1
|
Szemes M, Melegh Z, Bellamy J, Park JH, Chen B, Greenhough A, Catchpoole D, Malik K. Transcriptomic Analyses of MYCN-Regulated Genes in Anaplastic Wilms' Tumour Cell Lines Reveals Oncogenic Pathways and Potential Therapeutic Vulnerabilities. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:656. [PMID: 33562123 PMCID: PMC7915280 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The MYCN proto-oncogene is deregulated in many cancers, most notably in neuroblastoma, where MYCN gene amplification identifies a clinical subset with very poor prognosis. Gene expression and DNA analyses have also demonstrated overexpression of MYCN mRNA, as well as focal amplifications, copy number gains and presumptive change of function mutations of MYCN in Wilms' tumours with poorer outcomes, including tumours with diffuse anaplasia. Surprisingly, however, the expression and functions of the MYCN protein in Wilms' tumours still remain obscure. In this study, we assessed MYCN protein expression in primary Wilms' tumours using immunohistochemistry of tissue microarrays. We found MYCN protein to be expressed in tumour blastemal cells, and absent in stromal and epithelial components. For functional studies, we used two anaplastic Wilms' tumour cell-lines, WiT49 and 17.94, to study the biological and transcriptomic effects of MYCN depletion. We found that MYCN knockdown consistently led to growth suppression but not cell death. RNA sequencing identified 561 MYCN-regulated genes shared by WiT49 and 17.94 cell-lines. As expected, numerous cellular processes were downstream of MYCN. MYCN positively regulated the miRNA regulator and known Wilms' tumour oncogene LIN28B, the genes encoding methylosome proteins PRMT1, PRMT5 and WDR77, and the mitochondrial translocase genes TOMM20 and TIMM50. MYCN repressed genes including the developmental signalling receptor ROBO1 and the stromal marker COL1A1. Importantly, we found that MYCN also repressed the presumptive Wilms' tumour suppressor gene REST, with MYCN knockdown resulting in increased REST protein and concomitant repression of RE1-Silencing Transcription factor (REST) target genes. Together, our study identifies regulatory axes that interact with MYCN, providing novel pathways for potential targeted therapeutics for poor-prognosis Wilms' tumour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Szemes
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (J.B.); (J.H.P.); (B.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Zsombor Melegh
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK;
| | - Jacob Bellamy
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (J.B.); (J.H.P.); (B.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Ji Hyun Park
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (J.B.); (J.H.P.); (B.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Biyao Chen
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (J.B.); (J.H.P.); (B.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Alexander Greenhough
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (J.B.); (J.H.P.); (B.C.); (A.G.)
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Daniel Catchpoole
- The Kids Research Institute, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia;
| | - Karim Malik
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (J.B.); (J.H.P.); (B.C.); (A.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sherchan P, Travis ZD, Tang J, Zhang JH. The potential of Slit2 as a therapeutic target for central nervous system disorders. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:805-818. [PMID: 32378435 PMCID: PMC7529836 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1766445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Slit2 is an extracellular matrix protein that regulates migration of developing axons during central nervous system (CNS) development. Roundabout (Robo) receptors expressed by various cell types in the CNS, mediate intracellular signal transduction pathways for Slit2. Recent studies indicate that Slit2 plays important protective roles in a myriad of processes such as cell migration, immune response, vascular permeability, and angiogenesis in CNS pathologies. Areas covered: This review provides an overview of the diverse functions of Slit2 in CNS disorders and discusses the potential of Slit2 as a therapeutic target. We reviewed preclinical studies reporting the role of Slit2 in various CNS disease models, transgenic animal research, and rodent models that utilized Slit2 as a therapy. Expert opinion: Slit2 exerts a wide array of beneficial effects ranging from anti-migration, blood-brain barrier (BBB) protection, inhibition of peripheral immune cell infiltration, and anti-apoptosis in various disease models. However, a dual role of Slit2 in endothelial permeability has been observed in transgenic animals. Further research on Slit2 will be crucial including key issues such as effects of transgenic overexpression versus exogenous Slit2, function of Slit2 dependent on cellular expression of Robo receptors and the underlying pathology for potential clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prativa Sherchan
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Zachary D. Travis
- Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA and Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - John H. Zhang
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Neurosurgery and Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zarco N, Norton E, Quiñones-Hinojosa A, Guerrero-Cázares H. Overlapping migratory mechanisms between neural progenitor cells and brain tumor stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3553-3570. [PMID: 31101934 PMCID: PMC6698208 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells present in the subventricular zone (SVZ), the largest neurogenic niche of the mammalian brain, are able to self-renew as well as generate neural progenitor cells (NPCs). NPCs are highly migratory and traverse the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to the olfactory bulb, where they terminally differentiate into mature interneurons. NPCs from the SVZ are some of the few cells in the CNS that migrate long distances during adulthood. The migratory process of NPCs is highly regulated by intracellular pathway activation and signaling from the surrounding microenvironment. It involves modulation of cell volume, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and isolation from compact extracellular matrix. In malignant brain tumors including high-grade gliomas, there are cells called brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs) with similar stem cell characteristics to NPCs but with uncontrolled cell proliferation and contribute to tumor initiation capacity, tumor progression, invasion, and tumor maintenance. These BTSCs are resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and their presence is believed to lead to tumor recurrence at distal sites from the original tumor location, principally due to their high migratory capacity. BTSCs are able to invade the brain parenchyma by utilizing many of the migratory mechanisms used by NPCs. However, they have an increased ability to infiltrate the tight brain parenchyma and utilize brain structures such as myelin tracts and blood vessels as migratory paths. In this article, we summarize recent findings on the mechanisms of cellular migration that overlap between NPCs and BTSCs. A better understanding of the intersection between NPCs and BTSCs will to provide a better comprehension of the BTSCs' invasive capacity and the molecular mechanisms that govern their migration and eventually lead to the development of new therapies to improve the prognosis of patients with malignant gliomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natanael Zarco
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Emily Norton
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Hugo Guerrero-Cázares
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yao Y, Zhou Z, Li L, Li J, Huang L, Li J, Qi C, Zheng L, Wang L, Zhang QQ. Activation of Slit2/Robo1 Signaling Promotes Tumor Metastasis in Colorectal Carcinoma through Activation of the TGF-β/Smads Pathway. Cells 2019; 8:E635. [PMID: 31242633 PMCID: PMC6628122 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Slit2 (slit guidance ligand 2), a ligand of the Roundabout1 (Robo1) transmembrane receptor, is often overexpressed in colorectal carcinomas (CRCs). In this study, we performed data mining in the Metabolic gEne RApid Visualizer (MERAV) database and found that Slit2 and TGF-β1 (Transforming growth factor-β1) are highly expressed in carcinomas relative to those in tumor-free tissues from healthy volunteers or wild type mice. Furthermore, expression of Slit2 and TGF-β1 in CRCs increases with pathological stages. Serum levels of Slit2 in patients with CRC and in ApcMin/+ mice with spontaneous intestinal adenoma were significantly increased compared with those in healthy controls. Specific blockage of Slit2 binding to Robo1 inactivated TGF-β/Smads signaling and inhibited tumor cell migration and metastasis, which can be partially restored by treatment with TGF-β1. However, specific inhibition of TGF-β1/Smads signaling reduced CRC tumor cell migration and invasion without affecting cell proliferation. This study suggests that activation of Slit2/Robo1 signaling in CRC induces tumor metastasis partially through activation of the TGF-β/Smads pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Yao
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zijun Zhou
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Liuyou Li
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Junchen Li
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Lixun Huang
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jiangchao Li
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Cuiling Qi
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Lingyun Zheng
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Lijing Wang
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Anvar Z, Acurzio B, Roma J, Cerrato F, Verde G. Origins of DNA methylation defects in Wilms tumors. Cancer Lett 2019; 457:119-128. [PMID: 31103718 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Wilms tumor is an embryonic renal cancer that typically presents in early childhood and accounts for 7% of all paediatric cancers. Different genetic alterations have been described in this malignancy, however, only a few of them are associated with a majority of Wilms tumors. Alterations in DNA methylation, in contrast, are frequent molecular defects observed in most cases of Wilms tumors. How these epimutations are established in this tumor is not yet completely clear. The recent identification of the molecular actors required for the epigenetic reprogramming during embryogenesis suggests novel possible mechanisms responsible for the DNA methylation defects in Wilms tumor. Here, we provide an overview of the DNA methylation alterations observed in this malignancy and discuss the distinct molecular mechanisms by which these epimutations can arise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Anvar
- Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Institute of Genetics and Biophysics 'A. Buzzati-Traverso', CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Basilia Acurzio
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics 'A. Buzzati-Traverso', CNR, Naples, Italy; Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Caserta, Italy
| | - Josep Roma
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Flavia Cerrato
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Caserta, Italy
| | - Gaetano Verde
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, International University of Catalonia, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xia Y, Wang L, Xu Z, Kong R, Wang F, Yin K, Xu J, Li B, He Z, Wang L, Xu H, Zhang D, Yang L, Wu JY, Xu Z. Reduced USP33 expression in gastric cancer decreases inhibitory effects of Slit2-Robo1 signalling on cell migration and EMT. Cell Prolif 2019; 52:e12606. [PMID: 30896071 PMCID: PMC6536419 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers in the world, causing a large number of deaths every year. The Slit-Robo signalling pathway, initially discovered for its critical role in neuronal guidance, has recently been shown to modulate tumour invasion and metastasis in several human cancers. However, the role of Slit-Robo signalling and the molecular mechanisms underlying its role in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer remains to be elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Slit2, Robo1 and USP33 expressions were analysed in datasets obtained from the Oncomine database and measured in human gastric cancer specimens. The function of Slit2-Robo1-USP33 signalling on gastric cancer cells migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was studied both in vitro and in vivo. The mechanism of the interaction between Robo1 and USP33 was explored by co-IP and ubiquitination protein analysis. RESULTS The mRNA and protein levels of Slit2 and Robo1 are lower in GC tissues relative to those in adjacent healthy tissues. Importantly, Slit2 inhibits GC cell migration and suppresses EMT process in a Robo-dependent manner. The inhibitory function of Slit2-Robo1 is mediated by ubiquitin-specific protease 33 (USP33) via deubiquitinating and stabilizing Robo1. USP33 expression is decreased in GC tissues, and reduced USP33 level is correlated with poor patient survival. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals the inhibitory function of Slit-Robo signalling in GC and uncovers a role of USP33 in suppressing cancer cell migration and EMT by enhancing Slit2-Robo1 signalling. USP33 represents a feasible choice as a prognostic biomarker for GC.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Aged
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Down-Regulation
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Heterografts
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Middle Aged
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Protein Stability
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/metabolism
- Stomach Neoplasms/pathology
- Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/genetics
- Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/metabolism
- Ubiquitination
- Roundabout Proteins
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Xia
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Linjun Wang
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ruirui Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of General SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiangChina
| | - Jianghao Xu
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhongyuan He
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Diancai Zhang
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jane Y. Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinois
- Department of NeurologyCenter for Genetic MedicineLurie Cancer CenterChicagoIllinois
| | - Zekuan Xu
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and TreatmentJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized MedicineSchool of Publich HealthNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Beamish IV, Hinck L, Kennedy TE. Making Connections: Guidance Cues and Receptors at Nonneural Cell-Cell Junctions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a029165. [PMID: 28847900 PMCID: PMC6211390 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The field of axon guidance was revolutionized over the past three decades by the identification of highly conserved families of guidance cues and receptors. These proteins are essential for normal neural development and function, directing cell and axon migration, neuron-glial interactions, and synapse formation and plasticity. Many of these genes are also expressed outside the nervous system in which they influence cell migration, adhesion and proliferation. Because the nervous system develops from neural epithelium, it is perhaps not surprising that these guidance cues have significant nonneural roles in governing the specialized junctional connections between cells in polarized epithelia. The following review addresses roles for ephrins, semaphorins, netrins, slits and their receptors in regulating adherens, tight, and gap junctions in nonneural epithelia and endothelia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian V Beamish
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Lindsay Hinck
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Timothy E Kennedy
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Nguemgo Kouam P, Rezniczek GA, Kochanneck A, Priesch-Grzeszkowiak B, Hero T, Adamietz IA, Bühler H. Robo1 and vimentin regulate radiation-induced motility of human glioblastoma cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198508. [PMID: 29864155 PMCID: PMC5986140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a primary brain tumor with a poor prognosis despite of many treatment regimens. Radiotherapy significantly prolongs patient survival and remains the most common treatment. Slit2 and Robo1 are evolutionarily conserved proteins involved in axon guidance, migration, and branching of neuronal cells. New studies have shown that Slit2 and Robo1 could play important roles in leukocyte chemotaxis and glioblastoma cell migration. Therefore, we investigated whether the Slit2/Robo1 complex has an impact on the motility of glioblastoma cells and whether irradiation with therapeutic doses modulates this effect. Our results indicate that photon irradiation increases the migration of glioblastoma cells in vitro. qPCR and immunoblotting experiments in two different glioblastoma cell lines (U-373 MG and U-87 MG) with different malignancy revealed that both Slit2 and Robo1 are significantly lower expressed in the cell populations with the highest motility and that the expression was reduced after irradiation. Overexpression of Robo1 significantly decreased the motility of glioblastoma cells and inhibited the accelerated migration of wild-type cells after irradiation. Immunoblotting analysis of migration-associated proteins (fascin and focal adhesion kinase) and of the epithelial-mesenchymal-transition-related protein vimentin showed that irradiation affected the migration of glioblastoma cells by increasing vimentin expression, which can be reversed by the overexpression of Slit2 and Robo1. Our findings suggest that Robo1 expression might counteract migration and also radiation-induced migration of glioblastoma cells, a process that might be connected to mesenchymal-epithelial transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascaline Nguemgo Kouam
- Institute for Molecular Oncology, Radio-Biology and Experimental Radiotherapy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Medical Research Center, Marien Hospital Herne, Herne, Germany
| | - Günther A. Rezniczek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Medical Research Center, Marien Hospital Herne, Herne, Germany
| | - Anja Kochanneck
- Institute for Molecular Oncology, Radio-Biology and Experimental Radiotherapy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Medical Research Center, Marien Hospital Herne, Herne, Germany
| | - Bettina Priesch-Grzeszkowiak
- Institute for Molecular Oncology, Radio-Biology and Experimental Radiotherapy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Medical Research Center, Marien Hospital Herne, Herne, Germany
| | - Thomas Hero
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radio-Oncology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Medical Research Center, Marien Hospital Herne, Herne, Germany
| | - Irenäus A. Adamietz
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radio-Oncology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Medical Research Center, Marien Hospital Herne, Herne, Germany
| | - Helmut Bühler
- Institute for Molecular Oncology, Radio-Biology and Experimental Radiotherapy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Medical Research Center, Marien Hospital Herne, Herne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ho TH, Serie DJ, Parasramka M, Cheville JC, Bot BM, Tan W, Wang L, Joseph RW, Hilton T, Leibovich BC, Parker AS, Eckel-Passow JE. Differential gene expression profiling of matched primary renal cell carcinoma and metastases reveals upregulation of extracellular matrix genes. Ann Oncol 2017; 28:604-610. [PMID: 27993815 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) studies analyze primary tumors, and the corresponding results are extrapolated to metastatic RCC tumors. However, it is unknown if gene expression profiles from primary RCC tumors differs from patient-matched metastatic tumors. Thus, we sought to identify differentially expressed genes between patient-matched primary and metastatic RCC tumors in order to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of RCC metastases. Patients and methods We compared gene expression profiles between patient-matched primary and metastatic RCC tumors using a two-stage design. First, we used Affymetrix microarrays on 15 pairs of primary RCC [14 clear cell RCC (ccRCC), 1 papillary] tumors and patient-matched pulmonary metastases. Second, we used a custom NanoString panel to validate seven candidate genes in an independent cohort of 114 ccRCC patients. Differential gene expression was evaluated using a mixed effect linear model; a random effect denoting patient was included to account for the paired data. Third, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data were used to evaluate associations with metastasis-free and overall survival in primary ccRCC tumors. Results We identified and validated up regulation of seven genes functionally involved in the formation of the extracellular matrix (ECM): DCN, SLIT2, LUM, LAMA2, ADAMTS12, CEACAM6 and LMO3. In primary ccRCC, CEACAM6 and LUM were significantly associated with metastasis-free and overall survival (P < 0.01). Conclusions We evaluated gene expression profiles using the largest set to date, to our knowledge, of patient-matched primary and metastatic ccRCC tumors and identified up regulation of ECM genes in metastases. Our study implicates up regulation of ECM genes as a critical molecular event leading to visceral, bone and soft tissue metastases in ccRCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T H Ho
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, USA
| | - D J Serie
- Departments of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - J C Cheville
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - B M Bot
- Computational Oncology, Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, USA
| | - W Tan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - L Wang
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei Province, China
| | - R W Joseph
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - T Hilton
- Departments of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - A S Parker
- Departments of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - J E Eckel-Passow
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The majority of kidney cancers are associated with mutations in the von Hippel-Lindau gene and a small proportion are associated with infrequent mutations in other well characterized tumour-suppressor genes. In the past 15 years, efforts to uncover other key genes involved in renal cancer have identified many genes that are dysregulated or silenced via epigenetic mechanisms, mainly through methylation of promoter CpG islands or dysregulation of specific microRNAs. In addition, the advent of next-generation sequencing has led to the identification of several novel genes that are mutated in renal cancer, such as PBRM1, BAP1 and SETD2, which are all involved in histone modification and nucleosome and chromatin remodelling. In this Review, we discuss how altered DNA methylation, microRNA dysregulation and mutations in histone-modifying enzymes disrupt cellular pathways in renal cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Morris
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Wolverhampton School of Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Farida Latif
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Maximal Expression of the Evolutionarily Conserved Slit2 Gene Promoter Requires Sp1. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 36:955-964. [PMID: 26456684 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Slit2 is a neural axon guidance and chemorepellent protein that stimulates motility in a variety of cell types. The role of Slit2 in neural development and neoplastic growth and migration has been well established, while the genetic mechanisms underlying regulation of the Slit2 gene have not. We identified the core and proximal promoter of Slit2 by mapping multiple transcriptional start sites, analyzing transcriptional activity, and confirming sequence homology for the Slit2 proximal promoter among a number of species. Deletion series and transient transfection identified the Slit2 proximal promoter as within 399 base pairs upstream of the start of transcription. A crucial region for full expression of the Slit2 proximal promoter lies between 399 base pairs and 296 base pairs upstream of the start of transcription. Computer modeling identified three transcription factor-binding consensus sites within this region, of which only site-directed mutagenesis of one of the two identified Sp1 consensus sites inhibited transcriptional activity of the Slit2 proximal promoter (-399 to +253). Bioinformatics analysis of the Slit2 proximal promoter -399 base pair to -296 base pair region shows high sequence conservation over twenty-two species, and that this region follows an expected pattern of sequence divergence through evolution.
Collapse
|
13
|
Huang Z, Wen P, Kong R, Cheng H, Zhang B, Quan C, Bian Z, Chen M, Zhang Z, Chen X, Du X, Liu J, Zhu L, Fushimi K, Hua D, Wu JY. USP33 mediates Slit-Robo signaling in inhibiting colorectal cancer cell migration. Int J Cancer 2015; 136:1792-802. [PMID: 25242263 PMCID: PMC4323690 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Originally discovered in neuronal guidance, the Slit-Robo pathway is emerging as an important player in human cancers. However, its involvement and mechanism in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains to be elucidated. Here, we report that Slit2 expression is reduced in CRC tissues compared with adjacent noncancerous tissues. Extensive promoter hypermethylation of the Slit2 gene has been observed in CRC cells, which provides a mechanistic explanation for the Slit2 downregulation in CRC. Functional studies showed that Slit2 inhibits CRC cell migration in a Robo-dependent manner. Robo-interacting ubiquitin-specific protease 33 (USP33) is required for the inhibitory function of Slit2 on CRC cell migration by deubiquitinating and stabilizing Robo1. USP33 expression is downregulated in CRC samples, and reduced USP33 mRNA levels are correlated with increased tumor grade, lymph node metastasis and poor patient survival. Taken together, our data reveal USP33 as a previously unknown tumor-suppressing gene for CRC by mediating the inhibitory function of Slit-Robo signaling on CRC cell migration. Our work suggests the potential value of USP33 as an independent prognostic marker of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Huang
- Wuxi Oncology Institute, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214062, China
- Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic Medicine, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Pushuai Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ruirui Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Haipeng Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic Medicine, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Binbin Zhang
- Wuxi Oncology Institute, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214062, China
| | - Cao Quan
- Wuxi Oncology Institute, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214062, China
| | - Zehua Bian
- Wuxi Oncology Institute, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214062, China
| | - Mengmeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhenfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic Medicine, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Xiang Du
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianghong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kazuo Fushimi
- Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic Medicine, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Dong Hua
- Wuxi Oncology Institute, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214062, China
| | - Jane Y. Wu
- Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic Medicine, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ma WJ, Zhou Y, Lu D, Dong D, Tian XJ, Wen JX, Zhang J. Reduced expression of Slit2 in renal cell carcinoma. Med Oncol 2013; 31:768. [PMID: 24287947 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Slit2, initially identified as an important axon guidance molecule in the nervous system, was suggested to be involved in multiple cellular processes. Recently, Slit2 was reported to function as a potential tumor suppressor in diverse tumors. In this study, we systematically analyzed the expression level of Slit2 in renal cell carcinoma. Compared to paired adjacent non-malignant tissues, both Slit2 mRNA and protein expression were significantly down-regulated in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Methylation-specific PCR showed that Slit2 promoter was methylated in two renal carcinoma cell lines. Pharmacologic demethylation dramatically induced Slit2 expression in cancer cell lines with weak expression of Slit2. Besides, bisulfite genomic sequencing confirmed that dense methylation existed in Slit2 promoter. Furthermore, in paired RCC samples, Slit2 methylation was observed in 8 out of 38 patients (21.1 %), which was well correlated with the down-regulation of Slit2 in RCC. Therefore, Slit2 may also be a potential tumor suppressor in RCC, which is down-regulated in RCC partially due to promoter methylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie Ma
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Ministry of Health), Peking University Health Science Center, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tu Y, Gao X, Li G, Fu H, Cui D, Liu H, Jin W, Zhang Y. MicroRNA-218 inhibits glioma invasion, migration, proliferation, and cancer stem-like cell self-renewal by targeting the polycomb group gene Bmi1. Cancer Res 2013; 73:6046-55. [PMID: 23950210 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most common central nervous system tumors and the molecular mechanism driving their development and recurrence is still largely unknown, limiting the treatment of this disease. Here, we show that restoring the expression of miR-218, a microRNA commonly downregulated in glioma, dramatically reduces the migration, invasion, and proliferation of glioma cells. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR and Western blotting analysis revealed that expression of the stem cell-promoting oncogene Bmi1 was decreased after overexpression of miR-218 in glioma cells. Mechanistic investigations defined Bmi1 as a functional downstream target of miR-218 through which miR-218 ablated cell migration and proliferation. We documented that miR-218 also blocked the self-renewal of glioma stem-like cells, consistent with the suggested role of Bmi1 in stem cell growth. Finally, we showed that miR-218 regulated a broad range of genes involved in glioma cell development, including Wnt pathways that suppress glioma cell stem-like qualities. Taken together, our findings reveal miR-218 as a tumor suppressor that prevents migration, invasion, proliferation, and stem-like qualities in glioma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyang Tu
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Experimental Surgery, Neurosurgery, and Administration, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University; Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an; Department of Bio-Nano-Science and Engineering, Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology; and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen WF, Gao WD, Li QL, Zhou PH, Xu MD, Yao LQ. SLIT2 inhibits cell migration in colorectal cancer through the AKT-GSK3β signaling pathway. Int J Colorectal Dis 2013; 28:933-40. [PMID: 23314850 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-013-1641-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Colorectal cancer is a common malignancy and one of the major causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Similar to other human cancers, tumor metastasis is the biggest obstacle in the clinical treatment of colorectal cancer. In this study, we explored the functional role of SLIT2 in colon tumor metastasis and the relevant molecular mechanisms. METHODS Immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were used to measure SLIT2 expression in colorectal tumor tissues in the presence or absence of metastasis. Wound-healing assays, Transwell assays, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence assays were used to examine the effects of SLIT2 on SW480 and NCM460 cell migration and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). An AKT inhibitor was introduced to examine the mechanism underlying SLIT2-mediated suppression of NCM460 cell migration. RESULTS Higher SLIT2 expression was detected in metastasis-positive tumor tissues, and this upregulation was beneficial for the overall survival of patients with colorectal cancer. Either the addition of purified SLIT2 or overexpression of SLIT2 inhibited SW480 cell migration, whereas the depletion of SLIT2 with shRNA enhanced the migratory ability of NCM460 cells. Meanwhile, SLIT2 depletion also induced β-catenin accumulation and altered the expression levels of several molecules related to EMT in NCM460 cells. AKT inhibition abrogated the effects of SLIT2 depletion on EMT and migration in NCM460 cells. CONCLUSIONS SLIT2 suppresses colon tumor metastasis, and it exerts its suppressive activity against colorectal cancer metastasis by restraining AKT signaling and EMT, thus making it a potential clinical prognosis marker in colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Feng Chen
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 FengLin Road, 200032, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mitra S, Mazumder-Indra D, Mondal RK, Basu PS, Roy A, Roychoudhury S, Panda CK. Inactivation of SLIT2-ROBO1/2 pathway in premalignant lesions of uterine cervix: clinical and prognostic significances. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38342. [PMID: 22719878 PMCID: PMC3374764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The SLIT2-ROBO1/2 pathways control diverse biological processes, including growth regulation. To understand the role of SLIT2 and ROBO1/2 in cervical carcinogenesis, firstly their RNA expression profiles were screened in 21 primary uterine cervical carcinoma (CACX) samples and two CACX cell lines. Highly reduced expressions of these genes were evident. Concomitant alterations [deletion/methylation] of the genes were then analyzed in 23 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and 110 CACX samples. In CIN, SLIT2 was deleted in 22% samples compared to 9% for ROBO1 and none for ROBO2, whereas comparable methylation was observed for both SLIT2 (30%) and ROBO1 (22%) followed by ROBO2 (9%). In CACX, alteration of the genes were in the following order: Deletion:ROBO1 (48%) > SLIT2 (35%) > ROBO2 (33%), Methylation:SLIT2 (34%) > ROBO1 (29%) > ROBO2 (26%). Overall alterations of SLIT2 and/or ROBO1 (44%) and SLIT2 and/or ROBO2 (39%) were high in CIN followed by significant increase in stage I/II tumors, suggesting deregulation of these interactions in premalignant lesions and early invasive tumors. Immunohistochemical analysis of SLIT2 and ROBO1/2 in CACX also showed reduced expression concordant with molecular alterations. Alteration of all these genes predicted poor patient outcome. Multiparous (≥ 5) women with altered SLIT2 and ROBO1 along with advanced tumor stage (III/IV) and early sexual debut (<19 years) had worst prognosis. Our data suggests the importance of abrogation of SLIT2-ROBO1 and SLIT2-ROBO2 interactions in the initiation and progression of CACX and also for early diagnosis and prognosis of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sraboni Mitra
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipanjana Mazumder-Indra
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ranajit K. Mondal
- Department of Gynaecology Oncology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Partha S. Basu
- Department of Gynaecology Oncology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Anup Roy
- North Bengal Medical College, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
| | - Susanta Roychoudhury
- Molecular and Human Genetics Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Chinmay K. Panda
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Henrique R, Luís AS, Jerónimo C. The epigenetics of renal cell tumors: from biology to biomarkers. Front Genet 2012; 3:94. [PMID: 22666228 PMCID: PMC3364466 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell tumors (RCT) collectively constitute the third most common type of genitourinary neoplasms, only surpassed by prostate and bladder cancer. They comprise a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with distinctive clinical, morphological, and genetic features. Epigenetic alterations are a hallmark of cancer cells and their role in renal tumorigenesis is starting to emerge. Aberrant DNA methylation, altered chromatin remodeling/histone onco-modifications and deregulated microRNA expression not only contribute to the emergence and progression of RCTs, but owing to their ubiquity, they also constitute a promising class of biomarkers tailored for disease detection, diagnosis, assessment of prognosis, and prediction of response to therapy. Moreover, due to their dynamic and reversible properties, those alterations represent a target for epigenetic-directed therapies. In this review, the current knowledge about epigenetic mechanisms and their altered status in RCT is summarized and their envisaged use in a clinical setting is also provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Henrique
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute - Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida Porto, Portugal
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Alvarez C, Tapia T, Cornejo V, Fernandez W, Muñoz A, Camus M, Alvarez M, Devoto L, Carvallo P. Silencing of tumor suppressor genes RASSF1A, SLIT2, and WIF1 by promoter hypermethylation in hereditary breast cancer. Mol Carcinog 2012; 52:475-87. [PMID: 22315090 DOI: 10.1002/mc.21881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Promoter hypermethylation is gaining strength as one of the main mechanisms through which tumor suppressor genes are silenced during tumor progression. Three tumor suppressor genes are frequently found methylated in their promoter, in concordance with absence of expression, RASSF1A, SLIT2, and WIF1. In addition, a previous array-CGH analysis from our group showed that these genes are found in deleted genomic regions observed in hereditary breast cancer tumors. In the present work we analyzed the methylation status of these three tumor suppressor gene promoters in 47 hereditary breast cancer tumors. Promoter methylation status analysis of hereditary breast tumors revealed high methylation frequencies for the three genes (67% RASSF1A, 80% SLIT2, and 72% WIF1). Additionally, the presence of methylated PCR products was associated with absence of protein expression for the three genes and statistically significant for RASSF1A and WIF1. Interestingly, methylation of all the three genes was found in 4 out of 6 grade I invasive ductal carcinoma tumors. Association between RASSF1A methylation and DCIS tumors was found. These results suggest that silencing of these tumor suppressor genes is an early event in hereditary breast cancer, and could be a marker for pre-malignant phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Alvarez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Immunohistochemical staining of slit2 in primary and metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma. Transl Oncol 2011; 4:314-20. [PMID: 21966548 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.11151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conflicting roles for Slit2, a protein involved in mediating the processes of cell migration and chemotactic response, have been previously described in prostate cancer. Here we use immunohistochemistry to evaluate the expression of Slit2 in normal donor prostate (NDP), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), normal tissue adjacent to prostatic adenocarcinoma (NAC), primary prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCa), and metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma (Mets). METHODS Tissue microarrays were immunostained for Slit2. The staining intensities were quantified using automated image analysis software. The data was statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance with subsequent Tukey tests for multiple comparisons or a nonparametric equivalent. Eleven cases of NDP, 35 cases of NAC, 15 cases of BPH, 35 cases of HGPIN, 106 cases of PCa, and 37 cases of Mets were analyzed. RESULTS Specimens of PCa and HGPIN had the highest absolute staining for Slit2. Significant differences were seen between PCa and NDP (P < .05), PCa and NAC (P < .05), HGPIN and NDP (P < .05), and HGPIN and NAC (P < .05). Whereas the average Mets staining was not significantly different from NDP or NAC, several individual Mets cases featured intense staining. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this represents the first study comparing the immunohistochemical profiles of Slit2 in PCa and Mets to specimens of HGPIN, BPH, NDP, and NAC. These findings suggest that Slit2 expression can be increased in HGPIN, PCa, and Mets, making it a potentially important biomarker for prostate cancer.
Collapse
|
21
|
Detection of Slit2 promoter hypermethylation in tissue and serum samples from breast cancer patients. Virchows Arch 2011; 459:383-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-011-1143-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
22
|
White NM, Bao TT, Grigull J, Youssef YM, Girgis A, Diamandis M, Fatoohi E, Metias M, Honey RJ, Stewart R, Pace KT, Bjarnason GA, Yousef GM. miRNA Profiling for Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Biomarker Discovery and Identification of Potential Controls and Consequences of miRNA Dysregulation. J Urol 2011; 186:1077-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.04.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M.A. White
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tian Tian Bao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jörg Grigull
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Youssef M. Youssef
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Girgis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eman Fatoohi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maged Metias
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R. John Honey
- Department of Urology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Stewart
- Department of Urology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth T. Pace
- Department of Urology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Georg A. Bjarnason
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - George M. Yousef
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhou WJ, Geng ZH, Chi S, Zhang W, Niu XF, Lan SJ, Ma L, Yang X, Wang LJ, Ding YQ, Geng JG. Slit-Robo signaling induces malignant transformation through Hakai-mediated E-cadherin degradation during colorectal epithelial cell carcinogenesis. Cell Res 2011; 21:609-26. [PMID: 21283129 PMCID: PMC3203654 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2011.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Slit family of guidance cues binds to Roundabout (Robo) receptors and modulates cell migration. We report here that ectopic expression of Slit2 and Robo1 or recombinant Slit2 treatment of Robo1-expressing colorectal epithelial carcinoma cells recruited an ubiquitin ligase Hakai for E-cadherin (E-cad) ubiquitination and lysosomal degradation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and tumor growth and liver metastasis, which were rescued by knockdown of Hakai. In contrast, knockdown of endogenous Robo1 or specific blockade of Slit2 binding to Robo1 prevented E-cad degradation and reversed EMT, resulting in diminished tumor growth and liver metastasis. Ectopic expression of Robo1 also triggered a malignant transformation in Slit2-positive human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Importantly, the expression of Slit2 and Robo1 was significantly associated with an increased metastatic risk and poorer overall survival in colorectal carcinoma patients. We conclude that engagement of Robo1 by Slit2 induces malignant transformation through Hakai-mediated E-cad ubiquitination and lysosomal degradation during colorectal epithelial cell carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhen H Geng
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shan Chi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Niu
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shu-Jue Lan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Li-Jing Wang
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yan-Qing Ding
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jian-Guo Geng
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Brantley-Sieders DM, Dunaway CM, Rao M, Short S, Hwang Y, Gao Y, Li D, Jiang A, Shyr Y, Wu JY, Chen J. Angiocrine factors modulate tumor proliferation and motility through EphA2 repression of Slit2 tumor suppressor function in endothelium. Cancer Res 2010; 71:976-87. [PMID: 21148069 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-3396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that tumor-derived proangiogenic factors induce neovascularization to facilitate tumor growth and malignant progression. However, the concept of "angiocrine" signaling, in which signals produced by endothelial cells elicit tumor cell responses distinct from vessel function, has been proposed, yet remains underinvestigated. Here, we report that angiocrine factors secreted from endothelium regulate tumor growth and motility. We found that Slit2, which is negatively regulated by endothelial EphA2 receptor, is one such tumor suppressive angiocrine factor. Slit2 activity is elevated in EphA2-deficient endothelium. Blocking Slit activity restored angiocrine-induced tumor growth/motility, whereas elevated Slit2 impaired growth/motility. To translate our findings to human cancer, we analyzed EphA2 and Slit2 expression in human cancer. EphA2 expression inversely correlated with Slit2 in the vasculature of invasive human ductal carcinoma samples. Moreover, analysis of large breast tumor data sets revealed that Slit2 correlated positively with overall and recurrence-free survival, providing clinical validation for the tumor suppressor function for Slit2 in human breast cancer. Together, these data support a novel, clinically relevant mechanism through which EphA2 represses Slit2 expression in endothelium to facilitate angiocrine-mediated tumor growth and motility by blocking a tumor suppressive signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Brantley-Sieders
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2363, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation, in particular promoter hypermethylation and transcriptional silencing of tumor suppressor genes, has an important role in the development of many human cancers, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Indeed, apart from mutations in the well studied von Hippel-Lindau gene (VHL), the mutation frequency rates of known tumor suppressor genes in RCC are generally low, but the number of genes found to show frequent inactivation by promoter methylation in RCC continues to grow. Here, we review the genes identified as epigenetically silenced in RCC and their relationship to pathways of tumor development. Increased understanding of RCC epigenetics provides new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of RCC and opportunities for developing novel strategies for the diagnosis, prognosis and management of RCC.
Collapse
|
26
|
Yu J, Cao Q, Yu J, Wu L, Dallol A, Li J, Chen G, Grasso C, Cao X, Lonigro RJ, Varambally S, Mehra R, Palanisamy N, Wu JY, Latif F, Chinnaiyan AM. The neuronal repellent SLIT2 is a target for repression by EZH2 in prostate cancer. Oncogene 2010; 29:5370-80. [PMID: 20622896 PMCID: PMC2948081 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal repellent SLIT2 is repressed in a number of cancer types primarily through promoter hypermethylation. SLIT2, however, has not been studied in prostate cancer. Through genome-wide location analysis we identified SLIT2 as a target of Polycomb group (PcG) protein EZH2. The EZH2-containing Polycomb repressive complexes bound to the SLIT2 promoter inhibiting its expression. SLIT2 was down-regulated in a majority of metastatic prostate tumors exhibiting a negative correlation with EZH2. This repressed expression could be restored by methylation inhibitors or EZH2-suppressing compounds. In addition, a low level of SLIT2 expression was associated with aggressive prostate, breast and lung cancers. Functional assays showed that SLIT2 inhibited prostate cancer cell proliferation and invasion. Thus, this study demonstrated for the first time epigenetic silencing of SLIT2 in prostate tumors, and supported SLIT2 as a potential biomarker for aggressive solid tumors. Importantly, PcG-mediated repression may serve as a precursor for the silencing of SLIT2 by DNA methylation in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Yu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tseng RC, Lee SH, Hsu HS, Chen BH, Tsai WC, Tzao C, Wang YC. SLIT2 attenuation during lung cancer progression deregulates beta-catenin and E-cadherin and associates with poor prognosis. Cancer Res 2010; 70:543-51. [PMID: 20068157 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 4p15.3 is frequently deleted in late-stage lung cancer. We investigated the significance of the SLIT2 gene located in this region to lung cancer progression. SLIT2 encodes an extracellular glycoprotein that can suppress breast cancer by regulating beta-catenin. In this study, we examined alterations in the structure or expression of SLIT2, its receptor ROBO1, and beta-catenin, along with the AKT/glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta)/beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (betaTrCP) pathway in lung cancer cell lines and patients. Low SLIT2 expression correlated with an upward trend of pathological stage and poorer survival in lung cancer patients. Importantly, SLIT2, betaTrCP, and beta-catenin expression levels predicted postoperative recurrence of lung cancer in patients. Stimulating SLIT2 expression by various methods increased the level of E-cadherin caused by attenuation of its transcriptional repressor SNAI1. Conversely, knocking down SLIT2 expression increased cell migration and reduced cell adhesion through coordinated deregulation of beta-catenin and E-cadherin/SNAI1 in the AKT/GSK3beta/betaTrCP pathway. Our findings indicate that SLIT2 suppresses lung cancer progression, defining it as a novel "theranostic" factor with potential as a therapeutic target and prognostic predictor in lung cancer. Cancer Res; 70(2); 543-51.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Chia Tseng
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Slit2 inhibits growth and metastasis of fibrosarcoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Neoplasia 2009; 10:1411-20. [PMID: 19048120 DOI: 10.1593/neo.08804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Slits are a group of secreted glycoproteins that play a role in the regulation of cell migration. Previous studies suggested that Slit2 might be a tumor-suppressor gene. However, it remained to be determined whether Slit2 suppressed tumor growth and metastasis in animal models. We showed that Slit2 expression was decreased or abolished in human esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) compared to normal tissues by in situ hybridization. Stable transfection of human SCC A431 and fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells with Slit2 gene suppressed tumor growth in athymic nude mice. Apoptosis in Slit2-transfected tumors was increased, whereas proliferating cells were decreased, suggesting a mechanism for Slit2-mediated tumor suppression. This was supported by further analysis indicating that antiapoptotic molecules Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl and cell cycle molecules Cdk6 and Cyclin D1 were down-regulated in Slit2-transfected tumors. Furthermore, wound healing and Matrigel invasion assays showed that the transfection with Slit2 inhibited tumor cell migration and invasion. Slit2-transfected tumors showed a high level of keratin 8/18 and a low level of N-cadherin expression compared to empty vector-transfected tumors. More importantly, Slit2 transfection suppressed the metastasis of HT1080 tumor cells in lungs after intravenous inoculation. Collectively, our study has demonstrated that Slit2 inhibits tumor growth and metastasis of fibrosarcoma and SCC and that its effect on cell cycle and apoptosis signal pathways is an important mechanism for Slit2-mediated tumor suppression.
Collapse
|
29
|
Furukawa S, Haruta M, Arai Y, Honda S, Ohshima J, Sugawara W, Kageyama Y, Higashi Y, Nishida K, Tsunematsu Y, Nakadate H, Ishii M, Kaneko Y. Yolk sac tumor but not seminoma or teratoma is associated with abnormal epigenetic reprogramming pathway and shows frequent hypermethylation of various tumor suppressor genes. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:698-708. [PMID: 19245437 PMCID: PMC11159010 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 12/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are thought to arise from primordial germ cells (PGCs) that undergo epigenetic reprogramming: erasure of the somatic imprint in the genital ridge, and re-establishment of the sex-specific imprint at gametogenesis in the developing gonad. Previous studies suggested that GCTs show epigenetic patterns reflecting the reprogramming process of PGCs; however, epigenetic alterations of imprinted genes and their relationship with the methylation status of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) have not been comprehensively studied. We analyzed the methylation status of the H19 and SNRPN differential methylated regions (DMRs) and the promoter region of 17 TSGs, and the expression status of H19, IGF2 and SNRPN in 45 GCTs, and found that 25 and 20 were in the normal and abnormal reprogramming pathways, respectively, defined on the basis of the methylation status of the two DMRs and the anatomical tumor site. The methylation pattern of the H19 and SNRPN DMRs was total erasure in seminomas, mostly physiological in teratomas, and various in yolk sac tumors. There were no correlations between the methylation status of the H19 DMR and mono- or biallelic expression of H19 or IGF2. Furthermore, we found that yolk sac tumors had a higher number of methylated TSGs than seminomas (P < 0.001) teratomas (P = 0.004) or other childhood tumors. While TSG methylation was known to have prognostic implications in various cancers, it did not affect the outcomes of patients with yolk sac tumor, suggesting that mechanisms of TSG methylation may be different between yolk sac tumor and other cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Furukawa
- Department of Cancer Diagnosis, Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Stella MC, Trusolino L, Comoglio PM. The Slit/Robo system suppresses hepatocyte growth factor-dependent invasion and morphogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:642-57. [PMID: 19005219 PMCID: PMC2626568 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-03-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Slit protein acts through the Roundabout receptor as a paracrine chemorepellent in axon guidance and as an inhibitor in leukocyte chemotaxis, but its role in epithelial cell motility and morphogenesis remains largely unexplored. We report that nontransformed epithelial cells and cancerous cells empower the Slit-2/Robo1 signaling system to limit outward migration in response to motogenic attractants and to remain positionally confined within their primitive location. Short hairpin RNA-mediated depletion of SLIT-2 or ectopic expression of a soluble decoy Robo enhance hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced migration, matrix invasion, and tubulogenesis, concomitantly with the up-regulation of Cdc-42 and the down-modulation of Rac-1 activities. Accordingly, autocrine overexpression or exogenous administration of Slit-2 prevent HGF-triggered motile responses, reduce Cdc-42 activation, and stimulate Rac-1. This antimigratory activity of Slit-2 derives from the inhibition of actin-based protrusive forces and from an increased adhesive strength of cadherin-mediated intercellular contacts. These results disclose a novel function for Slit and Robo in the inhibition of growth factor-mediated epithelial cell motility and morphogenesis, invoking a critical role for both molecules as natural antagonists of neoplastic invasive growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Stella
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Livio Trusolino
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo M. Comoglio
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Prasad A, Paruchuri V, Preet A, Latif F, Ganju RK. Slit-2 induces a tumor-suppressive effect by regulating beta-catenin in breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:26624-33. [PMID: 18611862 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800679200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SLIT-2 is considered as a candidate tumor suppressor gene, because it is frequently inactivated in various cancers due to hypermethylation of its promoter region and allelic loss. However, the exact mechanism of its tumor-suppressive effect has not been elucidated. Here, we observed that Slit-2-overexpressing breast cancer cells exhibited decreased proliferation and migration capabilities compared with control cells under in vitro conditions. These results were confirmed in vivo in mouse model systems. Mice injected with MCF-7/Slit-2 cells showed a 60-70% reduction in tumor size compared with mice injected with MCF-7/VC cells both in the absence and presence of estrogen. Upon further elucidation, we observed that Slit-2 mediates the tumor-suppressive effect via a coordinated regulation of the beta-catenin and PI3K signaling pathways and by enhancing beta-catenin/E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. Our study for the first time reveals that Slit-2-overexpressing breast cancer cells exhibit tumor suppressor capabilities through the novel mechanism of beta-catenin modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Prasad
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mertsch S, Schmitz N, Jeibmann A, Geng JG, Paulus W, Senner V. Slit2 involvement in glioma cell migration is mediated by Robo1 receptor. J Neurooncol 2008; 87:1-7. [PMID: 17968499 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-007-9484-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Slit and Robo proteins are evolutionarily conserved molecules whose interaction underlies axon guidance and neuronal precursor cell migration. During development secreted Slit proteins mediate chemorepulsive signals on cells expressing Robo receptors. Because similar molecular mechanisms may be utilized in glioma cell invasion and neuroblast migration, we studied the expression of Slit2 and its transmembrane receptor Robo1 as well as their functional role in migration in glioma cells. qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry of human specimens revealed that Slit2 was distinctly expressed by non-neoplastic neurons, but at only very low levels in fibrillary astrocytoma and glioblastoma. Robo1 also was mainly restricted to neurons in the normal brain, whereas astrocytic tumor cells in situ as well as glioblastoma cell lines overexpressed Robo1 at mRNA and protein levels. Recombinant human Slit2 in a concentration of 0.45 nM was repulsive for glioma cell lines in a modified Boyden chamber assay. RNAi-mediated knockdown of Robo1 in glioma cell lines neutralized the repulsive effect of Slit2, demonstrating that Robo1 served as the major Slit2 receptor. Our findings suggest that a chemorepulsive effect mediated by interaction of Slit2 and Robo1 participates in glioma cell guidance in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Mertsch
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Domagkstr. 19, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hypomethylation and aberrant expression of the glioma pathogenesis-related 1 gene in Wilms tumors. Neoplasia 2007; 9:970-8. [PMID: 18030365 DOI: 10.1593/neo.07661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wilms tumors (WTs) have a complex etiology, displaying genetic and epigenetic changes, including loss of imprinting (LOI) and tumor suppressor gene silencing. To identify new regions of epigenetic perturbation in WTs, we screened kidney and tumor DNA using CpG island (CGI) tags associated with cancer-specific DNA methylation changes. One such tag corresponded to a paralog of the glioma pathogenesis-related 1/related to testis-specific, vespid, and pathogenesis proteins 1 (GLIPR1/RTVP-1) gene, previously reported to be a tumor-suppressor gene silenced by hypermethylation in prostate cancer. Here we report methylation analysis of the GLIPR1/RTVP-1 gene in WTs and normal fetal and pediatric kidneys. Hypomethylation of the GLIPR1/RTVP-1 5'-region in WTs relative to normal tissue is observed in 21/24 (87.5%) of WTs analyzed. Quantitative analysis of GLIPR1/RTVP-1 expression in 24 WTs showed elevated transcript levels in 16/24 WTs (67%), with 12 WTs displaying in excess of 20-fold overexpression relative to fetal kidney (FK) control samples. Immunohistochemical analysis of FK and WT corroborates the RNA expression data and reveals high GLIPR1/RTVP-1 in WT blastemal cells together with variable levels in stromal and epithelial components. Hypomethylation is also evident in the WT precursor lesions and nephrogenic rests (NRs), supporting a role for GLIPR1/RTVP-1 deregulation early in Wilms tumorigenesis. Our data show that, in addition to gene dosage changes arising from LOI and hypermethylation-induced gene silencing, gene activation resulting from hypomethylation is also prevalent in WTs.
Collapse
|
34
|
Baldewijns MML, van Vlodrop IJH, Schouten LJ, Soetekouw PMMB, de Bruïne AP, van Engeland M. Genetics and epigenetics of renal cell cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2007; 1785:133-55. [PMID: 18187049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is not a single disease, but comprises a group of tumors of renal epithelial origin, each with a different histology, displaying a different clinical course and caused by different genetic alterations. Since cure rates are inversely associated with stage and response to the available treatment regimes is limited to a subgroup of patients, diagnostic methods facilitating early detection and new therapeutic modalities are necessary. Increased knowledge of the underlying pathophysiology of RCC has resulted in the identification of genetic alterations involved in renal cell cancer carcinogenesis. Promising agents to target these pathways, especially the angiogenesis pathway, are being developed, some of which are already standard of care. In addition to genetics, knowledge on epigenetics in the process of renal tumorigenesis has been significantly increased in the last decades. Epigenetics will play an increasing role in the development of new therapeutic modalities and may deliver new prognostic and early diagnostic markers. In this review we discuss the background of RCC and the clinical applications of RCC genetics and epigenetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcella M L Baldewijns
- Department of Pathology, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Stupar Z, Chi S, Veszpremi B, Koesters R, Stallmach T, Geng JG, Kovacs G. Wilms' tumour may also develop from impaired differentiation of the ureteric bud. Histopathology 2007; 51:265-8. [PMID: 17650220 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
36
|
Singh RK, Indra D, Mitra S, Mondal RK, Basu PS, Roy A, Roychowdhury S, Panda CK. Deletions in chromosome 4 differentially associated with the development of cervical cancer: evidence of slit2 as a candidate tumor suppressor gene. Hum Genet 2007; 122:71-81. [PMID: 17609981 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-007-0375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to locate the candidate tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) loci in the chromosomal 4p15-16, 4q22-23 and 4q34-35 regions associated with the development of uterine cervical carcinoma (CA-CX). Deletion mapping of the regions by microsatellite markers identified six discrete areas with high frequency of deletions, viz. 4p16.2 (D1: 40%), 4p15.31 (D2: 35-38%), 4p15.2 (D3: 37-40%), 4q22.2 (D4: 34%), 4q34.2-34.3 (D5: 37-59%) and 4q35.1 (D6: 40-50%). Significant correlation was noted among the deleted regions D1, D2 and D3. The deletions in D1, D2, D5 and D6 regions are suggested to be associated with the cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), and deletions in the D2, D3, D5 and D6 regions seems to be associated with progression of CA-CX. The deletions in the D2 and D6 regions showed significant prognostic implications (P = 0.001; 0.02). The expression of the candidate TSG SLIT2 mapped to D2 region gradually reduced from normal cervix uteri -->CIN --> CA-CX. SLIT2 promoter hypermethylation was seen in 28% CIN samples and significantly increased with tumor progression (P = 0.04). Significant correlation was seen between SLIT2 deletion and its promoter methylation (P = 0.001), indicating that both these phenomena could occur simultaneously to inactivate this gene. Immunohistochemical analysis showed reduced expression of SLIT2 in cervical lesions and CA-CX cell lines. Although no mutation was detected in the SLIT2 promoter region (-432 to + 55 bp), CC and AA haplotypes were seen in -227 and -195 positions, respectively. Thus, it indicates that inactivation of SLIT2-ROBO1 signaling pathway may have an important role in CA-CX development.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/complications
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/mortality
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4
- DNA Methylation
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Papillomavirus Infections/complications
- Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Survival Analysis
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/complications
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/genetics
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/metabolism
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/mortality
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ratnesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, 700026, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lázcoz P, Muñoz J, Nistal M, Pestaña A, Encío IJ, Castresana JS. Loss of heterozygosity and microsatellite instability on chromosome arm 10q in neuroblastoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 174:1-8. [PMID: 17350460 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2006.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Revised: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tumor suppressor genes can be inactivated by various mechanisms, including promoter hypermethylation and loss of heterozygosity. We screened the 10q locus for loss of heterozygosity and the promoter methylation status of PTEN, MGMT, MXI1, and FGFR2 in neuroblastic tumors and neuroblastoma cell lines. Expression of these genes in cell lines was analyzed with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Loss of heterozygosity at 10q was detected in 18% of tumors and microsatellite instability in 14%. Promoter hypermethylation of MGMT appeared in 8% of tumors and 25% of cell lines. Correlation between methylation status and lack of expression was evident for PTEN, FGFR2, and MXI1 and was less clear for MGMT. No associations between these alterations and MYCN amplification, 1p deletion, or aggressive tumor histology could be demonstrated, singly or in combination. These data suggest that 10q alterations might be implicated in the development of a small number of neuroblastomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Lázcoz
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lázcoz P, Muñoz J, Nistal M, Pestaña Á, Encío I, Castresana JS. Frequent promoter hypermethylation of RASSF1A and CASP8 in neuroblastoma. BMC Cancer 2006; 6:254. [PMID: 17064406 PMCID: PMC1634754 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epigenetic alterations and loss of heterozygosity are mechanisms of tumor suppressor gene inactivation. A new carcinogenic pathway, targeting the RAS effectors has recently been documented. RASSF1A, on 3p21.3, and NORE1A, on 1q32.1, are among the most important, representative RAS effectors. Methods We screened the 3p21 locus for the loss of heterozygosity and the hypermethylation status of RASSF1A, NORE1A and BLU (the latter located at 3p21.3) in 41 neuroblastic tumors. The statistical relationship of these data was correlated with CASP8 hypermethylation. The expression levels of these genes, in cell lines, were analyzed by RT-PCR. Results Loss of heterozygosity and microsatellite instability at 3p21 were detected in 14% of the analyzed tumors. Methylation was different for tumors and cell lines (tumors: 83% in RASSF1A, 3% in NORE1A, 8% in BLU and 60% in CASP8; cell lines: 100% in RASSF1A, 50% in NORE1A, 66% in BLU and 92% in CASP8). In cell lines, a correlation with lack of expression was evident for RASSF1A, but less clear for NORE1A, BLU and CASP8. We could only demonstrate a statistically significant association between hypermethylation of RASSF1A and hypermethylation of CASP8, while no association with MYCN amplification, 1p deletion, and/or aggressive histological pattern of the tumor was demonstrated. Conclusion 1) LOH at 3p21 appears in a small percentage of neuroblastomas, indicating that a candidate tumor suppressor gene of neuroblastic tumors is not located in this region. 2) Promoter hypermethylation of RASSF1A and CASP8 occurs at a high frequency in neuroblastomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Lázcoz
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jorge Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Neuro-Oncología Molecular, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Manuel Nistal
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Pestaña
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Encío
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier S Castresana
- Laboratorio de Neuro-Oncología Molecular, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Unidad de Biología de Tumores Cerebrales, Universidad de Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Werbowetski-Ogilvie TE, Seyed Sadr M, Jabado N, Angers-Loustau A, Agar NYR, Wu J, Bjerkvig R, Antel JP, Faury D, Rao Y, Del Maestro RF. Inhibition of medulloblastoma cell invasion by Slit. Oncogene 2006; 25:5103-12. [PMID: 16636676 PMCID: PMC2072874 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 01/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Invasion of brain tumor cells has made primary malignant brain neoplasms among the most recalcitrant to therapeutic strategies. We tested whether the secreted protein Slit2, which guides the projection of axons and developing neurons, could modulate brain tumor cell invasion. Slit2 inhibited the invasion of medulloblastoma cells in a variety of in vitro models. The effect of Slit2 was inhibited by the Robo ectodomain. Time-lapse videomicroscopy indicated that Slit2 reduced medulloblastoma invasion rate without affecting cell direction or proliferation. Both medulloblastoma and glioma tumors express Robo1 and Slit2, but only medulloblastoma invasion is inhibited by recombinant Slit2 protein. Downregulation of activated Cdc42 may contribute to this differential response. Our findings reinforce the concept that neurodevelopmental cues such as Slit2 may provide insights into brain tumor invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T E Werbowetski-Ogilvie
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Guertl B, Leuschner I, Harms D, Hoefler G. Genetic clonality is a feature unifying nephroblastomas regardless of the variety of morphological subtypes. Virchows Arch 2006; 449:171-4. [PMID: 16715229 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-006-0225-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nephroblastomas are embryonal tumors exhibiting a wide variety of different morphological features and genetic changes. Some of the genetic aberrations were associated with a certain histological subtype. It is generally assumed that nephroblastomas develop as subclonal proliferations from nephrogenic rests. However, so far, a very limited amount of tumors from only part of the morphological spectrum of nephroblastomas was investigated. We therefore investigated the clonality of 45 tumors of all different histological subtypes. The number of each subtype was in accordance with the percentage of occurrence of the respective subtype. We analyzed a highly polymorphic locus of the human androgen receptor gene for nonrandom X-inactivation of genomic DNA using a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme. Data were obtained for 39 tumors. Eighteen of the tumors included were noninformative in the genetic locus examined, the remaining 21 tumors were monoclonal regardless of the histological subtype. Our findings therefore support the hypothesis that Wilms' tumors are monoclonal proliferations despite their large variety of morphological features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Guertl
- Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg Landeskrankenanstalten, Müllner Strasse 48, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Narayan G, Goparaju C, Arias-Pulido H, Kaufmann AM, Schneider A, Dürst M, Mansukhani M, Pothuri B, Murty VV. Promoter hypermethylation-mediated inactivation of multiple Slit-Robo pathway genes in cervical cancer progression. Mol Cancer 2006; 5:16. [PMID: 16700909 PMCID: PMC1482714 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-5-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical Cancer (CC) exhibits highly complex genomic alterations. These include hemizygous deletions at 4p15.3, 10q24, 5q35, 3p12.3, and 11q24, the chromosomal sites of Slit-Robo pathway genes. However, no candidate tumor suppressor genes at these regions have been identified so far. Slit family of secreted proteins modulates chemokine-induced cell migration of distinct somatic cell types. Slit genes mediate their effect by binding to its receptor Roundabout (Robo). These genes have shown to be inactivated by promoter hypermethylation in a number of human cancers. RESULTS To test whether Slit-Robo pathway genes are targets of inactivation at these sites of deletion, we examined promoter hypermethylation of SLIT1, SLIT2, SLIT3, ROBO1, and ROBO3 genes in invasive CC and its precursor lesions. We identified a high frequency of promoter hypermethylation in all the Slit-Robo genes resulting in down regulated gene expression in invasive CC, but the inhibitors of DNA methylation and histone deacetylases (HDACs) in CC cell lines failed to effectively reactivate the down-regulated expression. These results suggest a complex mechanism of inactivation in the Slit-Robo pathway in CC. By analysis of cervical precancerous lesions, we further show that promoter hypermethylation of Slit-Robo pathway occurs early in tumor progression. CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings suggest that epigenetic alterations of Slit-Robo pathway genes (i) play a role in CC development, (ii) further delineation of molecular basis of promoter methylation-mediated gene regulation provides a potential basis for epigenetic-based therapy in advanced stage CC, and (iii) form epigenetic signatures to identify precancerous lesions at risk to progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gopeshwar Narayan
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians & Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chandra Goparaju
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians & Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hugo Arias-Pulido
- Department of Tumor Molecular Biology. Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogota, Colombia and Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Andreas M Kaufmann
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Klinik für Gynäkologie mit Hochschulambulanz, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim Schneider
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Klinik für Gynäkologie mit Hochschulambulanz, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Dürst
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Mahesh Mansukhani
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians & Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bhavana Pothuri
- Gynecologic Oncology, College of Physicians & Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vundavalli V Murty
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians & Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians & Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Pfeifer GP, Dammann R. Methylation of the Tumor Suppressor Gene RASSF1A in Human Tumors. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2005; 70:576-83. [PMID: 15948711 DOI: 10.1007/s10541-005-0151-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity of a segment at 3p21.3 is frequently observed in lung cancer and several other carcinomas. We have identified the Ras-association domain family 1A gene (RASSF1A), which is localized at 3p21.3 in a minimum deletion sequence. De novo methylation of the RASSF1A promoter is one of the most frequent epigenetic inactivation events detected in human cancer and leads to silencing of RASSF1A expression. Hypermethylation of RASSF1A was frequently found in most major types of human tumors including lung, breast, prostate, pancreas, kidney, liver, cervical, thyroid and many other cancers. The detection of RASSF1A methylation in body fluids such as serum, urine, and sputum promises to be a useful marker for early cancer detection. The functional analysis of RASSF1A reveals a potential involvement of this protein in apoptotic signaling, microtubule stabilization, and cell cycle progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G P Pfeifer
- Department of Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Dickinson RE, Dallol A, Bieche I, Krex D, Morton D, Maher ER, Latif F. Epigenetic inactivation of SLIT3 and SLIT1 genes in human cancers. Br J Cancer 2005; 91:2071-8. [PMID: 15534609 PMCID: PMC2409788 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, the Slit gene product, a secreted glycoprotein, acts as a midline repellent to guide axonal development during embryogenesis. Three human Slit gene orthologues have been characterised and recently we reported frequent promoter region hypermethylation and transcriptional silencing of SLIT2 in lung, breast, colorectal and glioma cell lines and primary tumours. Furthermore, re-expression of SLIT2 inhibited the growth of cancer cell lines so that SLIT2 appears to function as a novel tumour suppressor gene (TSG). We analysed the expression of SLIT3 (5q35–34) and SLIT1 (1q23.3–q24) genes in 20 normal human tissues. Similar to SLIT2 expression profile, SLIT3 is expressed strongly in many tissues, while SLIT1 expression is neuronal specific. We analysed the 5′ CpG island of SLIT3 and SLIT1 genes in tumour cell lines and primary tumours for hypermethylation. SLIT3 was found to be methylated in 12 out of 29 (41%) of breast, one out of 15 (6.7%) lung, two out of six (33%) colorectal and in two out of (29%) glioma tumour cell lines. In tumour cell lines, silenced SLIT3 associated with hypermethylation and was re-expressed after treatment with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine. In primary tumours, SLIT3 was methylated in 16% of primary breast tumours, 35% of gliomas and 38% of colorectal tumours. Direct sequencing of bisulphite-modified DNA from methylated tumour cell lines and primary tumours demonstrated that majority of the CpG sites analysed were heavily methylated. Thus, both SLIT2 and SLIT3 are frequently methylated in gliomas and colorectal cancers, but the frequency of SLIT3 methylation in lung and breast cancer is significantly less than that for SLIT2. We also demonstrated SLIT1 promoter region hypermethylation in glioma tumour lines (five out of six; 83%), the methylation frequency in glioma tumours was much lower (two out of 20; 10%). Hence, evidence is accumulating for the involvement of members of the guidance cues molecules and their receptors in tumour development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R E Dickinson
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Division of Reproductive and Child Health, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - A Dallol
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Division of Reproductive and Child Health, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - I Bieche
- Laboratoire d’Oncogénétique – INSERM E0017, Centre René Huguenin, 35, rue Dailly, F-92210 St-Cloud, France
| | - D Krex
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - D Morton
- Department of Surgery, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - E R Maher
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Division of Reproductive and Child Health, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Cancer Research UK Renal Molecular Oncology Research Group, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
| | - F Latif
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Division of Reproductive and Child Health, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Cancer Research UK Renal Molecular Oncology Research Group, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Division of Reproductive and Child Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ross RA, Spengler BA. The Conundrum Posed by Cellular Heterogeneity in Analysis of Human Neuroblastoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96:1192-3. [PMID: 15316046 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djh262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|