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Zaw Thin M, Moore C, Snoeks T, Kalber T, Downward J, Behrens A. Micro-CT acquisition and image processing to track and characterize pulmonary nodules in mice. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:990-1015. [PMID: 36494493 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00769-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
X-ray computed tomography is a reliable technique for the detection and longitudinal monitoring of pulmonary nodules. In preclinical stages of diagnostic or therapeutic development, the miniaturized versions of the clinical computed tomography scanners are ideally suited for carrying out translationally-relevant research in conditions that closely mimic those found in the clinic. In this Protocol, we provide image acquisition parameters optimized for low radiation dose, high-resolution and high-throughput computed tomography imaging using three commercially available micro-computed tomography scanners, together with a detailed description of the image analysis tools required to identify a variety of lung tumor types, characterized by specific radiological features. For each animal, image acquisition takes 4-8 min, and data analysis typically requires 10-30 min. Researchers with basic training in animal handling, medical imaging and software analysis should be able to implement this protocol across a wide range of lung cancer models in mice for investigating the molecular mechanisms driving lung cancer development and the assessment of diagnostic and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Zaw Thin
- Cancer Stem Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK. .,Adult Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| | - Christopher Moore
- Oncogene Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Thomas Snoeks
- Imaging Research Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Tammy Kalber
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (CABI), University College London, London, UK
| | - Julian Downward
- Oncogene Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. .,Lung Cancer Group, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
| | - Axel Behrens
- Cancer Stem Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.,Adult Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Cancer Research UK Convergence Science Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
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2
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Wang J, Zhu L, Chen X, Huang R, Wang S, Dong P. Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Functionalized by Hybrid Baculovirus-Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors for Targeting Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:543-553. [PMID: 30747033 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypopharyngeal carcinoma is a common malignant tumor of the head and neck with a very poor prognosis; the median survival time for curatively treated patients was 17.2 months in India. However, cell-based gene therapy holds promise to improve patient outcomes. In this study, we investigated whether human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) possess potential homing capacity for hypopharyngeal carcinoma. To monitor the efficiency of BMSC transplantation therapy through reporter gene imaging, we employed a hybrid baculovirus vector containing the Luc-P2A-eGFP fusion or sodium iodide symporter (NIS) sequence under the control of the cytomegalovirus promoter. To enhance the transfection efficiency, baculovirus vectors (Bac-CMV-Luc-P2A-eGFP-ITR and Bac-CMV-NIS-ITR) were flanked by inverted terminal repeats (ITRs), which are key elements of adeno-associated viruses. The infection efficiency of Bac-CMV-Luc-P2A-eGFP-ITR in BMSCs was as high as 92.84 ± 1.14% with no obvious toxic effects at a multiplicity of infection of 400. Moreover, Bac-CMV-NIS-ITR-infected BMSCs showed highly efficient radioactive iodide (125I) uptake; these high uptake levels were maintained for at least 2 h. Transwell migration assays further demonstrated the chemotaxis of BMSCs to hypopharyngeal carcinoma cells (FaDu cells) in vitro. BMSCs modified by firefly luciferase report gene or NIS were injected into nude mice with hypopharyngeal carcinoma, and changes in the localization of the BMSCs were successfully tracked with bioluminescent imaging and micro-single-photon emission computed tomography imaging. These data indicate the potential utility of BMSCs as a promising targeted-delivery vehicle for hypopharyngeal carcinoma gene therapy. Importantly, BMSCs may represent a promising targeting vector for general tumor radionuclide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,2 Department of Otolaryngology and Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liying Zhu
- 3 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinwei Chen
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruofei Huang
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shili Wang
- 2 Department of Otolaryngology and Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pin Dong
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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3
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Yoo RJ, Kim MH, Woo SK, Kim KI, Lee TS, Choi YK, Kang JH, Lim SM, Lee YJ. Monitoring of macrophage accumulation in statin-treated atherosclerotic mouse model using sodium iodide symporter imaging system. Nucl Med Biol 2017; 48:45-51. [PMID: 28208058 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Macrophages play a key role in atherosclerotic plaque formation in atherosclerosis, but its detailed understanding has poorly investigated until now. Thus, we sought to demonstrate a noninvasive technique for macrophage tracking to atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E-/-(ApoE-/-) mice with an imaging system based on sodium iodide symporter (NIS) gene coupled with 99mTc-single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). METHODS AND RESULTS Macrophage cells (RAW264.7) were stably transduced with retrovirus expressing NIS gene (RAW-NIS). In RAW-NIS cells, uptake of 125I was higher than the parental cells. [18F]FDG signals in the aorta at 30weeks on an ApoE-/- mice with high cholesterol diet were higher (1.7±0.12% injected dose (ID)) than those in control group (0.84±0.06% ID). Through 99mTc-SPECT/computed tomography (CT), in the RAW-NIS cell injected group, the 99mTc-pertechnetate uptake in aorta was higher than control groups. However, according to atorvastatin treatment, RAW-NIS cell recruitment reduced to the aorta. Area of 99mTc-pertechnetate uptake was positively correlated with immunostaining results against macrophage antigen (CD68). Cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels of atorvastatin-treated group showed lower than those of atorvastatin-untreated group, but did not reach statistical difference. CONCLUSIONS This novel approach to tracking macrophages to atherosclerotic plaques in vivo can be applied for studies of arterosclerotic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Ji Yoo
- Division of RI-Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hwan Kim
- Division of RI-Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Keun Woo
- Division of RI-Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Il Kim
- Division of RI-Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Sup Lee
- Division of RI-Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Kyu Choi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Kang
- Division of RI-Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Moo Lim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jin Lee
- Division of RI-Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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4
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van der Have F, Ivashchenko O, Goorden MC, Ramakers RM, Beekman FJ. High-resolution clustered pinhole 131Iodine SPECT imaging in mice. Nucl Med Biol 2016; 43:506-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Introduction: Oncolytic viruses are experimental cancer therapies being translated to the clinic. They are unique in their ability to amplify within the body, therefore requiring careful monitoring of viral replication and biodistribution. Traditional monitoring strategies fail to recapitulate the dynamic nature of oncolytic virotherapy. Consequently, clinically relevant, noninvasive, high resolution strategies are needed to effectively track virotherapy in real time. Areas covered: The expression of the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) reporter gene is tightly coupled to viral genome replication and mediates radioisotope concentration, allowing noninvasive molecular nuclear imaging of active viral infection with high resolution. This provides insight into replication kinetics, biodistribution, the impact of vector design, administration, and dosing on therapeutic outcomes, and highlights the heterogeneity of spatial distribution and temporal evolution of infection. NIS-mediated imaging in clinical trials confirms the feasibility of this technology to noninvasively and longitudinally observe oncolytic virus infection, replication, and distribution. Expert opinion: NIS-mediated imaging provides detailed functional and molecular information on the evolution of oncolytic virus infection in living animals. The use of NIS reporter gene imaging has rapidly advanced to provide unparalleled insight into the spatial and temporal context of oncolytic infection which will be integral to optimization of oncolytic treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Miller
- a Mayo Clinic, Department of Molecular Medicine , Rochester , MN 55905 , USA.,b Mayo Graduate School, Center for Clinical and Translational Science , Rochester , MN 55905 , USA
| | - Stephen J Russell
- a Mayo Clinic, Department of Molecular Medicine , Rochester , MN 55905 , USA.,c Mayo Clinic, Division of Hematology , Rochester , MN 55905 , USA
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Bernsen MR, Vaissier PEB, Van Holen R, Booij J, Beekman FJ, de Jong M. The role of preclinical SPECT in oncological and neurological research in combination with either CT or MRI. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2014; 41 Suppl 1:S36-49. [PMID: 24895751 PMCID: PMC4003405 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-013-2685-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical imaging with SPECT combined with CT or MRI is used more and more frequently and has proven to be very useful in translational research. In this article, an overview of current preclinical research applications and trends of SPECT combined with CT or MRI, mainly in tumour imaging and neuroscience imaging, is given and the advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches are described. Today SPECT and CT systems are often integrated into a single device (commonly called a SPECT/CT system), whereas at present combined SPECT and MRI is almost always carried out with separate systems and fiducial markers to combine the separately acquired images. While preclinical SPECT/CT is most widely applied in oncology research, SPECT combined with MRI (SPECT/MRI when integrated in one system) offers the potential for both neuroscience applications and oncological applications. Today CT and MRI are still mainly used to localize radiotracer binding and to improve SPECT quantification, although both CT and MRI have additional potential. Future technology developments may include fast sequential or simultaneous acquisition of (dynamic) multimodality data, spectroscopy, fMRI along with high-resolution anatomic MRI, advanced CT procedures, and combinations of more than two modalities such as combinations of SPECT, PET, MRI and CT all together. This will all strongly depend on new technologies. With further advances in biology and chemistry for imaging molecular targets and (patho)physiological processes in vivo, the introduction of new imaging procedures and promising new radiopharmaceuticals in clinical practice may be accelerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique R. Bernsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter E. B. Vaissier
- Section Radiation Detection and Medical Imaging, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Van Holen
- ELIS Department, MEDISIP, Ghent University, iMinds, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Booij
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Freek J. Beekman
- Section Radiation Detection and Medical Imaging, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- MILabs B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marion de Jong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Fruhwirth GO, Diocou S, Blower PJ, Ng T, Mullen G. A whole-body dual-modality radionuclide optical strategy for preclinical imaging of metastasis and heterogeneous treatment response in different microenvironments. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:686-94. [PMID: 24604910 PMCID: PMC6205625 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.127480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Imaging spontaneous cancer cell metastasis or heterogeneous tumor responses to drug treatment in vivo is difficult to achieve. The goal was to develop a new highly sensitive and reliable preclinical longitudinal in vivo imaging model for this purpose, thereby facilitating discovery and validation of anticancer therapies or molecular imaging agents. METHODS The strategy is based on breast cancer cells stably expressing the human sodium iodide symporter (NIS) fused to a red fluorescent protein, thereby permitting radionuclide and fluorescence imaging. Using whole-body nano-SPECT/CT with (99m)TcO4(-), we followed primary tumor growth and spontaneous metastasis in the presence or absence of etoposide treatment. NIS imaging was used to classify organs as small as individual lymph nodes (LNs) to be positive or negative for metastasis, and results were confirmed by confocal fluorescence microscopy. Etoposide treatment efficacy was proven by ex vivo anticaspase 3 staining and fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS In this preclinical model, we found that the NIS imaging strategy outperformed state-of-the-art (18)F-FDG imaging in its ability to detect small tumors (18.5-fold-better tumor-to-blood ratio) and metastases (LN, 3.6-fold) because of improved contrast in organs close to metastatic sites (12- and 8.5-fold-lower standardized uptake value in the heart and kidney, respectively). We applied the model to assess the treatment response to the neoadjuvant etoposide and found a consistent and reliable improvement in spontaneous metastasis detection. Importantly, we also found that tumor cells in different microenvironments responded in a heterogeneous manner to etoposide treatment, which could be determined only by the NIS-based strategy and not by (18)F-FDG imaging. CONCLUSION We developed a new strategy for preclinical longitudinal in vivo cancer cell tracking with greater sensitivity and reliability than (18)F-FDG PET and applied it to track spontaneous and distant metastasis in the presence or absence of genotoxic stress therapy. Importantly, the model provides sufficient sensitivity and dynamic range to permit the reliable assessment of heterogeneous treatment responses in various microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert O. Fruhwirth
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, King's College London (KCL) & UCL
- The Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, KCL, London SE1 1UL
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St.Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH
| | - Seckou Diocou
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, King's College London (KCL) & UCL
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St.Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH
| | - Philip J. Blower
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, King's College London (KCL) & UCL
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St.Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH
| | - Tony Ng
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, King's College London (KCL) & UCL
- The Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, KCL, London SE1 1UL
| | - Greg Mullen
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St.Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH
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8
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Leech JM, Sharif-Paghaleh E, Maher J, Livieratos L, Lechler RI, Mullen GE, Lombardi G, Smyth LA. Whole-body imaging of adoptively transferred T cells using magnetic resonance imaging, single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography techniques, with a focus on regulatory T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 172:169-77. [PMID: 23574314 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapies using natural or genetically modified regulatory T cells (T(regs)) have shown significant promise as immune-based therapies. One of the main difficulties facing the further advancement of these therapies is that the fate and localization of adoptively transferred T(regs) is largely unknown. The ability to dissect the migratory pathway of these cells in a non-invasive manner is of vital importance for the further development of in-vivo cell-based immunotherapies, as this technology allows the fate of the therapeutically administered cell to be imaged in real time. In this review we will provide an overview of the current clinical imaging techniques used to track T cells and T(regs) in vivo, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET)/single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). In addition, we will discuss how the finding of these studies can be used, in the context of transplantation, to define the most appropriate T(reg) subset required for cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Leech
- Medical Research Council, Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, London, UK
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9
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Chatterjee S, Malhotra R, Varghese F, Bukhari AB, Patil A, Budrukkar A, Parmar V, Gupta S, De A. Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis reveals association between sodium iodide symporter and estrogen receptor expression in breast cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54055. [PMID: 23342072 PMCID: PMC3544659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS) gene over-expression is under active consideration worldwide as an alternative target molecule for breast cancer (BC) diagnosis and targeted radio-iodine treatment. However, the field demands better stratified analysis of endogenous hNIS expression across major BC subtypes. Therefore, we have analyzed subtype-specific variation of hNIS overexpression in breast tumor tissue samples by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and also report the development of a homogeneous, quantitative analysis method of digital IHC images. METHODS hNIS expression was analyzed from 108 BC tissue samples by IHC. Sub-cellular localization of hNIS protein was analyzed by dual immunofluorescence (IF) staining method using hNIS and HER2 antibodies. An ImageJ based two-step digital analysis method was developed and applied for the bias-free analysis of the images. RESULTS Staining of the tumor samples show 70% cases are hNIS positive indicating high incidence of hNIS positive cases in BC. More importantly, a subtype specific analysis done for the first time shows that hNIS expression is overly dominated in estrogen receptor (ER) positive cases than the receptor negative cases. Further, 56% of the ER+ve, PgR+ve, HER2-ve and 36% of ER+ve, PgR+ve, HER2+ve cases show highest intensity staining equivalent to the thyroid tissue. A significant positive correlation is also observed between hNIS and estrogen receptor expression (p = 0.0033, CI = 95%) suggesting hNIS mediated targeted radio-iodine therapy procedures may benefit both ER+ve, PgR+ve, HER2-ve as well as HER2+ve cases. Further, in a few cases, hNIS and HER2 protein localization is demonstrated by overlapping membrane co-expression. ImageJ based image analysis method shows over 70% match with manual pathological scoring method. CONCLUSION The study indicates a positive link between hNIS and ER expression in BC. The quantitative IHC image analysis method reported here will further help in patient stratification and potentially benefit global clinical assessment where hNIS mediated targeted ¹³¹I radio-ablative therapy is aimed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Chatterjee
- Functional Molecular Imaging Lab, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Renu Malhotra
- Functional Molecular Imaging Lab, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Frency Varghese
- Functional Molecular Imaging Lab, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Amirali B. Bukhari
- Functional Molecular Imaging Lab, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Asawari Patil
- Molecular Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Ashwini Budrukkar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Vani Parmar
- Department of Surgery, Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Sudeep Gupta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Abhijit De
- Functional Molecular Imaging Lab, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India
- * E-mail:
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Penheiter AR, Russell SJ, Carlson SK. The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) as an imaging reporter for gene, viral, and cell-based therapies. Curr Gene Ther 2012; 12:33-47. [PMID: 22263922 PMCID: PMC3367315 DOI: 10.2174/156652312799789235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical tomographic imaging systems increasingly are being utilized for non-invasive imaging of reporter gene products to reveal the distribution of molecular therapeutics within living subjects. Reporter gene and probe combinations can be employed to monitor vectors for gene, viral, and cell-based therapies. There are several reporter systems available; however, those employing radionuclides for positron emission tomography (PET) or singlephoton emission computed tomography (SPECT) offer the highest sensitivity and the greatest promise for deep tissue imaging in humans. Within the category of radionuclide reporters, the thyroidal sodium iodide symporter (NIS) has emerged as one of the most promising for preclinical and translational research. NIS has been incorporated into a remarkable variety of viral and non-viral vectors in which its functionality is conveniently determined by in vitro iodide uptake assays prior to live animal imaging. This review on the NIS reporter will focus on 1) differences between endogenous NIS and heterologously-expressed NIS, 2) qualitative or comparative use of NIS as an imaging reporter in preclinical and translational gene therapy, oncolytic viral therapy, and cell trafficking research, and 3) use of NIS as an absolute quantitative reporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Penheiter
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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11
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Liu F, Lunsford EP, Tong J, Ashitate Y, Gibbs SL, Yu J, Choi HS, Henske EP, Frangioni JV. Real-time monitoring of tumorigenesis, dissemination, & drug response in a preclinical model of lymphangioleiomyomatosis/tuberous sclerosis complex. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38589. [PMID: 22719903 PMCID: PMC3376142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background TSC2-deficient cells can proliferate in the lungs, kidneys, and other organs causing devastating progressive multisystem disorders such as lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Preclinical models utilizing LAM patient-derived cells have been difficult to establish. We developed a novel animal model system to study the molecular mechanisms of TSC/LAM pathogenesis and tumorigenesis and provide a platform for drug testing. Methods and Findings TSC2-deficient human cells, derived from the angiomyolipoma of a LAM patient, were engineered to co-express both sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) and green fluorescent protein (GFP). Cells were inoculated intraparenchymally, intravenously, or intratracheally into athymic NCr nu/nu mice and cells were tracked and quantified using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and computed tomography (CT). Surprisingly, TSC2-deficient cells administered intratracheally resulted in rapid dissemination to lymph node basins throughout the body, and histopathological changes in the lung consistent with LAM. Estrogen was found to be permissive for tumor growth and dissemination. Rapamycin inhibited tumor growth, but tumors regrew after the drug treatment was withdrawn. Conclusions We generated homogeneous NIS/GFP co-expressing TSC2-deficient, patient-derived cells that can proliferate and migrate in vivo after intratracheal instillation. Although the animal model we describe has some limitations, we demonstrate that systemic tumors formed from TSC2-deficient cells can be monitored and quantified noninvasively over time using SPECT/CT, thus providing a much needed model system for in vivo drug testing and mechanistic studies of TSC2-deficient cells and their related clinical syndromes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- Lymphangioleiomyomatosis/drug therapy
- Lymphangioleiomyomatosis/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Monitoring, Physiologic/methods
- Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed
- Tuberous Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Tuberous Sclerosis/pathology
- Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangbing Liu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elaine P. Lunsford
- Longwood Small Animal Imaging Facility, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jingli Tong
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yoshitomo Ashitate
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Summer L. Gibbs
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jane Yu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hak Soo Choi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth P. Henske
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John V. Frangioni
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Cheong SJ, Lee CM, Jang D, Kim EM, Jeong MH, Uhm TB, Lee WS, Jeong HJ, Kim DW, Lim ST, Sohn MH. Effect of molecular imaging on validation of developed anti-hVEGFR2 therapeutic antibody. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2011; 26:745-51. [PMID: 22003972 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2011.0996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2 (VEGFR2)-targeted tumor treatment is an antiangiogenic therapeutic strategy. The human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS) gene is a useful reporter gene for tumor imaging and radiotherapy. In this study, we investigated the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy in hNIS gene-transfected tumor xenografts using a gamma imaging system after treatment with an anti-VEGFR2 antibody. Human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with the hNIS gene were injected subcutaneously into the right flanks of BALB/c nude mice. Therapy was initiated when the tumor volume reached approximately 130-180 mm(3). The animals were intravenously injected with 50, 100, or 150 μg of antibody every 3 days for 16 days. Gamma imaging was performed 1 and 2 weeks after the first injection to monitor the effects of tumor therapy. Mice were sacrificed 2 weeks after the first injection of antibody and the tumors were removed for CD31 staining and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. All groups of mice that were treated with anti-hVEGFR2 antibody showed markedly reduced tumor growth compared to control mice. In vivo gamma imaging results showed that, at 1 week after the first injection of the anti-hVEGFR2 antibody, (125)I uptake of a tumor treated with 150 μg of antibody was 24.5% lower than that in the controls. At 2 weeks, (125)I uptake in the tumor treated with 150 μg of antibody was as low as 44.3% of that in the controls. CD31 staining and RT-PCR assays showed that blood vessel formation and expression of the hNIS gene were reduced with increased treatment doses. This study demonstrated the feasibility of molecular imaging and the therapeutic efficacy of developing therapeutic antibody anti-hVEGFR2 using a gamma imaging system in hNIS gene-transfected tumor xenograft mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Cheong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju-si, Republic of Korea
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Klutz K, Willhauck MJ, Dohmen C, Wunderlich N, Knoop K, Zach C, Senekowitsch-Schmidtke R, Gildehaus FJ, Ziegler S, Fürst S, Göke B, Wagner E, Ogris M, Spitzweg C. Image-guided tumor-selective radioiodine therapy of liver cancer after systemic nonviral delivery of the sodium iodide symporter gene. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:1563-74. [PMID: 21851208 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2011.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported the induction of tumor-selective iodide uptake and therapeutic efficacy of (131)I in a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) xenograft mouse model, using novel polyplexes based on linear polyethylenimine (LPEI), shielded by polyethylene glycol (PEG), and coupled with the epidermal growth factor receptor-specific peptide GE11 (LPEI-PEG-GE11). The aim of the current study in the same HCC model was to evaluate the potential of biodegradable nanoparticle vectors based on pseudodendritic oligoamines (G2-HD-OEI) for systemic sodium iodide symporter (NIS) gene delivery and to compare efficiency and tumor specificity with LPEI-PEG-GE11. Transfection of HCC cells with NIS cDNA, using G2-HD-OEI, resulted in a 44-fold increase in iodide uptake in vitro as compared with a 22-fold increase using LPEI-PEG-GE11. After intravenous application of G2-HD-OEI/NIS HCC tumors accumulated 6-11% ID/g (123)I (percentage of the injected dose per gram tumor tissue) with an effective half-life of 10 hr (tumor-absorbed dose, 281 mGy/MBq) as measured by (123)I scintigraphic gamma camera or single-photon emission computed tomography computed tomography (SPECT CT) imaging, as compared with 6.5-9% ID/g with an effective half-life of only 6 hr (tumor-absorbed dose, 47 mGy/MBq) for LPEI-PEG-GE11. After only two cycles of G2-HD-OEI/NIS/(131)I application, a significant delay in tumor growth was observed with markedly improved survival. A similar degree of therapeutic efficacy had been observed after four cycles of LPEI-PEG-GE11/(131)I. These results clearly demonstrate that biodegradable nanoparticles based on OEI-grafted oligoamines show increased efficiency for systemic NIS gene transfer in an HCC model with similar tumor selectivity as compared with LPEI-PEG-GE11, and therefore represent a promising strategy for NIS-mediated radioiodine therapy of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Klutz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Evaluation of [18F]-tetrafluoroborate as a potential PET imaging agent for the human sodium/iodide symporter in a new colon carcinoma cell line, HCT116, expressing hNIS. Nucl Med Commun 2011; 32:98-105. [PMID: 21085047 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0b013e3283419540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Accumulation of iodide and other substrates via the human sodium/iodide symporter (hNIS) is fundamental to imaging and therapy of thyroid disease, hNIS reporter gene imaging and hNIS-mediated gene therapy. There is no readily available positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for hNIS. Our aim was to develop a colon carcinoma cell line stably expressing hNIS, and use it to evaluate a novel hNIS PET tracer, [18F]-tetrafluoroborate. METHODS Colon carcinoma cell line, HCT116, was stably transfected with hNIS, thus producing a cell line, HCT116-C19, with high hNIS expression. A Fisher rat thyroid cell line, FRTL5, which expresses rat sodium/iodide symporter when stimulated with thyroid-stimulating hormone, was used for comparison. Accumulation of [188Re]-perrhenate, [99mTc]-pertechnetate and [18F]-tetrafluoroborate was evaluated with and without perchlorate inhibition using an automated radioimmune assay system, LigandTracer. The affinity of [18F]-tetrafluoroborate for hNIS, and its half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for the inhibition of [99mTc]-pertechnetate transport were determined from the plateau accumulation of [18F]-tetrafluoroborate and [99mTc]-pertechnetate, respectively, as a function of tetrafluoroborate concentration. RESULTS [18F]-tetrafluoroborate accumulated effectively in both FRTL5 and HCT116-C19 cells. The accumulation in HCT116-C19 cells (plateau accumulation 31%) was comparable to that of [188Re]-perrhenate (41%) and [99mTc]-pertechnetate (46%). Its affinity for hNIS and half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for the inhibition of pertechnetate uptake was approximately micromolar. CONCLUSION We have produced a human colon cell line with a stable constitutive expression of functional hNIS (HCT116-hNIS-C19). [18F]-tetrafluoroborate accumulates in cells expressing hNIS or rat sodium/iodide symporter and is a potential PET imaging agent in thyroid disease and hNIS reporter gene imaging.
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Lung fluorescence imaging to evaluate tumor metastasis induced by AQP5 expression in murine model. Med Oncol 2010; 29:205-11. [PMID: 21193966 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-010-9788-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Our recent study, by up-regulation of AQP5 expression, showed enhanced proliferation and migration potential in lung cancer. However, so far none of the in vivo study of gene silencing of AQP5 has been tested. In this study, we tested roles of AQP5 on lung cancer metastasis potential by gene silencing of AQP5 in two lung cancer cell lines and tried to monitor lung metastases with EGFP marker. Lungs were imaged at different time points and allowed an accurate evaluation of tumor burden over time. Our results showed significantly decreased metastasis potential in AQP5 gene-silencing cells. Lung imaging confirmed the frequency of metastasis in mice. These data provide more evidence that AQP5 plays important roles in the metastasis potential of lung cancer. Lung fluorescence imaging provides rapid monitoring for tumor growth and metastasis, and it also offers quantitative and sensitive analysis of tumor growth and metastasis, compared to the traditional histology technique.
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Identification of a new peptide for fibrosarcoma tumor targeting and imaging in vivo. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:167045. [PMID: 21151669 PMCID: PMC2997512 DOI: 10.1155/2010/167045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A 12-mer amino acid peptide SATTHYRLQAAN, denominated TK4, was isolated from a phage-display library with fibrosarcoma tumor-binding activity. In vivo biodistribution analysis of TK4-displaying phage showed a significant increased phage titer in implanted tumor up to 10-fold in comparison with normal tissues after systemic administration in mouse. Competition assay confirmed that the binding of TK4-phage to tumor cells depends on the TK4 peptide. Intravenous injection of 131I-labeled synthetic TK4 peptide in mice showed a tumor retention of 3.3% and 2.7% ID/g at 1- and 4-hour postinjection, respectively. Tumor-to-muscle ratio was 1.1, 5.7, and 3.2 at 1-, 4-, and 24-hour, respectively, and tumors were imaged on a digital γ-camera at 4-hour postinjection. The present data suggest that TK4 holds promise as a lead structure for tumor targeting, and it could be further applied in the development of diagnostic or therapeutic agent.
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Franken PR, Guglielmi J, Vanhove C, Koulibaly M, Defrise M, Darcourt J, Pourcher T. Distribution and dynamics of (99m)Tc-pertechnetate uptake in the thyroid and other organs assessed by single-photon emission computed tomography in living mice. Thyroid 2010; 20:519-26. [PMID: 20384490 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2009.0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND (99m)Tc pertechnetate is a well-known anion, used for clinical imaging of thyroid function. This gamma emitter is transported by the sodium iodide symporter but is not incorporated into thyroglobulin. Scintigraphy using (99m)Tc pertechnetate or (123)iodide represents a powerful tool for the study of sodium iodide symporter activity in different organs of living animal models. However, in many studies that have been performed in mice, the thyroid could not be distinguished from the salivary glands. In this work, we have evaluated the use of a clinically dedicated single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) camera for thyroid imaging and assessed what improvements are necessary for the development of this technique. METHODS SPECT of the mouse neck region, with pinhole collimation and geometric calibration, was used for the individual measurement of (99m)Tc pertechnetate uptake in the thyroid and the salivary glands. Uptake in the stomach was studied by planar whole-body imaging. Uptake kinetics and biodistribution studies were performed by sequential imaging. RESULTS This work has shown that thyroid imaging in living mice can be performed with a SPECT camera originally built for clinical use. Our experiments indicate that (99m)Tc pertechnetate uptake is faster in the thyroid than in the salivary glands and the stomach. The decrease in (99m)Tc pertechnetate uptake after injection of iodide or perchlorate as competitive inhibitors was also studied. The resulting rate decreases were faster in the thyroid than in the salivary glands or the stomach. CONCLUSIONS We have shown that a clinically dedicated SPECT camera can be used for thyroid imaging. In our experiments, SPECT imaging allowed the analysis of (99m)Tc pertechnetate accumulation in individual organs and revealed differences in uptake kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe R Franken
- Transporters, Imaging and Radiotheraphy in Oncology (TIRO), Commissariat Energie Atomique Direction des Sciences du Vivant (DSV), Institut de Biologie Environementale et Biotechnologie (iBEB), Service de Biochimie et Toxicologie Nucléaire (SBTN), Centre Antoine Lacassagne, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis , Nice, France
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GIAGINIS CONSTANTINOS, ZARROS APOSTOLOS, ALEXANDROU PARASKEVI, KLIJANIENKO JERZY, DELLADETSIMA IOANNA, THEOCHARIS STAMATIOS. Evaluation of coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor expression in human benign and malignant thyroid lesions. APMIS 2010; 118:210-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2009.02582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Assessment of the Na/I symporter as a reporter gene to visualize oncolytic adenovirus propagation in peritoneal tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; 37:1377-85. [PMID: 20140612 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-009-1379-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In vivo imaging of the spread of oncolytic viruses using the Na/I symporter (NIS) has been proposed. Here, we assessed whether the presence of NIS in the viral genome affects the therapeutic efficacy of the oncolytic adenovirus dl922-947 following intraperitoneal administration, in a mouse model of peritoneal ovarian carcinoma. METHODS We generated AdAM7, a dl922-947 oncolytic adenovirus encoding the NIS coding sequence. Iodide uptake, NIS expression, infectivity and cell-killing activity of AdAM7, as well as that of relevant controls, were determined in vitro. In vivo, the propagation of this virus in the peritoneal cavity of tumour-bearing mice was determined using SPECT/CT imaging and its therapeutic efficacy was evaluated. RESULTS In vitro infection of ovarian carcinoma IGROV-1 cells with ADAM7 led to functional expression of NIS. However, the insertion of NIS into the viral genome resulted in a loss of efficacy of the virus in terms of replication and cytotoxicity. In vivo, on SPECT/CT imaging AdAM7 was only detectable in the peritoneal cavity of animals bearing peritoneal ovarian tumours for up to 5 days after intraperitoneal administration. Therapeutic experiments in vivo demonstrated that AdAM7 is as potent as its NIS-negative counterpart. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that despite the detrimental effect observed in vitro, insertion of the reporter gene NIS in an oncolytic adenovirus did not affect its therapeutic efficacy in vivo. We conclude that NIS is a highly relevant reporter gene to monitor the fate of oncolytic adenovectors in live subjects.
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Chisholm EJ, Vassaux G, Martin-Duque P, Chevre R, Lambert O, Pitard B, Merron A, Weeks M, Burnet J, Peerlinck I, Dai MS, Alusi G, Mather SJ, Bolton K, Uchegbu IF, Schatzlein AG, Baril P. Cancer-specific transgene expression mediated by systemic injection of nanoparticles. Cancer Res 2009; 69:2655-62. [PMID: 19258509 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The lack of safe and efficient systemic gene delivery vectors has largely reduced the potential of gene therapy in the clinic. Previously, we have reported that polypropylenimine dendrimer PPIG3/DNA nanoparticles are capable of tumor transfection upon systemic administration in tumor-bearing mice. To be safely applicable in the clinic, it is crucial to investigate the colloidal stability of nanoparticles and to monitor the exact biodistribution of gene transfer in the whole body of the live subject. Our biophysical characterization shows that dendrimers, when complexed with DNA, are capable of forming spontaneously in solution a supramolecular assembly that possesses all the features required to diffuse in experimental tumors through the enhanced permeability and retention effect. We show that these nanoparticles are of sizes ranging from 33 to 286 nm depending on the DNA concentration, with a colloidal stable and well-organized fingerprint-like structure in which DNA molecules are condensed with an even periodicity of 2.8 nm. Whole-body nuclear imaging using small-animal nano-single-photon emission computed tomography/computer tomography scanner and the human Na/I symporter (NIS) as reporter gene shows unique and highly specific tumor targeting with no detection of gene transfer in any of the other tissues of tumor-bearing mice. Tumor-selective transgene expression was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR at autopsy of scanned animals, whereas genomic PCR showed that the tumor sites are the predominant sites of nanoparticle accumulation. Considering that NIS imaging of transgene expression has been recently validated in humans, our data highlight the potential of these nanoparticles as a new formulation for cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Chisholm
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
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Quantitative molecular imaging of viral therapy for pancreatic cancer using an engineered measles virus expressing the sodium-iodide symporter reporter gene. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009; 192:279-87. [PMID: 19098211 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.08.1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objectives were to, first, determine the oncolytic potential of an engineered measles virus expressing the sodium-iodide symporter gene (MV-NIS) for intratumoral (i.t.) therapy of pancreatic cancer and, second, evaluate NIS as a reporter gene for in vivo monitoring and quantitation of MV-NIS delivery, viral spread, and gene expression in this tumor model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cultured human pancreatic cancer cells were infected with MV-NIS. Light microscopy, cell viability, and iodide uptake assays were used to confirm viral infection and NIS gene expression and function in vitro. Human pancreatic tumor xenografts were established in mice and infected via i.t. MV-NIS injections. NIS-mediated i.t. iodide uptake was quantitated by (123)I micro-SPECT/CT. i.t. MV-NIS infection was confirmed by immunohistochemistry of excised pancreatic xenografts. The oncolytic efficacy of MV-NIS was determined by measurement of tumor growth and mouse survival. RESULTS Infection of human pancreatic cancer cell lines with MV-NIS in vitro resulted in syncytia formation, marked iodide uptake, and ultimately cell death. Tumor xenografts infected with MV-NIS concentrated radioiodine, allowing serial quantitative imaging with (123)I micro-SPECT/CT. i.t. MV-NIS therapy of human pancreatic cancer xenografts resulted in a significant reduction in tumor volume and increased survival time of the treated mice compared with the control mice. CONCLUSION MV-NIS efficiently infects human pancreatic tumor cells and results in sufficient radioiodine uptake to enable noninvasive serial imaging and quantitation of the intensity, distribution, and time course of NIS gene expression. MV-NIS also shows oncolytic activity in human pancreatic cancer xenografts: Tumor growth is reduced and survival is increased in mice treated with the virus.
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Abstract
Multimodality molecular imaging continues to rapidly expand and is impacting many areas of biomedical research as well as patient management. Reporter-gene assays have emerged as a very general strategy for indirectly monitoring various intracellular events. Furthermore, reporter genes are being used to monitor gene/cell therapies, including the location(s), time variation, and magnitude of gene expression. This chapter reviews reporter gene technology and its major pre-clinical and clinical applications to date. The future appears quite promising for the continued expansion of the use of reporter genes in many evolving biomedically related arenas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Joon Min
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 160 Ilsimri, Hwasun, Jeonnam 519-809, Republic of Korea.
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Domann FE, Niu G. Detection of Pulmonary Gene Transfer Using Iodide-124/Positron Emission Tomography. Cancer Imaging 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012374212-4.50032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Cell based therapies such as stem cell therapies or adoptive immunotherapies are currently being explored as a potential treatment for a variety of diseases such as Parkinson's disease, diabetes or cancer. However, quantitative and qualitative evaluation of adoptively transferred cells is indispensable for monitoring the efficiency of the treatment. Current approaches mostly analyze transferred cells from peripheral blood, which cannot assess whether transferred cells actually home to and stay in the targeted tissue. Using cell-labeling methods such as direct labeling or transfection with a marker gene in conjunction with various imaging modalities (MRI, optical or nuclear imaging), labeled cells can be followed in vivo in real-time, and their accumulation as well as function in vivo can be monitored and quantified accurately. This method is usually referred to as "cell tracking" or "cell trafficking" and is also being applied in basic biological sciences, exemplified in the evaluation of genes contributing to metastasis. This review focuses on principles of this promising methodology and explains various approaches by highlighting recent examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Grimm
- Dept. of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center,1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Merron A, Peerlinck I, Martin-Duque P, Burnet J, Quintanilla M, Mather S, Hingorani M, Harrington K, Iggo R, Vassaux G. SPECT/CT imaging of oncolytic adenovirus propagation in tumours in vivo using the Na/I symporter as a reporter gene. Gene Ther 2007; 14:1731-8. [PMID: 17960161 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3303043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses have shown some promise in cancer gene therapy. However, their efficacy in clinical trials is often limited, and additional therapeutic interventions have been proposed to increase their efficacies. In this context, molecular imaging of viral spread in tumours could provide unique information to rationalize the timing of these combinations. Here, we use the human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS) as a reporter gene in wild-type and replication-selective adenoviruses. By design, hNIS cDNA is positioned in the E3 region in a wild-type adenovirus type 5 (AdIP1) and in an adenovirus in which a promoter from the human telomerase gene (RNA component) drives E1 expression (AdAM6). Viruses show functional hNIS expression and replication in vitro and kinetics of spread of the different viruses in tumour xenografts are visualized in vivo using a small animal nano-SPECT/CT camera. The time required to reach maximal spread is 48 h for AdIP1 and 72 h for AdAM6 suggesting that genetic engineering of adenoviruses can affect their kinetics of spread in tumours. Considering that this methodology is potentially clinically applicable, we conclude that hNIS-mediated imaging of viral spread in tumours may be an important tool for combined anticancer therapies involving replicating adenoviruses
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Affiliation(s)
- A Merron
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cancer, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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Siddiqui F, Barton KN, Stricker HJ, Steyn PF, Larue SM, Karvelis KC, Sparks RB, Kim JH, Brown SL, Freytag SO. Design considerations for incorporating sodium iodide symporter reporter gene imaging into prostate cancer gene therapy trials. Hum Gene Ther 2007; 18:312-22. [PMID: 17408358 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was done to aid in the design of a phase I gene therapy trial in patients with prostate cancer. We determined the dosimetric characteristics of our reporter gene system when coupled with intravenous administration of radioactive sodium pertechnetate (Na(99m) TcO(4)) and determined the feasibility of using human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS) as a reporter gene to study the dynamics of adenoviral transgene expression in a large animal tumor. A replication-competent Ad5-yCD/mutTK(SR39) rep-hNIS adenovirus was injected into the prostate gland of dogs for dosimetry purposes, and into a canine soft tissue sarcoma (STS) for imaging purposes. After resection of the prostate, the amount of (99m)TcO(4)() sequestered in the prostate was determined, the radiation dose absorbed by the prostate and nontarget critical organs was calculated, and hNIS reporter gene expression was imaged in the STS by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). On the basis of the findings from 25 dogs, the amount of (99m)TcO (4)() sequestered in the prostate ranged from 13 to 276 muCi. Using the highest value observed, absorbed radiation dose to critical organs was calculated and found to be below U.S. Food and Drug Administration limits for diagnostic imaging. Also, (99m)TcO (4)() uptake was readily detected by SPECT and found to persist in vivo for at least 4 days. On the basis of our dosimetry calculations, up to five imaging procedures can be safely performed in humans after intraprostatic injection of the Ad5-yCD/mutTK(SR39)rep-hNIS adenovirus and the hNIS reporter gene system can be used to study the dynamics of adenoviral gene therapy vectors in large animal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzan Siddiqui
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202
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Krishnan M, Park JM, Cao F, Wang D, Paulmurugan R, Tseng JR, Gonzalgo ML, Gambhir SS, Wu JC. Effects of epigenetic modulation on reporter gene expression: implications for stem cell imaging. FASEB J 2005; 20:106-8. [PMID: 16246867 PMCID: PMC3625424 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-4551fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tracking stem cell localization, survival, differentiation, and proliferation after transplantation in living subjects is essential for understanding stem cell biology and physiology. In this study, we investigated the long-term stability of reporter gene expression in an embryonic rat cardiomyoblast cell line and the role of epigenetic modulation on reversing reporter gene silencing. Cells were stably transfected with plasmids carrying cytomegalovirus promoter driving firefly luciferase reporter gene (CMV-Fluc) and passaged repeatedly for 3-8 months. Within the highest expressor clone, the firefly luciferase activity decreased progressively from passage 1 (843+/-28) to passage 20 (250+/-10) to passage 40 (44+/-3) to passage 60 (3+/-1 RLU/microg; P<0.05 vs. passage 1). Firefly luciferase activity was maximally rescued by treatment with 5-azacytidine (DNA methyltransferase inhibitor) compared with trichostatin A (histone deacetylase inhibitor) and retinoic acid (transcriptional activator; P<0.05). Increasing dosages of 5-azacytidine treatment led to higher levels of firefly luciferase mRNA (RT-PCR) and protein (Western blots) and inversely lower levels of methylation in the CMV promoter (DNA nucleotide sequence). These in vitro results were extended to in vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) of cell transplant in living animals. Cells treated with 5-azacytidine were monitored for 2 wk compared with 1 wk for untreated cells (P<0.05). These findings should have important implications for reporter gene-based imaging of stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manickam Krishnan
- The Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), The Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Jinha M. Park
- The Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), The Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Feng Cao
- The Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), The Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Dongxu Wang
- The Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), The Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Ramasay Paulmurugan
- The Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), The Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Jeffrey R. Tseng
- The Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), The Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Mark L. Gonzalgo
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sanjiv S. Gambhir
- The Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), The Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
- The Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Joseph C. Wu
- The Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), The Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
- The Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
- Correspondence to: Joseph C. Wu, MD, PhD, Stanford University School of Medicine, Edwards Building, R306, Stanford, CA 94305-5344, Ph: 650-736-2246, Fax: 650-736-0234,
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Marsee DK, Vadysirisack DD, Morrison CD, Prasad ML, Eng C, Duh QY, Rauen KA, Kloos RT, Jhiang SM. Variable expression of coxsackie-adenovirus receptor in thyroid tumors: implications for adenoviral gene therapy. Thyroid 2005; 15:977-87. [PMID: 16187905 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2005.15.977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviral gene therapy represents a novel approach for the treatment of aggressive thyroid carcinomas. Both coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR) and integrins have been shown to be the major determinants for adenoviral infectivity in many types of cancer cells, yet conflicting results have been reported. In this report we examine these factors mediating adenoviral infection in thyroid cells and to evaluate CAR expression in various types of thyroid cancer. We found that neither expression levels of CAR nor integrins are solely predictive of adenoviral infectivity in thyroid cells. However, the absence of CAR was associated with poor adenoviral infectivity in immortalized rat FRTL-5 cells. Moreover, preincubation with alpha-CAR antibody decreased infectivity in FTC 238 cells, a human thyroid tumor line. These results indicate that CAR does play a role in adenoviral infection of thyroid cells. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that CAR is expressed at the cell surface in the majority of malignant thyroid tumors. We further show that adenoviral infectivity in some thyroid cancer cells can be improved by poly-L-lysine. Our study warrants a functional method to evaluate adenoviral infectivity should be developed and instituted prior to clinical trials of adenoviral gene therapy in patients with advanced thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek K Marsee
- Medical Scientist Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Abstract
Thyroid carcinomas are suitable targets for gene therapy because they can be highly lethal on one hand, while being susceptible to specific tumour targeting on the other hand. Several gene therapy modalities have been evaluated so far in experimental models of thyroid cancer, including tumour suppressor gene replacement, oncogene inhibition, suicide gene therapy, immunotherapy, antiangiogenesis, and viral oncolysis. All of these strategies have shown promising results, but clinical studies are lacking. Based on the clinical experience achieved in a pilot study in patients with advanced thyroid cancer and on clinical results in other types of solid cancer, it is suggested that combined gene therapy approaches, as well as multimodality therapeutic regimens, including gene therapy and conventional treatments, should be pursued to achieve clinically significant results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Barzon
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, I-35121 Padova, Italy.
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