1
|
Jing R, Fu M, Huang Y, Zhang K, Ye J, Gong F, Jihea Ali Naji Nasser AB, Xu X, Xiao J, Yu G, Lin S, Zhao W, Xu N, Li X, Li Z, Gao S. Oat β-glucan repairs the epidermal barrier by upregulating the levels of epidermal differentiation, cell-cell junctions and lipids via Dectin-1. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1596-1613. [PMID: 38124222 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Oat β-glucan could ameliorate epidermal hyperplasia and accelerate epidermal barrier repair. Dectin-1 is one of the receptors of β-glucan and many biological functions of β-glucan are mediated by Dectin-1. Dectin-1 promotes wound healing through regulating the proliferation and migration of skin cells. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the role of oat β-glucan and Dectin-1 in epidermal barrier repair. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To investigate the role of Dectin-1 in the epidermal barrier, indicators associated with the recovery of a damaged epidermal barrier, including histopathological changes, keratinization, proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, cell-cell junctions and lipid content were compared between WT and Dectin-1-/- mice. Further, the effect of oat β-glucan on the disruption of the epidermal barrier was also compared between WT and Dectin-1-/- mice. KEY RESULTS Dectin-1 deficiency resulted in delayed recovery and marked keratinization, as well as abnormal levels of keratinocyte differentiation, cell-cell junctions and lipid synthesis during the restoration of the epidermal barrier. Oat β-glucan significantly reduces epidermal hyperplasia, promotes epidermal differentiation, increases cell-cell junction expression, promotes lipid synthesis and ultimately accelerates the recovery of damaged epidermal barriers via Dectin-1. Oat β-glucan could promote CaS receptor expression and activate the PPAR-γ signalling pathway via Dectin-1. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Oat β-glucan promote the recovery of damaged epidermal barriers through promoting epidermal differentiation, increasing the expression of cell-cell junctions and lipid synthesis through Dectin-1. Dectin-1 deficiency delay the recovery of epidermal barriers, which indicated that Dectin-1 may be a potential target in epidermal barrier repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Jing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mengli Fu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuhan Huang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kaini Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiabin Ye
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fanghua Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | | | - Xiashun Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiali Xiao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guangdong Yu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shisheng Lin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wengang Zhao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Nuo Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim H, Choi MR, Jeon SH, Jang Y, Yang YD. Pathophysiological Roles of Ion Channels in Epidermal Cells, Immune Cells, and Sensory Neurons in Psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2756. [PMID: 38474002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by the rapid abnormal growth of skin cells in the epidermis, driven by an overactive immune system. Consequently, a complex interplay among epidermal cells, immune cells, and sensory neurons contributes to the development and progression of psoriasis. In these cellular contexts, various ion channels, such as acetylcholine receptors, TRP channels, Ca2+ release-activated channels, chloride channels, and potassium channels, each serve specific functions to maintain the homeostasis of the skin. The dysregulation of ion channels plays a major role in the pathophysiology of psoriasis, affecting various aspects of epidermal cells, immune responses, and sensory neuron signaling. Impaired function of ion channels can lead to altered calcium signaling, inflammation, proliferation, and sensory signaling, all of which are central features of psoriasis. This overview summarizes the pathophysiological roles of ion channels in epidermal cells, immune cells, and sensory neurons during early and late psoriatic processes, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of ion channel involvement in the interplay of psoriasis and making a crucial advance toward more precise and personalized approaches for psoriasis treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyungsup Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ran Choi
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ho Jeon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Pocheon 11160, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongwoo Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04736, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Duk Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Pocheon 11160, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bikle DD. Role of vitamin D and calcium signaling in epidermal wound healing. J Endocrinol Invest 2023; 46:205-212. [PMID: 35963983 PMCID: PMC9859773 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-022-01893-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review will discuss the role of vitamin D and calcium signaling in the epidermal wound response with particular focus on the stem cells of the epidermis and hair follicle that contribute to the wounding response. METHODS Selected publications relevant to the mechanisms of wound healing in general and the roles of calcium and vitamin D in wound healing in particular were reviewed. RESULTS Following wounding the stem cells of the hair follicle and interfollicular epidermis are activated to proliferate and migrate to the wound where they take on an epidermal fate to re-epithelialize the wound and regenerate the epidermis. The vitamin D and calcium sensing receptors (VDR and CaSR, respectively) are expressed in the stem cells of the hair follicle and epidermis where they play a critical role in enabling the stem cells to respond to wounding. Deletion of Vdr and/or Casr from these cells delays wound healing. The VDR is regulated by co-regulators such as the Med 1 complex and other transcription factors such as Ctnnb (beta-catenin) and p63. The formation of the Cdh1/Ctnn (E-cadherin/catenin) complex jointly stimulated by vitamin D and calcium plays a critical role in the activation, migration, and re-epithelialization processes. CONCLUSION Vitamin D and calcium signaling are critical for the ability of epidermal and hair follicle stem cells to respond to wounding. Vitamin D deficiency with the accompanying decrease in calcium signaling can result in delayed and/or chronic wounds, a major cause of morbidity, loss of productivity, and medical expense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D D Bikle
- Department of Medicine and Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang C, Rybchyn MS, De Silva WGM, Matthews J, Holland AJA, Conigrave AD, Mason RS. UV-induced DNA Damage in Skin is Reduced by CaSR Inhibition. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 98:1157-1166. [PMID: 35288938 PMCID: PMC9540002 DOI: 10.1111/php.13615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis maintains a cellular calcium gradient that supports keratinocyte differentiation from its basal layers (low) to outer layers (high) leading to the development of the stratum corneum, which resists penetration of UV radiation. The calcium‐sensing receptor (CaSR) expressed in keratinocytes responds to the calcium gradient with signals that promote differentiation. In this study, we investigated whether the CaSR is involved more directly in protection from UV damage in studies of human keratinocytes in primary culture and in mouse skin studied in vivo. siRNA‐directed reductions in CaSR protein levels in human keratinocytes significantly reduced UV‐induced direct cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) by ~80% and oxidative DNA damage (8‐OHdG) by ~65% compared with control transfected cells. Similarly, in untransfected cells, the CaSR negative modulator, NPS‐2143 (500 nm), reduced UV‐induced CPD and 8‐OHdG by ~70%. NPS‐2143 also enhanced DNA repair and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) by ~35% in UV‐exposed keratinocytes, consistent with reduced DNA damage after UV exposure. Topical application of NPS‐2143 also protected hairless Skh:hr1 mice from UV‐induced CPD, oxidative DNA damage and inflammation, similar to the reductions observed in response to the well‐known photoprotection agent 1,25(OH)2D3 (calcitriol). Thus, negative modulators of the CaSR offer a new approach to reducing UV‐induced skin damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Department of Physiology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Mark Stephen Rybchyn
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2033, Australia
| | | | - Jim Matthews
- Sydney Informatics Hub, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew J A Holland
- Douglas Cohen Department of Paediatric Surgery, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Arthur David Conigrave
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Rebecca Sara Mason
- Department of Physiology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Celli A, Tu CL, Lee E, Bikle DD, Mauro TM. Decreased Calcium-Sensing Receptor Expression Controls Calcium Signaling and Cell-To-Cell Adhesion Defects in Aged Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2577-2586. [PMID: 33862069 PMCID: PMC8526647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) drives essential calcium ion (Ca2+) and E-cadherin‒mediated processes in the epidermis, including differentiation, cell-to-cell adhesion, and epidermal barrier homeostasis in cells and in young adult mice. We now report that decreased CaSR expression leads to impaired Ca2+ signal propagation in aged mouse (aged >22 months) epidermis and human (aged >79 years, donor age) keratinocytes. Baseline cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations were higher, and capacitive Ca2+ entry was lower in aged than in young keratinocytes. As in Casr-knockout mice (EpidCaSR-/-), decreased CaSR expression led to decreased E-cadherin and phospholipase C-γ expression and to a compensatory upregulation of STIM1. Pretreatment with the CaSR agonist N-(3-[2-chlorophenyl]propyl)-(R)-alpha-methyl-3-methoxybenzylamine normalized Ca2+ propagation and E-cadherin organization after experimental wounding. These results suggest that age-related defects in CaSR expression dysregulate normal keratinocyte and epidermal Ca2+ signaling, leading to impaired E-cadherin expression, organization, and function. These findings show an innovative mechanism whereby Ca2+- and E-cadherin‒dependent functions are impaired in aging epidermis and suggest a new therapeutic approach by restoring CaSR function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Celli
- Department of Dermatology, SFVAHCS Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chia-Ling Tu
- Endocrine Unit, San Francisco VA Medical Center (SFVAMC), San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Elise Lee
- Department of Dermatology, SFVAHCS Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daniel D Bikle
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, UCSF Staff Physician, SF Department of Health Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Theodora M Mauro
- Department of Dermatology, SFVAHCS Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bollag WB. Down-Regulated Calcium-Sensing Receptor in Keratinocytes and Skin from Aged Mice and Humans Impairs Function. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2558-2561. [PMID: 34688406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is important in the skin, contributing to several epidermal functions, including differentiation, water permeability barrier repair, and wound healing. Celli et al. (2021) show that CaSR levels are reduced in keratinocytes/skin from aged individuals, with resulting impairment of key functions. CaSR agonists can correct these defects, suggesting a possible therapy to combat aging-related delayed skin wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy B Bollag
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mahanty S, Setty SRG. Epidermal Lamellar Body Biogenesis: Insight Into the Roles of Golgi and Lysosomes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:701950. [PMID: 34458262 PMCID: PMC8387949 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.701950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal lamellar bodies (eLBs) are secretory organelles that carry a wide variety of secretory cargo required for skin homeostasis. eLBs belong to the class of lysosome-related organelles (LROs), which are cell-type-specific organelles that perform diverse functions. The formation of eLBs is thought to be related to that of other LROs, which are formed either through the gradual maturation of Golgi/endosomal precursors or by the conversion of conventional lysosomes. Current evidence suggests that eLB biogenesis presumably initiate from trans-Golgi network and receive cargo from endosomes, and also acquire lysosome characteristics during maturation. These multistep biogenesis processes are frequently disrupted in human skin disorders. However, many gaps remain in our understanding of eLB biogenesis and their relationship to skin diseases. Here, we describe our current understanding on eLB biogenesis with a focus on cargo transport to this LRO and highlight key areas where future research is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Mahanty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Subba Rao Gangi Setty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sharma A, Elble RC. From Orai to E-Cadherin: Subversion of Calcium Trafficking in Cancer to Drive Proliferation, Anoikis-Resistance, and Metastasis. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8060169. [PMID: 32575848 PMCID: PMC7345168 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8060169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The common currency of epithelial differentiation and homeostasis is calcium, stored primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum, rationed according to need, and replenished from the extracellular milieu via store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). This currency is disbursed by the IP3 receptor in response to diverse extracellular signals. The rate of release is governed by regulators of proliferation, autophagy, survival, and programmed cell death, the strength of the signal leading to different outcomes. Intracellular calcium acts chiefly through intermediates such as calmodulin that regulates growth factor receptors such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), actin polymerization, and adherens junction assembly and maintenance. Here we review this machinery and its role in differentiation, then consider how cancer cells subvert it to license proliferation, resist anoikis, and enable metastasis, either by modulating the level of intracellular calcium or its downstream targets or effectors such as EGFR, E-cadherin, IQGAP1, TMEM16A, CLCA2, and TRPA1. Implications are considered for the roles of E-cadherin and growth factor receptors in circulating tumor cells and metastasis. The discovery of novel, cell type-specific modulators and effectors of calcium signaling offers new possibilities for cancer chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aarushi Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA;
| | - Randolph C. Elble
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology and Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +217-545-7381
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bikle D, Christakos S. New aspects of vitamin D metabolism and action - addressing the skin as source and target. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:234-252. [PMID: 32029884 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D has a key role in stimulating calcium absorption from the gut and promoting skeletal health, as well as many other important physiological functions. Vitamin D is produced in the skin. It is subsequently metabolized to its hormonally active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), by the 1-hydroxylase and catabolized by the 24-hydroxylase. In this Review, we pay special attention to the effect of mutations in these enzymes and their clinical manifestations. We then discuss the role of vitamin D binding protein in transporting vitamin D and its metabolites from their source to their targets, the free hormone hypothesis for cell entry and HSP70 for intracellular transport. This is followed by discussion of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) that mediates the cellular actions of 1,25(OH)2D. Cell-specific recruitment of co-regulatory complexes by liganded VDR leads to changes in gene expression that result in distinct physiological actions by 1,25(OH)2D, which are disrupted by mutations in the VDR. We then discuss the epidermis and hair follicle, to provide a non-skeletal example of a tissue that expresses VDR that not only makes vitamin D but also can metabolize it to its hormonally active form. This enables vitamin D to regulate epidermal differentiation and hair follicle cycling and, in so doing, to promote barrier function, wound healing and hair growth, while limiting cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bikle
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Sylvia Christakos
- Departments of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nakhoul NL, Tu CL, Brown KL, Islam MT, Hodges AG, Abdulnour-Nakhoul SM. Calcium-sensing receptor deletion in the mouse esophagus alters barrier function. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G144-G161. [PMID: 31709833 PMCID: PMC6985844 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00021.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is the molecular sensor by which cells respond to small changes in extracellular Ca2+ concentrations. CaSR has been reported to play a role in glandular and fluid secretion in the gastrointestinal tract and to regulate differentiation and proliferation of skin keratinocytes. CaSR is present in the esophageal epithelium, but its role in this tissue has not been defined. We deleted CaSR in the mouse esophagus by generating keratin 5 CreER;CaSRFlox+/+compound mutants, in which loxP sites flank exon 7 of CaSR gene. Recombination was initiated with multiple tamoxifen injections, and we demonstrated exon 7 deletion by PCR analysis of genomic DNA. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analyses showed a significant reduction in CaSR mRNA and protein expression in the knockout mice (EsoCaSR-/-) as compared with control mice. Microscopic examination of EsoCaSR-/- esophageal tissues showed morphological changes including elongation of the rete pegs, abnormal keratinization and stratification, and bacterial buildup on the luminal epithelial surface. Western analysis revealed a significant reduction in levels of adherens junction proteins E-cadherin and β catenin and tight junction protein claudin-1, 4, and 5. Levels of small GTPase proteins Rac/Cdc42, involved in actin remodeling, were also reduced. Ussing chamber experiments showed a significantly lower transepithelial resistance in knockout (KO) tissues. In addition, luminal-to-serosal-fluorescein dextran (4 kDa) flux was higher in KO tissues. Our data indicate that CaSR plays a role in regulating keratinization and cell-cell junctional complexes and is therefore important for the maintenance of the barrier function of the esophagus.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The esophageal stratified squamous epithelium maintains its integrity by continuous proliferation and differentiation of the basal cells. Here, we demonstrate that deletion of the calcium-sensing receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor, from the basal cells disrupts the structure and barrier properties of the epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazih L. Nakhoul
- 1Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana,2Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Chia-Ling Tu
- 3Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Karen L. Brown
- 1Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana,2Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - M. Toriqul Islam
- 1Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana,2Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Anna G. Hodges
- 1Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana,2Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Solange M. Abdulnour-Nakhoul
- 1Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana,2Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana,4Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, Louisiana
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen Y, Li X, Gan X, Qi J, Che B, Tai M, Gao S, Zhao W, Xu N, Hu Z. Fucoidan from Undaria pinnatifida Ameliorates Epidermal Barrier Disruption via Keratinocyte Differentiation and CaSR Level Regulation. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E660. [PMID: 31771286 PMCID: PMC6950751 DOI: 10.3390/md17120660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal barrier acts as a line of defense against external agents as well as helps to maintain body homeostasis. The calcium concentration gradient across the epidermal barrier is closely related to the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes (KCs), and the regulation of these two processes is the key to the repair of epidermal barrier disruption. In the present study, we found that fucoidan from Undaria pinnatifida (UPF) could promote the repair of epidermal barrier disruption in mice. The mechanistic study demonstrated that UPF could promote HaCaT cell differentiation under low calcium condition by up-regulating the expression of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), which could then lead to the activation of the Catenin/PLCγ1 pathway. Further, UPF could increase the expression of CaSR through activate the ERK and p38 pathway. These findings reveal the molecular mechanism of UPF in the repair of the epidermal barrier and provide a basis for the development of UPF into an agent for the repair of epidermal barrier repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Y.C.); (J.Q.)
| | - Xuenan Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (X.L.); (S.G.); (W.Z.)
| | - Xiaoshuang Gan
- Infinitus (China) Company Ltd, Guangzhou 510000, China; (X.G.); (B.C.); (M.T.)
| | - Junmei Qi
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Y.C.); (J.Q.)
| | - Biao Che
- Infinitus (China) Company Ltd, Guangzhou 510000, China; (X.G.); (B.C.); (M.T.)
| | - Meiling Tai
- Infinitus (China) Company Ltd, Guangzhou 510000, China; (X.G.); (B.C.); (M.T.)
| | - Shuang Gao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (X.L.); (S.G.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wengang Zhao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (X.L.); (S.G.); (W.Z.)
| | - Nuo Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Y.C.); (J.Q.)
| | - Zhenlin Hu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (X.L.); (S.G.); (W.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang M, Yang H, Wan X, Lu L, Zhang J, Zhang H, Ye T, Liu Q, Xie M, Liu X, Yu S, Guo S, Chang W, Wang M. Prevention of Injury-Induced Osteoarthritis in Rodent Temporomandibular Joint by Targeting Chondrocyte CaSR. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:726-738. [PMID: 30496623 PMCID: PMC6482062 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic joint injuries produce osteoarthritic cartilage manifesting accelerated chondrocyte terminal differentiation and matrix degradation via unknown cellular and molecular mechanisms. Here we report the ability of biomechanical stress to increase expression of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), a pivotal driver of chondrocyte terminal differentiation, in cultured chondrogenic cells subjected to fluid flow shear stress (FFSS) and in chondrocytes of rodent temporomandibular joint (TMJ) cartilage subjected to unilateral anterior cross-bite (UAC). In cultured ATDC5 cells or TMJ chondrocytes, FFSS induced Ca2+ loading and CaSR localization in endoplasmic reticulum (ER), casually accelerating cell differentiation that could be abrogated by emptying ER Ca2+ stores or CaSR knockdown. Likewise, acute chondrocyte-specific Casr knockout (KO) prevented the UAC-induced acceleration of chondrocyte terminal differentiation and matrix degradation in TMJ cartilage in mice. More importantly, local injections of CaSR antagonist, NPS2143, replicated the effects of Casr KO in preventing the development of osteoarthritic phenotypes in TMJ cartilage of the UAC-treated rats. Our study revealed a novel pathological action of CaSR in development of osteoarthritic cartilage due to aberrant mechanical stimuli and supports a therapeutic potential of calcilytics in preventing osteoarthritis in temporomandibular joints by targeting the CaSR. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongxu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xianghong Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mianjiao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shibin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shaoxiong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenhan Chang
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Meiqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tu CL, Celli A, Mauro T, Chang W. Calcium-Sensing Receptor Regulates Epidermal Intracellular Ca 2+ Signaling and Re-Epithelialization after Wounding. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:919-929. [PMID: 30404020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+o) is a crucial regulator of epidermal homeostasis and its receptor, the Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR), conveys the Ca2+o signals to promote keratinocyte adhesion, differentiation, and survival via activation of intracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+i) and E-cadherin-mediated signaling. Here, we took genetic loss-of-function approaches to delineate the functions of CaSR in wound re-epithelialization. Cutaneous injury triggered a robust CaSR expression and a surge of Ca2+i in epidermis. CaSR and E-cadherin were co-expressed at the cell-cell membrane between migratory keratinocytes in the nascent epithelial tongues. Blocking the expression of CaSR or E-cadherin in cultured keratinocytes markedly inhibited the wound-induced Ca2+i propagation and their ability to migrate collectively. Depleting CaSR also suppressed keratinocyte proliferation by downregulating the E-cadherin/epidermal growth factor receptor/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling axis. Blunted epidermal Ca2+i response to wounding and retarded wound healing were observed in the keratinocyte-specific CaSR knockout (EpidCasr-/-) mice, whose shortened neo-epithelia exhibited declined E-cadherin expression and diminished keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Conversely, stimulating endogenous CaSR with calcimimetic NPS-R568 accelerated wound re-epithelialization through enhancing the epidermal Ca2+i signals and E-cadherin membrane expression. These findings demonstrated a critical role for the CaSR in epidermal regeneration and its therapeutic potential for improving skin wound repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ling Tu
- Endocrine Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - Anna Celli
- Dermatology Department, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Theodora Mauro
- Dermatology Department, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wenhan Chang
- Endocrine Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Epidermal barrier formation and the maintenance of barrier homeostasis are essential to protect us from the external environments and organisms. Moreover, impaired keratinocytes differentiation and dysfunctional skin barrier can be the primary causes or aggravating factors for many inflammatory skin diseases including atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Therefore, understanding the regulation mechanisms of keratinocytes differentiation and skin barrier homeostasis is important to understand many skin diseases and establish an effective treatment strategy. Calcium ions (Ca2+) and their concentration gradient in the epidermis are essential in regulating many skin functions, including keratinocyte differentiation, skin barrier formation, and permeability barrier homeostasis. Recent studies have suggested that the intracellular Ca2+ stores such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are the major components that form the epidermal calcium gradient and the ER calcium homeostasis is crucial for regulating keratinocytes differentiation, intercellular junction formation, antimicrobial barrier, and permeability barrier homeostasis. Thus, both Ca2+ release from intracellular stores, such as the ER and Ca2+ influx mechanisms are important in skin barrier. In addition, growing evidences identified the functional existence and the role of many types of calcium channels which mediate calcium flux in keratinocytes. In this review, the origin of epidermal calcium gradient and their role in the formation and regulation of skin barrier are focused. We also focus on the role of ER calcium homeostasis in skin barrier. Furthermore, the distribution and role of epidermal calcium channels, including transient receptor potential channels, store-operated calcium entry channel Orai1, and voltage-gated calcium channels in skin barrier are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Eun Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hun Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang MM, Li H, Zhang FF, Ma KT, Cao WW, Gu Q. [Role of calcium-sensing receptor in neonatal mice with persistent pulmonary hypertension]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2017; 19:208-214. [PMID: 28202122 PMCID: PMC7389458 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) agonists and antagonists on the expression of CaSR in neonatal mice with persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHN), and to clarify the role of CaSR in neonatal mice with PPHN. METHODS Forty-nine neonatal mice were randomly divided into four groups: control (n=10), hypoxia (PPHN; n=11), agonist (n=13), and antagonist (n=15). The mice in the PPHN, agonist, and antagonist groups were exposed to an oxygen concentration of 12%, and those in the control group were exposed to the air. The mice in the agonist and antagonist groups were intraperitoneally injected with gadolinium chloride (16 mg/kg) and NPS2390 (1 mg/kg) respectively once daily. Those in the PPHN and the control groups were given normal saline daily. All the mice were treated for 14 consecutive days. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry were used to observe the changes in pulmonary vessels. Laser confocal microscopy was used to observe the site of CaSR expression and measure its content in lung tissues. qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to measure the mRNA and protein expression of CaSR in lung tissues. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the PPHN group had significant increases in the pulmonary small artery wall thickness and the ratio of right to left ventricular wall thickness (P<0.05), which suggested that the model was successfully prepared. Compared with the control group, the PPHN group had a significant increase in the mRNA and protein expression of CaSR (P<0.05), and the agonist group had a significantly greater increase (P<0.05); the antagonist group had a significant reduction in the mRNA and protein expression of CaSR (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS CaSR may play an important role in the development of PPHN induced by hypoxia in neonatal mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cubillos S, Norgauer J. Low vitamin D-modulated calcium-regulating proteins in psoriasis vulgaris plaques: S100A7 overexpression depends on joint involvement. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1083-92. [PMID: 27573000 PMCID: PMC5029959 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease with or without joint involvement. In this disease, the thickened epidermis and impaired barrier are associated with altered calcium gradients. Calcium and vitamin D are known to play important roles in keratinocyte differentiation and bone metabolism. Intracellular calcium is regulated by calcium-sensing receptor (CASR), calcium release-activated calcium modulator (ORAI) and stromal interaction molecule (STIM). Other proteins modulated by vitamin D play important roles in calcium regulation e.g., calbindin 1 (CALB1) and transient receptor potential cation channel 6 (TRPV6). In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression of calcium-regulating proteins in the plaques of patients with psoriasis vulgaris with or without joint inflammation. We confirmed low calcium levels, keratinocyte hyperproliferation and an altered epidermal barrier. The CASR, ORAI1, ORAI3, STIM1, CALB1 and TRPV6 mRNA, as well as the sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1), 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1-α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) protein levels were low in the plaques of patients with psoriasis. We demonstrated S100 calcium-binding protein A7 (S100A7) overexpression in the plaques of patients with psoriasis vulgaris with joint inflammation, compared with those without joint involvement. We suggest an altered capacity to regulate the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), characterized by a reduced expression of CASR, ORAI1, ORAI3, STIM1, CALB1 and TRPV6 associated with diminished levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], which may be associated with an altered balance between keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation in the psoriatic epidermis. Additionally, differences in S100A7 expression depend on the presence of joint involvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cubillos
- Department of Dermatology, Jena University Hospital, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Norgauer
- Department of Dermatology, Jena University Hospital, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bikle DD, Jiang Y, Nguyen T, Oda Y, Tu CL. Disruption of Vitamin D and Calcium Signaling in Keratinocytes Predisposes to Skin Cancer. Front Physiol 2016; 7:296. [PMID: 27462278 PMCID: PMC4940389 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), the active metabolite of vitamin D, and calcium regulate epidermal differentiation. 1,25(OH)2D exerts its effects through the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a transcription factor in the nuclear hormone receptor family, whereas calcium acts through the calcium sensing receptor (Casr), a membrane bound member of the G protein coupled receptor family. We have developed mouse models in which the Vdr and Casr have been deleted in the epidermis (epidVdr−∕− and epidCasr−∕−). Both genotypes show abnormalities in calcium induced epidermal differentiation in vivo and in vitro, associated with altered hedgehog (HH) and β–catenin signaling that when abnormally expressed lead to basal cell carcinomas (BCC) and trichofolliculomas, respectively. The Vdr−∕− mice are susceptible to tumor formation following UVB or chemical carcinogen exposure. More recently we found that the keratinocytes from these mice over express long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) oncogenes such as H19 and under express lncRNA tumor suppressors such as lincRNA-21. Spontaneous tumors have not been observed in either the epidVdr−∕− or epidCasr−∕−. But in mice with epidermal specific deletion of both Vdr and Casr (epidVdr−∕−/epidCasr−∕− [DKO]) tumor formation occurs spontaneously when the DKO mice are placed on a low calcium diet. These results demonstrate important interactions between vitamin D and calcium signaling through their respective receptors that lead to cancer when these signals are disrupted. The roles of the β–catenin, hedgehog, and lncRNA pathways in predisposing the epidermis to tumor formation when vitamin D and calcium signaling are disrupted will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yan Jiang
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thai Nguyen
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yuko Oda
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chia-Ling Tu
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li LH, Tian XR, Jiang Z, Zeng LW, He WF, Hu ZP. The Golgi Apparatus: Panel Point of Cytosolic Ca(2+) Regulation. Neurosignals 2016; 21:272-84. [PMID: 23796968 DOI: 10.1159/000350471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus (GA), an intermediate organelle of the cell inner membrane system, plays a key role in protein glycosylation and secretion. In recent years, this organelle has been found to act as a vital intracellular Ca(2+) store because different Ca (2+) regulators, such as the inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate receptor, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) -ATPase and secretory pathway Ca 2+ -ATPase, were demonstrated to localize on their membrane. The mechanisms involved in Ca(2+) release and uptake in the GA have now been established.Here, based on careful backward looking on compartments and patterns in GA Ca (2+) regulation, we review neurological diseases related to GA calcium remodeling and propose a modified cytosolic Ca(2+) adjustment model, in which GA acts as part of the panel point.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Li
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha; School of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou , PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hansson E, Skiöldebrand E. Coupled cell networks are target cells of inflammation, which can spread between different body organs and develop into systemic chronic inflammation. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2015. [PMID: 26213498 PMCID: PMC4514450 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-015-0091-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several organs in the body comprise cells coupled into networks. These cells have in common that they are excitable but do not express action potentials. Furthermore, they are equipped with Ca2+ signaling systems, which can be intercellular and/or extracellular. The transport of small molecules between the cells occurs through gap junctions comprising connexin 43. Examples of cells coupled into networks include astrocytes, keratinocytes, chondrocytes, synovial fibroblasts, osteoblasts, connective tissue cells, cardiac and corneal fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, hepatocytes, and different types of glandular cells. These cells are targets for inflammation, which can be initiated after injury or in disease. If the inflammation reaches the CNS, it develops into neuroinflammation and can be of importance in the development of systemic chronic inflammation, which can manifest as pain and result in changes in the expression and structure of cellular components. Biochemical parameters of importance for cellular functions are described in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Hansson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Per Dubbsgatan 14, 1tr, , SE 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eva Skiöldebrand
- Section of Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden ; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wen L, Sun L, Xi Y, Chen X, Xing Y, Sun W, Meng Q, Cai L. Expression of calcium sensing receptor and E-cadherin correlated with survival of lung adenocarcinoma. Thorac Cancer 2015; 6:754-60. [PMID: 26557914 PMCID: PMC4632928 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been reported that the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR), a widely expressed G protein-coupled receptor, can stimulate cell differentiation and proliferation. However, in malignant tumors, loss of CaSR expression has been associated with tumorigenesis, metastasis, and progression. Recent studies have indicated that the CaSR could promote the expression of E-cadherin, which was considered a tumor suppressor. However, in human lung adenocarcinoma, the importance of the CaSR and E-cadherin has not been sufficiently investigated. Methods Expression levels of CaSR and E-cadherin in paraffin sections from 117 resected lung adenocarcinoma patients were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. We analyzed the correlation between our target proteins and clinical variables. Clinical significance was analyzed by multivariate Cox regression analysis, Kaplan–Meier curve, and log-rank test. Results Expression of the CaSR in lung adenocarcinoma tissue was significantly lower than in the normal sample (P = 0.003). Kendall tau-b analysis showed that, in a lung adenocarcinoma sample, the expression of CaSR positively correlated with a high level of E-cadherin (P < 0.001). Lung adenocarcinoma patients with a strong expression of CaSR (P = 0.034) or E-cadherin (P = 0.001) had longer overall survival. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model analysis showed that the combined marker was an independent prognostic indicator of overall survival (hazard ratio = 0.440, confidence interval = 0.249–0.779, P = 0.005). Conclusions We identified the CaSR as a new prognostic biomarker in lung adenocarcinoma. These results also suggested that the CaSR may become a new therapeutic target of lung adenocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Wen
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital Harbin, China
| | - Lichun Sun
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital Harbin, China
| | - Yuhui Xi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University Harbin, China
| | - Xuesong Chen
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital Harbin, China
| | - Ying Xing
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital Harbin, China
| | - Weiling Sun
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital Harbin, China
| | - Qingwei Meng
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital Harbin, China
| | - Li Cai
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sicart A, Katan M, Egea G, Sarri E. PLCγ1 participates in protein transport and diacylglycerol production triggered by cargo arrival at the Golgi. Traffic 2015; 16:250-66. [PMID: 25491205 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol (DAG) is required for membrane traffic and structural organization at the Golgi. DAG is a lipid metabolite of several enzymatic reactions present at this organelle, but the mechanisms by which they are regulated are still unknown. Here, we show that cargo arrival at the Golgi increases the recruitment of the DAG-sensing constructs C1-PKCθ-GFP and the PKD-wt-GFP. The recruitment of both constructs was reduced by PLCγ1 silencing. Post-Golgi trafficking of transmembrane and soluble proteins was impaired in PLCγ1-silenced cells. Under basal conditions, PLCγ1 contributed to the maintenance of the pool of DAG associated with the Golgi and to the structural organization of the organelle. Finally, we show that cytosolic phospholipase C (PLC) can hydrolyse phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate in isolated Golgi membranes. Our results indicate that PLCγ1 is part of the molecular mechanism that couples cargo arrival at the Golgi with DAG production to co-ordinate the formation of transport carriers for post-Golgi traffic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Sicart
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, C/ Casanova, 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain; Current address: Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Centre for the Biology of Disease and KU Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Campus Gasthuisberg, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hailey-Hailey disease: investigation of a possible compensatory SERCA2 up-regulation and analysis of SPCA1, p63, and IRF6 expression. Arch Dermatol Res 2014; 307:143-9. [PMID: 25256005 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-014-1506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hailey-Hailey disease (HHD) is caused by heterozygous mutations in the ATP2C1 gene, encoding the secretory pathway Ca(2+) ATPase1 (SPCA1). SPCA1 and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase2 (SERCA2) encoded by ATP2A2 are two essential calcium pumps needed for Ca(2+) homeostasis maintenance in keratinocytes. ATP2A2 mutations cause another hereditary skin disorder, Darier's disease (DD). Previously, the compensatory expression of SPCA1 for SERCA2 insufficiency in DD was demonstrated, but it is not known whether a similar compensatory mechanism exists in HHD. Additionally, little is known about the role of p63 and interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6), two important regulatory factors involved in keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, in HHD. Here, we used the skin biopsy samples from patients with HHD and human primary keratinocytes transfected with ATP2C1 siRNA to search for potential pathogenic mechanisms in HHD. We observed normal SERCA2 levels, but reduced p63, and increased IRF6 levels in HHD epidermal tissues and SPCA1-deficient keratinocytes. This suggests that there is no compensatory mechanism by SERCA2 for the SPCA1 deficiency in HHD. Moreover, the abnormal expression of p63 and IRF6 appears to be related to SPCA1 haploinsufficiency, with down-regulation of p63 probably resulting from IRF6 overexpression in HHD. We speculate that a novel pathogenic mechanism involving SPCA1, p63, and IRF6 may play a role in the skin lesions occurring in HHD.
Collapse
|
23
|
Meng K, Xu J, Zhang C, Zhang R, Yang H, Liao C, Jiao J. Calcium sensing receptor modulates extracellular calcium entry and proliferation via TRPC3/6 channels in cultured human mesangial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98777. [PMID: 24905090 PMCID: PMC4048219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) has been demonstrated to be present in several tissues and cells unrelated to systemic calcium homeostasis, where it regulates a series of diverse cellular functions. A previous study indicated that CaSR is expressed in mouse glomerular mesangial cells (MCs), and stimulation of CaSR induces cell proliferation. However, the signaling cascades initiated by CaSR activation in MCs are currently unknown. In this study, our data demonstrate that CaSR mRNA and protein are expressed in a human mesangial cell line. Activating CaSR with high extracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]o) or spermine induces a phospholipase C (PLC)-dependent increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). Interestingly, the CaSR activation-induced increase in [Ca2+]i results not only from intracellular Ca2+ release from internal stores but also from canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC)-dependent Ca2+ influx. This increase in Ca2+ was attenuated by treatment with a nonselective TRPC channel blocker but not by treatment with a voltage-gated calcium blocker or Na+/Ca2+ exchanger inhibitor. Furthermore, stimulation of CaSR by high [Ca2+]o enhanced the expression of TRPC3 and TRPC6 but not TRPC1 and TRPC4, and siRNA targeting TRPC3 and TRPC6 attenuated the CaSR activation-induced [Ca2+]i increase. Further experiments indicate that 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG), a known activator of receptor-operated calcium channels, significantly enhances the CaSR activation-induced [Ca2+]i increase. Moreover, under conditions in which intracellular stores were already depleted with thapsigargin (TG), CaSR agonists also induced an increase in [Ca2+]i, suggesting that calcium influx stimulated by CaSR agonists does not require the release of calcium stores. Finally, our data indicate that pharmacological inhibition and knock down of TRPC3 and TRPC6 attenuates the CaSR activation-induced cell proliferation in human MCs. With these data, we conclude that CaSR activation mediates Ca2+ influx and cell proliferation via TRPC3 and TRPC6 in human MCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Meng
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chengwei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - He Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chang Liao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jundong Jiao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wnt5a/β-catenin signaling drives calcium-induced differentiation of human primary keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2183-2191. [PMID: 24658506 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that a gradient of extracellular calcium within the epidermis regulates the differentiation of keratinocytes. However, the molecular mechanisms implicated in this process are not fully understood. RNA interference of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) showed that CaSR is essential in calcium-induced differentiation of normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) by increasing the levels of free intracellular calcium, which upregulates the expression of Wnt5a but not Wnt3a, Wnt4, and Dkk-1 in the cells. Subsequently, autocrine Wnt5a promotes the differentiation of NHEKs, determined by increased biosynthesis of keratin-1 and loricrin, whereas proliferation is suppressed. Addition of both Wnt5a and calcium to NHEKs activated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway as indicated by (i) increased stability of β-catenin in the cells, (ii) enhanced β-catenin transcriptional activity, demonstrated by a luciferase-based β-catenin-activated reporter assay, and (iii) augmented Wnt/β-catenin target gene expression. NHEKs depleted for β-catenin had a significantly reduced susceptibility to calcium-induced differentiation. Knockdown of axin 2, an antagonist of β-catenin stability, enhanced the biosynthesis of keratin-1 and loricrin in the cells. Our findings establish a directional crosstalk between CaSR and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in keratinocyte differentiation via Wnt5a that acts as an autocrine stimulus in this process.
Collapse
|
25
|
Qin H, Bollag WB. The caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide decreases phosphatidylglycerol levels and inhibits calcium-induced differentiation in mouse keratinocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80946. [PMID: 24236206 PMCID: PMC3827482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D2 (PLD2) has been found localized in low-density caveolin-rich membrane microdomains. Our previous study suggested that PLD2 and aquaporin 3 (AQP3) interact in these domains to inhibit keratinocyte proliferation and promote differentiation by cooperating to produce phosphatidylglycerol. To examine the effect of membrane microdomain localization on the PLD2/AQP3 signaling module and keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, we treated mouse keratinocytes with 3 µM cell-permeable caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide or a negative control peptide and stimulated cell differentiation using a moderately elevated extracellular calcium concentration (125 uM) to maximally promote differentiation and phosphatidylglycerol production. Cell proliferation, differentiation, total PLD activity, phosphatidylglycerol levels, and AQP3 activity were monitored. The caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide itself had no effect on phosphatidylglycerol levels or keratinocyte proliferation or differentiation but prevented the changes induced by a moderately elevated calcium concentration, whereas a negative control did not. The caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide had little effect on total PLD activity or glycerol uptake (AQP3 activity). We conclude that the caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide disrupts the functional association between AQP3 and PLD2 and prevents both the inhibited proliferation and the stimulated differentiation in response to elevated extracellular calcium levels. The interaction of caveolin-1 and PLD2 is indirect (i.e., lipid mediated); together with the proliferation-promoting effects of caveolin-1 knockout on epidermal keratinocytes, we propose that the caveolin-1 scaffolding domain pepetide exerts a dominant-negative effect on caveolin-1 to alter lipid rafts in these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Qin
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wendy B. Bollag
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Medicine (Dermatology), Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oral Biology and Cell Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Desmosomes anchor intermediate filaments at sites of cell contact established by the interaction of cadherins extending from opposing cells. The incorporation of cadherins, catenin adaptors, and cytoskeletal elements resembles the closely related adherens junction. However, the recruitment of intermediate filaments distinguishes desmosomes and imparts a unique function. By linking the load-bearing intermediate filaments of neighboring cells, desmosomes create mechanically contiguous cell sheets and, in so doing, confer structural integrity to the tissues they populate. This trait and a well-established role in human disease have long captured the attention of cell biologists, as evidenced by a publication record dating back to the mid-1860s. Likewise, emerging data implicating the desmosome in signaling events pertinent to organismal development, carcinogenesis, and genetic disorders will secure a prominent role for desmosomes in future biological and biomedical investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Harmon
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg, School of Medicine , Chicago, IL , USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tu CL, Bikle DD. Role of the calcium-sensing receptor in calcium regulation of epidermal differentiation and function. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 27:415-27. [PMID: 23856269 PMCID: PMC3713412 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium composed of proliferating basal and differentiated suprabasal keratinocytes. It serves as the body's major physical and chemical barrier against infection and harsh environmental insults, as well as preventing excess water loss from the body into the atmosphere. Calcium is a key regulator of the proliferation and differentiation in keratinocytes. Elevated extracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]o) raises the levels of intracellular free calcium ([Ca(2+)]i), promotes cell-cell adhesion, and activates differentiation-related genes. Keratinocytes deficient in the calcium-sensing receptor fail to respond to [Ca(2+)]o stimulation and to differentiate, indicating a role for the calcium-sensing receptor in transducing the [Ca(2+)]o signal during differentiation. The concepts derived from in vitro gene knockdown experiments have been evaluated and confirmed in three mouse models in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ling Tu
- Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affair Medical Center and The University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Breitwieser GE. The calcium sensing receptor life cycle: trafficking, cell surface expression, and degradation. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 27:303-13. [PMID: 23856261 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) must function in the chronic presence of agonist, and recent studies suggest that its ability to signal under such conditions depends upon the unique mechanism(s) regulating its cellular trafficking. This chapter will highlight the evidence supporting an intracellular endoplasmic reticulum-localized pool of CaSR that can be mobilized to the plasma membrane by CaSR signaling, leading to agonist-driven insertional signaling (ADIS). I summarize evidence for the role of small GTP binding proteins (Rabs, Sar1 and ARFs), cargo receptors or chaperones (p24A, RAMPs) and interacting proteins (14-3-3 proteins, calmodulin) in anterograde trafficking of CaSR, and discuss the potential signaling specializations arising from CaSR interactions with caveolins or Filamin A/Rho. Finally, I summarize current knowledge about CaSR endocytosis and degradation by both the proteasome and lysosome, and highlight recent studies indicating that defective trafficking of CaSR or interacting protein mutants contributes to pathology in disorders of calcium homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerda E Breitwieser
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, 100 N. Academy Avenue, Danville, PA 17822-2604, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Calcium sensing receptor regulates cardiomyocyte function through nuclear calcium. Cell Biol Int 2013; 36:937-43. [PMID: 22708524 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20110594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear Ca(2+) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of gene expression. IP3 (inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate) is an important regulator of nuclear Ca(2+). We hypothesized that the CaR (calcium sensing receptor) stimulates nuclear Ca(2+) release through IICR (IP3-induced calcium release) from perinuclear stores. Spontaneous Ca(2+) oscillations and the spark frequency of nuclear Ca(2+) were measured simultaneously in NRVMs (neonatal rat ventricular myocytes) using confocal imaging. CaR-induced nuclear Ca(2+) release through IICR was abolished by inhibition of CaR and IP3Rs (IP3 receptors). However, no effect on the inhibition of RyRs (ryanodine receptors) was detected. The results suggest that CaR specifically modulates nuclear Ca(2+) signalling through the IP(3)R pathway. Interestingly, nuclear Ca(2+) was released from perinuclear stores by CaR activator-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through the Ca(2+)-dependent phosphatase CaN (calcineurin)/NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells) pathway. We have also demonstrated that the activation of the CaR increased the NRVM protein content, enlarged cell size and stimulated CaN expression and NFAT nuclear translocation in NRVMs. Thus, CaR enhances the nuclear Ca(2+) transient in NRVMs by increasing fractional Ca(2+) release from perinuclear stores, which is involved in cardiac hypertrophy through the CaN/NFAT pathway.
Collapse
|
30
|
Crankshaw DJ, Pistilli MJ, O'Brien YM, Sweeney EM, Dockery P, Holloway AC, Morrison JJ. The effects of extracellular calcium-sensing receptor ligands on the contractility of pregnant human myometrium in vitro. Reprod Sci 2013; 20:882-90. [PMID: 23287098 DOI: 10.1177/1933719112468949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ligands for extracellular calcium-sensing (CaS) receptors inhibit oxytocin-induced contractions of the rat's uterus. In this study, we investigated whether the CaS receptor ligands calindol, cinacalcet, and calhex 231 have similar effects on pregnant human myometrium. We compared their effects to those of the calcium-channel blocker nifedipine. In conventional concentration-effect experiments, both the mean contractile force (MCF) and the maximum amplitude of contractions induced by 1 nmol/L oxytocin were inhibited by nifedipine. Calindol and cinacalcet were ineffective as inhibitors, while calhex-231 produced partial inhibition. When single 10 μmol/L doses were applied calhex-231 produced a slowly developing inhibition, reducing the MCF to 38%, and amplitude to 34%, of vehicle controls after 1 hour. In similar experiments, calindol was ineffective while cinacalcet weakly inhibited only the amplitude. Immunohistochemistry revealed sparse expression of CaS receptors in pregnant human myometrium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis J Crankshaw
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University of Ireland-Galway, Ireland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Skeletal tissues in Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) express the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2012; 163:311-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
32
|
Abstract
Calcium is the major regulator of keratinocyte differentiation in vivo and in vitro. A calcium gradient within the epidermis promotes the sequential differentiation of keratinocytes as they traverse the different layers of the epidermis to form the permeability barrier of the stratum corneum. Calcium promotes differentiation by both outside-in and inside-out signaling. A number of signaling pathways involved with differentiation are regulated by calcium, including the formation of desmosomes, adherens junctions and tight junctions, which maintain cell-cell adhesion and play an important intracellular signaling role through their activation of various kinases and phospholipases that produce second messengers that regulate intracellular free calcium and PKC activity, critical for the differentiation process. The calcium receptor plays a central role by initiating the intracellular signaling events that drive differentiation in response to extracellular calcium. This review will discuss these mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhongjian Xie
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chia-Ling Tu
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Breitwieser GE. Minireview: the intimate link between calcium sensing receptor trafficking and signaling: implications for disorders of calcium homeostasis. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:1482-95. [PMID: 22745192 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) regulates organismal Ca(2+) homeostasis. Dysregulation of CaSR expression or mutations in the CASR gene cause disorders of Ca(2+) homeostasis and contribute to the progression or severity of cancers and cardiovascular disease. This brief review highlights recent findings that define the CaSR life cycle, which controls the cellular abundance of CaSR and CaSR signaling. A novel mechanism, termed agonist-driven insertional signaling (ADIS), contributes to the unique hallmarks of CaSR signaling, including the high degree of cooperativity and the lack of functional desensitization. Agonist-mediated activation of plasma membrane-localized CaSR increases the rate of insertion of CaSR at the plasma membrane without altering the constitutive endocytosis rate, thereby acutely increasing the maximum signaling response. Prolonged CaSR signaling requires a large intracellular ADIS-mobilizable pool of CaSR, which is maintained by signaling-mediated increases in biosynthesis. This model provides a rational framework for characterizing the defects caused by CaSR mutations and the altered functional expression of wild-type CaSR in disease states. Mechanistic dissection of ADIS of CaSR should lead to optimized pharmacological approaches to normalize CaSR signaling in disorders of Ca(2+) homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerda E Breitwieser
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania 17822-2604, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tu CL, Crumrine DA, Man MQ, Chang W, Elalieh H, You M, Elias PM, Bikle DD. Ablation of the calcium-sensing receptor in keratinocytes impairs epidermal differentiation and barrier function. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:2350-2359. [PMID: 22622426 PMCID: PMC3434298 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) plays an essential role in mediating Ca2+-induced keratinocyte differentiation in vitro. In this study, we generated keratinocyte-specific CaR knockout (EpidCaR-/-) mice to investigate the function of the CaR in epidermal development in vivo. EpidCaR-/- mice exhibited a delay in permeability barrier formation during embryonic development. Ion capture cytochemistry detected the loss of the epidermal Ca2+ gradient in the EpidCaR-/- mice. The expression of terminal differentiation markers and key enzymes mediating epidermal sphingolipid transport and processing in the EpidCaR-/- epidermis was significantly reduced. The EpidCaR-/- epidermis displayed a marked decrease in the number of lamellar bodies and lamellar body secretion, thinner lipid-bound cornified envelopes and a defective permeability barrier. Consistent with in vivo results, epidermal keratinocytes cultured from EpidCaR-/- mice demonstrated abnormal Ca2+I handling and diminished differentiation. The impairment in epidermal differentiation and permeability barrier in EpidCaR-/- mice maintained on a low calcium (0.02%) diet is more profound and persistent with age then in EpidCaR-/- mice maintained on a normal calcium (1.3%) diet. Deleting CaR perturbs the epidermal Ca2+ gradient and impairs keratinocyte differentiation and permeability barrier homeostasis, indicating a key role for the CaR in normal epidermal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ling Tu
- Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - Debra A Crumrine
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mao-Qiang Man
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wenhan Chang
- Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hashem Elalieh
- Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael You
- Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daniel D Bikle
- Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Calcium-calmodulin signaling induced by epithelial cell differentiation upregulates BRAK/CXCL14 expression via the binding of SP1 to the BRAK promoter region. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 420:217-22. [PMID: 22382027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.01.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine BRAK/CXCL14 (BRAK) is expressed in normal squamous epithelium, but is not expressed or is expressed at negligible levels in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Malignant cells are known to be dedifferentiated compared with normal epithelial cells, suggesting a role for differentiation cues in the expression of BRAK. Thus, we examined the relationship between BRAK expression and stages of differentiation level in epithelial cells. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that BRAK protein was expressed in cells above the spinous cell layer in normal epithelia. In HSC-3 cells in culture, expression of BRAK mRNA was significantly upregulated by cell contact in a cell density-dependent manner, and mRNA expression of cell differentiation markers such as involucrin, cystatin-A, TGM1, TGM3, and TGM5 was concomitantly augmented. Furthermore, the upregulation of BRAK induced by cell contact was suppressed by chlorpromazine, a specific inhibitor of calmodulin. We previously reported that GC boxes and a TATA-like sequence in the BRAK promoter region are associated with the expression of BRAK. Using a promoter assay and ChIP, we demonstrated that binding of the stimulating protein-1 (SP1) transcription factor to a GC box upstream of the BRAK transcription start site was necessary for cell density-dependent upregulation of BRAK. These results indicated that upregulation of BRAK was accompanied by differentiation of epithelial cells induced by calcium/calmodulin signaling, and that SP1 binding to the BRAK promoter region played an important role in this signaling.
Collapse
|
36
|
Huang Y, Cavanaugh A, Breitwieser GE. Regulation of stability and trafficking of calcium-sensing receptors by pharmacologic chaperones. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 62:143-73. [PMID: 21907909 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385952-5.00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gain- or loss-of-function mutations and polymorphisms of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) cause Ca(2+) handling diseases. Altered expression and/or signaling of wild-type CaSR can also contribute to pathology. Recent studies have demonstrated that a significant proportion of mutations cause altered targeting and/or trafficking of CaSR to the plasma membrane. Pharmacological approaches to rescue of CaSR function include treatment with allosteric modulators, which potentiate the effects of the orthosteric agonist Ca(2+). Dissection of the mechanism(s) contributing to allosteric agonist-mediated rescue of loss-of-function CaSR mutants has demonstrated pharmacologic chaperone actions coincident with CaSR biosynthesis. The distinctive responses to the allosteric agonist (NPS R-568), which promotes CaSR stability, and the allosteric antagonist (NPS 2143), which promotes CaSR degradation, have led to a model for a conformational checkpoint during CaSR biosynthesis. The conformational checkpoint would "tune" CaSR biosynthesis to cellular signaling state. Navigation of a distinct checkpoint for endoplasmic release can also be augmented by pharmacologic chaperones. The diverse, post-endoplasmic reticulum quality control site(s) for pharmacologic chaperone modulation of CaSR stability and trafficking redefines the role(s) of allosteric modulators in regulation of overall GPCR function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Cancer Drug Research Laboratory, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Micaroni M. Calcium around the Golgi apparatus: implications for intracellular membrane trafficking. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 740:439-60. [PMID: 22453953 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2888-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As with other complex cellular functions, intracellular membrane transport involves the coordinated engagement of a series of organelles and machineries; in the last couple of decades more importance has been given to the role of calcium (Ca(2+)) in the regulation of membrane trafficking, which is directly involved in coordinating the endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi-to-plasma membrane delivery of cargo. Consequently, the Golgi apparatus (GA) is now considered not just the place proteins mature in as they move to their final destination(s), but it is increasingly viewed as an intracellular Ca(2+) store. In the last few years the mechanisms regulating the homeostasis of Ca(2+) in the GA and its role in membrane trafficking have begun to be elucidated. Here, these recent discoveries that shed light on the role Ca(2+) plays as of trigger of different steps during membrane trafficking has been reviewed. This includes recruitment of proteins and SNARE cofactors to the Golgi membranes, which are both fundamental for the membrane remodeling and the regulation of fusion/fission events occurring during the passage of cargo across the GA. I conclude by focusing attention on Ca(2+) homeostasis dysfunctions in the GA and their related pathological implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Micaroni
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, 4072 Brisbane, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Behne MJ, Jensen JM. Calcium in epidermis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 740:945-53. [PMID: 22453978 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2888-2_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Behne
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Vitamin D has been produced by plants and animals almost from the time life began. The ability to transport and metabolize vitamin D to more active forms evolved as the structures of plants and animals became more complex, and the cells within these organisms took on more specialized functions. In higher-order animals, the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is found in nearly every cell, and the ability of the cell to produce the active hormone, 1,25(OH)2D, is also widely distributed. Furthermore, the physiological functions with which vitamin D signalling is now associated are as diverse as the tissues in which the VDR is located. Why is this, and is there a common theme? This viewpoint article argues that there is. All cells maintain a fairly constant and submicromolar concentration of free calcium. Calcium is an important regulator of many processes within the cell. The ebb and flow of calcium within cells is controlled by calcium pumps, antiporters and channels. Animals with calcified exo- or endoskeletons have an additional need for calcium, a need that changes during the life cycle of the organism. In this article, I make the case that vitamin D signalling evolved to enable the organism to effectively regulate calcium flux, storage and signalling and that such regulation is critical for the evolutionary process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California at San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Azorin N, Raoux M, Rodat-Despoix L, Merrot T, Delmas P, Crest M. ATP signalling is crucial for the response of human keratinocytes to mechanical stimulation by hypo-osmotic shock. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:401-7. [PMID: 21355886 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Touch is detected through receptors located in the skin and the activation of channels in sensory nerve fibres. Epidermal keratinocytes themselves, however, may sense mechanical stimulus and contribute to skin sensation. Here, we showed that the mechanical stimulation of human keratinocytes by hypo-osmotic shock releases adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and increases intracellular calcium. We demonstrated that the release of ATP was found to be calcium independent because emptying the intracellular calcium stores did not cause ATP release; ATP release was still observed in the absence of external calcium and it persisted on chelating cytosolic calcium. On the other hand, the released ATP activated purinergic receptors and mobilized intracellular calcium stores. The resulting depletion of stored calcium led to the activation of capacitative calcium entry. Increase in cytosolic calcium concentration was blocked by the purinergic receptor blocker suramin, phospholipase C inhibitor and apyrase, which hydrolyses ATP. Collectively, our data demonstrate that human keratinocytes are mechanically activated by hypo-osmotic shock, leading first to the release of ATP, which in turn stimulates purinergic receptors, resulting in the mobilization of intracellular calcium and capacitative calcium entry. These results emphasize the crucial role of ATP signalling in the transduction of mechanical stimuli in human keratinocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Azorin
- Université de la Méditerranée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR6231, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Leuner K, Kraus M, Woelfle U, Beschmann H, Harteneck C, Boehncke WH, Schempp CM, Müller WE. Reduced TRPC channel expression in psoriatic keratinocytes is associated with impaired differentiation and enhanced proliferation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14716. [PMID: 21364982 PMCID: PMC3043053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a characteristic inflammatory and scaly skin condition with typical histopathological features including increased proliferation and hampered differentiation of keratinocytes. The activation of innate and adaptive inflammatory cellular immune responses is considered to be the main trigger factor of the epidermal changes in psoriatic skin. However, the molecular players that are involved in enhanced proliferation and impaired differentiation of psoriatic keratinocytes are only partly understood. One important factor that regulates differentiation on the cellular level is Ca2+. In normal epidermis, a Ca2+ gradient exists that is disturbed in psoriatic plaques, favoring impaired keratinocyte proliferation. Several TRPC channels such as TRPC1, TRPC4, or TRPC6 are key proteins in the regulation of high [Ca2+]ex induced differentiation. Here, we investigated if TRPC channel function is impaired in psoriasis using calcium imaging, RT-PCR, western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining of skin biopsies. We demonstrated substantial defects in Ca2+ influx in psoriatic keratinocytes in response to high extracellular Ca2+ levels, associated with a downregulation of all TRPC channels investigated, including TRPC6 channels. As TRPC6 channel activation can partially overcome this Ca2+ entry defect, specific TRPC channel activators may be potential new drug candidates for the topical treatment of psoriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Leuner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biocenter Niederursel, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Li GW, Wang QS, Hao JH, Xing WJ, Guo J, Li HZ, Bai SZ, Li HX, Zhang WH, Yang BF, Yang GD, Wu LY, Wang R, Xu CQ. The functional expression of extracellular calcium-sensing receptor in rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. J Biomed Sci 2011; 18:16. [PMID: 21314926 PMCID: PMC3050794 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-18-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) belongs to family C of the G protein coupled receptors. Whether the CaSR is expressed in the pulmonary artery (PA) is unknown. METHODS The expression and distribution of CaSR were detected by RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence. PA tension was detected by the pulmonary arterial ring technique, and the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) was detected by a laser-scanning confocal microscope. RESULTS The expressions of CaSR mRNA and protein were found in both rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) and PAs. Increased levels of [Ca2+]o (extracellular calcium concentration) or Gd3+ (an agonist of CaSR) induced an increase of [Ca2+]i and PAs constriction in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, the above-mentioned effects of Ca2+ and Gd3+ were inhibited by U73122 (specific inhibitor of PLC), 2-APB (specific antagonist of IP3 receptor), and thapsigargin (blocker of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase). CONCLUSIONS CaSR is expressed in rat PASMCs, and is involved in regulation of PA tension by increasing [Ca2+]i through G-PLC-IP3 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-wei Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tu CL, Chang W, Bikle DD. The calcium-sensing receptor-dependent regulation of cell-cell adhesion and keratinocyte differentiation requires Rho and filamin A. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:1119-28. [PMID: 21209619 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular Ca(2+) (Ca(2+)(o)) functioning through the calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) induces E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion and cellular signals mediating cell differentiation in epidermal keratinocytes. Previous studies indicate that CaR regulates cell-cell adhesion through Fyn/Src tyrosine kinases. In this study, we investigate whether Rho GTPase is a part of the CaR-mediated signaling cascade regulating cell adhesion and differentiation. Suppressing endogenous Rho A expression by small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated gene silencing blocked the Ca(2+)(o)-induced association of Fyn with E-cadherin and suppressed the Ca(2+)(o)-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of β-, γ-, and p120-catenin and formation of intercellular adherens junctions. Rho A silencing also decreased the Ca(2+)(o)-stimulated expression of terminal differentiation markers. Elevating the Ca(2+)(o) level induced interactions among CaR, Rho A, E-cadherin, and the scaffolding protein filamin A at the cell membrane. Inactivation of CaR expression by adenoviral expression of a CaR antisense complementary DNA inhibited Ca(2+)(o)-induced activation of endogenous Rho. Ca(2+)(o) activation of Rho required a direct interaction between CaR and filamin A. Interference of CaR-filamin interaction inhibited Ca(2+)(o)-induced Rho activation and the formation of cell-cell junctions. These results indicate that Rho is a downstream mediator of CaR in the regulation of Ca(2+)(o)-induced E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion and keratinocyte differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ling Tu
- Endocrine Unit, Veteran Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, California 94121, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Behne MJ, Sanchez S, Barry NP, Kirschner N, Meyer W, Mauro TM, Moll I, Gratton E. Major translocation of calcium upon epidermal barrier insult: imaging and quantification via FLIM/Fourier vector analysis. Arch Dermatol Res 2010; 303:103-15. [PMID: 21193994 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-010-1113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Calcium controls an array of key events in keratinocytes and epidermis: localized changes in Ca(2+) concentrations and their regulation are therefore especially important to assess when observing epidermal barrier homeostasis and repair, neonatal barrier establishment, in differentiation, signaling, cell adhesion, and in various pathological states. Yet, tissue- and cellular Ca(2+) concentrations in physiologic and diseased states are only partially known, and difficult to measure. Prior observations on the Ca(2+) distribution in skin were based on Ca(2+) precipitation followed by electron microscopy, or proton-induced X-ray emission. Neither cellular and/or subcellular localization could be determined through these approaches. In cells in vitro, fluorescent dyes have been used extensively for ratiometric measurements of static and dynamic Ca(2+) concentrations, also assessing organelle Ca(2+) concentrations. For lack of better methods, these findings together build the basis for the current view of the role of Ca(2+) in epidermis, their limitations notwithstanding. Here we report a method using Calcium Green 5N as the calcium sensor and the phasor-plot approach to separate raw lifetime components. Thus, fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) enables us to quantitatively assess and visualize dynamic changes of Ca(2+) at light-microscopic resolution in ex vivo biopsies of unfixed epidermis, in close to in vivo conditions. Comparing undisturbed epidermis with epidermis following a barrier insult revealed major shifts, and more importantly, a mobilization of high amounts of Ca(2+) shortly following barrier disruption, from intracellular stores. These results partially contradict the conventional view, where barrier insults abrogate a Ca(2+) gradient towards the stratum granulosum. Ca(2+) FLIM overcomes prior limitations in the observation of epidermal Ca(2+) dynamics, and will allow further insights into basic epidermal physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Behne
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lenz O, Sancassani R, Bottino C, Fornoni A. Reversible bone pain and symmetric bone scan uptake in a dialysis patient treated with cinacalcet: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2010; 4:191. [PMID: 20576153 PMCID: PMC2907400 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-4-191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The medical management of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with end-stage renal disease involves a combination of dietary restrictions, phosphate binders, active vitamin D analogs, and calcimimetics. Case presentation We report the case of a 36-year-old Hispanic dialysis patient, originally from Cuba and now residing in the USA, who developed severe bone pain and muscle twitching after starting low dose cinacalcet, despite normal pre-dialysis ionized calcium and elevated parathyroid hormone. The clinical symptoms correlated with increased symmetrical uptake on bone scan that resolved rapidly upon discontinuation of cinacalcet. Conclusion Cinacalcet may induce severe bone pain and a unique bone scan uptake pattern in hemodialysis patients.
Collapse
|
46
|
Li GW, Xing WJ, Bai SZ, Hao JH, Guo J, Li HZ, Li HX, Zhang WH, Yang BF, Wu LY, Wang R, Yang GD, Xu CQ. The calcium-sensing receptor mediates hypoxia-induced proliferation of rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells through MEK1/ERK1,2 and PI3K pathways. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2010; 108:185-93. [PMID: 21073657 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2010.00639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) leads to an increase of intracellular calcium concentration and alteration of cellular activities. High level of intracellular calcium is involved in hypoxia-induced proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). However, whether the CaSR is expressed in PAMSCs and is related to the hypoxia-induced proliferation of PASMCs is unclear. In this study, the expression and distribution of CaSRs were detected by RT-PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence; the intracellular concentration of free calcium ([Ca(2+) ](i) ) was determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy; cell proliferation was tested using an MTT and BrdU incorporation assay; cell cycle analysis was carried out using a flow cytometric assay; and the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1,2 (ERK1,2) and AKT were analysed by western blotting. We observed that both CaSR mRNA and protein were expressed in rat PASMCs. Lowering of oxygen from 21% to 2.5% led to increased [Ca(2+) ](i) and CaSR expression. This condition of hypoxia also stimulated PASMCs proliferation accompanying with increased phosphorylation of ERK1,2 and AKT. GdCl(3) (an agonist of CaSR) or NPS2390 (an antagonist of CaSR) amplified or weakened the effect of hypoxia, respectively. PD98059 (a MEK1 inhibitor) or LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitors) decreased the up-regulation of PCNA expression and the increase of the cell proliferation index induced by hypoxia and GdCl(3) in PASMCs. Our results suggest that CaSR is expressed in rat PASMCs, and that CaSR activation through MEK1/ERK1,2 and PI3 kinase pathways is involved in hypoxia-induced proliferation of PASMCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Wei Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Stepanchick A, McKenna J, McGovern O, Huang Y, Breitwieser GE. Calcium sensing receptor mutations implicated in pancreatitis and idiopathic epilepsy syndrome disrupt an arginine-rich retention motif. Cell Physiol Biochem 2010; 26:363-74. [PMID: 20798521 DOI: 10.1159/000320560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) mutations implicated in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, pancreatitis and idiopathic epilepsy syndrome map to an extended arginine-rich region in the proximal carboxyl terminus. Arginine-rich motifs mediate endoplasmic reticulum retention and/or retrieval of multisubunit proteins so we asked whether these mutations, R886P, R896H or R898Q, altered CaSR targeting to the plasma membrane. Targeting was enhanced by all three mutations, and Ca(2+)-stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation was increased for R896H and R898Q. To define the role of the extended arginine-rich region in CaSR trafficking, we independently determined the contributions of R890/R891 and/or R896/K897/R898 motifs by mutation to alanine. Disruption of the motif(s) significantly increased surface expression and function relative to wt CaSR. The arginine-rich region is flanked by phosphorylation sites at S892 (protein kinase C) and S899 (protein kinase A). The phosphorylation state of S899 regulated recognition of the arginine-rich region; S899D showed increased surface localization. CaSR assembles in the endoplasmic reticulum as a covalent disulfide-linked dimer and we determined whether retention requires the presence of arginine-rich regions in both subunits. A single arginine-rich region within the dimer was sufficient to confer intracellular retention comparable to wt CaSR. We have identified an extended arginine-rich region in the proximal carboxyl terminus of CaSR (residues R890 - R898) which fosters intracellular retention of CaSR and is regulated by phosphorylation. Mutation(s) identified in chronic pancreatitis and idiopathic epilepsy syndrome therefore increase plasma membrane targeting of CaSR, likely contributing to the altered Ca(2+) signaling characteristic of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Stepanchick
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Roberson EDO, Bowcock AM. Psoriasis genetics: breaking the barrier. Trends Genet 2010; 26:415-23. [PMID: 20692714 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common incurable inflammatory skin disease affecting 2-3% of the European population. Psoriatic skin contains large numbers of immune cells which produce many cytokines, chemokines and inflammatory molecules. The epidermis divides much faster than normal and has a defective outer layer or barrier which under normal circumstances protects from infection and dehydration. Psoriatic skin is characterized by a distinct set of inflammation and epidermal proliferation and differentiation markers, and it has been unclear whether the genetic basis of psoriasis reflects defects of the immune system or of the skin. One genetic determinant lies within the major histocompatibility complex class 1 region. Genome-wide association studies have revealed genetic susceptibility factors that play a role in the formation of immune cells found in psoriasis lesions. Others affect epidermal proliferation and skin barrier formation. Hence, genetic components of both the immune system and the epidermis can predispose to disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisha D O Roberson
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4559 Scott Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Activation of the inositol (1,4,5)-triphosphate calcium gate receptor is required for HIV-1 Gag release. J Virol 2010; 84:6438-51. [PMID: 20427533 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01588-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural precursor polyprotein, Gag, encoded by all retroviruses, including the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), is necessary and sufficient for the assembly and release of particles that morphologically resemble immature virus particles. Previous studies have shown that the addition of Ca(2+) to cells expressing Gag enhances virus particle production. However, no specific cellular factor has been implicated as mediator of Ca(2+) provision. The inositol (1,4,5)-triphosphate receptor (IP3R) gates intracellular Ca(2+) stores. Following activation by binding of its ligand, IP3, it releases Ca(2+) from the stores. We demonstrate here that IP3R function is required for efficient release of HIV-1 virus particles. Depletion of IP3R by small interfering RNA, sequestration of its activating ligand by expression of a mutated fragment of IP3R that binds IP3 with very high affinity, or blocking formation of the ligand by inhibiting phospholipase C-mediated hydrolysis of the precursor, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate, inhibited Gag particle release. These disruptions, as well as interference with ligand-receptor interaction using antibody targeted to the ligand-binding site on IP3R, blocked plasma membrane accumulation of Gag. These findings identify IP3R as a new determinant in HIV-1 trafficking during Gag assembly and introduce IP3R-regulated Ca(2+) signaling as a potential novel cofactor in viral particle release.
Collapse
|
50
|
Cavanaugh A, McKenna J, Stepanchick A, Breitwieser GE. Calcium-sensing receptor biosynthesis includes a cotranslational conformational checkpoint and endoplasmic reticulum retention. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:19854-64. [PMID: 20421307 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.124792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic labeling with [(35)S]cysteine was used to characterize early events in CaSR biosynthesis. [(35)S]CaSR is relatively stable (half-life approximately 8 h), but maturation to the final glycosylated form is slow and incomplete. Incorporation of [(35)S]cysteine is linear over 60 min, and the rate of [(35)S]CaSR biosynthesis is significantly increased by the membrane-permeant allosteric agonist NPS R-568, which acts as a cotranslational pharmacochaperone. The [(35)S]CaSR biosynthetic rate also varies as a function of conformational bias induced by loss- or gain-of-function mutations. In contrast, [(35)S]CaSR maturation to the plasma membrane was not significantly altered by exposure to the pharmacochaperone NPS R-568, the allosteric agonist neomycin, or the orthosteric agonist Ca(2+) (0.5 or 5 mm), suggesting that CaSR does not control its own release from the endoplasmic reticulum. A CaSR chimera containing the mGluR1alpha carboxyl terminus matures completely (half-time of approximately 8 h) and without a lag period, as does the truncation mutant CaSRDelta868 (half-time of approximately 16 h). CaSRDelta898 exhibits maturation comparable with full-length CaSR, suggesting that the CaSR carboxyl terminus between residues Thr(868) and Arg(898) limits maturation. Overall, these results suggest that CaSR is subject to cotranslational quality control, which includes a pharmacochaperone-sensitive conformational checkpoint. The CaSR carboxyl terminus is the chief determinant of intracellular retention of a significant fraction of total CaSR. Intracellular CaSR may reflect a rapidly mobilizable "storage form" of CaSR and/or may subserve distinct intracellular signaling roles that are sensitive to signaling-dependent changes in endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) and/or glutathione.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Cavanaugh
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania 17822, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|