature that are required for coalescence into interconnected networks. As a result, bundles of short filaments remain straighter and more topologically discrete as elongation proceeds than bundles assembled from long filaments. Thus, uncoordinated filament elongation and crosslinking can alter the architecture of bundled actin networks, highlighting the importance of maintaining precise control over filament length during the assembly of specialized actin structures.
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7
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Hu LL, Pan MH, Yang FL, Zong ZA, Tang F, Pan ZN, Lu X, Ren YP, Wang JL, Sun SC. FASCIN regulates actin assembly for spindle movement and polar body extrusion in mouse oocyte meiosis. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:7725-7733. [PMID: 34018605 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
During mouse oocyte meiotic maturation, actin filaments play multiple roles in meiosis such as spindle migration and cytokinesis. FASCIN is shown to be an actin-binding and bundling protein, making actin filaments tightly packed and parallel-aligned, and FASCIN is involved in several cellular processes like adhesion and migration. FASCIN is also a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for the treatment of metastatic disease. However, little is known about the functions of FASCIN in oocyte meiosis. In the present study, we knocked down the expression of FASCIN, and our results showed that FASCIN was essential for oocyte maturation. FASCIN was all expressed in the different stages of oocyte meiosis, and it mainly localized at the cortex of oocytes from the GV stage to the MII stage and showed a similar localization pattern with actin and DAAM1. Depletion of FASCIN affected the extrusion of the first polar body, and we also observed that some oocytes extruded from the large polar bodies. This might have resulted from the defects of actin assembly, which further affected the meiotic spindle positioning. In addition, we showed that inhibition of PKC activity decreased FASCIN expression, indicating that FASCIN might be regulated by PKC. Taken together, our results provided evidence for the important role of FASCIN on actin filaments for spindle migration and polar body extrusion in mouse oocyte meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Hu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Meng-Hao Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng-Lian Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Zi-Ao Zong
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Feng Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen-Nan Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yan-Ping Ren
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jun-Li Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Shao-Chen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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8
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Sever S. Role of actin cytoskeleton in podocytes. Pediatr Nephrol 2021; 36:2607-2614. [PMID: 33188449 PMCID: PMC8116355 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-020-04812-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The selectivity of the glomerular filter is established by physical, chemical, and signaling interplay among its three core constituents: glomerular endothelial cells, the glomerular basement membrane, and podocytes. Functional impairment or injury of any of these three components can lead to proteinuria. Podocytes are injured in many forms of human and experimental glomerular disease, including minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and diabetes mellitus. One of the earliest signs of podocyte injury is loss of their distinct structure, which is driven by dysregulated dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton. The status of the actin cytoskeleton in podocytes depends on a set of actin binding proteins, nucleators and inhibitors of actin polymerization, and regulatory GTPases. Mutations that alter protein function in each category have been implicated in glomerular diseases in humans and animal models. In addition, a growing body of studies suggest that pharmacological modifications of the actin cytoskeleton have the potential to become novel therapeutics for podocyte-dependent chronic kidney diseases. This review presents an overview of the essential proteins that establish actin cytoskeleton in podocytes and studies demonstrating the feasibility of drugging actin cytoskeleton in kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Sever
- Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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9
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Greiten JK, Kliewe F, Schnarre A, Artelt N, Schröder S, Rogge H, Amann K, Daniel C, Lindenmeyer MT, Cohen CD, Endlich K, Endlich N. The role of filamins in mechanically stressed podocytes. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21560. [PMID: 33860543 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001179rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Glomerular hypertension induces mechanical load to podocytes, often resulting in podocyte detachment and the development of glomerulosclerosis. Although it is well known that podocytes are mechanosensitive, the mechanosensors and mechanotransducers are still unknown. Since filamin A, an actin-binding protein, is already described to be a mechanosensor and mechanotransducer, we hypothesized that filamins could be important for the outside-in signaling as well as the actin cytoskeleton of podocytes under mechanical stress. In this study, we demonstrate that filamin A is the main isoform of the filamin family that is expressed in cultured podocytes. Together with filamin B, filamin A was significantly up-regulated during mechanical stretch (3 days, 0.5 Hz, and 5% extension). To study the role of filamin A in cultured podocytes under mechanical stress, filamin A was knocked down (Flna KD) by specific siRNA. Additionally, we established a filamin A knockout podocyte cell line (Flna KO) by CRISPR/Cas9. Knockdown and knockout of filamin A influenced the expression of synaptopodin, a podocyte-specific protein, focal adhesions as well as the morphology of the actin cytoskeleton. Moreover, the cell motility of Flna KO podocytes was significantly increased. Since the knockout of filamin A has had no effect on cell adhesion of podocytes during mechanical stress, we simultaneously knocked down the expression of filamin A and B. Thereby, we observed a significant loss of podocytes during mechanical stress indicating a compensatory mechanism. Analyzing hypertensive mice kidneys as well as biopsies of patients suffering from diabetic nephropathy, we found an up-regulation of filamin A in podocytes in contrast to the control. In summary, filamin A and B mediate matrix-actin cytoskeleton interactions which are essential for the adaptation of cultured podocyte to mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas K Greiten
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Felix Kliewe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Annabel Schnarre
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nadine Artelt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sindy Schröder
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henrik Rogge
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Department of Nephropathology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maja T Lindenmeyer
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Clemens D Cohen
- Nephrological Center, Medical Clinic and Policlinic IV, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karlhans Endlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicole Endlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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10
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Wang Y, Pedigo CE, Inoue K, Tian X, Cross E, Ebenezer K, Li W, Wang Z, Shin JW, Schwartze E, Groener M, Ishibe S. Murine Epsins Play an Integral Role in Podocyte Function. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:2870-2886. [PMID: 33051360 PMCID: PMC7790213 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020050691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epsins, a family of evolutionarily conserved membrane proteins, play an essential role in endocytosis and signaling in podocytes. METHODS Podocyte-specific Epn1, Epn2, Epn3 triple-knockout mice were generated to examine downstream regulation of serum response factor (SRF) by cell division control protein 42 homolog (Cdc42). RESULTS Podocyte-specific loss of epsins resulted in increased albuminuria and foot process effacement. Primary podocytes isolated from these knockout mice exhibited abnormalities in cell adhesion and spreading, which may be attributed to reduced activation of cell division control protein Cdc42 and SRF, resulting in diminished β1 integrin expression. In addition, podocyte-specific loss of Srf resulted in severe albuminuria and foot process effacement, and defects in cell adhesion and spreading, along with decreased β1 integrin expression. CONCLUSIONS Epsins play an indispensable role in maintaining properly functioning podocytes through the regulation of Cdc42 and SRF-dependent β1 integrin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Centre for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Christopher E Pedigo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kazunori Inoue
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Xuefei Tian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Elizabeth Cross
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Karen Ebenezer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jee Won Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Eike Schwartze
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Marwin Groener
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Shuta Ishibe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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11
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Lamb MC, Tootle TL. Fascin in Cell Migration: More Than an Actin Bundling Protein. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9110403. [PMID: 33212856 PMCID: PMC7698196 DOI: 10.3390/biology9110403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Cell migration is an essential biological process that regulates both development and diseases, such as cancer metastasis. Therefore, understanding the factors that promote cell migration is crucial. One of the factors known to regulate cell migration is the actin-binding protein, Fascin. Fascin is typically thought to promote cell migration through bundling actin to form migratory structures such as filopodia and invadapodia. However, Fascin has many other functions in the cell that may contribute to cell migration. How these novel functions promote cell migration and are regulated is still not well understood. Here, we review the structure of Fascin, the many functions of Fascin and how they may promote cell migration, how Fascin is regulated, and Fascin’s role in diseases such as cancer metastasis. Abstract Fascin, an actin-binding protein, regulates many developmental migrations and contributes to cancer metastasis. Specifically, Fascin promotes cell motility, invasion, and adhesion by forming filopodia and invadopodia through its canonical actin bundling function. In addition to bundling actin, Fascin has non-canonical roles in the cell that are thought to promote cell migration. These non-canonical functions include regulating the activity of other actin-binding proteins, binding to and regulating microtubules, mediating mechanotransduction to the nucleus via interaction with the Linker of the Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) Complex, and localizing to the nucleus to regulate nuclear actin, the nucleolus, and chromatin modifications. The many functions of Fascin must be coordinately regulated to control cell migration. While much remains to be learned about such mechanisms, Fascin is regulated by post-translational modifications, prostaglandin signaling, protein–protein interactions, and transcriptional means. Here, we review the structure of Fascin, the various functions of Fascin and how they contribute to cell migration, the mechanisms regulating Fascin, and how Fascin contributes to diseases, specifically cancer metastasis.
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12
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The mechanobiology of kidney podocytes in health and disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:1245-1253. [PMID: 32501496 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) substantially reduces quality of life and leads to premature death for thousands of people each year. Dialysis and kidney organ transplants remain prevalent therapeutic avenues but carry significant medical, economic and social burden. Podocytes are responsible for blood filtration selectivity in the kidney, where they extend a network of foot processes (FPs) from their cell bodies which surround endothelial cells and interdigitate with those on neighbouring podocytes to form narrow slit diaphragms (SDs). During aging, some podocytes are lost naturally but accelerated podocyte loss is a hallmark of CKD. Insights into the origin of degenerative podocyte loss will help answer important questions about kidney function and lead to substantial health benefits. Here, approaches that uncover insights into podocyte mechanobiology are reviewed, both those that interrogate the biophysical properties of podocytes and how the external physical environment affects podocyte behaviour, and also those that interrogate the biophysical effects that podocytes exert on their surroundings.
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13
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The Actin Bundling Protein Fascin-1 as an ACE2-Accessory Protein. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:255-263. [PMID: 32865675 PMCID: PMC7456754 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00951-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), an enzyme counterbalancing the deleterious effects of angiotensin type 1 receptor activation by production of vasodilatory peptides Angiotensin (Ang)-(1-9) and Ang-(1-7), is internalized and degraded in lysosomes following chronic Ang-II treatment. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in this effect remain unknown. In an attempt to identify the accessory proteins involved in this effect, we conducted a proteomic analysis in ACE2-transfected HEK293T cells. A single protein, fascin-1, was found to differentially interact with ACE2 after Ang-II treatment for 4 h. The interactions between fascin-1 and ACE2 were confirmed by confocal microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation. Overexpression of fascin-1 attenuates the effects of Ang-II on ACE2 activity. In contrast, downregulation of fascin-1 severely decreased ACE2 enzymatic activity. Interestingly, in brain homogenates from hypertensive mice, we observed a significant reduction of fascin-1, suggesting that the levels of this protein may change in cardiovascular diseases. In conclusion, we identified fascin-1 as an ACE2-accessory protein, interacting with the enzyme in an Ang-II dependent manner and contributing to the regulation of enzyme activity.
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14
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Ge X, Zhang T, Yu X, Muwonge AN, Anandakrishnan N, Wong NJ, Haydak JC, Reid JM, Fu J, Wong JS, Bhattacharya S, Cuttitta CM, Zhong F, Gordon RE, Salem F, Janssen W, Hone JC, Zhang A, Li H, He JC, Gusella GL, Campbell KN, Azeloglu EU. LIM-Nebulette Reinforces Podocyte Structural Integrity by Linking Actin and Vimentin Filaments. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:2372-2391. [PMID: 32737144 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019121261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintenance of the intricate interdigitating morphology of podocytes is crucial for glomerular filtration. One of the key aspects of specialized podocyte morphology is the segregation and organization of distinct cytoskeletal filaments into different subcellular components, for which the exact mechanisms remain poorly understood. METHODS Cells from rats, mice, and humans were used to describe the cytoskeletal configuration underlying podocyte structure. Screening the time-dependent proteomic changes in the rat puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephropathy model correlated the actin-binding protein LIM-nebulette strongly with glomerular function. Single-cell RNA sequencing and immunogold labeling were used to determine Nebl expression specificity in podocytes. Automated high-content imaging, super-resolution microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), live-cell imaging of calcium, and measurement of motility and adhesion dynamics characterized the physiologic role of LIM-nebulette in podocytes. RESULTS Nebl knockout mice have increased susceptibility to adriamycin-induced nephropathy and display morphologic, cytoskeletal, and focal adhesion abnormalities with altered calcium dynamics, motility, and Rho GTPase activity. LIM-nebulette expression is decreased in diabetic nephropathy and FSGS patients at both the transcript and protein level. In mice, rats, and humans, LIM-nebulette expression is localized to primary, secondary, and tertiary processes of podocytes, where it colocalizes with focal adhesions as well as with vimentin fibers. LIM-nebulette shRNA knockdown in immortalized human podocytes leads to dysregulation of vimentin filament organization and reduced cellular elasticity as measured by AFM indentation. CONCLUSIONS LIM-nebulette is a multifunctional cytoskeletal protein that is critical in the maintenance of podocyte structural integrity through active reorganization of focal adhesions, the actin cytoskeleton, and intermediate filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhua Ge
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Tao Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Xiaoxia Yu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Alecia N Muwonge
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Nanditha Anandakrishnan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Nicholas J Wong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan C Haydak
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jordan M Reid
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jia Fu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jenny S Wong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Smiti Bhattacharya
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Christina M Cuttitta
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Fang Zhong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ronald E Gordon
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Fadi Salem
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - William Janssen
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - James C Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - John C He
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - G Luca Gusella
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Kirk N Campbell
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Evren U Azeloglu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York .,Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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15
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Fan YL, Li B, Zhao HP, Zhao HC, Feng XQ. A function of fascin1 in the colony formation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2020; 38:1078-1090. [PMID: 32379912 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fascin1 is known to participate in the migration of cancer cells by binding to actin filaments. Recent studies evidenced that fascin1 also modulates processes such as the tumorigenesis and maintenance of pluripotency genes in cancer stem cells. However, the function of fascin1 in embryonic stem cells remains unclear. In this article, we report that fascin1 is highly expressed and widely distributed in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), which are regulated by JAK-STAT3 and β-catenin. We found that the overexpression of fascin1 impairs the formation of mESC colonies via the downregulation of intercellular adhesion molecules, and that mimicking the dephosphorylated mutation of fascin1 or inhibiting phosphorylation with Gö6983 significantly enhances colony formation. Hyperphosphorylated fascin1 can promote the maintenance of pluripotency in mESCs via nuclear localization and suppressing DNA methyltransferase expression. Our findings demonstrate a novel function of fascin1, as a vital regulator, in the colony formation and pluripotency of mESCs and provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying embryonic stem cell self-organization and development in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Lei Fan
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, AML, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, AML, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ping Zhao
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, AML, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hu-Cheng Zhao
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, AML, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Qiao Feng
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, AML, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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16
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Pfisterer K, Levitt J, Lawson CD, Marsh RJ, Heddleston JM, Wait E, Ameer-Beg SM, Cox S, Parsons M. FMNL2 regulates dynamics of fascin in filopodia. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201906111. [PMID: 32294157 PMCID: PMC7199847 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201906111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Filopodia are peripheral F-actin-rich structures that enable cell sensing of the microenvironment. Fascin is an F-actin-bundling protein that plays a key role in stabilizing filopodia to support efficient adhesion and migration. Fascin is also highly up-regulated in human cancers, where it increases invasive cell behavior and correlates with poor patient prognosis. Previous studies have shown that fascin phosphorylation can regulate F-actin bundling, and that this modification can contribute to subcellular fascin localization and function. However, the factors that regulate fascin dynamics within filopodia remain poorly understood. In the current study, we used advanced live-cell imaging techniques and a fascin biosensor to demonstrate that fascin phosphorylation, localization, and binding to F-actin are highly dynamic and dependent on local cytoskeletal architecture in cells in both 2D and 3D environments. Fascin dynamics within filopodia are under the control of formins, and in particular FMNL2, that binds directly to dephosphorylated fascin. Our data provide new insight into control of fascin dynamics at the nanoscale and into the mechanisms governing rapid cytoskeletal adaptation to environmental changes. This filopodia-driven exploration stage may represent an essential regulatory step in the transition from static to migrating cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Pfisterer
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - James Levitt
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
- Microscopy Innovation Centre, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Campbell D. Lawson
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Richard J. Marsh
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - John M. Heddleston
- Advanced Imaging Centre, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA
| | - Eric Wait
- Advanced Imaging Centre, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA
| | - Simon Morris Ameer-Beg
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Susan Cox
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
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17
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Mechanisms of Synergistic Interactions of Diabetes and Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease: Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and ER Stress. Curr Hypertens Rep 2020; 22:15. [PMID: 32016622 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-020-1016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss the importance of synergistic interactions of diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HT) in causing chronic kidney disease and the potential molecular mechanisms involved. RECENT FINDINGS DM and HT are the two most important risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and development of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The combination of HT and DM may synergistically promote the progression of renal injury through mechanisms that have not been fully elucidated. Hyperglycemia and other metabolic changes in DM initiate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial (MT) adaptation in different types of glomerular cells. These adaptations appear to make the cells more vulnerable to HT-induced mechanical stress. Excessive activation of mechanosensors, possibly via transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily C member 6 (TRPC6), may lead to impaired calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis and further exacerbate ER stress and MT dysfunction promoting cellular apoptosis and glomerular injury. The synergistic effects of HT and DM to promote kidney injury may be mediated by increased intraglomerular pressure. Chronic activation of mechanotransduction signaling may amplify metabolic effects of DM causing cellular injury through a vicious cycle of impaired Ca2+ homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ER stress.
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18
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Kliewe F, Kaling S, Lötzsch H, Artelt N, Schindler M, Rogge H, Schröder S, Scharf C, Amann K, Daniel C, Lindenmeyer MT, Cohen CD, Endlich K, Endlich N. Fibronectin is up-regulated in podocytes by mechanical stress. FASEB J 2019; 33:14450-14460. [PMID: 31675484 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900978rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the central causes of kidney damage. In the past it was shown that glomerular hypertension leads to morphologic changes of podocytes and effacement and is responsible for detachment of these postmitotic cells. Because we have shown that podocytes are mechanosensitive and respond to mechanical stress by reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in vitro, we look for mechanotransducers in podocytes. In this study, we demonstrate that the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (Fn1) might be a potential candidate. The present study shows that Fn1 is essential for the attachment of podocytes during mechanical stress. By real-time quantitative PCR as well as by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we found a significant up-regulation of Fn1 caused by mechanical stretch (3 d, 0.5 Hz, and 5% extension). To study the role of Fn1 in cultured podocytes under mechanical stress, Fn1 was knocked down (Fn1 KD) by a specific small interfering RNA. Additionally, we established a Fn1 knockout (KO) podocyte cell line (Fn1 KO) by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9). During mechanical stress, a significant loss of podocytes (>80%) was observed in Fn1 KD as well as Fn1 KO podocytes compared with control cells. Furthermore, Fn1 KO podocytes showed a significant down-regulation of the focal adhesion proteins talin, vinculin, and paxillin and a reduced cell spreading, indicating an important role of Fn1 in adhesion. Analyses of kidney sections from patients with diabetic nephropathy have shown a significant up-regulation of FN1 in contrast to control biopsies. In summary, we show that Fn1 plays an important role in the adaptation of podocytes to mechanical stress.-Kliewe, F., Kaling, S., Lötzsch, H., Artelt, N., Schindler, M., Rogge, H., Schröder, S., Scharf, C., Amann, K., Daniel, C., Lindenmeyer, M. T., Cohen, C. D., Endlich, K., Endlich, N. Fibronectin is up-regulated in podocytes by mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Kliewe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sören Kaling
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henriette Lötzsch
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nadine Artelt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schindler
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henrik Rogge
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sindy Schröder
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Scharf
- Department of Ear, Nose, and Throat Diseases, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, University Medicine Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Department of Nephropathology, University Medicine Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maja T Lindenmeyer
- III Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Clemens D Cohen
- Nephrological Center, Medical Clinic and Policlinic IV, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karlhans Endlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicole Endlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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19
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Korolj A, Laschinger C, James C, Hu E, Velikonja C, Smith N, Gu I, Ahadian S, Willette R, Radisic M, Zhang B. Curvature facilitates podocyte culture in a biomimetic platform. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:3112-3128. [PMID: 30264844 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00495a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Most kidney diseases begin with abnormalities in glomerular podocytes, motivating the need for podocyte models to study pathophysiological mechanisms and new treatment options. However, podocytes cultured in vitro face a limited ability to maintain appreciable extents of differentiation hallmarks, raising concerns over the relevance of study results. Many key properties such as nephrin expression and morphology reach plateaus that are far from the in vivo levels. Here, we demonstrate that a biomimetic topography, consisting of microhemispheres arrayed over the cell culture substrate, promotes podocyte differentiation in vitro. We define new methods for fabricating microscale curvature on various substrates, including a thin porous membrane. By growing podocytes on our topographic substrates, we found that these biophysical cues augmented nephrin gene expression, supported full-size nephrin protein expression, encouraged structural arrangement of F-actin and nephrin within the cell, and promoted process formation and even interdigitation compared to the flat substrates. Furthermore, the topography facilitated nephrin localization on curved structures while nuclei lay in the valleys between them. The improved differentiation was also evidenced by tracking barrier function to albumin over time using our custom topomembranes. Overall, our work presents accessible methods for incorporating microcurvature on various common substrates, and demonstrates the importance of biophysical stimulation in supporting higher-fidelity podocyte cultivation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Korolj
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Canada.
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20
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Artelt N, Ludwig TA, Rogge H, Kavvadas P, Siegerist F, Blumenthal A, van den Brandt J, Otey CA, Bang ML, Amann K, Chadjichristos CE, Chatziantoniou C, Endlich K, Endlich N. The Role of Palladin in Podocytes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:1662-1678. [PMID: 29720549 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017091039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Podocyte loss and effacement of interdigitating podocyte foot processes are the major cause of a leaky filtration barrier and ESRD. Because the complex three-dimensional morphology of podocytes depends on the actin cytoskeleton, we studied the role in podocytes of the actin bundling protein palladin, which is highly expressed therein.Methods We knocked down palladin in cultured podocytes by siRNA transfection or in zebrafish embryos by morpholino injection and studied the effects by immunofluorescence and live imaging. We also investigated kidneys of mice with podocyte-specific knockout of palladin (PodoPalld-/- mice) by immunofluorescence and ultrastructural analysis and kidney biopsy specimens from patients by immunostaining for palladin.Results Compared with control-treated podocytes, palladin-knockdown podocytes had reduced actin filament staining, smaller focal adhesions, and downregulation of the podocyte-specific proteins synaptopodin and α-actinin-4. Furthermore, palladin-knockdown podocytes were more susceptible to disruption of the actin cytoskeleton with cytochalasin D, latrunculin A, or jasplakinolide and showed altered migration dynamics. In zebrafish embryos, palladin knockdown compromised the morphology and dynamics of epithelial cells at an early developmental stage. Compared with PodoPalld+/+ controls, PodoPalld-/- mice developed glomeruli with a disturbed morphology, an enlarged subpodocyte space, mild effacement, and significantly reduced expression of nephrin and vinculin. Furthermore, nephrotoxic serum injection led to significantly higher levels of proteinuria in PodoPalld-/- mice than in controls. Kidney biopsy specimens from patients with diabetic nephropathy and FSGS showed downregulation of palladin in podocytes as well.Conclusions Palladin has an important role in podocyte function in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Panagiotis Kavvadas
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)-S1155, Tenon Hospital, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Jens van den Brandt
- Central Core and Research Facility of Laboratory Animals (ZSFV), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Carol A Otey
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Marie-Louise Bang
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, UOS Milan, National Research Council, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, University Medicine Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christos E Chadjichristos
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)-S1155, Tenon Hospital, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Christos Chatziantoniou
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)-S1155, Tenon Hospital, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
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Ghosh S, Park J, Thomas M, Cruz E, Cardona O, Kang H, Jewett T. Biophysical characterization of actin bundles generated by the Chlamydia trachomatis Tarp effector. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 500:423-428. [PMID: 29660331 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis entry into host cells is mediated by pathogen-directed remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. The chlamydial type III secreted effector, translocated actin recruiting phosphoprotein (Tarp), has been implicated in the recruitment of actin to the site of internalization. Tarp harbors G-actin binding and proline rich domains required for Tarp-mediated actin nucleation as well as unique F-actin binding domains implicated in the formation of actin bundles. Little is known about the mechanical properties of actin bundles generated by Tarp or the mechanism by which Tarp mediates actin bundle formation. In order to characterize the actin bundles and elucidate the role of different Tarp domains in the bundling process, purified Tarp effectors and Tarp truncation mutants were analyzed using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. Our data indicate that Tarp mediated actin bundling is independent of actin nucleation and the F-actin binding domains are sufficient to bundle actin filaments. Additionally, Tarp-mediated actin bundles demonstrate distinct bending stiffness compared to those crosslinked by the well characterized actin bundling proteins fascin and alpha-actinin, suggesting Tarp may employ a novel actin bundling strategy. The capacity of the Tarp effector to generate novel actin bundles likely contributes to chlamydia's efficient mechanism of entry into human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Ghosh
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, United States
| | - Jinho Park
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, United States; Depatrment of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, United States
| | - Mitchell Thomas
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, United States
| | - Edgar Cruz
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, United States
| | - Omar Cardona
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, United States
| | - Hyeran Kang
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, United States; Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, United States
| | - Travis Jewett
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, United States.
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Zhao D, Zhang T, Hou XM, Ling XL. Knockdown of fascin-1 expression suppresses cell migration and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer by regulating the MAPK pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:694-699. [PMID: 29458026 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Fascin-1 is a cytoskeletal protein and it can specifically bind to F-actin, it can be abnormally expressed in a variety of solid tumors. Fascin-1 was identified as a factor for poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the relevant molecular mechanisms are not yet fully understood. In this study, the fascin-1 knockdown cells were produced by lentivirus infection, and then cell proliferation, invasion and cell migration assay were used to investigate the role of fascin-1 in NSCLC cells. The MAPK pathway related proteins were determined by western blot. In the current study, lentivirus-mediated fascin-1 knockdown significantly decreased the proliferation of NSCLC cells. Furthermore, fascin-1 silencing partly inhibited cell invasion and migration. Inhibition of fascin-1 decreased the activity of the MAPK pathway. Therefore, targeting fascin-1 may inhibit the growth and metastasis of NSCLC cells, which is a potentially effective therapeutic strategy for treating NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ming Hou
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ling Ling
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
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