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Warren RB, Strober B, Silverberg JI, Guttman E, Andres P, Felding J, Tutkunkardas D, Kjøller K, Sommer MOA, French LE. Oral orismilast: Efficacy and safety in moderate-to-severe psoriasis and development of modified release tablets. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2023; 37:711-720. [PMID: 36478476 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orismilast is a high-potency phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor with enhanced selectivity for the PDE4B and PDE4D subtypes. OBJECTIVES The objective of this phase 2a trial was to examine the efficacy and safety of orismilast for psoriasis using a first-generation immediate-release (IR) formulation. The objective of the subsequent phase 1 trial was to test new formulations designed to minimize the gastrointestinal (GI)-related adverse events (AEs) observed with the first-generation IR formulation. We examined the following: (1) pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of orismilast modified release (MR) and IR, (2) food effects on PK properties of orismilast MR or IR, (3) safety of orismilast MR compared to placebo. METHODS In a phase 2a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis were randomized to receive 30 mg oral orismilast IR or placebo over 16 weeks. The single-site phase 1 trial consisted of three parts: (1) participants received a single 30 mg dose of orismilast MR and IR (open-label), (2) participants received 30 mg orismilast MR or IR under either fasting condition, following a high-fat meal or low-fat meal (open-label) and (3) participants received up to 60 mg orismilast MR twice-daily or a placebo for 17 days (double-blind). RESULTS In the phase 2a trial, treatment with orismilast IR significantly improved the mean Psoriasis Area Severity Index score at week 16 compared to placebo. The phase 1 trial revealed comparable PK properties of the orismilast MR and IR formulations, with participants in the orismilast MR group experiencing fewer GI-related AEs than those receiving orismilast IR (16.7% vs. 33.3%). CONCLUSION Orismilast IR displayed higher efficacy compared to placebo in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis at week 16. Orismilast MR had similar PK properties and fewer GI disorders compared to the IR formulation in healthy participants. Future development of orismilast will be based on the MR formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Warren
- Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Bruce Strober
- Yale University and Central Connecticut Dermatology, Connecticut, New Haven, USA
| | - Jonathan I Silverberg
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Emma Guttman
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Morten O A Sommer
- UNION therapeutics A/S, Hellerup, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lars E French
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany.,Dr. Philip Frost, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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The inflammatory signature in monocytes of Sjögren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus, revealed by the integrated Reactome and drug target analysis. Genes Genomics 2022; 44:1215-1229. [PMID: 36040684 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-022-01308-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The innate immune regulation, especially by the type I IFN signature in the CD14+ monocytes, is known to be critical in the pathogenesis of autoimmune Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). OBJECTIVE Since patients with one condition can be overlapped with another, this study is to identify shared differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in SjS and SLE compared to healthy controls (HCs) and refine transcriptomic profiles with the integrated Reactome and gene-drug network analysis for an anti-inflammation therapy. METHODS CD14+ monocytes were purified from whole blood of SjS and SLE patients (females, ages from 32 to 62) and subject to bulk RNA-sequencing, followed by data analyses for comparison with HC monocytes (females, ages 30 and 33). Functional categorizations, using Gene Ontology (GO) and the Reactome pathway analysis, were performed and DEGs associated with therapeutic drugs were identified from the Drug Repurposing Hub (DHUB) database. RESULTS The GO analysis revealed that DEGs in the inflammatory response and the cellular response to cytokine were highly enriched in both conditions. A propensity toward M1 macrophage differentiation appears to be prominent in SjS while the Response to Virus was significant in SLE monocytes. Through the Reactome pathway analysis, DEGs in the IFN signaling and the cytokine signaling in immune system were most significantly enriched in both. Upregulation of NGF-induced transcription activity in SjS and the complement cascade activity in SLE were also noted. Multiple anti-inflammatory drugs, such as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase and angiotensin-I-converting- enzyme were associated with the DEGs in these conditions. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our analysis indicates distinct inflammatory transcriptomic profiles shared in SjS and SLE monocytes. Comprehensive characterizations of the data from these conditions will ultimately allow differential diagnosis of each condition and identification of therapeutic targets.
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Crocetti L, Floresta G, Cilibrizzi A, Giovannoni MP. An Overview of PDE4 Inhibitors in Clinical Trials: 2010 to Early 2022. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154964. [PMID: 35956914 PMCID: PMC9370432 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the early 1980s, phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) has been an attractive target for the treatment of inflammation-based diseases. Several scientific advancements, by both academia and pharmaceutical companies, have enabled the identification of many synthetic ligands for this target, along with the acquisition of precise information on biological requirements and linked therapeutic opportunities. The transition from pre-clinical to clinical phase was not easy for the majority of these compounds, mainly due to their significant side effects, and it took almost thirty years for a PDE4 inhibitor to become a drug i.e., Roflumilast, used in the clinics for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Since then, three additional compounds have reached the market a few years later: Crisaborole for atopic dermatitis, Apremilast for psoriatic arthritis and Ibudilast for Krabbe disease. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the compounds that have reached clinical trials in the last ten years, with a focus on those most recently developed for respiratory, skin and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Crocetti
- NEUROFARBA, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Floresta
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Agostino Cilibrizzi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Maria Paola Giovannoni
- NEUROFARBA, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-055-457-3682
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Golenkina EA, Galkina SI, Pletjushkina O, Chernyak B, Gaponova TV, Romanova YM, Sud'ina GF. Gram-Negative Bacteria Salmonella typhimurium Boost Leukotriene Synthesis Induced by Chemoattractant fMLP to Stimulate Neutrophil Swarming. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:814113. [PMID: 35058789 PMCID: PMC8764451 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.814113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene synthesis in neutrophils is critical for host survival during infection. In particular, leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a powerful neutrophil chemoattractant that plays a crucial role in neutrophil swarming. In this work, we demonstrated that preincubation of human neutrophils with Salmonella typhimurium strongly stimulated LTB4 production induced by the bacterial chemoattractant, peptide N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-l-phenylalanine (fMLP), while the reverse sequence of additions was ineffective. Preincubation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide or yeast polysaccharide zymosan particles gives weaker effect on fMLP-induced LTB4 production. Activation of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), a key enzyme in leukotrienes biosynthesis, depends on rise of cytosolic concentration of Ca2+ and on translocation of the enzyme to the nuclear membrane. Both processes were stimulated by S. typhimurium. With an increase in the bacteria:neutrophil ratio, the transformation of LTB4 to ω-OH-LTB4 was suppressed, which further supported increased concentration of LTB4. These data indicate that in neutrophils gathered around bacterial clusters, LTB4 production is stimulated and at the same time its transformation is suppressed, which promotes neutrophil swarming and elimination of pathogens simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Golenkina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana I Galkina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Pletjushkina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Chernyak
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatjana V Gaponova
- National Research Center for Hematology, Russia Federation Ministry of Public Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia M Romanova
- Gamaleya National Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina F Sud'ina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Abdelmonsef AH, Abdelhakeem MA, Mosallam AM, Temairk H, El‐Naggar M, Okasha H, Rashdan HRM. A search for antiinflammatory therapies: Synthesis, in silico investigation of the mode of action, and in vitro analyses of new quinazolin‐2,4‐dione derivatives targeting phosphodiesterase‐4 enzyme. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed M. Mosallam
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science South Valley University Qena Egypt
| | - Hussain Temairk
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science South Valley University Qena Egypt
| | - Mohamed El‐Naggar
- Chemistry Department, Pure and Applied Chemistry Group Faculty of Sciences, University of Sharjah Sharjah UAE
| | - Hend Okasha
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department Theodor Bilharz Research Institute Giza Egypt
| | - Huda R. M. Rashdan
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre Cairo Egypt
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S SLJ, V R. Scope of adjuvant therapy using roflumilast, a PDE-4 inhibitor against COVID-19. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2021; 66:101978. [PMID: 33259924 PMCID: PMC7833560 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2020.101978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The recent pandemic of COVID-19 caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents an extraordinary challenge to identify effective drugs for prevention and treatment. The pathogenesis implicate acute respiratory disorder (ARD) which is attributed to significantly triggered "cytokine storm" and compromised immune system. This article summarizes the likely benefits of roflumilast, a Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) inhibitor as a comprehensive support COVID-19 pathogenesis. Roflumilast, a well-known anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory drug, is protective against respiratory models of chemical and smoke induced lung damage. There is significant data which demonstrate the protective effect of PDE-4 inhibitor in respiratory viral models and is likely to be beneficial in combating COVID-19 pathogenesis. Roflumilast is effective in patients with severe COPD by reducing the rate of exacerbations with the improvement of the lung function, which might further be beneficial for better clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. However, further clinical trials are warranted to examine this conjecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugin Lal Jabaris S
- Department of Pharmacology, Siddha Central Research Institute, Central Council for Research in Siddha, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India, Anna Hospital Campus, Arumbakkam, Chennai-106, India.
| | - Ranju V
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, Microbiology and In Vitro Toxicology, Eurofins Advinus, Phase 21 & 22, Bangalore-560 058, India
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7
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Stellari FF, Sala A, Ruscitti F, Buccellati C, Allen A, Risé P, Civelli M, Villetti G. CHF6001 Inhibits NF-κB Activation and Neutrophilic Recruitment in LPS-Induced Lung Inflammation in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1337. [PMID: 31798449 PMCID: PMC6863066 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) are potent anti-inflammatory agents, inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators through the elevation of intracellular cAMP concentrations. We studied the activity of a novel PDE4 inhibitor, CHF6001, both in vitro in human cells and in vivo, using bioluminescence imaging (BLI) in mice lung inflammation. Mice transiently transfected with the luciferase gene under the control of an NF-κB responsive element (NF-κB-luc) have been used to assess the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of CHF6001 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung inflammation. BLI as well as inflammatory cells and the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines were monitored in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) while testing in vitro its ability to affect the production of leukotriene B4 (LTB4), measured by LC/MS/MS, by LPS/LPS/N-formyl--methionyl--leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-activated human blood. CHF6001 inhibited the production of LTB4 in LPS/fMLP-activated human blood at sub-nanomolar concentrations. LPS-induced an increase of BLI signal in NF-κB-luc mice, and CHF6001 administered by dry powder inhalation decreased in parallel luciferase signal, cell airway infiltration, and pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in BALF. The results obtained provide in vitro and in vivo evidence of the anti-inflammatory activity of the potent PDE4 inhibitor CHF6001, showing that with a topical administration that closely mimics inhalation in humans, it efficiently disrupts the NF-κB activation associated with LPS challenge, an effect that may be relevant for the prevention of exacerbation episodes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio F Stellari
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Parma, Italy
| | - Angelo Sala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Drug Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,IBIM, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Ruscitti
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Parma, Italy
| | - Carola Buccellati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Drug Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrew Allen
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Parma, Italy
| | - Patrizia Risé
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Drug Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Civelli
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Parma, Italy
| | - Gino Villetti
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Parma, Italy
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8
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Upadhyay KD, Dodia NM, Khunt RC, Chaniara RS, Shah AK. Evaluation and in vivo efficacy study of pyrano[3,2‐c]quinoline analogues as TNF‐α inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 94:1647-1655. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anamik K. Shah
- National Facility for Drug Discovery (NFDD) Saurashtra University Rajkot India
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9
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Namazi Sarvestani N, Saberi Firouzi S, Falak R, Karimi MY, Davoodzadeh Gholami M, Rangbar A, Hosseini A. Phosphodiesterase 4 and 7 inhibitors produce protective effects against high glucose-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells via modulation of the oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation pathways. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1293-1306. [PMID: 29713919 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is the most common diabetic complication. It is estimated diabetic population will increase to 592 million by the year 2035. This is while at least 50-60% of all diabetic patients will suffer from neuropathy in their lifetime. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and inflammation are crucial pathways in development and progression of DN. Since there is also no selective and effective therapeutic agent to prevent or treat high glucose (HG)-induced neuronal cell injury, it is crucial to explore tools by which one can reduce factors related to these pathways. Phosphodiesterase 4 and 7 (PDE 4 and 7) regulate oxidative damage, neurodegenaration, and inflammatory responses through modulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) level, and thus can be as important drug targets for regulating DN. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of inhibitors of PDE 4 and 7, named rolipram and BRL5048, on HG-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells as an in vitro cellular model for DN and determine the possible mechanisms for theirs effects. We report that the PC12 cells pre-treatment with rolipram (2 μM) and/or BRL5048 (0.2 μM) for 60 min and then exposing the cells to HG (4.5 g/L for 72 h) or normal glucose (NG) (1 g/L for 72 h) condition show: (1) significant attenuation in ROS, MDA and TNF-a levels, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, expression of caspase 3 and UCP2 proteins; (2) significant increase in viability, GSH/GSSG ratio, MMP and ATP levels. All these data together led us to propose PDE 4 and 7 inhibitors, and specifically, rolipram and BRL5048, as potential drugs candidate to be further studied for the prevention and treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Namazi Sarvestani
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, Department of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Saberi Firouzi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Falak
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Akram Rangbar
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Asieh Hosseini
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Barik R, Sarkar R, Biswas P, Bera R, Sharma S, Nath S, Karmakar S, Sen T. 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4, 5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-chromen-4-one-a flavone from Bruguiera gymnorrhiza displaying anti-inflammatory properties. Indian J Pharmacol 2017; 48:304-11. [PMID: 27298502 PMCID: PMC4900005 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.182890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (BRG) (L.) Lamk (Rhizophoraceae), a mangrove species, is widely distributed in the Pacific region, eastern Africa, Indian subcontinent, and subtropical Australia. The leaves of this plant are traditionally used for treating burns and inflammatory lesions. This study isolates the bioactive compound from the methanol extract of BRG leaves and evaluates the possible mechanisms of anti-inflammatory activity involved. Materials and Methods: Bioassay-guided fractionation of BRG was performed to identify the bioactive fraction (displaying inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 [COX2] - 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) activities and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production at the tested concentrations of 100 and 10 μg/ml). The fractionation was performed by solvent extraction and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. The bioactive compound was characterized by ultraviolet–visible, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The antioxidant potential was evaluated by electron spin resonance spectrum of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical at 250 μM. The effect of the compound was also studied on TNF-α converting enzyme and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activities at the concentrations 100, 10 and 1 μg/ml. Results: Bioassay-guided purification of BRG revealed the presence of a flavone (5,7-dihydroxy-2- [3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxy-phenyl]-chromen-4-one) of molecular weight 330Da. It demonstrated more than 80% inhibition against COX2, 5-LOX activities and TNF-α production at 100 μg/ml. It also displayed 40% inhibition against DPPH radical at the tested concentration along with 23.1% inhibition of NF-κB activity at 100 μg/ml. Conclusions: The isolated methoxy-flavone may play a predominant role in the anti-inflammatory properties displayed by BRG leaves. Such activity may involve multiple mechanisms, namely (a) modulation of oxidative stress (b) inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism and (c) downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines probably through NF-κB inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Barik
- Demaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal, India; TCG Life Sciences Ltd., Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ratul Sarkar
- Demaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Prova Biswas
- Demaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Rammohan Bera
- Demaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal, India; TCG Life Sciences Ltd., Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Soma Sharma
- TCG Life Sciences Ltd., Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Suvadeep Nath
- TCG Life Sciences Ltd., Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanmoy Karmakar
- Demaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Tuhinadri Sen
- Demaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Ramirez K, Shea DT, McKim DB, B.F. R, Sheridan JF. Imipramine attenuates neuroinflammatory signaling and reverses stress-induced social avoidance. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 46:212-20. [PMID: 25701613 PMCID: PMC4414808 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychosocial stress is associated with altered immunity, anxiety and depression. Previously we showed that repeated social defeat (RSD) promoted microglia activation and social avoidance behavior that persisted for 24days after cessation of RSD. The aim of the present study was to determine if imipramine (a tricyclic antidepressant) would reverse RSD-inducedsocial avoidance and ameliorate neuroinflammatory responses. To test this, C57BL/6 mice were divided into treatment groups. One group from RSD and controls received daily injections of imipramine for 24days, following 6 cycles of RSD. Two other groups were treated with saline. RSD mice spent significantly less time in the interaction zone when an aggressor was present in the cage. Administration of imipramine reversed social avoidance behavior, significantly increasing the interaction time, so that it was similar to that of control mice. Moreover, 24days of imipramine treatment in RSD mice significantly decreased stress-induced mRNA levels for IL-6 in brain microglia. Following ex vivo LPS stimulation, microglia from mice exposed to RSD, had higher mRNA expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β, and this was reversed by imipramine treatment. In a second experiment, imipramine was added to drinking water confirming the reversal of social avoidant behavior and decrease in mRNA expression of IL-6 in microglia. These data suggest that the antidepressant imipramine may exert its effect, in part, by down-regulating microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Ramirez
- Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Daniel T. Shea
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Daniel B. McKim
- Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Reader B.F.
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - John F. Sheridan
- Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Corresponding author at: College of Dentistry, Division of Biosciences, PO BOX 182357, Columbus, OH 43218-2357, USA, Tel.: +1 614 688 4629, fax: +1 614 292 6087
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12
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Varada S, Tintle SJ, Gottlieb AB. Apremilast for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 7:239-50. [DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2014.904200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Kumar N, Goldminz AM, Kim N, Gottlieb AB. Phosphodiesterase 4-targeted treatments for autoimmune diseases. BMC Med 2013; 11:96. [PMID: 23557064 PMCID: PMC3616808 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancements in phosphodiesterase (PDE)-targeted therapies have shown promise in recent years for treating patients with a variety of autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes the development of PDE4 inhibitors and the associated literature with a focus on treatments for autoimmune diseases. After the initial investigations of the prototypic PDE inhibitor, rolipram, more selective inhibitors targeting the PDE4 isozyme have been developed. With phase II and phase III clinical trials currently underway to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the latest generation of PDE4 inhibitors, namely apremilast, a new class of treatments may be around the corner for patients suffering from chronic, autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Kumar
- Department of Dermatology, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street #114, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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14
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Kauh E, Mixson L, Malice MP, Mesens S, Ramael S, Burke J, Reynders T, Van Dyck K, Beals C, Rosenberg E, Ruddy M. Prednisone affects inflammation, glucose tolerance, and bone turnover within hours of treatment in healthy individuals. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 166:459-67. [PMID: 22180452 DOI: 10.1530/eje-11-0751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Use of glucocorticoids for anti-inflammatory efficacy is limited by their side effects. This study examined, in the same individuals, prednisone's acute, dose-dependent effects on inflammation as well as biomarkers of glucose regulation and bone homeostasis. DESIGN In this randomized, double-blind, parallel-design trial of healthy adults demonstrating cutaneous allergen-induced hypersensitivity, patients received placebo or prednisone 10, 25 or 60 mg daily for 7 days. METHODS Effects on peripheral white blood cell (WBC) count, ex vivo whole blood lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated TNF-α release and response to cutaneous allergen challenge were assessed concurrently with biomarkers for glucose tolerance and bone turnover. RESULTS Differential peripheral WBC counts changed significantly within hours of prednisone administration. Ex vivo, LPS-stimulated TNF-α was significantly reduced by all prednisone doses on days 1 and 7. The late phase cutaneous allergen reaction was significantly reduced with prednisone 60 mg vs placebo on days 1 and 7. Oral glucose tolerance tests revealed significant increases in glycaemic excursion on days 1 and 7, whereas increases in insulin and C-peptide excursions were more notable on day 7 with all doses of prednisone. The bone formation markers osteocalcin, and procollagen I N- and C-terminal peptides decreased significantly on days 1 and 7 vs placebo. CONCLUSIONS In healthy young adults after single doses as low as 10 mg, prednisone treatment has significant effects on glucose tolerance and bone formation markers within hours of treatment, in parallel with anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Kauh
- Merck Sharp and Dohme Corp, Whitehouse Station, New Jersey 08889, USA.
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15
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Gurney ME, Burgin AB, Magnusson OT, Stewart LJ. Small molecule allosteric modulators of phosphodiesterase 4. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2011:167-92. [PMID: 21695640 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-17969-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors have shown benefit in human clinical trials but dosing is limited by tolerability, particularly because of emesis. Novel cocrystal structures of PDE4 catalytic units with their regulatory domains together with bound inhibitors have revealed three different PDE4 conformers that can be exploited in the design of novel therapeutic agents. The first is an open conformer, which has been employed in the traditional approach to the design of competitive PDE4 inhibitors. The second is an asymmetric dimer in which a UCR2 regulatory helix from one monomer is placed in a closed conformation over the opposite active site in the PDE4 dimer (trans-capping). Only one active site can be closed by an inhibitor at a time with the consequence that compounds exploiting this conformer only partially inhibit PDE4 enzymatic activity while retaining potency in cellular and in vivo models. By placing an intrinsic ceiling on the magnitude of PDE4 inhibition, such compounds may better maintain spatial and temporal patterning of signaling in cAMP microdomains with consequent improved tolerability. The third is a symmetric PDE4 conformer in which helices from the C-terminal portion of the catalytic unit cap both active sites (cis-capping). We propose that dual-gating of PDE4 activity may be further fine tuned by accessory proteins that recognize open or closed conformers of PDE4 regulatory helices.
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16
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Gallant M, Aspiotis R, Day S, Dias R, Dubé D, Dubé L, Friesen RW, Girard M, Guay D, Hamel P, Huang Z, Lacombe P, Laliberté S, Lévesque JF, Liu S, Macdonald D, Mancini J, Nicholson DW, Styhler A, Townson K, Waters K, Young RN, Girard Y. Discovery of MK-0952, a selective PDE4 inhibitor for the treatment of long-term memory loss and mild cognitive impairment. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6387-93. [PMID: 20933411 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The structure-activity relationship of a novel series of 8-biarylnaphthyridinones acting as type 4 phosphodiesterase (PDE4) inhibitors for the treatment of long-term memory loss and mild cognitive impairment is described herein. The manuscript describes a new paradigm for the development of PDE4 inhibitor targeting CNS indications. This effort led to the discovery of the clinical candidate MK-0952, an intrinsically potent inhibitor (IC(50)=0.6 nM) displaying limited whole blood activity (IC(50)=555 nM). Supporting in vivo results in two preclinical efficacy tests and one test assessing adverse effects are also reported. The comparative profiles of MK-0952 and two other Merck compounds are described to validate the proposed hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Gallant
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Québec, Canada H9H3L1.
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17
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Pruniaux MP, Lagente V, Ouaged M, Bertin B, Moreau F, Julien-Larose C, Rocher MN, Leportier C, Martin B, Bouget A, Dubuit JP, Burnouf C, Doherty AM, Bertrand CP. Relationship between phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibition and anti-inflammatory activity of CI-1044 in rat airways. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2010; 24:73-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Design of phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) allosteric modulators for enhancing cognition with improved safety. Nat Biotechnol 2010; 28:63-70. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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19
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Lacombe P, Chauret N, Claveau D, Day S, Deschênes D, Dubé D, Gallant M, Girard Y, Huang Z, Laliberté F, Lévesque JF, Liu S, Macdonald D, Mancini JA, Masson P, Nicholson DW, Nicoll-Griffith DA, Salem M, Styhler A, Young RN. Alkyl-bridged substituted 8-arylquinolines as highly potent PDE IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5266-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.03.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Lavoie JP, Thompson D, Hamilton E, Debrue M, David F, Hickey G. Effects of a MAPK p38 inhibitor on lung function and airway inflammation in equine recurrent airway obstruction. Equine Vet J 2009; 40:577-83. [PMID: 19031513 DOI: 10.2746/042516408x284646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY It has been suggested that many of the beneficial effects of corticosteroids are mediated through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 inhibition. OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacy of the MAPK p38 inhibitor compound MRL-EQ1 to either prevent (Phase 1) or treat (Phase 2) recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in horses. METHODS MRL-EQ1 was administered i.v. at a dosage of 0.75-1.5 mg/kg bwt q. 12 h. In Phase 1, susceptible horses in clinical remission were divided into 2 groups (n = 5/group), based on historical values of respiratory mechanics. All horses were entered in the study in pairs (one control, one treated horse) and exposed to the same environmental challenge (stabling, mouldy hay and dusty conditions). The treatment group received MRL-EQ1 for 14 days while the control horses were untreated during the same period. In Phase 2, affected horses were ranked by severity of respiratory dysfunction and split randomly into either dexamethasone or MRL-EQ1 treatment groups (n = 5/group). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, respiratory mechanic measurements, MRL-EQ1 plasma concentration and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) whole blood activity were evaluated sequentially. RESULTS In Phase 1, MRL-EQ1 did not prevent the occurrence of clinical signs and pulmonary inflammation. However, treatment was associated with a reduction in severity and a delay in the onset of signs and a reduction in pulmonary neutrophilia. In Phase 2, plasma concentrations achieved resulted in ex vivo suppression of lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF production in equine blood. MRL-EQ1 did not improve airway inflammation or lung function and was associated in a dose dependent manner with behavioural (depression, excitability) and blood changes (neutrophilia, increased serum muscle enzyme concentrations). CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of p38 in the horse was partially effective in reducing clinical signs and airway inflammation when administered prior to, but not during clinical exacerbation in RAO. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Inhibitors of p38 MAPK with a better toxicity profile may be effective in the prevention or treatment of RAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Lavoie
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, C.P 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 7C6, Canada
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21
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Guay D, Boulet L, Friesen RW, Girard M, Hamel P, Huang Z, Laliberté F, Laliberté S, Mancini JA, Muise E, Pon D, Styhler A. Optimization and structure-activity relationship of a series of 1-phenyl-1,8-naphthyridin-4-one-3-carboxamides: identification of MK-0873, a potent and effective PDE4 inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5554-8. [PMID: 18835163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A SAR study of a series of 1-phenyl-1,8-naphthyridin-4-one-3-carboxamides is described. Optimization of the series was based on in vitro potency against PDE4, inhibition of the LPS-induced production of TNF-alpha in human whole blood and minimizing affinity for the hERG potassium channel. From these studies, compounds 18 and 20 (MK-0873) were identified as optimized PDE4 inhibitors with good overall in vitro and in vivo profiles and selected as development candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Guay
- Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, PO Box 1005, Pointe Claire-Dorval, Québec, Canada H9R 4P8.
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22
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Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 8-biarylquinolines: A novel class of PDE4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1407-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Bureau Y, Handa M, Zhu Y, Laliberte F, Moore CS, Liu S, Huang Z, MacDonald D, Xu DG, Robertson GS. Neuroanatomical and pharmacological assessment of Fos expression induced in the rat brain by the phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor 6-(4-pyridylmethyl)-8-(3-nitrophenyl) quinoline. Neuropharmacology 2006; 51:974-85. [PMID: 16901513 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A major obstacle in the therapeutic development of phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitors is the production of adverse side effects such as nausea and vomiting. Immunohistochemical detection of Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) was used to address the neuroanatomical basis for the pharmacological actions of PDE4 inhibitors. The potent and selective PDE4 inhibitors 6-(4-pyridylmethyl)-8-(3-nitrophenyl) quinoline (PMNPQ) and rolipram elevated FLI in brain regions potentially relevant to the anti-depressant and emetic effects of PDE4 inhibition. PMNPQ and rolipram elevated FLI in the locus coeruleus, habenula, paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, amygdala and nucleus accumbens, all structures with strong limbic connectivity implicated in arousal, memory and affective aspects of behaviour. Consistent with the emetic effects of PDE4 inhibitors such as PMNPQ and rolipram, these compounds elevated FLI in caudal brainstem nuclei such as the area postrema and nucleus of the solitary tract. Administration of the NK(1) antagonist RP 67580 prior to PMNPQ reversed increases in FLI produced by PMNPQ in these regions. RP 67580 did not, however, reduce PMNPQ-induced FLI in limbic structures. These findings suggest that PDE4 inhibitors produce emesis by increasing NK(1) receptor activation in the AP/NTS and implicate brain regions associated with reward and mood such as the amygdala, paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, habenula and nucleus accumbens in the anti-depressant activity of such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bureau
- Merck-Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Merck Frosst Canada and Company, P.O. Box 1005, Pointe Claire-Dorval, QC H9R 4P8, Canada
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24
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Bateman KP, Trimble L, Chauret N, Silva J, Day S, Macdonald D, Dube D, Gallant M, Mastracchio A, Perrier H, Girard Y, Nicoll-Griffith D. Interspecies in vitro metabolism of the phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor L-454,560. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2006; 41:771-80. [PMID: 16705670 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
L-454,560 is a potent phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor which was identified as a development candidate for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). As part of the discovery of this compound, interspecies in vitro metabolism data was generated using liver microsomes and hepatocytes in order to understand the metabolic fate of the compound. In microsomes, metabolism of the 3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole ring was the predominant pathway observed, including ring cleavage. In rat hepatocytes, hydroxylation of the methyl group on the oxadiazole ring and double-bond isomerization were the most abundant metabolites observed. No major species differences were found in terms of microsomal metabolite profiles. The use of LC with UV and MS detection is highlighted, as well as information from tandem mass spectrometry and NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Bateman
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans Canada Highway, Pointe Claire-Dorval, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada.
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25
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Huang Z, Liu S, Zhang L, Salem M, Greig GM, Chan CC, Natsumeda Y, Noguchi K. Preferential inhibition of human phosphodiesterase 4 by ibudilast. Life Sci 2006; 78:2663-8. [PMID: 16313925 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ibudilast ophthalmic solution exhibited an improved clinical efficacy over cromoglycate in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. To further characterize its principal mode of action, the phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitory profile of ibudilast has been examined using human recombinant enzymes. Ibudilast, but not the other commonly used anti-allergic ophthalmic solutions including cromoglycate, ketotifen, tranilast and levocabastine, potently inhibits purified human PDE4A, 4B, 4C and 4D with IC50 values at 54, 65, 239 and 166 nM, respectively. Ibudilast effectively blocks lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNFalpha, IC50 = 6.2 microM) and N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP)-induced leukotriene (LT) B4 biosynthesis (IC50 = 2.5 microM) in human whole blood, which are 3 and 6-fold more potent than cilomilast, respectively. The attenuated inflammatory and allergic responses from the potent and preferential PDE4 inhibition of ibudilast may have contributed significantly to its beneficial pharmacological responses and distinguishes ibudilast from the other ophthalmic solutions in the treatment of ocular allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Huang
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada.
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26
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Lacombe P, Deschênes D, Dubé D, Dubé L, Gallant M, Macdonald D, Mastracchio A, Perrier H, Charleson S, Huang Z, Laliberté F, Liu S, Mancini JA, Masson P, Salem M, Styhler A, Girard Y. Nitrogen-bridged substituted 8-arylquinolines as potent PDE IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2608-12. [PMID: 16516471 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Revised: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Potent inhibitors of the human PDE IV enzyme are described. Substituted 8-arylquinoline analogs bearing nitrogen-linked side chain were identified as potent inhibitors based on the SAR described herein. The pharmacokinetic profile of the best analog and the in vivo efficacy in an ovalbumin-induced bronchoconstriction assay in conscious guinea pigs are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lacombe
- Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, PO Box 1005, Pointe Claire-Dorval, Que., Canada H9R 4P8.
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27
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Dietsch GN, Dipalma CR, Eyre RJ, Pham TQ, Poole KM, Pefaur NB, Welch WD, Trueblood E, Kerns WD, Kanaly ST. Characterization of the inflammatory response to a highly selective PDE4 inhibitor in the rat and the identification of biomarkers that correlate with toxicity. Toxicol Pathol 2006; 34:39-51. [PMID: 16507543 DOI: 10.1080/01926230500385549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The primary toxicity associated with repeated oral administration of the PDE4 inhibitor IC542 to the rat is an inflammatory response leading to tissue damage primarily in the gastrointestinal tract and mesentery. Although necrotizing vasculitis is frequently seen with other PDE4 inhibitors, blood vessel injury was rare following IC542 administration and was always associated with inflammation in the surrounding tissue. The incidence and severity of the histologic changes in these studies correlated with elevated peripheral blood leukocytes, serum IL-6, haptoglobin, and fibrinogen, and with decreased serum albumin. By monitoring haptoglobin, fibrinogen and serum albumin changes in IC542-treated rats, it was possible to identify rats with early histologic changes that were reversible. Since PDE4 inhibition is generally associated with anti-inflammatory activity, extensive inflammation in multiple tissues was unexpected with IC542. Co-administration of dexamethasone completely blocked IC542-induced clinical and histologic changes in the rat, confirming the toxicity resulted from inflammatory response. In addition, IC542 augmented release of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 in LPS-activated whole blood from rats but not monkeys or humans. The effect of IC542 on IL-6 release from rat leukocytes in vitro is consistent with the proinflammatory response observed in vivo and demonstrates species differences to PDE4 inhibition.
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28
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Lavoie JP, Pasloske K, Joubert P, Cordeau ME, Mancini J, Girard Y, Friesen RW, Frenette R, Blouin M, Young RN, Hickey G. Lack of Clinical Efficacy of a Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitor for Treatment of Heaves in Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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29
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Macdonald D, Mastracchio A, Perrier H, Dubé D, Gallant M, Lacombe P, Deschênes D, Roy B, Scheigetz J, Bateman K, Li C, Trimble LA, Day S, Chauret N, Nicoll-Griffith DA, Silva JM, Huang Z, Laliberté F, Liu S, Ethier D, Pon D, Muise E, Boulet L, Chan CC, Styhler A, Charleson S, Mancini J, Masson P, Claveau D, Nicholson D, Turner M, Young RN, Girard Y. Discovery of a substituted 8-arylquinoline series of PDE4 inhibitors: Structure–activity relationship, optimization, and identification of a highly potent, well tolerated, PDE4 inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:5241-6. [PMID: 16168647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Revised: 08/16/2005] [Accepted: 08/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The discovery and SAR of a new series of substituted 8-arylquinoline PDE4 inhibitors are herein described. This work has led to the identification of several compounds with excellent in vitro and in vivo profiles, including a good therapeutic window of emesis to efficacy in several animal models. Typical optimized compounds from this series are potent inhibitors of PDE4 (IC(50)<1nM) and also of LPS-induced TNF-alpha release in human whole blood (IC(50)<0.5microM). The same compounds are potent inhibitors of ovalbumin-induced bronchoconstriction in conscious guinea pigs (EC(50)<0.1mg/kg ip) but require a dose of about 10mg/kg po in the squirrel monkey to produce an emetic response. From this series of compounds, 23a (L-454,560) was identified as an optimized compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight Macdonald
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, PO Box 1005, Pointe Claire-Dorval, Québec, Canada H9R 4P8.
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30
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Ochiai H, Ohtani T, Ishida A, Kusumi K, Kato M, Kohno H, Odagaki Y, Kishikawa K, Yamamoto S, Takeda H, Obata T, Nakai H, Toda M. Highly potent PDE4 inhibitors with therapeutic potential. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 12:4645-65. [PMID: 15358291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2004] [Revised: 06/23/2004] [Accepted: 06/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that the dose-limiting side effects of PDE4 inhibitors could be mediated via the central nervous system prompted us to design and synthesize a hydrophilic piperidine analog to improve the side effect profile of Ariflo 1, which is an orally active second-generation PDE4 inhibitor. During evaluation of various water-soluble piperidine analogs, 2a-b, 11b-14b, and 17a showed therapeutic potential in cross-species comparison studies. The following three findings were obtained: (1) The hydroxamic acid group, a well known metal chelator, caused a marked increase of inhibitory activity. (2) Water-soluble piperidine analogs lacked the configurational isomerism of Ariflo 1 without loss of inhibitory activity. (3) Replacement of the 4-methoxy residue with a difluoromethoxy residue led to an increase of in vivo potency. Structure-activity relationships are presented. Single-dose rat pharmacokinetic data for 11b, 12b, and 17a are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ochiai
- Minase Research Institute, Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto, Osaka, Mishima 618-8585, Japan
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31
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Castro A, Jerez MJ, Gil C, Martinez A. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and their role in immunomodulatory responses: advances in the development of specific phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2005; 25:229-44. [PMID: 15514991 DOI: 10.1002/med.20020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The activity of phosphodiesterases (PDEs) is associated with a wide variety of diseases and an intense effort toward the development of specific PDEs inhibitors has been generated for the last years. They are the enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of intracellular cyclic adenosine and guanosine monophosphate, and their complexity, as well as their different functional role, makes these enzymes a very attractive therapeutic target. This review is focused on the role of PDEs played on immunomodulatory processes and the advance on the development of specific inhibitors, covering PDEs mainly related to the regulation of autoimmune processes, PDE4 and PDE7. The review also highlights the novel structural classes of PDE4 and PDE7 inhibitors, and the therapeutic potential that combined PDE4/PDE7 inhibitors offer as immunomodulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Castro
- Instituto de Química Médica, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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32
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Al-Anati L, Katz N, Petzinger E. Interference of arachidonic acid and its metabolites with TNF-α release by ochratoxin A from rat liver. Toxicology 2005; 208:335-46. [PMID: 15695019 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2004] [Revised: 11/17/2004] [Accepted: 11/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of arachidonic acid and its metabolites on the ochratoxin A (OTA) provoked release of proinflammatory and apoptotic cytokine TNF-alpha from blood-free perfused rat liver. OTA induced TNF-alpha release dose- and time-dependently yielding 2600 pg TNF-alpha/ml at 2.5 micromol/l after 90 min without significant release of LDH and lactate. Aristolochic acid, 50 micromol/l, a phospholipase A2 inhibitor, and 10 micromol/l of exogenous arachidonic acid decreased TNF-alpha below normal level. Indomethacin, 10 micromol/l, a potent inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway, almost doubled TNF-alpha concentrations in the perfusion solution to reach 5500 pg/ml at 90 min. On the other hand, inhibition of lipoxgenase (LPX) by 30 micromol/l nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) and the cytochrome P-450 (CYP) pathway by 100 micromol/l of metyrapone decreased TNF-alpha below normal levels as well. Concurrent administration of two blockers (COX inhibitor with LPX inhibitor, or COX inhibitor with CYP-450 inhibitor, or LPX inhibitor with CYP-450 inhibitor) blocked TNF-alpha release below normal levels. In addition, 10 micromol/l caffeic acid phenylethyl ester, a NF-(kappa)B inhibitor, blocked OTA mediated TNF-alpha release. In conclusion, arachidonic acid and its cyclooxygenase metabolites are suppressors of OTA mediated TNF-alpha release from liver, whereas LPX and CYP-450-metabolites have the opposite effect. OTA-induced TNF-alpha release is likely to occur via the NF-(kappa)B transcription factor pathway in perfused rat liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Al-Anati
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Fachbereich Veterinarmedizin (FB 10), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Street 107, DE-35392 Giessen, Germany
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33
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Ochiai H, Ohtani T, Ishida A, Kishikawa K, Yamamoto S, Takeda H, Obata T, Nakai H, Toda M. Orally active PDE4 inhibitor with therapeutic potential. Eur J Med Chem 2005; 39:555-71. [PMID: 15236836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2004.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2003] [Revised: 01/29/2004] [Accepted: 02/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Based on the promising results obtained by the clinical trial of Ariflo, further optimization of the spatial arrangement of the three pharmacophores (the carboxylic acid moiety, nitrile moiety and 3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl moiety) in the structure of Ariflo 1 was attempted using a bicyclo[3 ?3 ?0]octane template with more stereochemical diversity than the cyclohexane template of Ariflo 1. Biological evaluation of the decyanated analogs and further optimization of the cyclopentyloxy moiety of 2a-b were also performed. Among the compounds tested, 2a, 7a-b and 12a were found to be orally active and were estimated to have therapeutic potential based on cross-species and same-species comparisons. The structure-activity relationships (SARs) of these compounds were investigated and pharmacokinetic data for 2a and 7b were also obtained by single-dose studies in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ochiai
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Minase Research Institute, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
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34
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Ochiai H, Odagaki Y, Ohtani T, Ishida A, Kusumi K, Kishikawa K, Yamamoto S, Takeda H, Obata T, Kobayashi K, Nakai H, Toda M. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of new phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:5063-78. [PMID: 15351390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Revised: 07/16/2004] [Accepted: 07/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of new phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitors, which possess new templates instead of a cyclohexane ring, are described. The mode of interaction with the enzyme is discussed based on the structure-activity relationship (SAR) data obtained for the synthesized inhibitors. Furthermore, the roles of three pharmacophores, a catechol moiety, a nitrile moiety, and acidic moieties, are discussed using in silico docking studies. More detailed biological evaluations of selected compounds are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ochiai
- Minase Research Institute, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
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35
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Ochiai H, Ohtani T, Ishida A, Kusumi K, Kato M, Kohno H, Kishikawa K, Obata T, Nakai H, Toda M. Highly potent PDE4 inhibitors with therapeutic potential. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:207-10. [PMID: 14684329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Based on the hypothesis that the dose-limiting side effects of PDE4 inhibitors could be mediated via the central nervous system (CNS), design and synthesis of a hydrophilic analogue is considered to be one approach to improving the side-effect profile of Ariflo 1. Water-soluble piperidine derivatives were found to possess therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ochiai
- Minase Research Institute, Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
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36
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Scutt A, Beier N, Fittschen C. EMD273316 & EMD95833, type 4 phosphodiesterase inhibitors, stimulate fibroblastic-colony formation by bone marrow cells via direct inhibition of PDE4 and the induction of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis. BMC Pharmacol 2004; 4:10. [PMID: 15219232 PMCID: PMC449707 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2210-4-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2003] [Accepted: 06/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Type 4 phosphodiesterase (PDE4) inhibitors have been shown to stimulate bone formation in vivo and to stimulate osteoblastic differentiation in vitro. As one possible mechanism for the stimulation of bone formation is the recruitment of osteoprogenitor cells from the bone marrow, we have investigated the effect of the PDE4 inhibitors EMD273316, EMD95833, EMD249615 and EMD 219906 on fibroblastic colony formation by whole bone marrow cells and on the ability of these colonies to adopt an osteoblastic phenotype. Results All four agents stimulated colony formation in a concentration dependent manner, however, in the case of EMD273316 & EMD95833, the effect was evident at lower concentrations and the addition of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was not necessary for maximal stimulation. It was subsequently found that co-incubation with indomethacin reduced the stimulatory effects of EMD273316 & EMD95833 but had no effect on the actions of EMD249615 and EMD 219906 and that EMD273316 & EMD95833 stimulated the synthesis of endogenous PGE2 by whole bone marrow cells whereas EMD249615 and EMD 219906 had no significant effect. Conclusions These data suggest that EMD249615, EMD 219906, EMD273316 & EMD95833 can promote the recruitment of bone marrow osteoprogenitor cells leading to a stimulation of bone formation via their direct inhibitory effects on PDE4. The actions of EMD273316 & EMD95833 however, are augmented by their ability to stimulate endogenous prostanoids synthesis which acts synergistically with their direct effects on PDE4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Scutt
- Department of Engineering Materials and Sheffield Centre for Sports Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Norbert Beier
- Merck KGaA, Biomedical Research, Diabetes and Complications, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Claus Fittschen
- Merck KGaA, Biomedical Research, Immunology/Oncology, Darmstadt, Germany
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37
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Ochiai H, Ohtani T, Ishida A, Kishikawa K, Obata T, Nakai H, Toda M. Orally active PDE4 inhibitors with therapeutic potential. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1323-7. [PMID: 14980691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2003] [Revised: 12/01/2003] [Accepted: 12/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Based on the successful results in the clinical trial of Ariflo, further optimization of the spatial arrangement of the three pharmacophores (carboxylic acid moiety, nitrile moiety and 3-cyclopentyl-4-methoxyphenyl moiety) in the structure of Ariflo 1 was attempted using a bicyclo[3.3.0]octane template instead of a cyclohexane template. As a result, 2a, 7a and 7b were found to be orally active and were predicted to have an improved therapeutic potential based on evaluation by cross-species and same-species comparisons. Structure-activity relationships (SARs) of these compounds are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ochiai
- Minase Research Institute, Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
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38
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Ochiai H, Ishida A, Ohtani T, Kusumi K, Kishikawa K, Obata T, Nakai H, Toda M. New orally active PDE4 inhibitors with therapeutic potential. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:29-32. [PMID: 14684291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Structural optimization of pyrazolopyridine derivative 2, which is one of the newly discovered chemical leads for PDE4 inhibitors from our in-house library, was carried out successfully. The process of discovery of new orally active PDE4 inhibitors, which are expected to possess therapeutic potential, is presented and their structure-activity relationships are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ochiai
- Minase Research Institute, Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
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39
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Ochiai H, Ishida A, Ohtani T, Kusumi K, Kishikawa K, Yamamoto S, Takeda H, Obata T, Nakai H, Toda M. Discovery of New Orally Active Phosphodiesterase (PDE4) Inhibitors. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2004; 52:1098-104. [PMID: 15340197 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.52.1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-anilinopyrazolopyridine derivatives were synthesized and biologically evaluated as inhibitors of phosphodiesterase (PDE4). Chemical modification of 3, a structurally new chemical lead that was found in our in-house library, was focused on 1- and 3-substituents. Full details of the discovery of a new orally active chemical lead 5 are presented. Structure-activity relationship data, pharmacological evaluation, and the subtype selectivity study are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ochiai
- Minase Research Institute, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Mishima, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
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40
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Friesen RW, Ducharme Y, Ball RG, Blouin M, Boulet L, Côté B, Frenette R, Girard M, Guay D, Huang Z, Jones TR, Laliberté F, Lynch JJ, Mancini J, Martins E, Masson P, Muise E, Pon DJ, Siegl PKS, Styhler A, Tsou NN, Turner MJ, Young RN, Girard Y. Optimization of a tertiary alcohol series of phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitors: structure-activity relationship related to PDE4 inhibition and human ether-a-go-go related gene potassium channel binding affinity. J Med Chem 2003; 46:2413-26. [PMID: 12773045 DOI: 10.1021/jm0204542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A SAR study on the tertiary alcohol series of phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitors related to 1 is described. In addition to inhibitory potency against PDE4 and the lipopolysaccharide-induced production of TNFalpha in human whole blood, the binding affinity of these compounds for the human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG) potassium channel (an in vitro measure for the potential to cause QTc prolongation) was assessed. Four key structural moieties in the molecule were studied, and the impact of the resulting modifications in modulating these activities was evaluated. From these studies, (+)-3d (L-869,298) was identified as an optimized structure with respect to PDE4 inhibitory potency, lack of binding affinity to the hERG potassium channel, and pharmacokinetic behavior. (+)-3d exhibited good in vivo efficacy in several models of pulmonary function with a wide therapeutic index with respect to emesis and prolongation of the QTc interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Friesen
- Department of Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, P.O. Box 1005, Pointe Claire-Dorval, Quebec, H9R 4P8, Canada.
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41
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Ducharme Y, Friesen RW, Blouin M, Côté B, Dubé D, Ethier D, Frenette R, Laliberté F, Mancini JA, Masson P, Styhler A, Young RN, Girard Y. Substituted 2-pyridinemethanol derivatives as potent and selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:1923-6. [PMID: 12749899 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00314-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and the phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitory activity of 2-pyridinemethanol derivatives is described. The evaluation of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) in this series of novel PDE4 inhibitors led to the identification of compound 9 which exhibits excellent in vitro activity, desirable pharmacokinetic parameters and good efficacy in animal models of bronchoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Ducharme
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, PO Box 1005, Pointe Claire-Dorval, Québec, Canada H9R 4P8.
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42
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Côté B, Frenette R, Prescott S, Blouin M, Brideau C, Ducharme Y, Friesen RW, Laliberté F, Masson P, Styhler A, Girard Y. Substituted aminopyridines as potent and selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:741-4. [PMID: 12639571 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)01030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and the biological evaluation of new potent phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) inhibitors are presented. This new series was elaborated by replacement of the metabolically resistant phenyl hexafluorocarbinol of L-791,943 (1) by a substituted aminopyridine residue. The structure-activity relationship of N-substitution on 3 led to the identification of (-)-3n which exhibited a good PDE4 inhibitor activity (HWB-TNFalpha=0.12 microM) and an improved pharmacokinetic profile over L-791,943 (rat t(1/2)=2 h). (-)-3n was well tolerated in ferret with an emetic threshold of 30 mg/kg (po) and was found to be active in the ovalbumin-induced bronchoconstriction model in guinea pig (54%, 0.1 mg/kg, ip) as well as the ascaris-induced bronchoconstriction model in sheep (64%/97%, early/late, 0.5 mg/kg, iv).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Côté
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, PO Box 1005, Pointe-Claire-Dorval, Québec, Canada H9R 4P8.
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43
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Robichaud A, Stamatiou PB, Jin SL, Lachance N, MacDonald D, Laliberté F, Liu S, Huang Z, Conti M, Chan CC. Deletion of phosphodiesterase 4D in mice shortens α2-adrenoceptor–mediated anesthesia, a behavioral correlate of emesis. J Clin Invest 2002. [DOI: 10.1172/jci0215506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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44
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Frenette R, Blouin M, Brideau C, Chauret N, Ducharme Y, Friesen RW, Hamel P, Jones TR, Laliberté F, Li C, Masson P, McAuliffe M, Girard Y. Substituted 4-(2,2-diphenylethyl)pyridine-N-oxides as phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors: SAR study directed toward the improvement of pharmacokinetic parameters. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:3009-13. [PMID: 12270195 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00615-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A detailed SAR study directed toward the optimization of pharmacokinetic parameters for analogues of L-791,943 is reported. The introduction of a soft metabolic site on this structure permitted the identification of L-826,141 as a potent phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) inhibitor that is well absorbed and that presents a shorter half-life than L-791,943 in a variety of animal species. The efficacy of L-826,141 is also demonstrated in different in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Frenette
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, PO Box 1005, Pointe-Claire-Dorval, Québec, Canada.
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45
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Robichaud A, Stamatiou PB, Jin SLC, Lachance N, MacDonald D, Laliberté F, Liu S, Huang Z, Conti M, Chan CC. Deletion of phosphodiesterase 4D in mice shortens alpha(2)-adrenoceptor-mediated anesthesia, a behavioral correlate of emesis. J Clin Invest 2002; 110:1045-52. [PMID: 12370283 PMCID: PMC151147 DOI: 10.1172/jci15506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A combination of pharmacological and genetic approaches was used to determine the role of type 4 cAMP-specific cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) in reversing alpha(2)-adrenoceptor-mediated anesthesia, a behavioral correlate of emesis in non-vomiting species. Among the family-specific PDE inhibitors, PDE4 inhibitors reduced the duration of xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia in mice, with no effect on pentobarbital-induced anesthesia. The rank order of the PDE4 inhibitors tested was 6-(4-pyridylmethyl)-8-(3-nitrophenyl)quinoline (PMNPQ) > (R)-rolipram > (S)-rolipram >> (R)-N-[4-[1-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(4-pyridyl)ethyl]phenyl]N'-ethylurea (CT-2450). The specific roles of PDE4B and PDE4D in this model were studied using mice deficient in either subtype. PDE4D-deficient mice, but not PDE4B-deficient mice, had a shorter sleeping time than their wild-type littermates under xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia, but not under that induced with pentobarbital. Concomitantly, rolipram-sensitive PDE activity in the brain stem was decreased only in PDE4D-deficient mice compared with their wild-type littermates. While PMNPQ significantly reduced the xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia period in wild-type mice and in PDE4B-null mice, it had no effect in PDE4D-deficient mice. These findings strongly support the hypothesis that inhibition of PDE4D is pivotal to the anesthesia-reversing effect of PMNPQ and is likely responsible for emesis induced by PDE4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Robichaud
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Pointe-Claire - Dorval, Quebec, Canada.
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46
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Barlocco D. Monitor: Molecules and profiles. Drug Discov Today 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(02)02453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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47
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Guay D, Hamel P, Blouin M, Brideau C, Chan CC, Chauret N, Ducharme Y, Huang Z, Girard M, Jones TR, Laliberté F, Masson P, McAuliffe M, Piechuta H, Silva J, Young RN, Girard Y. Discovery of L-791,943: a potent, selective, non emetic and orally active phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:1457-61. [PMID: 12031319 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship studies directed toward improving the potency and metabolic stability of CDP-840 (3) resulted in the discovery of L-791,943 (11n) as a potent (HWB TNF-alpha = 0.67 microM) and orally active phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) inhibitor. This compound, which bears a stable bis-difluoromethoxy catechol and a pendant hexafluorocarbinol, exhibited a long half-life in rat and in squirrel monkey. It is well tolerated in ferret with an emetic threshold greater than 30 mg/kg (po) and was found to be active in the ovalbumin-induced bronchoconstriction model in guinea pig and in the ascaris-induced bronchoconstriction models in sheep and squirrel monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Guay
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, PO Box 1005, Pointe-Claire-Dorval, Québec, Canada H9R 4P8.
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48
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Alexander RP, Warrellow GJ, Eaton MAW, Boyd EC, Head JC, Porter JR, Brown JA, Reuberson JT, Hutchinson B, Turner P, Boyce B, Barnes D, Mason B, Cannell A, Taylor RJ, Zomaya A, Millican A, Leonard J, Morphy R, Wales M, Perry M, Allen RA, Gozzard N, Hughes B, Higgs G. CDP840. A prototype of a novel class of orally active anti-inflammatory phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:1451-6. [PMID: 12031318 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00202-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The discovery, synthesis and biological activity of a series of triarylethane phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors is described. Structure-activity relationship studies are presented for CDP840 (29), a potent, chiral, selective inhibitor of PDE 4 (IC(50) 4nM). CDP840 is non-emetic in the ferret at 30mgkg(-1) (po), active in models of inflammation and reverses ozone-induced bronchial hyperreactivity in the guinea pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Alexander
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Celltech R&D Ltd., 208 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire SL1 3WE, UK.
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49
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Muise ES, Chute IC, Claveau D, Masson P, Boulet L, Tkalec L, Pon DJ, Girard Y, Frenette R, Mancini JA. Comparison of inhibition of ovalbumin-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs and in vitro inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha formation with phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) selective inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 63:1527-35. [PMID: 11996895 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)00903-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors elevate cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate (cAMP), and this elevation has been shown to inhibit inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Using TNF-alpha as a biomarker, we have developed transcription-based assays to examine inhibition of PDE4 activity in human and guinea pig whole blood. In vitro inhibition by PDE4 inhibitors was measured using quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of TNF-alpha mRNA levels in whole blood stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The kinetics of human TNF-alpha mRNA production were analyzed and shown to be highest 4 hr following LPS stimulation. The guinea pig displayed kinetics of TNF-alpha transcription similar to those of the human. Analysis of inhibition of human TNF-alpha protein production was performed by immunoassay and shown to correlate with inhibition of transcription for three of the four compounds tested. Roflumilast was found to be 9-fold more potent for TNF-alpha inhibition in the qPCR assay than in the protein assay. The potencies of L-826,141 and roflumilast were determined in human and guinea pig whole blood by qPCR, with IC(50) values of 270 and 20 nM, respectively, in humans and 100 and 10 nM, respectively, in guinea pigs. These results show that the potency of PDE4 inhibitors can be monitored in whole blood using a transcription-based assay, and that this type of assay can be adapted to various species provided the TNF-alpha nucleotide sequence is known. The in vitro whole blood IC(50) for TNF-alpha inhibition was compared to inhibition in the ovalbumin-challenged guinea pig model of bronchoconstriction. Obtaining plasma levels at the IC(50) determined in vitro for L-826,141 and roflumilast provides significant inhibition of bronchoconstriction. This suggests that TNF-alpha can be used as a whole blood biomarker in the guinea pig for PDE4 inhibition in this inflammatory model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Muise
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, P.O. Box 1005, Pointe-Claire-Dorval, Quebec, Canada H9R 4P8
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50
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Haddad JJ, Land SC, Tarnow-Mordi WO, Zembala M, Kowalczyk D, Lauterbach R. Immunopharmacological potential of selective phosphodiesterase inhibition. I. Differential regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated proinflammatory cytokine (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) biosynthesis in alveolar epithelial cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 300:559-66. [PMID: 11805217 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.300.2.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to elaborate in vitro on a therapeutic strategy that counteracts an inflammatory signal, we previously reported a novel immunopharmacological potential of glutathione, an antioxidant thiol, in regulating inflammatory cytokines. In the present study, we investigated the hypothesis that selective regulation of phosphodiesterases (PDEs), a family of enzymes that controls intracellular cAMP/cGMP degradation, differentially regulates proinflammatory cytokines. Selective PDE1 inhibition (8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine) blockaded lipopolysaccharide-endotoxin (LPS)-mediated biosynthesis of interleukin (IL)-6, but this pathway had no inhibitory effect on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Furthermore, inhibition of PDE3 (amrinone) abolished the effect of LPS on IL-6, but attenuated TNF-alpha production. Reversible competitive inhibition of PDE4 (rolipram) exhibited a potent inhibitory effect on IL-6 and a dual, biphasic (excitatory/inhibitory) effect on TNF-alpha secretion. Blockading PDE5 (4-[[3',4'-(methylenedioxy)benzyl] amino]-6-methoxyquinazoline) showed a high potency in reducing IL-6 production, but in a manner similar to the inhibition of PDE4, exhibited a biphasic effect on TNF-alpha biosynthesis. Simultaneous inhibition of PDE5, 6, and 9 (zaprinast), purported to specifically elevate intracellular cGMP, reduced, in a dose-independent manner, IL-6 and TNF-alpha biosynthesis. Finally, nonselective inhibition of PDE by pentoxifylline suppressed LPS-mediated secretion of IL-6 and TNF-alpha. The involvement of specific PDE isoenzymes in differentially regulating LPS-mediated inflammatory cytokine biosynthesis indicates a novel approach to unravel the potential therapeutic targets that these isozymes constitute during the progression of inflammation within the respiratory epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Haddad
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
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