1
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Tung YT, Chen YC, Derr K, Wilson K, Song MJ, Ferrer M. A 3D Bioprinted Human Neurovascular Unit Model of Glioblastoma Tumor Growth. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302831. [PMID: 38394389 PMCID: PMC11176035 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
A 3D bioprinted neurovascular unit (NVU) model is developed to study glioblastoma (GBM) tumor growth in a brain-like microenvironment. The NVU model includes human primary astrocytes, pericytes and brain microvascular endothelial cells, and patient-derived glioblastoma cells (JHH-520) are used for this study. Fluorescence reporters are used with confocal high content imaging to quantitate real-time microvascular network formation and tumor growth. Extensive validation of the NVU-GBM model includes immunostaining for brain relevant cellular markers and extracellular matrix components; single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) to establish physiologically relevant transcriptomics changes; and secretion of NVU and GBM-relevant cytokines. The scRNAseq reveals changes in gene expression and cytokines secretion associated with wound healing/angiogenesis, including the appearance of an endothelial mesenchymal transition cell population. The NVU-GBM model is used to test 18 chemotherapeutics and anti-cancer drugs to assess the pharmacological relevance of the model and robustness for high throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ting Tung
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Yu-Chi Chen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Kristy Derr
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Kelli Wilson
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Min Jae Song
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Marc Ferrer
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
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2
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Babu HWS, Kumar SM, Kaur H, Iyer M, Vellingiri B. Midbrain organoids for Parkinson's disease (PD) - A powerful tool to understand the disease pathogenesis. Life Sci 2024; 345:122610. [PMID: 38580194 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Brain Organiods (BOs) are a promising technique for researching disease progression in the human brain. These organoids, which are produced from human induced pluripotent stem cells (HiPSCs), can construct themselves into structured frameworks. In the context of Parkinson's disease (PD), recent advancements have been made in the development of Midbrain organoids (MBOs) models that consider key pathophysiological mechanisms such as alpha-synuclein (α-Syn), Lewy bodies, dopamine loss, and microglia activation. However, there are limitations to the current use of BOs in disease modelling and drug discovery, such as the lack of vascularization, long-term differentiation, and absence of glial cells. To address these limitations, researchers have proposed the use of spinning bioreactors to improve oxygen and nutrient perfusion. Modelling PD utilising modern experimental in vitro models is a valuable tool for studying disease mechanisms and elucidating previously unknown features of PD. In this paper, we exclusively review the unique methods available for cultivating MBOs using a pumping system that mimics the circulatory system. This mechanism may aid in delivering the required amount of oxygen and nutrients to all areas of the organoids, preventing cell death, and allowing for long-term culture and using co-culturing techniques for developing glial cell in BOs. Furthermore, we emphasise some of the significant discoveries about the BOs and the potential challenges of using BOs will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harysh Winster Suresh Babu
- Human Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Sindduja Muthu Kumar
- Human Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Harsimrat Kaur
- Human Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore-641021, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India.
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3
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Almeida-Pinto J, Moura BS, Gaspar VM, Mano JF. Advances in Cell-Rich Inks for Biofabricating Living Architectures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2313776. [PMID: 38639337 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Advancing biofabrication toward manufacturing living constructs with well-defined architectures and increasingly biologically relevant cell densities is highly desired to mimic the biofunctionality of native human tissues. The formulation of tissue-like, cell-dense inks for biofabrication remains, however, challenging at various levels of the bioprinting process. Promising advances have been made toward this goal, achieving relatively high cell densities that surpass those found in conventional platforms, pushing the current boundaries closer to achieving tissue-like cell densities. On this focus, herein the overarching challenges in the bioprocessing of cell-rich living inks into clinically grade engineered tissues are discussed, as well as the most recent advances in cell-rich living ink formulations and their processing technologies are highlighted. Additionally, an overview of the foreseen developments in the field is provided and critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Almeida-Pinto
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Beatriz S Moura
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Vítor M Gaspar
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - João F Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
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4
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Zeltner N, Wu HF, Saito-Diaz K, Sun X, Song M, Saini T, Grant C, James C, Thomas K, Abate Y, Howerth E, Kner P, Xu B. A modular platform to generate functional sympathetic neuron-innervated heart assembloids. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3894397. [PMID: 38562819 PMCID: PMC10984094 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3894397/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The technology of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based 3D organoid/assembloid cultures has become a powerful tool for the study of human embryonic development, disease modeling and drug discovery in recent years. The autonomic sympathetic nervous system innervates and regulates almost all organs in the body, including the heart. Yet, most reported organoids to date are not innervated, thus lacking proper neural regulation, and hindering reciprocal tissue maturation. Here, we developed a simple and versatile sympathetic neuron (symN)-innervated cardiac assembloid without the need for bioengineering. Our human sympathetic cardiac assembloids (hSCAs) showed mature muscle structures, atrial to ventricular patterning, and spontaneous beating. hSCA-innervating symNs displayed neurotransmitter synthesis and functional regulation of the cardiac beating rate, which could be manipulated pharmacologically or optogenetically. We modeled symN-mediated cardiac development and myocardial infarction. This hSCAs provides a tool for future neurocardiotoxicity screening approaches and is highly versatile and modular, where the types of neuron (symN or parasympathetic or sensory neuron) and organoid (heart, lung, kidney) to be innervated may be interchanged.
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5
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Li Y, Wang J, Song SR, Lv SQ, Qin JH, Yu SC. Models for evaluating glioblastoma invasion along white matter tracts. Trends Biotechnol 2024; 42:293-309. [PMID: 37806896 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
White matter tracts (WMs) are one of the main invasion paths of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The lack of ideal research models hinders our understanding of the details and mechanisms of GBM invasion along WMs. To date, many potential in vitro models have been reported; nerve fiber culture models and nanomaterial models are biocompatible, and the former have electrically active neurons. Brain slice culture models, organoid models, and microfluidic chip models can simulate the real brain and tumor microenvironment (TME), which contains a variety of cell types. These models are closer to the real in vivo environment and are helpful for further studying not only invasion along WMs by GBM, but also perineural invasion and brain metastasis by solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing 400038, China; International Joint Research Center for Precision Biotherapy, Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunopathology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing 400038, China; International Joint Research Center for Precision Biotherapy, Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunopathology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400038, China; Jin-feng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China
| | - Si-Rong Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing 400038, China; International Joint Research Center for Precision Biotherapy, Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunopathology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Sheng-Qing Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jian-Hua Qin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Niaoning 116023, China.
| | - Shi-Cang Yu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing 400038, China; International Joint Research Center for Precision Biotherapy, Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunopathology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400038, China; Jin-feng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China.
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6
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Zhang T, Qian C, Song M, Tang Y, Zhou Y, Dong G, Shen Q, Chen W, Wang A, Shen S, Zhao Y, Lu Y. Application Prospect of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Organoids and Cell Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2680. [PMID: 38473926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Since its inception, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has been hailed as a powerful tool for comprehending disease etiology and advancing drug screening across various domains. While earlier iPSC-based disease modeling and drug assessment primarily operated at the cellular level, recent years have witnessed a significant shift towards organoid-based investigations. Organoids derived from iPSCs offer distinct advantages, particularly in enabling the observation of disease progression and drug metabolism in an in vivo-like environment, surpassing the capabilities of iPSC-derived cells. Furthermore, iPSC-based cell therapy has emerged as a focal point of clinical interest. In this review, we provide an extensive overview of non-integrative reprogramming methods that have evolved since the inception of iPSC technology. We also deliver a comprehensive examination of iPSC-derived organoids, spanning the realms of the nervous system, cardiovascular system, and oncology, as well as systematically elucidate recent advancements in iPSC-related cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhang
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengyao Song
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yueke Zhou
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guanglu Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qiuhong Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenxing Chen
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Aiyun Wang
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Sanbing Shen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, University of Galway, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland
| | - Yang Zhao
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yin Lu
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
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7
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Rizzuti M, Melzi V, Brambilla L, Quetti L, Sali L, Ottoboni L, Meneri M, Ratti A, Verde F, Ticozzi N, Comi GP, Corti S, Abati E. Shaping the Neurovascular Unit Exploiting Human Brain Organoids. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-03998-9. [PMID: 38334812 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03998-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Brain organoids, three-dimensional cell structures derived from pluripotent stem cells, closely mimic key aspects of the human brain in vitro, providing a powerful tool for studying neurodevelopment and disease. The neuroectodermal induction protocol employed for brain organoid generation primarily gives rise to the neural cellular component but lacks the vital vascular system, which is crucial for the brain functions by regulating differentiation, migration, and circuit formation, as well as delivering oxygen and nutrients. Many neurological diseases are caused by dysfunctions of cerebral microcirculation, making vascularization of human brain organoids an important tool for pathogenetic and translational research. Experimentally, the creation of vascularized brain organoids has primarily focused on the fusion of vascular and brain organoids, on organoid transplantation in vivo, and on the use of microfluidic devices to replicate the intricate microenvironment of the human brain in vitro. This review summarizes these efforts and highlights the importance of studying the neurovascular unit in a forward-looking perspective of leveraging their use for understanding and treating neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Rizzuti
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Melzi
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Brambilla
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Quetti
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Sali
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Ottoboni
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Megi Meneri
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonia Ratti
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Department Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Verde
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Ticozzi
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Pietro Comi
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Corti
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Abati
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Cortez J, Torres CG, Parraguez VH, De Los Reyes M, Peralta OA. Bovine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells self-assemble with testicular cells and integrates and modifies the structure of a testicular organoids. Theriogenology 2024; 215:259-271. [PMID: 38103403 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) display self-renewal and mesodermal differentiation potentials. These characteristics make them potentially useful for in vitro derivation of gametes, which may constitute experimental therapies for human and animal reproduction. Organoids provide a spatial support and may simulate a cellular niche for in vitro studies. In this study, we aimed at evaluating the potential integration of fetal bovine MSCs derived from adipose tissue (AT-MSCs) in testicular organoids (TOs), their spatial distribution with testicular cells during TO formation and their potential for germ cell differentiation. TOs were developed using Leydig, Sertoli, and peritubular myoid cells that were previously isolated from bovine testes (n = 6). Thereafter, TOs were characterized using immunofluorescence and Q-PCR to detect testicular cell-specific markers. AT-MSCs were labeled with PKH26 and then cultured with testicular cells at a concentration of 1 × 106 cells per well in Ultra Low Attachment U-shape bottom (ULA) plates. TOs formed by testicular cells and AT-MSCs (TOs + AT-MSCs) maintained a rounded structure throughout the 28-day culture period and did not show significant differences in their diameters. Conversely, control TOs exhibited a compact structure until day 7 of culture, while on day 28 they displayed cellular extensions around their structure. Control TOs had greater (P < 0.05) diameters compared to TOs + AT-MSCs. AT-MSCs induced an increase in proportion of Leydig and peritubular myoid cells in TOs + AT-MSCs; however, did not induce changes in the overall gene expression of testicular cell-specific markers. STAR immunolabelling detected Leydig cells that migrated from the central area to the periphery and formed brunches in control TOs. However, in TOs + AT-MSCs, Leydig cells formed a compact peripheral layer. Sertoli cells immunodetected using WT1 marker were observed within the central area forming clusters of cells in TOs + AT-MSCs. The expression of COL1A associated to peritubular myoids cells was restricted to the central region in TOs + AT-MSCs. Thus, during a 28-day culture period, fetal bovine AT-MSCs integrated and modified the structure of the TOs, by restricting formation of branches, limiting the overall increase in diameters and increasing the proportions of Leydig and peritubular myoid cells. AT-MSCs also induced a reorganization of testicular cells, changing their distribution and particularly the location of Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahaira Cortez
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santa Rosa 11735, Santiago 8820808 Chile; Doctorate Program of Forestry, Agriculture, and Veterinary Sciences (DCSAV), University of Chile, Santa Rosa 11315, Santiago 8820808 Chile
| | - Cristian G Torres
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santa Rosa 11735, Santiago 8820808 Chile
| | - Víctor H Parraguez
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santa Rosa 11735, Santiago 8820808 Chile
| | - Mónica De Los Reyes
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santa Rosa 11735, Santiago 8820808 Chile
| | - Oscar A Peralta
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santa Rosa 11735, Santiago 8820808 Chile.
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9
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Ni P, Fan L, Jiang Y, Zhou C, Chung S. From cells to insights: the power of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical interneurons in psychiatric disorder modeling. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1336085. [PMID: 38188058 PMCID: PMC10768008 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1336085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia (SCZ) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD), represent a global health challenge with their poorly understood and complex etiologies. Cortical interneurons (cINs) are the primary inhibitory neurons in the cortex and their subtypes, especially those that are generated from the medial ganglionic emission (MGE) region, have been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of these psychiatric disorders. Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies provide exciting opportunities to model and study these disorders using human iPSC-derived cINs. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of various methods employed to generate MGE-type cINs from human iPSCs, which are mainly categorized into induction by signaling molecules vs. direct genetic manipulation. We discuss their advantages, limitations, and potential applications in psychiatric disorder modeling to aid researchers in choosing the appropriate methods based on their research goals. We also provide examples of how these methods have been applied to study the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. In addition, we discuss ongoing challenges and future directions in the field. Overall, iPSC-derived cINs provide a powerful tool to model the developmental pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders, thus aiding in uncovering disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. This review article will provide valuable resources for researchers seeking to navigate the complexities of cIN generation methods and their applications in the study of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyan Ni
- Department of Neurobiology, Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingyi Fan
- The Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Youhui Jiang
- The Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuqing Zhou
- The Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sangmi Chung
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
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Sato Y, Asahi T, Kataoka K. Integrative single-cell RNA-seq analysis of vascularized cerebral organoids. BMC Biol 2023; 21:245. [PMID: 37940920 PMCID: PMC10634128 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01711-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral organoids are three-dimensional in vitro cultured brains that mimic the function and structure of the human brain. One of the major challenges for cerebral organoids is the lack of functional vasculature. Without perfusable vessels, oxygen and nutrient supplies may be insufficient for long-term culture, hindering the investigation of the neurovascular interactions. Recently, several strategies for the vascularization of human cerebral organoids have been reported. However, the generalizable trends and variability among different strategies are unclear due to the lack of a comprehensive characterization and comparison of these vascularization strategies. In this study, we aimed to explore the effect of different vascularization strategies on the nervous system and vasculature in human cerebral organoids. RESULTS We integrated single-cell RNA sequencing data of multiple vascularized and vascular organoids and fetal brains from publicly available datasets and assessed the protocol-dependent and culture-day-dependent effects on the cell composition and transcriptomic profiles in neuronal and vascular cells. We revealed the similarities and uniqueness of multiple vascularization strategies and demonstrated the transcriptomic effects of vascular induction on neuronal and mesodermal-like cell populations. Moreover, our data suggested that the interaction between neurons and mesodermal-like cell populations is important for the cerebrovascular-specific profile of endothelial-like cells. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the current challenges to vascularization strategies in human cerebral organoids and offers a benchmark for the future fabrication of vascularized organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Sato
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Asahi
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Comprehensive Research Organization, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Kataoka
- Comprehensive Research Organization, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
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11
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Teli P, Kale V, Vaidya A. Beyond animal models: revolutionizing neurodegenerative disease modeling using 3D in vitro organoids, microfluidic chips, and bioprinting. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 394:75-91. [PMID: 37572163 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03821-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are characterized by uncontrolled loss of neuronal cells leading to a progressive deterioration of brain functions. The transition rate of numerous neuroprotective drugs against Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease, leading to FDA approval, is only 8-14% in the last two decades. Thus, in spite of encouraging preclinical results, these drugs have failed in human clinical trials, demonstrating that traditional cell cultures and animal models cannot accurately replicate human pathophysiology. Hence, in vitro three-dimensional (3D) models have been developed to bridge the gap between human and animal studies. Such technological advancements in 3D culture systems, such as human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cells/organoids, organ-on-a-chip technique, and 3D bioprinting, have aided our understanding of the pathophysiology and underlying mechanisms of human NDs. Despite these recent advances, we still lack a 3D model that recapitulates all the key aspects of NDs, thus making it difficult to study the ND's etiology in-depth. Hence in this review, we propose developing a combinatorial approach that allows the integration of patient-derived iPSCs/organoids with 3D bioprinting and organ-on-a-chip technique as it would encompass the neuronal cells along with their niche. Such a 3D combinatorial approach would characterize pathological processes thoroughly, making them better suited for high-throughput drug screening and developing effective novel therapeutics targeting NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajakta Teli
- Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Pune, 412115, India
- Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis Center for Stem Cell Research, Pune, 412115, India
| | - Vaijayanti Kale
- Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Pune, 412115, India
- Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis Center for Stem Cell Research, Pune, 412115, India
| | - Anuradha Vaidya
- Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Pune, 412115, India.
- Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis Center for Stem Cell Research, Pune, 412115, India.
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12
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Wang J, Qiao H, Wang Z, Zhao W, Chen T, Li B, Zhu L, Chen S, Gu L, Wu Y, Zhang Z, Bi L, Chen P. Rational Design and Acoustic Assembly of Human Cerebral Cortex-Like Microtissues from hiPSC-Derived Neural Progenitors and Neurons. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210631. [PMID: 37170683 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Development of biologically relevant and clinically relevant human cerebral cortex models is demanded by mechanistic studies of human cerebral cortex-associated neurological diseases and discovery of preclinical neurological drug candidates. Here, rational design of human-sourced brain-like cortical tissue models is demonstrated by reverse engineering and bionic design. To implement this design, the acoustic assembly technique is employed to assemble hiPSC-derived neural progenitors and neurons separately in a label-free and contact-free manner followed by subsequent neural differentiation and culture. The generated microtissues encapsulate the neuronal microanatomy of human cerebral-cortex tissue that contains six-layered neuronal architecture, a 400-µm interlayer distance, synaptic connections between interlayers, and neuroelectrophysiological transmission. Furthermore, these microtissues are infected with herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1) virus, and the HSV-induced pathogenesis associated with Alzheimer's disease is determined, including neuron loss and the expression of Aβ. Overall, a high-fidelity human-relevant in vitro histotypic model is provided for the cerebral cortex, which will facilitate wide applications in probing the mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases and screening the candidates for neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibo Wang
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Haowen Qiao
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhenyan Wang
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bin Li
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Sihan Chen
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Longjun Gu
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Linlin Bi
- Department of Pathology, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Pu Chen
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan, 430071, China
- TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
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13
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Crouch EE, Joseph T, Marsan E, Huang EJ. Disentangling brain vasculature in neurogenesis and neurodegeneration using single-cell transcriptomics. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:551-565. [PMID: 37210315 PMCID: PMC10560453 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The vasculature is increasingly recognized to impact brain function in health and disease across the life span. During embryonic brain development, angiogenesis and neurogenesis are tightly coupled, coordinating the proliferation, differentiation, and migration of neural and glial progenitors. In the adult brain, neurovascular interactions continue to play essential roles in maintaining brain function and homeostasis. This review focuses on recent advances that leverage single-cell transcriptomics of vascular cells to uncover their subtypes, their organization and zonation in the embryonic and adult brain, and how dysfunction in neurovascular and gliovascular interactions contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we highlight key challenges for future research in neurovascular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E Crouch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Tara Joseph
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Elise Marsan
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eric J Huang
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Pathology Service (113B), San Francisco Veterans Administration Health Care System, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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14
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Higginbottom SL, Tomaskovic-Crook E, Crook JM. Considerations for modelling diffuse high-grade gliomas and developing clinically relevant therapies. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:507-541. [PMID: 37004686 PMCID: PMC10348989 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse high-grade gliomas contain some of the most dangerous human cancers that lack curative treatment options. The recent molecular stratification of gliomas by the World Health Organisation in 2021 is expected to improve outcomes for patients in neuro-oncology through the development of treatments targeted to specific tumour types. Despite this promise, research is hindered by the lack of preclinical modelling platforms capable of recapitulating the heterogeneity and cellular phenotypes of tumours residing in their native human brain microenvironment. The microenvironment provides cues to subsets of glioma cells that influence proliferation, survival, and gene expression, thus altering susceptibility to therapeutic intervention. As such, conventional in vitro cellular models poorly reflect the varied responses to chemotherapy and radiotherapy seen in these diverse cellular states that differ in transcriptional profile and differentiation status. In an effort to improve the relevance of traditional modelling platforms, recent attention has focused on human pluripotent stem cell-based and tissue engineering techniques, such as three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting and microfluidic devices. The proper application of these exciting new technologies with consideration of tumour heterogeneity and microenvironmental interactions holds potential to develop more applicable models and clinically relevant therapies. In doing so, we will have a better chance of translating preclinical research findings to patient populations, thereby addressing the current derisory oncology clinical trial success rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Higginbottom
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Fairy Meadow, NSW, 2519, Australia
- Arto Hardy Family Biomedical Innovation Hub, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Eva Tomaskovic-Crook
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Fairy Meadow, NSW, 2519, Australia.
- Arto Hardy Family Biomedical Innovation Hub, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Jeremy M Crook
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Fairy Meadow, NSW, 2519, Australia.
- Arto Hardy Family Biomedical Innovation Hub, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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15
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Mir A, Lee E, Shih W, Koljaka S, Wang A, Jorgensen C, Hurr R, Dave A, Sudheendra K, Hibino N. 3D Bioprinting for Vascularization. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050606. [PMID: 37237676 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the world of clinic treatments, 3D-printed tissue constructs have emerged as a less invasive treatment method for various ailments. Printing processes, scaffold and scaffold free materials, cells used, and imaging for analysis are all factors that must be observed in order to develop successful 3D tissue constructs for clinical applications. However, current research in 3D bioprinting model development lacks diverse methods of successful vascularization as a result of issues with scaling, size, and variations in printing method. This study analyzes the methods of printing, bioinks used, and analysis techniques in 3D bioprinting for vascularization. These methods are discussed and evaluated to determine the most optimal strategies of 3D bioprinting for successful vascularization. Integrating stem and endothelial cells in prints, selecting the type of bioink according to its physical properties, and choosing a printing method according to physical properties of the desired printed tissue are steps that will aid in the successful development of a bioprinted tissue and its vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amatullah Mir
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Eugenia Lee
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wesley Shih
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sarah Koljaka
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Anya Wang
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Caitlin Jorgensen
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Riley Hurr
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Amartya Dave
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Krupa Sudheendra
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Narutoshi Hibino
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Advocate Children's Hospital, 4440 W 95th St. Oak Lawn, IL 60453, USA
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16
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Winkelman MA, Dai G. Bioengineered perfused human brain microvascular networks enhance neural progenitor cell survival, neurogenesis, and maturation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eaaz9499. [PMID: 37163593 PMCID: PMC10171804 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz9499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) have the capability to self-renew and differentiate into neurons and glial cells. In the adult brain, NPCs are found near brain microvascular networks (BMVNs) in specialized microenvironments called the neurovascular niche (NVN). Although several in vitro NVN models have been previously reported, most do not properly recapitulate the intimate cellular interactions between NPCs and perfused brain microvessels. Here, we developed perfused BMVNs composed of primary human brain endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes within microfluidic devices. When induced pluripotent stem cell-derived NPCs were introduced into BMVNs, we found that NPC survival, neurogenesis, and maturation were enhanced. The application of flow during BMVN coculture was also beneficial for neuron differentiation. Collectively, our work highlighted the important role of BMVNs and flow in NPC self-renewal and neurogenesis, as well as demonstrated our model's potential to study the biological and physical interactions of human NVN in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max A. Winkelman
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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17
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Muok L, Liu C, Chen X, Esmonde C, Arthur P, Wang X, Singh M, Driscoll T, Li Y. Inflammatory Response and Exosome Biogenesis of Choroid Plexus Organoids Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7660. [PMID: 37108817 PMCID: PMC10146825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus (ChP) is a complex structure in the human brain that is responsible for the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and forming the blood-CSF barrier (B-CSF-B). Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have shown promising results in the formation of brain organoids in vitro; however, very few studies to date have generated ChP organoids. In particular, no study has assessed the inflammatory response and the extracellular vesicle (EV) biogenesis of hiPSC-derived ChP organoids. In this study, the impacts of Wnt signaling on the inflammatory response and EV biogenesis of ChP organoids derived from hiPSCs was investigated. During days 10-15, bone morphogenetic protein 4 was added along with (+/-) CHIR99021 (CHIR, a small molecule GSK-3β inhibitor that acts as a Wnt agonist). At day 30, the ChP organoids were characterized by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry for TTR (~72%) and CLIC6 (~20%) expression. Compared to the -CHIR group, the +CHIR group showed an upregulation of 6 out of 10 tested ChP genes, including CLIC6 (2-fold), PLEC (4-fold), PLTP (2-4-fold), DCN (~7-fold), DLK1 (2-4-fold), and AQP1 (1.4-fold), and a downregulation of TTR (0.1-fold), IGFBP7 (0.8-fold), MSX1 (0.4-fold), and LUM (0.2-0.4-fold). When exposed to amyloid beta 42 oligomers, the +CHIR group had a more sensitive response as evidenced by the upregulation of inflammation-related genes such as TNFα, IL-6, and MMP2/9 when compared to the -CHIR group. Developmentally, the EV biogenesis markers of ChP organoids showed an increase over time from day 19 to day 38. This study is significant in that it provides a model of the human B-CSF-B and ChP tissue for the purpose of drug screening and designing drug delivery systems to treat neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laureana Muok
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Xingchi Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Colin Esmonde
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Peggy Arthur
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Xueju Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA
| | - Mandip Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Tristan Driscoll
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
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18
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De Kleijn KMA, Zuure WA, Straasheijm KR, Martens MB, Avramut MC, Koning RI, Martens GJM. Human cortical spheroids with a high diversity of innately developing brain cell types. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:50. [PMID: 36959625 PMCID: PMC10035191 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional (3D) human brain spheroids are instrumental to study central nervous system (CNS) development and (dys)function. Yet, in current brain spheroid models the limited variety of cell types hampers an integrated exploration of CNS (disease) mechanisms. METHODS Here we report a 5-month culture protocol that reproducibly generates H9 embryonic stem cell-derived human cortical spheroids (hCSs) with a large cell-type variety. RESULTS We established the presence of not only neuroectoderm-derived neural progenitor populations, mature excitatory and inhibitory neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocyte (precursor) cells, but also mesoderm-derived microglia and endothelial cell populations in the hCSs via RNA-sequencing, qPCR, immunocytochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. Transcriptomic analysis revealed resemblance between the 5-months-old hCSs and dorsal frontal rather than inferior regions of human fetal brains of 19-26 weeks of gestational age. Pro-inflammatory stimulation of the generated hCSs induced a neuroinflammatory response, offering a proof-of-principle of the applicability of the spheroids. CONCLUSIONS Our protocol provides a 3D human brain cell model containing a wide variety of innately developing neuroectoderm- as well as mesoderm-derived cell types, furnishing a versatile platform for comprehensive examination of intercellular CNS communication and neurological disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M A De Kleijn
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- NeuroDrug Research Ltd, 6525ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wieteke A Zuure
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - M Cristina Avramut
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roman I Koning
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J M Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- NeuroDrug Research Ltd, 6525ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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19
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Cao Y, Chen X, Matarasso A, Wang Z, Song Y, Wu G, Zhang X, Sun H, Wang X, Bruchas MR, Li Y, Zhang Y. Covalently Attached Slippery Surface Coatings to Reduce Protein Adsorptions on Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Planar Surfaces and 3D Microfluidic Channels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:10.1021/acsami.2c20834. [PMID: 36763047 PMCID: PMC10412728 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Silicone elastomers, such as poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), have a broad range of applications in basic biomedical research and clinical medicine, ranging from the preparation of microfluidic devices for organs-on-chips and ventriculoperitoneal shunts for the treatment of hydrocephalus to implantable neural probes for neuropharmacology. Despite the importance, the protein adsorptions on silicone elastomers in these application environments represent a significant challenge. Surface coatings with slippery lubricants, inspired by the Nepenthes pitcher plants, have recently received much attention for reducing protein adsorptions. Nevertheless, the depletion of the physically infused lubricants limits their broad applications. In this study, we report a covalently attached slippery surface coating to reduce protein adsorptions on PDMS surfaces. As demonstrations, we show that the adsorption of serum proteins, human fibrinogen and albumin, can be significantly reduced by the slippery surface coating in both planar PDMS surfaces and 3D microfluidic channels. The preparation of slippery surface coatings relies on the acid-catalyzed polycondensation reaction of dimethyldimethoxysilane, which utilizes a low-cost and scalable dip-coating method. Furthermore, cell metabolic activity and viability studies demonstrate the biocompatibility of the surface coating. These results suggest the potential applications of slippery surface coatings to reduce protein adsorptions for implantable medical devices, organs-on-chips, and many others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Xingchi Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Avi Matarasso
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Zizheng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Guangfu Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Xincheng Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - He Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Xueju Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Michael R. Bruchas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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20
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Vascularized Tissue Organoids. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020124. [PMID: 36829618 PMCID: PMC9951914 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue organoids hold enormous potential as tools for a variety of applications, including disease modeling and drug screening. To effectively mimic the native tissue environment, it is critical to integrate a microvasculature with the parenchyma and stroma. In addition to providing a means to physiologically perfuse the organoids, the microvasculature also contributes to the cellular dynamics of the tissue model via the cells of the perivascular niche, thereby further modulating tissue function. In this review, we discuss current and developing strategies for vascularizing organoids, consider tissue-specific vascularization approaches, discuss the importance of perfusion, and provide perspectives on the state of the field.
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21
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Chen X, Liu C, Wadsworth M, Zeng EZ, Driscoll T, Zeng C, Li Y. Surface Engineering of Auxetic Scaffolds for Neural and Vascular Differentiation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202511. [PMID: 36403987 PMCID: PMC9992167 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Auxetic materials are the materials that can display negative Poisson's ratio that describes the degree to which a material contracts (or expands) transversally when axially strained. Human stem cells sense the mechanical properties of the microenvironment, including material surface properties, stiffness, and Poisson's ratio. In this study, six different auxetic polyurethane (PU) foams with different elastic modulus (0.7-1.8 kPa) and Poisson's ratio (-0.1 to -0.5) are used to investigate lineage specification of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). The surfaces of the foams are modified with chitosan or heparin to enhance the adhesion and proliferation of hiPSCs. Then, the vascular and neural differentiation of hiPSCs are investigated on different foams with distinct elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio. With different auxetic foams, cells show differential adherent density and differentiation capacity. Chitosan and heparin surface functionalization promote the hindbrain and hippocampal markers, but not forebrain markers during neural patterning of hiPSCs. Properly surface engineered auxetic scaffolds can also promote vascular differentiation of hiPSCs. This study represents a versatile and multifunctional scaffold fabrication approach and can lead to a suitable system for establishing hiPSC culture models in applications of neurovascular disease modeling and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchi Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer St. 131, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA.,High-Performance Materials Institute, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer St. 131, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Matthew Wadsworth
- High-Performance Materials Institute, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Eric Z Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer St. 131, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Tristan Driscoll
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer St. 131, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Changchun Zeng
- High-Performance Materials Institute, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA.,Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer St. 131, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
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22
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Liu C, Helsper S, Marzano M, Chen X, Muok L, Esmonde C, Zeng C, Sun L, Grant SC, Li Y. Human Forebrain Organoid-Derived Extracellular Vesicle Labeling with Iron Oxides for In Vitro Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Biomedicines 2022; 10:3060. [PMID: 36551816 PMCID: PMC9775717 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The significant roles of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as intracellular mediators, disease biomarkers, and therapeutic agents, make them a scientific hotspot. In particular, EVs secreted by human stem cells show significance in treating neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease and ischemic stroke. However, the clinical applications of EVs are limited due to their poor targeting capabilities and low therapeutic efficacies after intravenous administration. Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles are biocompatible and have been shown to improve the targeting ability of EVs. In particular, ultrasmall SPIO (USPIO, <50 nm) are more suitable for labeling nanoscale EVs due to their small size. In this study, induced forebrain neural progenitor cortical organoids (iNPCo) were differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and the iNPCo expressed FOXG1, Nkx2.1, α-catenin, as well as β-tubulin III. EVs were isolated from iNPCo media, then loaded with USPIOs by sonication. Size and concentration of EV particles were measured by nanoparticle tracking analysis, and no significant changes were observed in size distribution before and after sonication, but the concentration decreased after labeling. miR-21 and miR-133b decreased after sonication. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated contrast visualized for the USPIO labeled EVs embedded in agarose gel phantoms. Upon calculation, USPIO labeled EVs exhibited considerably shorter relaxation times, quantified as T2 and T2* values, reducing the signal intensity and generating higher MRI contrast compared to unlabeled EVs and gel only. Our study demonstrated that USPIO labeling was a feasible approach for in vitro tracking of brain organoid-derived EVs, which paves the way for further in vivo examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Shannon Helsper
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Mark Marzano
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Xingchi Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
- High Performance Materials Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Laureana Muok
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Colin Esmonde
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Changchun Zeng
- High Performance Materials Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Samuel C. Grant
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
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23
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Chung WG, Kim E, Song H, Lee J, Lee S, Lim K, Jeong I, Park JU. Recent Advances in Electrophysiological Recording Platforms for Brain and Heart Organoids. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202200081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Won Gi Chung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Enji Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Jakyoung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghoon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeonghee Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Inhea Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Ung Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
- KIURI Institute Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
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24
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Jeske R, Chen X, Ma S, Zeng EZ, Driscoll T, Li Y. Bioreactor Expansion Reconfigures Metabolism and Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis of Human Adipose-derived Stem Cells In Vitro. Biochem Eng J 2022; 188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Deconstructing and then reconstructing developmental processes ex vivo is crucial to understanding how organs assemble and how physiology can be disrupted in disease. Human 3D stem cell-derived systems, such as organoids, have facilitated this pursuit; however, they often do not capture inter-tissue or inter-lineage cellular interactions that give rise to emergent tissue properties during development. Assembloids are self-organizing 3D cellular systems that result from the integration of multiple organoids or the combination of organoids with missing cell types or primary tissue explants. Here, we outline the concept and types of assembloids and present their applications for studying the nervous system and other tissues. We describe tools that are used to probe and manipulate assembloids and delineate current challenges and the potential for this new approach to interrogate development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Kanton
- Stanford University 1 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , , Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Brain Organogenesis Program, Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute & Bio-X 2 , Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sergiu P. Paşca
- Stanford University 1 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , , Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Brain Organogenesis Program, Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute & Bio-X 2 , Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Precision oncology using ex vivo technology: a step towards individualised cancer care? Expert Rev Mol Med 2022; 24:e39. [PMID: 36184897 PMCID: PMC9884776 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in cancer genomics and the increased use of genomic medicine, metastatic cancer is still mostly an incurable and fatal disease. With diminishing returns from traditional drug discovery strategies, and high clinical failure rates, more emphasis is being placed on alternative drug discovery platforms, such as ex vivo approaches. Ex vivo approaches aim to embed biological relevance and inter-patient variability at an earlier stage of drug discovery, and to offer more precise treatment stratification for patients. However, these techniques also have a high potential to offer personalised therapies to patients, complementing and enhancing genomic medicine. Although an array of approaches are available to researchers, only a minority of techniques have made it through to direct patient treatment within robust clinical trials. Within this review, we discuss the current challenges to ex vivo approaches within clinical practice and summarise the contemporary literature which has directed patient treatment. Finally, we map out how ex vivo approaches could transition from a small-scale, predominantly research based technology to a robust and validated predictive tool. In future, these pre-clinical approaches may be integrated into clinical cancer pathways to assist in the personalisation of therapy choices and to hopefully improve patient experiences and outcomes.
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Banerjee D, Singh YP, Datta P, Ozbolat V, O'Donnell A, Yeo M, Ozbolat IT. Strategies for 3D bioprinting of spheroids: A comprehensive review. Biomaterials 2022; 291:121881. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Song L, Oseid DE, Wells EA, Robinson AS. The Interplay between GSK3β and Tau Ser262 Phosphorylation during the Progression of Tau Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911610. [PMID: 36232909 PMCID: PMC9569960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau hyperphosphorylation has been linked directly to the formation of toxic neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in tauopathies, however, prior to NFT formation, the sequence of pathological events involving tau phosphorylation remains unclear. Here, the effect of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) on tau pathology was examined independently for each step of transcellular propagation; namely, tau intracellular aggregation, release, cellular uptake and seeding activity. We find that overexpression of GSK3β-induced phosphorylated 0N4R tau led to a higher level of tau oligomerization in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells than wild type 0N4R, as determined by several orthogonal assays. Interestingly, the presence of GSK3β also enhanced tau release. Further, we demonstrated that cells endocytosed more monomeric tau protein when pre-phosphorylated by GSK3β. Using an extracellular vesicle (EVs)-assisted tau neuronal delivery system, we show that exosomal GSK3β-phosphorylated tau, when added to differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, induced more efficient tau transfer, showing much higher total tau levels and increased tau aggregate formation as compared to wild type exosomal tau. The role of a primary tau phosphorylation site targeted by microtubule-affinity regulating kinases (MARKs), Ser262, was tested by pseudo-phosphorylation using site-directed mutagenesis to aspartate (S262D). S262D tau overexpression significantly enhanced tau release and intracellular tau accumulation, which were concurrent with the increase of pathological states of tau, as determined by immunodetection. Importantly, phosphorylation-induced tau accumulation was augmented by co-transfecting S262D tau with GSK3β, suggesting a possible interplay between Ser262 phosphorylation and GSK3β activity in tau pathology. Lastly, we found that pre-treatment of cells with amyloid-β (Aβ) further tau phosphorylation and accumulation when Ser262 pre-phosphorylation was present, suggesting that S262 may be a primary mediator of Aβ-induced tau toxicity. These findings provide a potential therapeutic target for treating tau-related disorders by targeting specific phospho-tau isoforms and further elucidate the GSK3β-mediated pathological seeding mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Daniel E. Oseid
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Evan A. Wells
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Anne Skaja Robinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-412-268-7673
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29
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Construction of brain-like spheroids containing endothelial tubular networks by an adhesive culture system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 623:176-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Deckers T, Hall GN, Papantoniou I, Aerts JM, Bloemen V. A platform for automated and label-free monitoring of morphological features and kinetics of spheroid fusion. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:946992. [PMID: 36091464 PMCID: PMC9461702 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.946992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spheroids are widely applied as building blocks for biofabrication of living tissues, where they exhibit spontaneous fusion toward an integrated structure upon contact. Tissue fusion is a fundamental biological process, but due to a lack of automated monitoring systems, the in-depth characterization of this process is still limited. Therefore, a quantitative high-throughput platform was developed to semi-automatically select doublet candidates and automatically monitor their fusion kinetics. Spheroids with varying degrees of chondrogenic maturation (days 1, 7, 14, and 21) were produced from two different cell pools, and their fusion kinetics were analyzed via the following steps: (1) by applying a novel spheroid seeding approach, the background noise was decreased due to the removal of cell debris while a sufficient number of doublets were still generated. (2) The doublet candidates were semi-automatically selected, thereby reducing the time and effort spent on manual selection. This was achieved by automatic detection of the microwells and building a random forest classifier, obtaining average accuracies, sensitivities, and precisions ranging from 95.0% to 97.4%, from 51.5% to 92.0%, and from 66.7% to 83.9%, respectively. (3) A software tool was developed to automatically extract morphological features such as the doublet area, roundness, contact length, and intersphere angle. For all data sets, the segmentation procedure obtained average sensitivities and precisions ranging from 96.8% to 98.1% and from 97.7% to 98.8%, respectively. Moreover, the average relative errors for the doublet area and contact length ranged from 1.23% to 2.26% and from 2.30% to 4.66%, respectively, while the average absolute errors for the doublet roundness and intersphere angle ranged from 0.0083 to 0.0135 and from 10.70 to 13.44°, respectively. (4) The data of both cell pools were analyzed, and an exponential model was used to extract kinetic parameters from the time-series data of the doublet roundness. For both cell pools, the technology was able to characterize the fusion rate and quality in an automated manner and allowed us to demonstrate that an increased chondrogenic maturity was linked with a decreased fusion rate. The platform is also applicable to other spheroid types, enabling an increased understanding of tissue fusion. Finally, our approach to study spheroid fusion over time will aid in the design of controlled fabrication of “assembloids” and bottom-up biofabrication of living tissues using spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Deckers
- Measure, Model and Manage Bioresponses (M3-BIORES), Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Surface and Interface Engineered Materials (SIEM), Group T Leuven Campus, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gabriella Nilsson Hall
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ioannis Papantoniou
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas (FORTH), Patras, Greece
| | - Jean-Marie Aerts
- Measure, Model and Manage Bioresponses (M3-BIORES), Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Bloemen
- Surface and Interface Engineered Materials (SIEM), Group T Leuven Campus, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Veerle Bloemen,
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31
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Hua T, Kiran S, Li Y, Sang QXA. Microplastics exposure affects neural development of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical spheroids. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:128884. [PMID: 35483261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plastics have been part of our ecosystem for about a century and their degradation by different environmental factors produce secondary microplastics (MPs). To date, the impact of MPs on human health has not been well investigated. To understand the possible effects of polystyrene-MPs (PS-MPs) on the human brain, a 3D model of human forebrain cortical spheroids has been derived, which mimics early development of human cerebral cortex. The spheroids were exposed to 100, 50, and 5 µg/mL of 1 µm and 10 µm PS-MPs during day 4-10 and day 4-30. The short-term MP exposure showed the promoted proliferation and high gene expression of Nestin, PAX6, ATF4, HOXB4 and SOD2. For long-term exposure, reduced cell viability was observed. Moreover, changes in size and concentration of PS-MPs altered the gene expression of DNA damage and neural tissue patterning. In particular, β-tubulin III, Nestin, and TBR1/TBR2 gene expression decreased in PS-MP treated conditions compare to the untreated control. The results of this study suggest that the size- and concentration-dependent exposure to PS-MPs can adversely affect embryonic brain-like tissue development in forebrain cerebral spheroids. This study has significance in assessing environmental factors in neurotoxicity and degeneration in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Hua
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States.
| | - Sonia Kiran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States.
| | - Qing-Xiang Amy Sang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States.
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32
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Phenotypic, metabolic, and biogenesis properties of human stem cell-derived cerebellar spheroids. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12880. [PMID: 35896708 PMCID: PMC9329474 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16970-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cerebellum consists of high density and complexity of neurons. Thus, it is challenging to differentiate cerebellar-like organoids with similar cellular markers and function to the human brain. Our previous study showed that the combination of retinoic acid (RA), Wingless/integrated (Wnt) activator, and Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) activator promotes cerebellar differentiation from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). This study examined phenotypic, metabolic, and biogenesis in early cerebellar development. Cerebellum spheroids were differentiated from human iPSK3 cells. During day 7–14, RA and Wnt activator CHIR99021 were used and SHH activator purmorphamine (PMR) was added later to promote ventralization. Gene expression for early cerebellar layer markers, metabolism, and extracellular vesicle (EV) biogenesis were characterized. Zinc-induced neurotoxicity was investigated as a proof-of-concept of neurotoxicity study. Flow cytometry results showed that there was no significant difference in NEPH3, PTF1A, OLIG2, and MATH1 protein expression between RCP (RA-CHIR-PMR) versus the control condition. However, the expression of cerebellar genes for the molecular layer (BHLE22), the granule cell layer (GABRB2, PAX6, TMEM266, KCNIP4), the Bergmann glial cells (QK1, DAO), and the Purkinje cell layer (ARHGEF33, KIT, MX1, MYH10, PPP1R17, SCGN) was significantly higher in the RCP condition than the control. The shift in metabolic pathways toward glycolysis was observed for RCP condition. The EV biogenesis marker expression was retained. Mild zinc-induced neurotoxicity may exist when zinc exposure exceeds 1.0 µM. RCP treatment can promote specific cerebellar-like differentiation from hiPSCs indicated by gene expression of early cerebellar markers and regionally enriched genes. The higher cerebellar marker expression is accompanied by the elevated glycolysis with the retained EV biogenesis. This study should advance the understanding of biomarkers during early cerebellar development for cerebellum organoid engineering and neurotoxicity study.
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The Effects of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 on the Differentiation of Cell Organoids Composed of Gingiva-Derived Stem Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:9818299. [PMID: 35872843 PMCID: PMC9303143 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9818299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at evaluating the effects of transforming growth factor-β on the differentiation and mRNA expression of organoids made out of human mesenchymal stem cells. Cell organoids composed of gingiva-derived stem cells were cultured in the presence of transforming growth factor-β1 at concentrations ranging from 0, 1, 10, to 20 ng/ml. Evaluations of the cell morphology of the organoids were performed on days 7, 9, 11, and 14. Quantitative cellular viability was completed on day 14. Alkaline phosphatase activity assays were performed to evaluate the differentiation of stem cells on day 14. Real-time polymerase chain reactions were used to determine the expression levels of TGF-β1, RUNX2, OCN, SOX9, and COL1A1 mRNA on day 14. The stem cells produced well-formed organoids on day 7, and the addition of transforming growth factor-β1 did not result in relevant changes in their shape. The organoids grew in size and became more intact with longer incubation times. On day 14, the diameters were 222.2 ± 9.6, 186.1 ± 4.8, 197.2 ± 9.6, and 211.1 ± 19.2 m for transforming growth factor-β1 at final concentrations of 0, 1, 10, and 20 ng/ml, respectively. Quantitative cell viability results from day 14 exhibited no significant difference between the groups (P > 0.05). There was significantly higher alkaline phosphatase activity with the addition of transforming growth factor-β1 with the highest value for the 1 ng/ml group (P < 0.05). Real-time polymerase chain reaction results demonstrated that the mRNA expression levels of RUNX2, OCN, and SOX were higher in 1 ng/ml but did not reach statistical significance. Treatment with 1 ng/ml of transforming growth factor-β1 significantly increased COL1A1 mRNA expression at day 14. The application of transforming growth factor-β1 increased differentiation, which was confirmed by alkaline phosphatase activity and mRNA expression while maintaining cell viability.
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Abstract
Fusing brain organoids with blood vessel organoids leads to the incorporation of non-neural endothelial cells and microglia into the brain organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Cakir
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - In-Hyun Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
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35
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Chubinskiy-Nadezhdin VI, Sudarikova AV, Shorokhova MA, Vasileva VY, Khairullina ZM, Negulyaev YA. Single ion channel recording in 3D culture of stem cells using patch-clamp technique. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 619:22-26. [PMID: 35728280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tri-dimensional (3D) cell aggregates or spheroids are considered to be closer to physiological conditions than traditional 2D cell culture. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) assembling in spheroids have increased the survival of transplanted cells. The organization of stem cells in 3D culture affects cell microenvironment and their mechanical properties. The regulation of the biological processes that maintain crucial physiological reactions of MSCs is closely related to the functioning of ion channels. The pattern of expression, role and regulatory mechanisms of ion channels could be significantly different in 3D compared to 2D culture, and, thus, needed to be properly analyzed on the level of ionic currents. Electrophysiological data on the features of ion channels functioning in 3D cell culture models are currently very limited in the literature. This gap of knowledge may be associated with technical difficulties that exist when researchers try to apply the standard patch clamp method for the registration of ion channels in cells aggregated in spheroids. In this regard, our study focuses on solving emerging technical difficulties and presents an example of their successful solution. Here, we developed a specific approach and have recorded the activity of mechanosensitive stretch-activated ion channels (SACs) in endometrial MSCs (eMSCs) assembled in spheroids. Moreover, we observed functional interplay of SACs with potassium channels of big conductance (BK) in the plasma membrane of eMSC spheroids consistently to revealed earlier in routine 2D cultured cells. Additionally, we observed a significant decrease in the frequency of SACs activation in spheroids that may indicate the differences in the level of functional expression of channels in 3D culture comparing to 2D culture of eMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mariia A Shorokhova
- Institute of Cytology RAS, 194064, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Valeria Y Vasileva
- Institute of Cytology RAS, 194064, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Yuri A Negulyaev
- Institute of Cytology RAS, 194064, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Tang XY, Wu S, Wang D, Chu C, Hong Y, Tao M, Hu H, Xu M, Guo X, Liu Y. Human organoids in basic research and clinical applications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:168. [PMID: 35610212 PMCID: PMC9127490 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids are three-dimensional (3D) miniature structures cultured in vitro produced from either human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) or adult stem cells (AdSCs) derived from healthy individuals or patients that recapitulate the cellular heterogeneity, structure, and functions of human organs. The advent of human 3D organoid systems is now possible to allow remarkably detailed observation of stem cell morphogens, maintenance and differentiation resemble primary tissues, enhancing the potential to study both human physiology and developmental stage. As they are similar to their original organs and carry human genetic information, organoids derived from patient hold great promise for biomedical research and preclinical drug testing and is currently used for personalized, regenerative medicine, gene repair and transplantation therapy. In recent decades, researchers have succeeded in generating various types of organoids mimicking in vivo organs. Herein, we provide an update on current in vitro differentiation technologies of brain, retinal, kidney, liver, lung, gastrointestinal, cardiac, vascularized and multi-lineage organoids, discuss the differences between PSC- and AdSC-derived organoids, summarize the potential applications of stem cell-derived organoids systems in the laboratory and clinic, and outline the current challenges for the application of organoids, which would deepen the understanding of mechanisms of human development and enhance further utility of organoids in basic research and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Tang
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine; Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shanshan Wu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine; Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Da Wang
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine; Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chu Chu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine; Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Hong
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine; Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengdan Tao
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine; Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine; Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Xu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine; Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Guo
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine; Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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McComish SF, MacMahon Copas AN, Caldwell MA. Human Brain-Based Models Provide a Powerful Tool for the Advancement of Parkinson’s Disease Research and Therapeutic Development. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:851058. [PMID: 35651633 PMCID: PMC9149087 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.851058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and affects approximately 2–3% of the population over the age of 65. PD is characterised by the loss of dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra, leading to debilitating motor symptoms including bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and postural instability. PD also results in a host of non-motor symptoms such as cognitive decline, sleep disturbances and depression. Although existing therapies can successfully manage some motor symptoms for several years, there is still no means to halt progression of this severely debilitating disorder. Animal models used to replicate aspects of PD have contributed greatly to our current understanding but do not fully replicate pathological mechanisms as they occur in patients. Because of this, there is now great interest in the use of human brain-based models to help further our understanding of disease processes. Human brain-based models include those derived from embryonic stem cells, patient-derived induced neurons, induced pluripotent stem cells and brain organoids, as well as post-mortem tissue. These models facilitate in vitro analysis of disease mechanisms and it is hoped they will help bridge the existing gap between bench and bedside. This review will discuss the various human brain-based models utilised in PD research today and highlight some of the key breakthroughs they have facilitated. Furthermore, the potential caveats associated with the use of human brain-based models will be detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F. McComish
- Department of Physiology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adina N. MacMahon Copas
- Department of Physiology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maeve A. Caldwell
- Department of Physiology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Maeve A. Caldwell,
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Choy Buentello D, Koch LS, Trujillo-de Santiago G, Alvarez MM, Broersen K. Use of standard U-bottom and V-bottom well plates to generate neuroepithelial embryoid bodies. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262062. [PMID: 35536781 PMCID: PMC9089918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of organoids has become increasingly popular recently due to their self-organizing abilities, which facilitate developmental and disease modeling. Various methods have been described to create embryoid bodies (EBs) generated from embryonic or pluripotent stem cells but with varying levels of differentiation success and producing organoids of variable size. Commercial ultra-low attachment (ULA) V-bottom well plates are frequently used to generate EBs. These plates are relatively expensive and not as widely available as standard concave well plates. Here, we describe a cost-effective and low labor-intensive method that creates homogeneous EBs at high yield in standard V- and U-bottom well plates by applying an anti-adherence solution to reduce surface attachment, followed by centrifugation to enhance cellular aggregation. We also explore the effect of different seeding densities, in the range of 1 to 11 ×103 cells per well, for the fabrication of neuroepithelial EBs. Our results show that the use of V-bottom well plates briefly treated with anti-adherent solution (for 5 min at room temperature) consistently yields functional neural EBs in the range of seeding densities from 5 to 11×103 cells per well. A brief post-seeding centrifugation step further enhances EB establishment. EBs fabricated using centrifugation exhibited lower variability in their final size than their non-centrifuged counterparts, and centrifugation also improved EB yield. The span of conditions for reliable EB production is narrower in U-bottom wells than in V-bottom wells (i.e., seeding densities between 7×103 and 11×103 and using a centrifugation step). We show that EBs generated by the protocols introduced here successfully developed into neural organoids and expressed the relevant markers associated with their lineages. We anticipate that the cost-effective and easily implemented protocols presented here will greatly facilitate the generation of EBs, thereby further democratizing the worldwide ability to conduct organoid-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Choy Buentello
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre Enschede, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Sophie Koch
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre Enschede, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Grissel Trujillo-de Santiago
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecatrónica y Eléctrica, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - Mario Moisés Alvarez
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México
- * E-mail: (MMA); (KB)
| | - Kerensa Broersen
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre Enschede, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (MMA); (KB)
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Susaimanickam PJ, Kiral FR, Park IH. Region Specific Brain Organoids to Study Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Int J Stem Cells 2022; 15:26-40. [PMID: 35220290 PMCID: PMC8889336 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc22006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Region specific brain organoids are brain organoids derived by patterning protocols using extrinsic signals as opposed to cerebral organoids obtained by self-patterning. The main focus of this review is to discuss various region-specific brain organoids developed so far and their application in modeling neurodevelopmental disease. We first discuss the principles of neural axis formation by series of growth factors, such as SHH, WNT, BMP signalings, that are critical to generate various region-specific brain organoids. Then we discuss various neurodevelopmental disorders modeled so far with these region-specific brain organoids, and findings made on mechanism and treatment options for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Joseph Susaimanickam
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ferdi Ridvan Kiral
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - In-Hyun Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Seymour AJ, Westerfield AD, Cornelius VC, Skylar-Scott MA, Heilshorn SC. Bioprinted microvasculature: progressing from structure to function. Biofabrication 2022; 14:10.1088/1758-5090/ac4fb5. [PMID: 35086069 PMCID: PMC8988885 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac4fb5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting seeks to unlock the rapid generation of complex tissue constructs, but long-standing challenges with efficientin vitromicrovascularization must be solved before this can become a reality. Microvasculature is particularly challenging to biofabricate due to the presence of a hollow lumen, a hierarchically branched network topology, and a complex signaling milieu. All of these characteristics are required for proper microvascular-and, thus, tissue-function. While several techniques have been developed to address distinct portions of this microvascularization challenge, no single approach is capable of simultaneously recreating all three microvascular characteristics. In this review, we present a three-part framework that proposes integration of existing techniques to generate mature microvascular constructs. First, extrusion-based 3D bioprinting creates a mesoscale foundation of hollow, endothelialized channels. Second, biochemical and biophysical cues induce endothelial sprouting to create a capillary-mimetic network. Third, the construct is conditioned to enhance network maturity. Across all three of these stages, we highlight the potential for extrusion-based bioprinting to become a central technique for engineering hierarchical microvasculature. We envision that the successful biofabrication of functionally engineered microvasculature will address a critical need in tissue engineering, and propel further advances in regenerative medicine andex vivohuman tissue modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis J. Seymour
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Shriram Center Room 119, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ashley D. Westerfield
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Shriram Center Room 119, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vincent C. Cornelius
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Shriram Center Room 119, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark A. Skylar-Scott
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Shriram Center Room 119, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sarah C. Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, McCullough Room 246, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed.
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Barhouse PS, Andrade MJ, Smith Q. Home Away From Home: Bioengineering Advancements to Mimic the Developmental and Adult Stem Cell Niche. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.832754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The inherent self-organizing capacity of pluripotent and adult stem cell populations has advanced our fundamental understanding of processes that drive human development, homeostasis, regeneration, and disease progression. Translating these principles into in vitro model systems has been achieved with the advent of organoid technology, driving innovation to harness patient-specific, cell-laden regenerative constructs that can be engineered to augment or replace diseased tissue. While developmental organization and regenerative adult stem cell niches are tightly regulated in vivo, in vitro analogs lack defined architecture and presentation of physicochemical cues, leading to the unhindered arrangement of mini-tissues that lack complete physiological mimicry. This review aims to highlight the recent integrative engineering approaches that elicit spatio-temporal control of the extracellular niche to direct the structural and functional maturation of pluripotent and adult stem cell derivatives. While the advances presented here leverage multi-pronged strategies ranging from synthetic biology to microfabrication technologies, the methods converge on recreating the biochemical and biophysical milieu of the native tissue to be modeled or regenerated.
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Marzano M, Chen X, Russell TA, Medina A, Wang Z, Hua T, Zeng C, Wang X, Sang QX, Tang H, Yun Y, Li Y. Studying the Inflammatory Responses to Amyloid Beta Oligomers in Brain-Specific Pericyte and Endothelial Co-culture from Human Stem Cells. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022; 4:927188. [PMID: 36561642 PMCID: PMC9771397 DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.927188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, the in vitro blood brain barrier (BBB) models derived from human pluripotent stem cells have been given extensive attention in therapeutics due to the implications it has with the health of the central nervous system. It is essential to create an accurate BBB model in vitro in order to better understand the properties of the BBB and how it can respond to inflammatory stimulation and be passed by targeted or non-targeted cell therapeutics, more specifically extracellular vesicles. Methods Brain-specific pericytes (iPCs) were differentiated from iPSK3 cells using dual SMAD signaling inhibitors and Wnt activation plus fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2). The derived cells were characterized by immunostaining, flow cytometry and RT-PCR. In parallel, blood vessels organoids were derived using Wnt activation, BMP4, FGF2, VEGF and SB431542. The organoids were replated and treated with retinoic acid to enhance the blood brain barrier (BBB) features in the differentiated brain endothelial cells (iECs). Co-culture was performed for the iPCs and iECs in transwell system and 3-D microfluidics channels. Results The derived iPCs expressed common markers PDGFRb and NG2, as well as brain-specific genes FOXF2, ABCC9, KCNJ8, and ZIC1. The derived iECs expressed common endothelial cell markers CD31, VE-cadherin, as well as BBB-associated genes BRCP, GLUT-1, PGP, ABCC1, OCLN, SLC2A1. The co-culture of the two cell types responded to the stimulation of amyloid β42 oligomers by the upregulation of expression of TNFa, IL6, NFKB, Casp3, SOD2 and TP53. The co-culture also showed the property of trans-endothelial electrical resistance. The proof-of-concept vascularization strategy was demonstrated in a 3-D microfluidics-based device. Conclusion The derived iPCs and iECs have brain-specific properties and the co-culture of iPCs and iECs provides an in vitro BBB model that show inflammatory response. This study has significance in establishing micro-physiological systems for neurological disease modeling and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Marzano
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Xingchi Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Teal A. Russell
- FIT BEST Laboratory, Department of Chemical, Biological, and Bio Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, 27411, USA
| | - Angelica Medina
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Zizheng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Timothy Hua
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Changchun Zeng
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA,The High-Performance Materials Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Xueju Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Qing-Xiang Sang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Hengli Tang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Yeoheung Yun
- FIT BEST Laboratory, Department of Chemical, Biological, and Bio Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, 27411, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA,Corresponding author: Dr. Yan Li: address: 2525 Pottsdamer St., Tallahassee, FL 32310, Tel: 850-410-6320; Fax: 850-410-6150;
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Potjewyd G, Kellett K, Hooper N. 3D hydrogel models of the neurovascular unit to investigate blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Neuronal Signal 2021; 5:NS20210027. [PMID: 34804595 PMCID: PMC8579151 DOI: 10.1042/ns20210027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU), consisting of neurons, glial cells, vascular cells (endothelial cells, pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs)) together with the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM), is an important interface between the peripheral blood and the brain parenchyma. Disruption of the NVU impacts on blood-brain barrier (BBB) regulation and underlies the development and pathology of multiple neurological disorders, including stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The ability to differentiate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into the different cell types of the NVU and incorporate them into physical models provides a reverse engineering approach to generate human NVU models to study BBB function. To recapitulate the in vivo situation such NVU models must also incorporate the ECM to provide a 3D environment with appropriate mechanical and biochemical cues for the cells of the NVU. In this review, we provide an overview of the cells of the NVU and the surrounding ECM, before discussing the characteristics (stiffness, functionality and porosity) required of hydrogels to mimic the ECM when incorporated into in vitro NVU models. We summarise the approaches available to measure BBB functionality and present the techniques in use to develop robust and translatable models of the NVU, including transwell models, hydrogel models, 3D-bioprinting, microfluidic models and organoids. The incorporation of iPSCs either without or with disease-specific genetic mutations into these NVU models provides a platform in which to study normal and disease mechanisms, test BBB permeability to drugs, screen for new therapeutic targets and drugs or to design cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Potjewyd
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Katherine A.B. Kellett
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Nigel M. Hooper
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance and University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
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Hopkins HK, Traverse EM, Barr KL. Methodologies for Generating Brain Organoids to Model Viral Pathogenesis in the CNS. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111510. [PMID: 34832665 PMCID: PMC8625030 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The human brain is of interest in viral research because it is often the target of viruses. Neurological infections can result in consequences in the CNS, which can result in death or lifelong sequelae. Organoids modeling the CNS are notable because they are derived from stem cells that differentiate into specific brain cells such as neural progenitors, neurons, astrocytes, and glial cells. Numerous protocols have been developed for the generation of CNS organoids, and our goal was to describe the various CNS organoid models available for viral pathogenesis research to serve as a guide to determine which protocol might be appropriate based on research goal, timeframe, and budget. (2) Methods: Articles for this review were found in Pubmed, Scopus and EMBASE. The search terms used were "brain + organoid" and "CNS + organoid" (3) Results: There are two main methods for organoid generation, and the length of time for organoid generation varied from 28 days to over 2 months. The costs for generating a population of organoids ranged from USD 1000 to 5000. (4) Conclusions: There are numerous methods for generating organoids representing multiple regions of the brain, with several types of modifications for fine-tuning the model to a researcher's specifications. Organoid models of the CNS can serve as a platform for characterization and mechanistic studies that can reduce or eliminate the use of animals, especially for viruses that only cause disease in the human CNS.
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Cao Y, Ng C. Absorption, distribution, and toxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the brain: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:1623-1640. [PMID: 34533150 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00228g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of synthetic chemicals colloquially known as "forever chemicals" because of their high persistence. PFAS have been detected in the blood, liver, kidney, heart, muscle and brain of various species. Although brain is not a dominant tissue for PFAS accumulation compared to blood and liver, adverse effects of PFAS on brain functions have been identified. Here, we review studies related to the absorption, accumulation, distribution and toxicity of PFAS in the brain. We summarize evidence on two potential mechanisms of PFAS entering the brain: initiating blood-brain barrier (BBB) disassembly through disrupting tight junctions and relying on transporters located at the BBB. PFAS with diverse structures and properties enter and accumulate in the brain with varying efficiencies. Compared to long-chain PFAS, short-chain PFAS may not cross cerebral barriers effectively. According to biomonitoring studies and PFAS exposure experiments, PFAS can accumulate in the brain of humans and wildlife species. With respect to the distribution of PFAS in specific brain regions, the brain stem, hippocampus, hypothalamus, pons/medulla and thalamus are dominant for PFAS accumulation. The accumulation and distribution of PFAS in the brain may lead to toxic effects in the central nervous system (CNS), including PFAS-induced behavioral and cognitive disorders. The specific mechanisms underlying such PFAS-induced neurotoxicity remain to be explored, but two major potential mechanisms based on current understanding are PFAS effects on calcium homeostasis and neurotransmitter alterations in neurons. Based on the information available about PFAS uptake, accumulation, distribution and impacts on the brain, PFAS have the potential to enter and accumulate in the brain at varying levels. The balance of existing studies shows there is some indication of risk in animals, while the human evidence is mixed and warrants further scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexin Cao
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Carla Ng
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Walczak PA, Perez-Esteban P, Bassett DC, Hill EJ. Modelling the central nervous system: tissue engineering of the cellular microenvironment. Emerg Top Life Sci 2021; 5:507-517. [PMID: 34524411 PMCID: PMC8589431 DOI: 10.1042/etls20210245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases, improved models of the central nervous system (CNS) will improve our understanding of neurophysiology and pathogenesis, whilst enabling exploration of novel therapeutics. Studies of brain physiology have largely been carried out using in vivo models, ex vivo brain slices or primary cell culture from rodents. Whilst these models have provided great insight into complex interactions between brain cell types, key differences remain between human and rodent brains, such as degree of cortical complexity. Unfortunately, comparative models of human brain tissue are lacking. The development of induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) has accelerated advancement within the field of in vitro tissue modelling. However, despite generating accurate cellular representations of cortical development and disease, two-dimensional (2D) iPSC-derived cultures lack an entire dimension of environmental information on structure, migration, polarity, neuronal circuitry and spatiotemporal organisation of cells. As such, researchers look to tissue engineering in order to develop advanced biomaterials and culture systems capable of providing necessary cues for guiding cell fates, to construct in vitro model systems with increased biological relevance. This review highlights experimental methods for engineering of in vitro culture systems to recapitulate the complexity of the CNS with consideration given to previously unexploited biophysical cues within the cellular microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige A. Walczak
- College of Health and Life Sciences, School of Biosciences, Aston University, Birmingham, U.K
| | - Patricia Perez-Esteban
- College of Health and Life Sciences, School of Biosciences, Aston University, Birmingham, U.K
| | - David C. Bassett
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K
| | - Eric James Hill
- College of Health and Life Sciences, School of Biosciences, Aston University, Birmingham, U.K
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Guy B, Zhang JS, Duncan LH, Johnston RJ. Human neural organoids: Models for developmental neurobiology and disease. Dev Biol 2021; 478:102-121. [PMID: 34181916 PMCID: PMC8364509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human organoids stand at the forefront of basic and translational research, providing experimentally tractable systems to study human development and disease. These stem cell-derived, in vitro cultures can generate a multitude of tissue and organ types, including distinct brain regions and sensory systems. Neural organoid systems have provided fundamental insights into molecular mechanisms governing cell fate specification and neural circuit assembly and serve as promising tools for drug discovery and understanding disease pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss several human neural organoid systems, how they are generated, advances in 3D imaging and bioengineering, and the impact of organoid studies on our understanding of the human nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Guy
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Jingliang Simon Zhang
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Leighton H Duncan
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Robert J Johnston
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
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De Moor L, Smet J, Plovyt M, Bekaert B, Vercruysse C, Asadian M, De Geyter N, Van Vlierberghe S, Dubruel P, Declercq H. Engineering microvasculature by 3D bioprinting of prevascularized spheroids in photo-crosslinkable gelatin. Biofabrication 2021; 13. [PMID: 34496350 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac24de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To engineer tissues with clinically relevant dimensions by three-dimensional bioprinting, an extended vascular network with diameters ranging from the macro- to micro-scale needs to be integrated. Extrusion-based bioprinting is the most commonly applied bioprinting technique but due to the limited resolution of conventional bioprinters, the establishment of a microvascular network for the transfer of oxygen, nutrients and metabolic waste products remains challenging. To answer this need, this study assessed the potential and processability of spheroids, containing a capillary-like network, to be used as micron-sized prevascularized units for incorporation throughout the bioprinted construct. Prevascularized spheroids were generated by combining endothelial cells with fibroblasts and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells as supporting cells. To serve as a viscous medium for the bioink-based deposition by extrusion printing, spheroids were combined with a photo-crosslinkable methacrylamide-modified gelatin (gelMA) and Irgacure 2959. The influence of gelMA encapsulation, the printing process and photo-crosslinking conditions on spheroid viability, proliferation and vascularization were analyzed by live/dead staining, immunohistochemistry, gene expression analysis and sprouting analysis. Stable spheroid-laden constructs, allowing spheroid outgrowth, were achieved by applying 10 min UV-A photo-curing (365 nm, 4 mW cm-2), while the construct was incubated in an additional Irgacure 2959 immersion solution. Following implantationin ovoonto a chick chorioallantoic membrane, the prevascular engineered constructs showed anastomosis with the host vasculature. This study demonstrated (a) the potential of triculture prevascularized spheroids for application as multicellular building blocks, (b) the processability of the spheroid-laden gelMA bioink by extrusion bioprinting and (c) the importance of photo-crosslinking parameters post printing, as prolonged photo-curing intervals showed to be detrimental for the angiogenic potential and complete vascularization of the construct post printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise De Moor
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jasper Smet
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Magalie Plovyt
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bieke Bekaert
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chris Vercruysse
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mahtab Asadian
- Research Unit Plasma Technology, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie De Geyter
- Research Unit Plasma Technology, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Heidi Declercq
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Kortrijk, Belgium
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49
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Wang YF, Liu C, Xu PF. Deciphering and reconstitution of positional information in the human brain development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 10:29. [PMID: 34467458 PMCID: PMC8408296 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-021-00091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Organoid has become a novel in vitro model to research human development and relevant disorders in recent years. With many improvements on the culture protocols, current brain organoids could self-organize into a complicated three-dimensional organization that mimics most of the features of the real human brain at the molecular, cellular, and further physiological level. However, lacking positional information, an important characteristic conveyed by gradients of signaling molecules called morphogens, leads to the deficiency of spatiotemporally regulated cell arrangements and cell–cell interactions in the brain organoid development. In this review, we will overview the role of morphogen both in the vertebrate neural development in vivo as well as the brain organoid culture in vitro, the strategies to apply morphogen concentration gradients in the organoid system and future perspectives of the brain organoid technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Wang
- Women's Hospital, and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Zhejiang University and University of Edinburgh, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Dr, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Cong Liu
- Women's Hospital, and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- Women's Hospital, and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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50
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Agboola OS, Hu X, Shan Z, Wu Y, Lei L. Brain organoid: a 3D technology for investigating cellular composition and interactions in human neurological development and disease models in vitro. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:430. [PMID: 34332630 PMCID: PMC8325286 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02369-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract The study of human brain physiology, including cellular interactions in normal and disease conditions, has been a challenge due to its complexity and unavailability. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) study is indispensable in the study of the pathophysiology of neurological disorders. Nevertheless, monolayer systems lack the cytoarchitecture necessary for cellular interactions and neurological disease modeling. Brain organoids generated from human pluripotent stem cells supply an ideal environment to model both cellular interactions and pathophysiology of the human brain. This review article discusses the composition and interactions among neural lineage and non-central nervous system cell types in brain organoids, current studies, and future perspectives in brain organoid research. Ultimately, the promise of brain organoids is to unveil previously inaccessible features of neurobiology that emerge from complex cellular interactions and to improve our mechanistic understanding of neural development and diseases. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02369-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwafemi Solomon Agboola
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, 194 Xuefu Rd, Nangang District, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinglin Hu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, 194 Xuefu Rd, Nangang District, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyan Shan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, 194 Xuefu Rd, Nangang District, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanshuang Wu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, 194 Xuefu Rd, Nangang District, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, 194 Xuefu Rd, Nangang District, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Preservative of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.
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