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Tregub PP, Kulikov VP, Ibrahimli I, Tregub OF, Volodkin AV, Ignatyuk MA, Kostin AA, Atiakshin DA. Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroprotection after the Intermittent Exposures of Hypercapnic Hypoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3665. [PMID: 38612476 PMCID: PMC11011936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The review introduces the stages of formation and experimental confirmation of the hypothesis regarding the mutual potentiation of neuroprotective effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia during their combined influence (hypercapnic hypoxia). The main focus is on the mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in the formation of ischemic tolerance in the brain during intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia. Importantly, the combined effect of hypoxia and hypercapnia exerts a more pronounced neuroprotective effect compared to their separate application. Some signaling systems are associated with the predominance of the hypoxic stimulus (HIF-1α, A1 receptors), while others (NF-κB, antioxidant activity, inhibition of apoptosis, maintenance of selective blood-brain barrier permeability) are mainly modulated by hypercapnia. Most of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the formation of brain tolerance to ischemia are due to the contribution of both excess carbon dioxide and oxygen deficiency (ATP-dependent potassium channels, chaperones, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial metabolism reprogramming). Overall, experimental studies indicate the dominance of hypercapnia in the neuroprotective effect of its combined action with hypoxia. Recent clinical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of hypercapnic-hypoxic training in the treatment of childhood cerebral palsy and diabetic polyneuropathy in children. Combining hypercapnic hypoxia with pharmacological modulators of neuro/cardio/cytoprotection signaling pathways is likely to be promising for translating experimental research into clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel P. Tregub
- Department of Pathophysiology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Brain Science Institute, Research Center of Neurology, 125367 Moscow, Russia
- Scientific and Educational Resource Center “Innovative Technologies of Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis”, RUDN University, 117198 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.V.); (M.A.I.); (A.A.K.); (D.A.A.)
| | - Vladimir P. Kulikov
- Department of Ultrasound and Functional Diagnostics, Altay State Medical University, 656040 Barnaul, Russia;
| | - Irada Ibrahimli
- Department of Pathophysiology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | | | - Artem V. Volodkin
- Scientific and Educational Resource Center “Innovative Technologies of Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis”, RUDN University, 117198 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.V.); (M.A.I.); (A.A.K.); (D.A.A.)
| | - Michael A. Ignatyuk
- Scientific and Educational Resource Center “Innovative Technologies of Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis”, RUDN University, 117198 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.V.); (M.A.I.); (A.A.K.); (D.A.A.)
| | - Andrey A. Kostin
- Scientific and Educational Resource Center “Innovative Technologies of Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis”, RUDN University, 117198 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.V.); (M.A.I.); (A.A.K.); (D.A.A.)
| | - Dmitrii A. Atiakshin
- Scientific and Educational Resource Center “Innovative Technologies of Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis”, RUDN University, 117198 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.V.); (M.A.I.); (A.A.K.); (D.A.A.)
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2
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Sámano C, Mazzone GL. The role of astrocytes response triggered by hyperglycaemia during spinal cord injury. Arch Physiol Biochem 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37798949 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2023.2264538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This manuscript aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the physiological, molecular, and cellular mechanisms triggered by reactive astrocytes (RA) in the context of spinal cord injury (SCI), with a particular focus on cases involving hyperglycaemia.Methods: The compilation of articles related to astrocyte responses in neuropathological conditions, with a specific emphasis on those related to SCI and hyperglycaemia, was conducted by searching through databases including Science Direct, Web of Science, and PubMed.Results and Conclusions: This article explores the dual role of astrocytes in both neurophysiological and neurodegenerative conditions within the central nervous system (CNS). In the aftermath of SCI and hyperglycaemia, astrocytes undergo a transformation into RA, adopting a distinct phenotype. While there are currently no approved therapies for SCI, various therapeutic strategies have been proposed to alleviate the detrimental effects of RAs following SCI and hyperglycemia. These strategies show promising potential in the treatment of SCI and its likely comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sámano
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Cuajimalpa (UAM-C), Ciudad de México, México
| | - G L Mazzone
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), CONICET-Universidad Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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3
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Tureckova J, Hermanova Z, Marchetti V, Anderova M. Astrocytic TRPV4 Channels and Their Role in Brain Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087101. [PMID: 37108263 PMCID: PMC10138480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential cation channels subfamily V member 4 (TRPV4) are non-selective cation channels expressed in different cell types of the central nervous system. These channels can be activated by diverse physical and chemical stimuli, including heat and mechanical stress. In astrocytes, they are involved in the modulation of neuronal excitability, control of blood flow, and brain edema formation. All these processes are significantly impaired in cerebral ischemia due to insufficient blood supply to the tissue, resulting in energy depletion, ionic disbalance, and excitotoxicity. The polymodal cation channel TRPV4, which mediates Ca2+ influx into the cell because of activation by various stimuli, is one of the potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. However, its expression and function vary significantly between brain cell types, and therefore, the effect of its modulation in healthy tissue and pathology needs to be carefully studied and evaluated. In this review, we provide a summary of available information on TRPV4 channels and their expression in healthy and injured neural cells, with a particular focus on their role in ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Tureckova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 1083 Videnska, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Hermanova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 1083 Videnska, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 84 V Uvalu, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Valeria Marchetti
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 1083 Videnska, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 84 V Uvalu, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 1083 Videnska, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 84 V Uvalu, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
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Lv J, Xiao X, Bi M, Tang T, Kong D, Diao M, Jiao Q, Chen X, Yan C, Du X, Jiang H. ATP-sensitive potassium channels: A double-edged sword in neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 80:101676. [PMID: 35724860 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channels), a group of vital channels that link the electrical activity of the cell membrane with cell metabolism, were discovered on the ventricular myocytes of guinea pigs by Noma using the patch-clamp technique in 1983. Subsequently, KATP channels have been found to be expressed in pancreatic β cells, cardiomyocytes, skeletal muscle cells, and nerve cells in the substantia nigra (SN), hippocampus, cortex, and basal ganglia. KATP channel openers (KCOs) diazoxide, nicorandil, minoxidil, and the KATP channel inhibitor glibenclamide have been shown to have anti-hypertensive, anti-myocardial ischemia, and insulin-releasing regulatory effects. Increasing evidence has suggested that KATP channels also play roles in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), vascular dementia (VD), Huntington's disease (HD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. KCOs and KATP channel inhibitors protect neurons from injury by regulating neuronal excitability and neurotransmitter release, inhibiting abnormal protein aggregation and Ca2+ overload, reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and microglia activation. However, KATP channels have dual effects in some cases. In this review, we focus on the roles of KATP channels and their related openers and inhibitors in neurodegenerative diseases. This will enable us to precisely take advantage of the KATP channels and provide new ideas for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirong Lv
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingxia Bi
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tingting Tang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Deao Kong
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meining Diao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Jiao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunling Yan
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xixun Du
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Rapid Regulation of Glutamate Transport: Where Do We Go from Here? Neurochem Res 2022; 47:61-84. [PMID: 33893911 PMCID: PMC8542062 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03329-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). A family of five Na+-dependent transporters maintain low levels of extracellular glutamate and shape excitatory signaling. Shortly after the research group of the person being honored in this special issue (Dr. Baruch Kanner) cloned one of these transporters, his group and several others showed that their activity can be acutely (within minutes to hours) regulated. Since this time, several different signals and post-translational modifications have been implicated in the regulation of these transporters. In this review, we will provide a brief introduction to the distribution and function of this family of glutamate transporters. This will be followed by a discussion of the signals that rapidly control the activity and/or localization of these transporters, including protein kinase C, ubiquitination, glutamate transporter substrates, nitrosylation, and palmitoylation. We also include the results of our attempts to define the role of palmitoylation in the regulation of GLT-1 in crude synaptosomes. In some cases, the mechanisms have been fairly well-defined, but in others, the mechanisms are not understood. In several cases, contradictory phenomena have been observed by more than one group; we describe these studies with the goal of identifying the opportunities for advancing the field. Abnormal glutamatergic signaling has been implicated in a wide variety of psychiatric and neurologic disorders. Although recent studies have begun to link regulation of glutamate transporters to the pathogenesis of these disorders, it will be difficult to determine how regulation influences signaling or pathophysiology of glutamate without a better understanding of the mechanisms involved.
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Crosstalk between Neuron and Glial Cells in Oxidative Injury and Neuroprotection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413315. [PMID: 34948108 PMCID: PMC8709409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To counteract oxidative stress and associated brain diseases, antioxidant systems rescue neuronal cells from oxidative stress by neutralizing reactive oxygen species and preserving gene regulation. It is necessary to understand the communication and interactions between brain cells, including neurons, astrocytes and microglia, to understand oxidative stress and antioxidant mechanisms. Here, the role of glia in the protection of neurons against oxidative injury and glia–neuron crosstalk to maintain antioxidant defense mechanisms and brain protection are reviewed. The first part of this review focuses on the role of glia in the morphological and physiological changes required for brain homeostasis under oxidative stress and antioxidant defense mechanisms. The second part focuses on the essential crosstalk between neurons and glia for redox balance in the brain for protection against oxidative stress.
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7
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Ren C, He KJ, Hu H, Zhang JB, Dong LG, Li D, Chen J, Mao CJ, Wang F, Liu CF. Induction of Parkinsonian-Like Changes via Targeted Downregulation of Astrocytic Glutamate Transporter GLT-1 in the Striatum. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 12:295-314. [PMID: 34719508 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous investigations have suggested that decreased expression of glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) is involved in glutamate excitotoxicity and contribute to the development of Parkinson's disease (PD), GLT-1 is decreased in animal models of PD. GLT-1 is mainly expressed in astrocytes, and the striatum is a GLT-1-rich brain area. OBJECTIVE The aim was to explore the function and mechanism of astrocytic GLT-1 in PD-like changes. METHODS In the study, PD-like changes and their molecular mechanism in rodents were tested by a behavioral assessment, micro-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), western blotting, immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining, and high performance liquid chromatography pre-column derivatization with O-pthaldialdehida after downregulating astrocytic GLT-1 in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS In vivo, after 6 weeks of brain stereotactic injection of adeno-associated virus into the striatum, rats in the astrocytic GLT-1 knockdown group showed poorer motor performance, abnormal gait, and depression-like feature; but no olfactory disorders. The results of micro-PET/CT and western blotting indicated that the dopaminergic system was impaired in astrocytic GLT-1 knockdown rats. Similarly, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive immune-staining in neurons of astrocytic GLT-1 knockdown rats showed deficit in cell count. In vitro, knockdown of astrocytic GLT-1 via RNA interference led to morphological injury of TH-positive neurons, which may be related to the abnormal calcium signal induced by glutamate accumulation after GLT-1 knockdown. Furthermore, the GLT-1 agonist ceftriaxone showed a protective effect on TH-positive neuron impairment. CONCLUSION The present findings may shed new light on the future prevention and treatment of PD based on blocking glutamate excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ren
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Kai-Jie He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hua Hu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jin-Bao Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li-Guo Dong
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Neurology, Suqian First Hospital, Suqian, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Mao
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Lianyungang Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Suqian First Hospital, Suqian, China.,Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Lianyungang Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, China.,Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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8
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Hypercapnia Modulates the Activity of Adenosine A1 Receptors and mitoK +ATP-Channels in Rat Brain When Exposed to Intermittent Hypoxia. Neuromolecular Med 2021; 24:155-168. [PMID: 34115290 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-021-08672-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms and signaling pathways of the neuroprotective effects of hypercapnia and its combination with hypoxia are not studied sufficiently. The study aims to test the hypothesis of the potentiating effect of hypercapnia on the systems of adaptation to hypoxia, directly associated with A1-adenosine receptors and mitochondrial ATP-dependent K+ -channels (mitoK+ATP-channels). We evaluated the relative number of A1-adenosine receptors and mitoK+ATP-channels in astrocytes obtained from male Wistar rats exposed to various respiratory conditions (15 times of hypoxia and/or hypercapnia). In addition, the relative number of these molecules in astrocytes was evaluated on an in vitro model of chemical hypoxia, as well as in the cerebral cortex after photothrombotic damage. This study indicates an increase in the relative number of A1-adenosine receptors in astrocytes and in cells next to the stroke region of the cerebral cortex in rats exposed to hypoxia and hypercapnic hypoxia, but not hypercapnia alone. Hypercapnia and hypoxia increase the relative number of mitoK+ATP-channels in astrocytes and in cells of the peri-infarct region of the cerebral cortex in rats. In an in vitro study, hypercapnia mitigates the effects of acute chemical hypoxia observed in astrocytes for A1-adenosine receptors and mitoK+ATP-channels. Hypercapnia, unlike hypoxia, does not affect the relative number of A1 receptors to adenosine. At the same time, both hypercapnia and hypoxia increase the relative number of mitoK+ATP-channels, which can potentiate their protective effects with combined exposure.
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9
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Felix L, Delekate A, Petzold GC, Rose CR. Sodium Fluctuations in Astroglia and Their Potential Impact on Astrocyte Function. Front Physiol 2020; 11:871. [PMID: 32903427 PMCID: PMC7435049 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are the main cell type responsible for the regulation of brain homeostasis, including the maintenance of ion gradients and neurotransmitter clearance. These processes are tightly coupled to changes in the intracellular sodium (Na+) concentration. While activation of the sodium-potassium-ATPase (NKA) in response to an elevation of extracellular K+ may decrease intracellular Na+, the cotransport of transmitters, such as glutamate, together with Na+ results in an increase in astrocytic Na+. This increase in intracellular Na+ can modulate, for instance, metabolic downstream pathways. Thereby, astrocytes are capable to react on a fast time scale to surrounding neuronal activity via intracellular Na+ fluctuations and adjust energy production to the demand of their environment. Beside the well-documented conventional roles of Na+ signaling mainly mediated through changes in its electrochemical gradient, several recent studies have identified more atypical roles for Na+, including protein interactions leading to changes in their biochemical activity or Na+-dependent regulation of gene expression. In this review, we will address both the conventional as well as the atypical functions of astrocytic Na+ signaling, presenting the role of transporters and channels involved and their implications for physiological processes in the central nervous system (CNS). We will also discuss how these important functions are affected under pathological conditions, including stroke and migraine. We postulate that Na+ is an essential player not only in the maintenance of homeostatic processes but also as a messenger for the fast communication between neurons and astrocytes, adjusting the functional properties of various cellular interaction partners to the needs of the surrounding network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Felix
- Institute of Neurobiology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Delekate
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabor C Petzold
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Division of Vascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christine R Rose
- Institute of Neurobiology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Silva-Adaya D, Ramos-Chávez LA, Petrosyan P, González-Alfonso WL, Pérez-Acosta A, Gonsebatt ME. Early Neurotoxic Effects of Inorganic Arsenic Modulate Cortical GSH Levels Associated With the Activation of the Nrf2 and NFκB Pathways, Expression of Amino Acid Transporters and NMDA Receptors and the Production of Hydrogen Sulfide. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:17. [PMID: 32194376 PMCID: PMC7065714 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to toxic metals and metalloids is an important cause of preventable diseases worldwide. Inorganic arsenic (iAs) affects several organs and tissues, causing neurobehavioral alterations in the central nervous system (CNS) that might lead to neurodegeneration. In this work, we wanted to explore the time- and dose-related changes on glutathione (GSH) levels in several regions of the CNS, such as the cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum, to identify the initial cellular changes associated to GSH depletion due to iAs exposure. Mice received a single intraperitoneal injection containing 5 or 14 mg/kg sodium arsenite. Animals were killed at 2, 6, and 24 h. Significant depletion of GSH levels was observed in the cortex at 2 and 6 h, while on the striatum, hippocampus, or cerebellum regions, no significant changes were observed. GSH depletion in the cortex was associated with the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) pathways, which led to the upregulation of xCT, excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1), glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST), and glial glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1), and the activation of the transsulfuration pathways, which led to the overproduction of H2S in the cortex and increased levels of GSH in the cortex and cerebellum at 24 h. In the cortex, the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits NR2A and NR2B were also altered at 24 h. These early effects were not homogeneous among different brain regions and indicate early neurotoxic alterations in the cortex and cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Silva-Adaya
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Mexico.,Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, Mexico
| | - Lucio Antonio Ramos-Chávez
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente, Ciudad de México, México, Mexico
| | - Pavel Petrosyan
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Mexico
| | - Wendy Leslie González-Alfonso
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Mexico
| | - Alegna Pérez-Acosta
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Mexico
| | - Maria E Gonsebatt
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Mexico
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11
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Zhang Y, Meng X, Jiao Z, Liu Y, Zhang X, Qu S. Generation of a Novel Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease via Targeted Knockdown of Glutamate Transporter GLT-1 in the Substantia Nigra. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:406-417. [PMID: 31909584 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by pathological dopaminergic (DA) neuronal death and α-synuclein aggregation. Glutamate excitotoxicity is a well-established pathogenesis of PD that involves dysfunctional expression of glutamate transporters. Glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) is mainly responsible for clearance of glutamate at synapses, including DA synapses. However, the role of GLT-1 in the aberrant synaptic transmission in PD remains elusive. In the present study, we generated small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to knockdown GLT-1 expression in primary astrocytes, and we report that siRNA knockdown of astrocytic GLT-1 decreased postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95) expression in neuron-astrocyte cocultures in vitro. Using adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) targeting GLT-1 short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) sequences with a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter, we abolished astrocytic GLT-1 expression in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of mice. We found that GLT-1 deficiency in the SNpc induced parkinsonian phenotypes in terms of progressive motor deficits and nigral DA neuronal death in mice. We also found that there were reactive astrocytes and microglia in the SNpc upon GLT-1 knockdown. Furthermore, we used RNA sequencing to determine altered gene expression patterns upon GLT-1 knockdown in the SNpc, which revealed that disrupted calcium signaling pathways may be responsible for GLT-1 deficiency-mediated DA neuronal death in the SNpc. Taken together, our findings provide evidence for a novel role of GLT-1 in parkinsonian phenotypes in mice, which may contribute to further elucidation of the mechanisms of PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience
and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 510260, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xingjun Meng
- Central Laboratory and Department of Neurology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan 528300, China
| | - Zhigang Jiao
- Central Laboratory and Department of Neurology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan 528300, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xiuping Zhang
- Teaching Center of Experimental Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shaogang Qu
- Central Laboratory and Department of Neurology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan 528300, China
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12
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Chen M, Pritchard C, Fortune D, Kodi P, Grados M. Hydrogen sulfide: a target to modulate oxidative stress and neuroplasticity for the treatment of pathological anxiety. Expert Rev Neurother 2019; 20:109-121. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1668270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Chen
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Diandra Fortune
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Priyadurga Kodi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marco Grados
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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13
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Hu ZL, Sun T, Lu M, Ding JH, Du RH, Hu G. Kir6.1/K-ATP channel on astrocytes protects against dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease via promoting mitophagy. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:509-522. [PMID: 31288070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-sensitive potassium (K-ATP) channels, coupling cell metabolism to cell membrane potential, are involved in brain diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Kir6.1, a pore-forming subunit of K-ATP channel, is prominently expressed in astrocytes and participates in regulating its function. However, the precise role of astrocytic Kir6.1-contaning K-ATP channel (Kir6.1/K-ATP) in PD is not well characterized. In this study, astrocytic Kir6.1 knockout (KO) mice were used to examine the effect of astrocytic Kir6.1/K-ATP channel on dopaminergic (DA) neurodegeneration triggered by the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Here, we found that astrocytic Kir6.1 KO mice showed more DA neuron loss in substantia nigra compacta (SNc), lower level of dopamine in the striatum, and more severe motor dysfunction than controls. Interestingly, this companied by increased neuroinflammation and decreased autophagy level in SNc in vivo and astrocytes in vitro. Mechanistically, astrocytic Kir6.1 KO inhibited mitophagy which resulted in an increase in the accumulation of damaged mitochondria, production of reactive oxygen species and neuroinflammation in astrocytes. Restoration of astrocytic mitophagy rescued the deleterious effects of astrocytic Kir6.1 ablation on mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation and DA neuron death. Collectively, our findings reveal that astrocytic Kir6.1/K-ATP channel protects against DA neurodegeneration in PD via promoting mitophagy and suggest that astrocytic Kir6.1/K-ATP channel may be a promising therapeutic target for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Li Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Ming Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Jian-Hua Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Ren-Hong Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China.
| | - Gang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China.
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14
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Yang X, Wang C, Zhang X, Chen S, Chen L, Lu S, Lu S, Yan X, Xiong K, Liu F, Yan J. Redox regulation in hydrogen sulfide action: From neurotoxicity to neuroprotection. Neurochem Int 2019; 128:58-69. [PMID: 31015021 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Department of Forensic Science,Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Chudong Wang
- Department of Forensic Science,Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Narcotics Division, Municipal Security Bureau, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Siqi Chen
- Department of Forensic Science,Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Liangpei Chen
- Department of Forensic Science,Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Shanshan Lu
- Department of Forensic Science,Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China; Histology and Embryology,Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Shuang Lu
- Department of Forensic Science,Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China; Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Xisheng Yan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wuhan Third Hospital, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Kun Xiong
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Fengxia Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830001, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Forensic Science,Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China; Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830001, China.
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15
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Castro L, Noelia M, Vidal-Jorge M, Sánchez-Ortiz D, Gándara D, Martínez-Saez E, Cicuéndez M, Poca MA, Simard JM, Sahuquillo J. Kir6.2, the Pore-Forming Subunit of ATP-Sensitive K + Channels, Is Overexpressed in Human Posttraumatic Brain Contusions. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:165-175. [PMID: 29737232 PMCID: PMC7872003 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain contusions (BCs) are one of the most frequent lesions in patients with moderate and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). BCs increase their volume due to peri-lesional edema formation and/or hemorrhagic transformation. This may have deleterious consequences and its mechanisms are still poorly understood. We previously identified de novo upregulation sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) 1, the regulatory subunit of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels and other channels, in human BCs. Our aim here was to study the expression of the pore-forming subunit of KATP, Kir6.2, in human BCs, and identify its localization in different cell types. Protein levels of Kir6.2 were detected by western blot (WB) from 33 contusion specimens obtained from 32 TBI patients aged 14-74 years. The evaluation of Kir6.2 expression in different cell types was performed by immunofluorescence in 29 contusion samples obtained from 28 patients with a median age of 42 years. Control samples were obtained from limited brain resections performed to access extra-axial skull base tumors or intraventricular lesions. Contusion specimens showed an increase of Kir6.2 expression in comparison with controls. Regarding cellular location of Kir6.2, there was no expression of this channel subunit in blood vessels, either in control samples or in contusions. The expression of Kir6.2 in neurons and microglia was also analyzed, but the observed differences were not statistically significant. However, a significant increase of Kir6.2 was found in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells in contusion specimens. Our data suggest that further research on SUR1-regulated ionic channels may lead to a better understanding of key mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of BCs, and may identify novel targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Castro
- Neurotraumatology and Neurosurgery Research Unit (UNINN), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montoya Noelia
- Neurotraumatology and Neurosurgery Research Unit (UNINN), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marian Vidal-Jorge
- Neurotraumatology and Neurosurgery Research Unit (UNINN), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Sánchez-Ortiz
- Neurotraumatology and Neurosurgery Research Unit (UNINN), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Darío Gándara
- Neurotraumatology and Neurosurgery Research Unit (UNINN), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Martínez-Saez
- Department of Pathology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Cicuéndez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-Antonia Poca
- Neurotraumatology and Neurosurgery Research Unit (UNINN), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. Marc Simard
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Physiology, and Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Juan Sahuquillo
- Neurotraumatology and Neurosurgery Research Unit (UNINN), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Unel CC, Erol K. The Role of Ionic Homeostasis in Cisplatin-Induced Neurotoxicity: A Preliminary Study. Eurasian J Med 2018; 50:81-85. [PMID: 30002572 DOI: 10.5152/eurasianjmed.2018.17233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of ionic homeostasis in cisplatin (cisdiamminedichloroplatinum (II), CDDP)-induced neurotoxicity. CDDP is a severely neurotoxic antineoplastic agent that causes neuronal excitotoxicity. According to some studies, calcium influx increases, whereas potassium efflux decreases neuronal death. Nimodipine and glibenclamide were used to analyze the role of ionic flows in CDDP-induced neurotoxicity in rat primary cerebellar granule cell (CGC) culture. Materials and Methods CGC culture was prepared from the cerebella of Sprague Dawley 5-day-old pups. The submaximal concentration of CDDP was determined and then given with 1, 10, or 50 µM of drugs into culture. Neurotoxicity was investigated using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, a tetrazole) assay. One-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis H test, and Tukey test were applied for statistical analysis. Results CDDP induced neurotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner. Neither nimodipine nor glibenclamide was able to protect CGCs against CDDP neurotoxicity. Conclusion By blocking L-type voltage-gated calcium channels, nimodipine did not prevent CDDP neurotoxicity in CGCs. Ca2+ influx via these channels seemed to be insufficient to cause a change in CDDP-induced neurotoxicity. Similarly, glibenclamide failed to prevent CDDP neurotoxicity. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms of these preliminary results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Cengelli Unel
- Department of Pharmacology, Eskişehir Osmangazi University School of Medicine, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Kevser Erol
- Department of Pharmacology, Eskişehir Osmangazi University School of Medicine, Eskişehir, Turkey
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17
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Vargas-Sánchez K, Mogilevskaya M, Rodríguez-Pérez J, Rubiano MG, Javela JJ, González-Reyes RE. Astroglial role in the pathophysiology of status epilepticus: an overview. Oncotarget 2018; 9:26954-26976. [PMID: 29928494 PMCID: PMC6003549 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus is a medical emergency with elevated morbidity and mortality rates, and represents a leading cause of epilepsy-related deaths. Though status epilepticus can occur at any age, it manifests more likely in children and elderly people. Despite the common prevalence of epileptic disorders, a complete explanation for the mechanisms leading to development of self-limited or long lasting seizures (as in status epilepticus) are still lacking. Apart from neurons, research evidence suggests the involvement of immune and glial cells in epileptogenesis. Among glial cells, astrocytes represent an ideal target for the study of the pathophysiology of status epilepticus, due to their key role in homeostatic balance of the central nervous system. During status epilepticus, astroglial cells are activated by the presence of cytokines, damage associated molecular patterns and reactive oxygen species. The persistent activation of astrocytes leads to a decrease in glutamate clearance with a corresponding accumulation in the synaptic extracellular space, increasing the chance of neuronal excitotoxicity. Moreover, major alterations in astrocytic gap junction coupling, inflammation and receptor expression, facilitate the generation of seizures. Astrocytes are also involved in dysregulation of inhibitory transmission in the central nervous system and directly participate in ionic homeostatic alterations during status epilepticus. In the present review, we focus on the functional and structural changes in astrocytic activity that participate in the development and maintenance of status epilepticus, with special attention on concurrent inflammatory alterations. We also include potential astrocytic treatment targets for status epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Vargas-Sánchez
- Biomedical Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - John Rodríguez-Pérez
- Biomedical Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - María G Rubiano
- Biomedical Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - José J Javela
- Grupo de Clínica y Salud Mental, Programa de Psicología, Universidad Católica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Rodrigo E González-Reyes
- Universidad del Rosario, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, GI en Neurociencias-NeURos, Bogotá, Colombia
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18
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Szeto V, Chen NH, Sun HS, Feng ZP. The role of K ATP channels in cerebral ischemic stroke and diabetes. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:683-694. [PMID: 29671418 PMCID: PMC5943906 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2018.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels are ubiquitously expressed on the plasma membrane of cells in multiple organs, including the heart, pancreas and brain. KATP channels play important roles in controlling and regulating cellular functions in response to metabolic state, which are inhibited by ATP and activated by Mg-ADP, allowing the cell to couple cellular metabolic state (ATP/ADP ratio) to electrical activity of the cell membrane. KATP channels mediate insulin secretion in pancreatic islet beta cells, and controlling vascular tone. Under pathophysiological conditions, KATP channels play cytoprotective role in cardiac myocytes and neurons during ischemia and/or hypoxia. KATP channel is a hetero-octameric complex, consisting of four pore-forming Kir6.x and four regulatory sulfonylurea receptor SURx subunits. These subunits are differentially expressed in various cell types, thus determining the sensitivity of the cells to specific channel modifiers. Sulfonylurea class of antidiabetic drugs blocks KATP channels, which are neuroprotective in stroke, can be one of the high stoke risk factors for diabetic patients. In this review, we discussed the potential effects of KATP channel blockers when used under pathological conditions related to diabetics and cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Szeto
- Departments of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Nai-hong Chen
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hong-shuo Sun
- Departments of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
- Surgery
- Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Zhong-ping Feng
- Departments of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
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19
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Ginsenoside Rb1 confers neuroprotection via promotion of glutamate transporters in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2018; 131:223-237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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He J, Guo R, Qiu P, Su X, Yan G, Feng J. Exogenous hydrogen sulfide eliminates spatial memory retrieval impairment and hippocampal CA1 LTD enhancement caused by acute stress via promoting glutamate uptake. Neuroscience 2017; 350:110-123. [PMID: 28336411 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Acute stress impairs the hippocampus-dependent spatial memory retrieval, and its synaptic mechanisms are associated with hippocampal CA1 long-term depression (LTD) enhancement in the adult rats. Endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is recognized as a novel gasotransmitter and has the neural protective roles. However, very little attention has been paid to understanding the effects of H2S on spatial memory retrieval impairment. We observed the protective effects of NaHS (a donor of H2S) against spatial memory retrieval impairment caused by acute stress and its synaptic mechanisms. Our results showed that NaHS abolished spatial memory retrieval impairment and hippocampal CA1 LTD enhancement caused by acute stress, but not by glutamate transporter inhibitor l-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic (tPDC), indicating that the activation of glutamate transporters is necessary for exogenous H2S to exert its roles. Moreover, NaHS restored the decreased glutamate uptake in the hippocampal CA1 synaptosomal fraction caused by acute stress. Dithiothreitol (DTT, a disulfide reducing agent) abolished a decrease in the glutamate uptake caused by acute stress, and NaHS eradicated the decreased glutamate uptake caused by 5,5'-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic)acid (DTNB, a thiol oxidizing agent), collectively, revealing that exogenous H2S increases glutamate uptake by reducing disulfide bonds of the glutamate transporters. Additionally, NaHS inhibited the increased expression level of phosphorylated c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) in the hippocampal CA1 region caused by acute stress. The JNK inhibitor SP600125 eliminated spatial memory retrieval impairment, hippocampal CA1 LTD enhancement and the decreased glutamate uptake caused by acute stress, indicating that exogenous H2S exerts these roles by inhibiting the activation of JNK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin He
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - Ruixian Guo
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - Pengxin Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - Xingwen Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - Guangmei Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China.
| | - Jianqiang Feng
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China.
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21
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Regulation of glutamate transporter trafficking by Nedd4-2 in a Parkinson's disease model. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2574. [PMID: 28151476 PMCID: PMC5386455 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate transporters play a key role in glutamate clearance and protect the central nervous system from glutamate excitotoxicity. Dysfunctional glutamate transporters contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD); however, the mechanisms that underlie the regulation of glutamate transporters in PD are still not well characterized. Here we report that Nedd4-2 mediates the ubiquitination of glutamate transporters in 1-methyl-4- phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-treated astrocytes and in the midbrain of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-constructed PD model mice. Nedd4-2-mediated ubiquitination induces abnormal glutamate transporter trafficking between the membrane and cytoplasm and consequently decreases the expression and function of glutamate transporters in the membrane. Conversely, Nedd4-2 knockdown decreases glutamate transporter ubiquitination, promotes glutamate uptake and increases glutamate transporter expression in vitro and in vivo. We report for the first time that Nedd4-2 knockdown ameliorates movement disorders in PD mice and increases tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the midbrain and striatum of PD mice; Nedd4-2 knockdown also attenuates astrogliosis and reactive microgliosis in the MPTP model that may be associated with glutamate excitotoxicity. Furthermore, the SGK/PKC pathway is regulated downstream of Nedd4-2 in MPTP-treated mice. These findings indicate that Nedd4-2 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of PD.
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22
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Griffith CM, Xie MX, Qiu WY, Sharp AA, Ma C, Pan A, Yan XX, Patrylo PR. Aberrant expression of the pore-forming KATP channel subunit Kir6.2 in hippocampal reactive astrocytes in the 3xTg-AD mouse model and human Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience 2016; 336:81-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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23
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Wang Y, Wang N, Cai B, Wang GY, Li J, Piao XX. In vitro model of the blood-brain barrier established by co-culture of primary cerebral microvascular endothelial and astrocyte cells. Neural Regen Res 2016; 10:2011-7. [PMID: 26889191 PMCID: PMC4730827 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.172320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs for the treatment and prevention of nervous system diseases must permeate the blood-brain barrier to take effect. In vitro models of the blood-brain barrier are therefore important in the investigation of drug permeation mechanisms. However, to date, no unified method has been described for establishing a blood-brain barrier model. Here, we modified an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier by seeding brain microvascular endothelial cells and astrocytes from newborn rats on a polyester Transwell cell culture membrane with 0.4-µm pores, and conducted transepithelial electrical resistance measurements, leakage tests and assays for specific blood-brain barrier enzymes. We show that the permeability of our model is as low as that of the blood-brain barrier in vivo. Our model will be a valuable tool in the study of the mechanisms of action of neuroprotective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education; Institute for Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese; College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education; Institute for Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese; College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Biao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education; Institute for Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese; College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Guang-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education; Institute for Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese; College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education; Institute for Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese; College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xing-Xing Piao
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education; Institute for Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese; College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
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24
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Recent Advance in the Relationship between Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters and Parkinson's Disease. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:8941327. [PMID: 26981287 PMCID: PMC4769779 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8941327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder disease in the elderly and is characterized by degeneration of dopamine neurons and formation of Lewy bodies. Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). If glutamate is not removed promptly in the synaptic cleft, it will excessively stimulate the glutamate receptors and induce excitotoxic effects on the CNS. With lack of extracellular enzyme to decompose glutamate, glutamate uptake in the synaptic cleft is mainly achieved by the excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs, also known as high-affinity glutamate transporters). Current studies have confirmed that decreased expression and function of EAATs appear in PD animal models. Moreover, single unilateral administration of EAATs inhibitor in the substantia nigra mimics several PD features and this is a solid evidence supporting that decreased EAATs contribute to the process of PD. Drugs or treatments promoting the expression and function of EAATs are shown to attenuate dopamine neurons death in the substantia nigra and striatum, ameliorate the behavior disorder, and improve cognitive abilities in PD animal models. EAATs are potential effective drug targets in treatment of PD and thus study of relationship between EAATs and PD has predominant medical significance currently.
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25
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Nelson PT, Jicha GA, Wang WX, Ighodaro E, Artiushin S, Nichols CG, Fardo DW. ABCC9/SUR2 in the brain: Implications for hippocampal sclerosis of aging and a potential therapeutic target. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 24:111-25. [PMID: 26226329 PMCID: PMC4661124 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The ABCC9 gene and its polypeptide product, SUR2, are increasingly implicated in human neurologic disease, including prevalent diseases of the aged brain. SUR2 proteins are a component of the ATP-sensitive potassium ("KATP") channel, a metabolic sensor for stress and/or hypoxia that has been shown to change in aging. The KATP channel also helps regulate the neurovascular unit. Most brain cell types express SUR2, including neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, vascular smooth muscle, pericytes, and endothelial cells. Thus it is not surprising that ABCC9 gene variants are associated with risk for human brain diseases. For example, Cantu syndrome is a result of ABCC9 mutations; we discuss neurologic manifestations of this genetic syndrome. More common brain disorders linked to ABCC9 gene variants include hippocampal sclerosis of aging (HS-Aging), sleep disorders, and depression. HS-Aging is a prevalent neurological disease with pathologic features of both neurodegenerative (aberrant TDP-43) and cerebrovascular (arteriolosclerosis) disease. As to potential therapeutic intervention, the human pharmacopeia features both SUR2 agonists and antagonists, so ABCC9/SUR2 may provide a "druggable target", relevant perhaps to both HS-Aging and Alzheimer's disease. We conclude that more work is required to better understand the roles of ABCC9/SUR2 in the human brain during health and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Nelson
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; University of Kentucky, Department of Pathology, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Gregory A Jicha
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; University of Kentucky, Department of Neurology, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Wang-Xia Wang
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Eseosa Ighodaro
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Sergey Artiushin
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Colin G Nichols
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David W Fardo
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
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26
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Villoslada P, Rovira A, Montalban X, Arroyo R, Paul F, Meca-Lallana V, Ramo C, Fernandez O, Saiz A, Garcia-Merino A, Ramió-Torrentà L, Casanova B, Oreja-Guevara C, Muñoz D, Martinez-Rodriguez JE, Lensch E, Prieto JM, Meuth SG, Nuñez X, Campás C, Pugliese M. Effects of diazoxide in multiple sclerosis: A randomized, double-blind phase 2 clinical trial. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2015; 2:e147. [PMID: 26405686 PMCID: PMC4567455 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to test the safety of diazoxide and to search for signs of efficacy in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Methods: In this multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial (treatment allocation was concealed), 102 patients with RRMS were randomized to receive a daily oral dose of diazoxide (0.3 and 4 mg/d) or placebo for 24 weeks (NCT01428726). The primary endpoint was the cumulative number of new T1 gadolinium-enhancing lesions per patient, recorded every 4 weeks from week 4 to week 24. Secondary endpoints included brain MRI variables such as the number of new/enlarging T2 lesions and the percentage brain volume change (PBVC); clinical variables such as the percentage of relapse-free patients, relapse rate, and change in the Expanded Disability Status Scale score; and safety and tolerability. Results: Diazoxide was well-tolerated and it produced no serious adverse events other than 1 case of Hashimoto disease. At the 2 doses tested, diazoxide did not improve the primary endpoint or the MRI and clinical variables related to the presence of new lesions or relapses. Patients treated with diazoxide showed reduced PBVC compared with the placebo group, although such changes could be confounded by the higher disease activity of the treated group and the vascular effects of diazoxide. Conclusion: At the doses tested, oral diazoxide did not decrease the appearance of new lesions evident by MRI. The effects in slowing the progression of brain atrophy require further validation. Classification of evidence: This study provides Class I evidence that for patients with RRMS, diazoxide (0.3 and 4 mg/d) does not significantly change the number of new MRI T1 gadolinium-enhancing lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Villoslada
- Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic (P.V., A.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Unitat de RM (Servei de Radiologia) (A.R., X.M.), Departamento de Neurología-Neuroinmunología, Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (Cemcat), Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Clinico San Carlos (R.A., C.O.-G.), Madrid, Spain; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Hospital de La Princesa (V.M.-L.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.), Badalona, Spain; Hospital Regional Universitario (IBIMA) (O.F.), Malaga, Spain; Hospital Puerta de Hierro (A.G.-M.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Dr Josep Trueta (L.R.-T.), IDIBGI, Girona, Spain; Hospital La Fe (B.C.), Valencia, Spain; Hospital Xeral-Cies (D.M.), Vigo, Spain; Hospital del Mar (J.E.M.-R.), Barcelona, Spain; Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik (E.L.), Wiesbaden, Germany; Hospital Universitario Santiago de Compostela (J.M.P.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany; TrialFormSupport (X.N.), Barcelona, Spain; Advancell, Advanced In Vitro Cell Technologies, S.A (C.C.), Barcelona, Spain; and Neurotec Pharma S.L (M.P.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Rovira
- Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic (P.V., A.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Unitat de RM (Servei de Radiologia) (A.R., X.M.), Departamento de Neurología-Neuroinmunología, Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (Cemcat), Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Clinico San Carlos (R.A., C.O.-G.), Madrid, Spain; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Hospital de La Princesa (V.M.-L.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.), Badalona, Spain; Hospital Regional Universitario (IBIMA) (O.F.), Malaga, Spain; Hospital Puerta de Hierro (A.G.-M.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Dr Josep Trueta (L.R.-T.), IDIBGI, Girona, Spain; Hospital La Fe (B.C.), Valencia, Spain; Hospital Xeral-Cies (D.M.), Vigo, Spain; Hospital del Mar (J.E.M.-R.), Barcelona, Spain; Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik (E.L.), Wiesbaden, Germany; Hospital Universitario Santiago de Compostela (J.M.P.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany; TrialFormSupport (X.N.), Barcelona, Spain; Advancell, Advanced In Vitro Cell Technologies, S.A (C.C.), Barcelona, Spain; and Neurotec Pharma S.L (M.P.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic (P.V., A.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Unitat de RM (Servei de Radiologia) (A.R., X.M.), Departamento de Neurología-Neuroinmunología, Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (Cemcat), Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Clinico San Carlos (R.A., C.O.-G.), Madrid, Spain; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Hospital de La Princesa (V.M.-L.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.), Badalona, Spain; Hospital Regional Universitario (IBIMA) (O.F.), Malaga, Spain; Hospital Puerta de Hierro (A.G.-M.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Dr Josep Trueta (L.R.-T.), IDIBGI, Girona, Spain; Hospital La Fe (B.C.), Valencia, Spain; Hospital Xeral-Cies (D.M.), Vigo, Spain; Hospital del Mar (J.E.M.-R.), Barcelona, Spain; Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik (E.L.), Wiesbaden, Germany; Hospital Universitario Santiago de Compostela (J.M.P.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany; TrialFormSupport (X.N.), Barcelona, Spain; Advancell, Advanced In Vitro Cell Technologies, S.A (C.C.), Barcelona, Spain; and Neurotec Pharma S.L (M.P.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Arroyo
- Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic (P.V., A.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Unitat de RM (Servei de Radiologia) (A.R., X.M.), Departamento de Neurología-Neuroinmunología, Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (Cemcat), Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Clinico San Carlos (R.A., C.O.-G.), Madrid, Spain; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Hospital de La Princesa (V.M.-L.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.), Badalona, Spain; Hospital Regional Universitario (IBIMA) (O.F.), Malaga, Spain; Hospital Puerta de Hierro (A.G.-M.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Dr Josep Trueta (L.R.-T.), IDIBGI, Girona, Spain; Hospital La Fe (B.C.), Valencia, Spain; Hospital Xeral-Cies (D.M.), Vigo, Spain; Hospital del Mar (J.E.M.-R.), Barcelona, Spain; Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik (E.L.), Wiesbaden, Germany; Hospital Universitario Santiago de Compostela (J.M.P.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany; TrialFormSupport (X.N.), Barcelona, Spain; Advancell, Advanced In Vitro Cell Technologies, S.A (C.C.), Barcelona, Spain; and Neurotec Pharma S.L (M.P.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic (P.V., A.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Unitat de RM (Servei de Radiologia) (A.R., X.M.), Departamento de Neurología-Neuroinmunología, Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (Cemcat), Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Clinico San Carlos (R.A., C.O.-G.), Madrid, Spain; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Hospital de La Princesa (V.M.-L.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.), Badalona, Spain; Hospital Regional Universitario (IBIMA) (O.F.), Malaga, Spain; Hospital Puerta de Hierro (A.G.-M.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Dr Josep Trueta (L.R.-T.), IDIBGI, Girona, Spain; Hospital La Fe (B.C.), Valencia, Spain; Hospital Xeral-Cies (D.M.), Vigo, Spain; Hospital del Mar (J.E.M.-R.), Barcelona, Spain; Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik (E.L.), Wiesbaden, Germany; Hospital Universitario Santiago de Compostela (J.M.P.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany; TrialFormSupport (X.N.), Barcelona, Spain; Advancell, Advanced In Vitro Cell Technologies, S.A (C.C.), Barcelona, Spain; and Neurotec Pharma S.L (M.P.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Virginia Meca-Lallana
- Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic (P.V., A.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Unitat de RM (Servei de Radiologia) (A.R., X.M.), Departamento de Neurología-Neuroinmunología, Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (Cemcat), Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Clinico San Carlos (R.A., C.O.-G.), Madrid, Spain; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Hospital de La Princesa (V.M.-L.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.), Badalona, Spain; Hospital Regional Universitario (IBIMA) (O.F.), Malaga, Spain; Hospital Puerta de Hierro (A.G.-M.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Dr Josep Trueta (L.R.-T.), IDIBGI, Girona, Spain; Hospital La Fe (B.C.), Valencia, Spain; Hospital Xeral-Cies (D.M.), Vigo, Spain; Hospital del Mar (J.E.M.-R.), Barcelona, Spain; Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik (E.L.), Wiesbaden, Germany; Hospital Universitario Santiago de Compostela (J.M.P.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany; TrialFormSupport (X.N.), Barcelona, Spain; Advancell, Advanced In Vitro Cell Technologies, S.A (C.C.), Barcelona, Spain; and Neurotec Pharma S.L (M.P.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Ramo
- Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic (P.V., A.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Unitat de RM (Servei de Radiologia) (A.R., X.M.), Departamento de Neurología-Neuroinmunología, Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (Cemcat), Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Clinico San Carlos (R.A., C.O.-G.), Madrid, Spain; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Hospital de La Princesa (V.M.-L.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.), Badalona, Spain; Hospital Regional Universitario (IBIMA) (O.F.), Malaga, Spain; Hospital Puerta de Hierro (A.G.-M.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Dr Josep Trueta (L.R.-T.), IDIBGI, Girona, Spain; Hospital La Fe (B.C.), Valencia, Spain; Hospital Xeral-Cies (D.M.), Vigo, Spain; Hospital del Mar (J.E.M.-R.), Barcelona, Spain; Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik (E.L.), Wiesbaden, Germany; Hospital Universitario Santiago de Compostela (J.M.P.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany; TrialFormSupport (X.N.), Barcelona, Spain; Advancell, Advanced In Vitro Cell Technologies, S.A (C.C.), Barcelona, Spain; and Neurotec Pharma S.L (M.P.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Fernandez
- Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic (P.V., A.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Unitat de RM (Servei de Radiologia) (A.R., X.M.), Departamento de Neurología-Neuroinmunología, Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (Cemcat), Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Clinico San Carlos (R.A., C.O.-G.), Madrid, Spain; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Hospital de La Princesa (V.M.-L.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.), Badalona, Spain; Hospital Regional Universitario (IBIMA) (O.F.), Malaga, Spain; Hospital Puerta de Hierro (A.G.-M.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Dr Josep Trueta (L.R.-T.), IDIBGI, Girona, Spain; Hospital La Fe (B.C.), Valencia, Spain; Hospital Xeral-Cies (D.M.), Vigo, Spain; Hospital del Mar (J.E.M.-R.), Barcelona, Spain; Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik (E.L.), Wiesbaden, Germany; Hospital Universitario Santiago de Compostela (J.M.P.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany; TrialFormSupport (X.N.), Barcelona, Spain; Advancell, Advanced In Vitro Cell Technologies, S.A (C.C.), Barcelona, Spain; and Neurotec Pharma S.L (M.P.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Saiz
- Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic (P.V., A.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Unitat de RM (Servei de Radiologia) (A.R., X.M.), Departamento de Neurología-Neuroinmunología, Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (Cemcat), Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Clinico San Carlos (R.A., C.O.-G.), Madrid, Spain; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Hospital de La Princesa (V.M.-L.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.), Badalona, Spain; Hospital Regional Universitario (IBIMA) (O.F.), Malaga, Spain; Hospital Puerta de Hierro (A.G.-M.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Dr Josep Trueta (L.R.-T.), IDIBGI, Girona, Spain; Hospital La Fe (B.C.), Valencia, Spain; Hospital Xeral-Cies (D.M.), Vigo, Spain; Hospital del Mar (J.E.M.-R.), Barcelona, Spain; Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik (E.L.), Wiesbaden, Germany; Hospital Universitario Santiago de Compostela (J.M.P.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany; TrialFormSupport (X.N.), Barcelona, Spain; Advancell, Advanced In Vitro Cell Technologies, S.A (C.C.), Barcelona, Spain; and Neurotec Pharma S.L (M.P.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Garcia-Merino
- Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic (P.V., A.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Unitat de RM (Servei de Radiologia) (A.R., X.M.), Departamento de Neurología-Neuroinmunología, Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (Cemcat), Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Clinico San Carlos (R.A., C.O.-G.), Madrid, Spain; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Hospital de La Princesa (V.M.-L.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.), Badalona, Spain; Hospital Regional Universitario (IBIMA) (O.F.), Malaga, Spain; Hospital Puerta de Hierro (A.G.-M.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Dr Josep Trueta (L.R.-T.), IDIBGI, Girona, Spain; Hospital La Fe (B.C.), Valencia, Spain; Hospital Xeral-Cies (D.M.), Vigo, Spain; Hospital del Mar (J.E.M.-R.), Barcelona, Spain; Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik (E.L.), Wiesbaden, Germany; Hospital Universitario Santiago de Compostela (J.M.P.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany; TrialFormSupport (X.N.), Barcelona, Spain; Advancell, Advanced In Vitro Cell Technologies, S.A (C.C.), Barcelona, Spain; and Neurotec Pharma S.L (M.P.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Ramió-Torrentà
- Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic (P.V., A.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Unitat de RM (Servei de Radiologia) (A.R., X.M.), Departamento de Neurología-Neuroinmunología, Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (Cemcat), Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Clinico San Carlos (R.A., C.O.-G.), Madrid, Spain; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Hospital de La Princesa (V.M.-L.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.), Badalona, Spain; Hospital Regional Universitario (IBIMA) (O.F.), Malaga, Spain; Hospital Puerta de Hierro (A.G.-M.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Dr Josep Trueta (L.R.-T.), IDIBGI, Girona, Spain; Hospital La Fe (B.C.), Valencia, Spain; Hospital Xeral-Cies (D.M.), Vigo, Spain; Hospital del Mar (J.E.M.-R.), Barcelona, Spain; Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik (E.L.), Wiesbaden, Germany; Hospital Universitario Santiago de Compostela (J.M.P.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany; TrialFormSupport (X.N.), Barcelona, Spain; Advancell, Advanced In Vitro Cell Technologies, S.A (C.C.), Barcelona, Spain; and Neurotec Pharma S.L (M.P.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Casanova
- Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic (P.V., A.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Unitat de RM (Servei de Radiologia) (A.R., X.M.), Departamento de Neurología-Neuroinmunología, Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (Cemcat), Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Clinico San Carlos (R.A., C.O.-G.), Madrid, Spain; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Hospital de La Princesa (V.M.-L.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.), Badalona, Spain; Hospital Regional Universitario (IBIMA) (O.F.), Malaga, Spain; Hospital Puerta de Hierro (A.G.-M.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Dr Josep Trueta (L.R.-T.), IDIBGI, Girona, Spain; Hospital La Fe (B.C.), Valencia, Spain; Hospital Xeral-Cies (D.M.), Vigo, Spain; Hospital del Mar (J.E.M.-R.), Barcelona, Spain; Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik (E.L.), Wiesbaden, Germany; Hospital Universitario Santiago de Compostela (J.M.P.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany; TrialFormSupport (X.N.), Barcelona, Spain; Advancell, Advanced In Vitro Cell Technologies, S.A (C.C.), Barcelona, Spain; and Neurotec Pharma S.L (M.P.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Celia Oreja-Guevara
- Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic (P.V., A.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Unitat de RM (Servei de Radiologia) (A.R., X.M.), Departamento de Neurología-Neuroinmunología, Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (Cemcat), Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Clinico San Carlos (R.A., C.O.-G.), Madrid, Spain; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Hospital de La Princesa (V.M.-L.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.), Badalona, Spain; Hospital Regional Universitario (IBIMA) (O.F.), Malaga, Spain; Hospital Puerta de Hierro (A.G.-M.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Dr Josep Trueta (L.R.-T.), IDIBGI, Girona, Spain; Hospital La Fe (B.C.), Valencia, Spain; Hospital Xeral-Cies (D.M.), Vigo, Spain; Hospital del Mar (J.E.M.-R.), Barcelona, Spain; Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik (E.L.), Wiesbaden, Germany; Hospital Universitario Santiago de Compostela (J.M.P.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany; TrialFormSupport (X.N.), Barcelona, Spain; Advancell, Advanced In Vitro Cell Technologies, S.A (C.C.), Barcelona, Spain; and Neurotec Pharma S.L (M.P.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Delicias Muñoz
- Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic (P.V., A.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Unitat de RM (Servei de Radiologia) (A.R., X.M.), Departamento de Neurología-Neuroinmunología, Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (Cemcat), Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Clinico San Carlos (R.A., C.O.-G.), Madrid, Spain; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Hospital de La Princesa (V.M.-L.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.), Badalona, Spain; Hospital Regional Universitario (IBIMA) (O.F.), Malaga, Spain; Hospital Puerta de Hierro (A.G.-M.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Dr Josep Trueta (L.R.-T.), IDIBGI, Girona, Spain; Hospital La Fe (B.C.), Valencia, Spain; Hospital Xeral-Cies (D.M.), Vigo, Spain; Hospital del Mar (J.E.M.-R.), Barcelona, Spain; Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik (E.L.), Wiesbaden, Germany; Hospital Universitario Santiago de Compostela (J.M.P.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany; TrialFormSupport (X.N.), Barcelona, Spain; Advancell, Advanced In Vitro Cell Technologies, S.A (C.C.), Barcelona, Spain; and Neurotec Pharma S.L (M.P.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Enrique Martinez-Rodriguez
- Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic (P.V., A.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Unitat de RM (Servei de Radiologia) (A.R., X.M.), Departamento de Neurología-Neuroinmunología, Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (Cemcat), Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Clinico San Carlos (R.A., C.O.-G.), Madrid, Spain; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Hospital de La Princesa (V.M.-L.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.), Badalona, Spain; Hospital Regional Universitario (IBIMA) (O.F.), Malaga, Spain; Hospital Puerta de Hierro (A.G.-M.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Dr Josep Trueta (L.R.-T.), IDIBGI, Girona, Spain; Hospital La Fe (B.C.), Valencia, Spain; Hospital Xeral-Cies (D.M.), Vigo, Spain; Hospital del Mar (J.E.M.-R.), Barcelona, Spain; Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik (E.L.), Wiesbaden, Germany; Hospital Universitario Santiago de Compostela (J.M.P.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany; TrialFormSupport (X.N.), Barcelona, Spain; Advancell, Advanced In Vitro Cell Technologies, S.A (C.C.), Barcelona, Spain; and Neurotec Pharma S.L (M.P.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eckart Lensch
- Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic (P.V., A.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Unitat de RM (Servei de Radiologia) (A.R., X.M.), Departamento de Neurología-Neuroinmunología, Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (Cemcat), Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Clinico San Carlos (R.A., C.O.-G.), Madrid, Spain; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Hospital de La Princesa (V.M.-L.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.), Badalona, Spain; Hospital Regional Universitario (IBIMA) (O.F.), Malaga, Spain; Hospital Puerta de Hierro (A.G.-M.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Dr Josep Trueta (L.R.-T.), IDIBGI, Girona, Spain; Hospital La Fe (B.C.), Valencia, Spain; Hospital Xeral-Cies (D.M.), Vigo, Spain; Hospital del Mar (J.E.M.-R.), Barcelona, Spain; Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik (E.L.), Wiesbaden, Germany; Hospital Universitario Santiago de Compostela (J.M.P.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany; TrialFormSupport (X.N.), Barcelona, Spain; Advancell, Advanced In Vitro Cell Technologies, S.A (C.C.), Barcelona, Spain; and Neurotec Pharma S.L (M.P.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Maria Prieto
- Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic (P.V., A.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Unitat de RM (Servei de Radiologia) (A.R., X.M.), Departamento de Neurología-Neuroinmunología, Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (Cemcat), Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Clinico San Carlos (R.A., C.O.-G.), Madrid, Spain; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Hospital de La Princesa (V.M.-L.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.), Badalona, Spain; Hospital Regional Universitario (IBIMA) (O.F.), Malaga, Spain; Hospital Puerta de Hierro (A.G.-M.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Dr Josep Trueta (L.R.-T.), IDIBGI, Girona, Spain; Hospital La Fe (B.C.), Valencia, Spain; Hospital Xeral-Cies (D.M.), Vigo, Spain; Hospital del Mar (J.E.M.-R.), Barcelona, Spain; Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik (E.L.), Wiesbaden, Germany; Hospital Universitario Santiago de Compostela (J.M.P.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany; TrialFormSupport (X.N.), Barcelona, Spain; Advancell, Advanced In Vitro Cell Technologies, S.A (C.C.), Barcelona, Spain; and Neurotec Pharma S.L (M.P.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic (P.V., A.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Unitat de RM (Servei de Radiologia) (A.R., X.M.), Departamento de Neurología-Neuroinmunología, Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (Cemcat), Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Clinico San Carlos (R.A., C.O.-G.), Madrid, Spain; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Hospital de La Princesa (V.M.-L.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.), Badalona, Spain; Hospital Regional Universitario (IBIMA) (O.F.), Malaga, Spain; Hospital Puerta de Hierro (A.G.-M.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Dr Josep Trueta (L.R.-T.), IDIBGI, Girona, Spain; Hospital La Fe (B.C.), Valencia, Spain; Hospital Xeral-Cies (D.M.), Vigo, Spain; Hospital del Mar (J.E.M.-R.), Barcelona, Spain; Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik (E.L.), Wiesbaden, Germany; Hospital Universitario Santiago de Compostela (J.M.P.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany; TrialFormSupport (X.N.), Barcelona, Spain; Advancell, Advanced In Vitro Cell Technologies, S.A (C.C.), Barcelona, Spain; and Neurotec Pharma S.L (M.P.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Nuñez
- Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic (P.V., A.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Unitat de RM (Servei de Radiologia) (A.R., X.M.), Departamento de Neurología-Neuroinmunología, Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (Cemcat), Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Clinico San Carlos (R.A., C.O.-G.), Madrid, Spain; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Hospital de La Princesa (V.M.-L.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.), Badalona, Spain; Hospital Regional Universitario (IBIMA) (O.F.), Malaga, Spain; Hospital Puerta de Hierro (A.G.-M.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Dr Josep Trueta (L.R.-T.), IDIBGI, Girona, Spain; Hospital La Fe (B.C.), Valencia, Spain; Hospital Xeral-Cies (D.M.), Vigo, Spain; Hospital del Mar (J.E.M.-R.), Barcelona, Spain; Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik (E.L.), Wiesbaden, Germany; Hospital Universitario Santiago de Compostela (J.M.P.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany; TrialFormSupport (X.N.), Barcelona, Spain; Advancell, Advanced In Vitro Cell Technologies, S.A (C.C.), Barcelona, Spain; and Neurotec Pharma S.L (M.P.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Campás
- Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic (P.V., A.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Unitat de RM (Servei de Radiologia) (A.R., X.M.), Departamento de Neurología-Neuroinmunología, Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (Cemcat), Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Clinico San Carlos (R.A., C.O.-G.), Madrid, Spain; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Hospital de La Princesa (V.M.-L.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.), Badalona, Spain; Hospital Regional Universitario (IBIMA) (O.F.), Malaga, Spain; Hospital Puerta de Hierro (A.G.-M.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Dr Josep Trueta (L.R.-T.), IDIBGI, Girona, Spain; Hospital La Fe (B.C.), Valencia, Spain; Hospital Xeral-Cies (D.M.), Vigo, Spain; Hospital del Mar (J.E.M.-R.), Barcelona, Spain; Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik (E.L.), Wiesbaden, Germany; Hospital Universitario Santiago de Compostela (J.M.P.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany; TrialFormSupport (X.N.), Barcelona, Spain; Advancell, Advanced In Vitro Cell Technologies, S.A (C.C.), Barcelona, Spain; and Neurotec Pharma S.L (M.P.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Pugliese
- Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic (P.V., A.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Unitat de RM (Servei de Radiologia) (A.R., X.M.), Departamento de Neurología-Neuroinmunología, Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (Cemcat), Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Clinico San Carlos (R.A., C.O.-G.), Madrid, Spain; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Hospital de La Princesa (V.M.-L.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.), Badalona, Spain; Hospital Regional Universitario (IBIMA) (O.F.), Malaga, Spain; Hospital Puerta de Hierro (A.G.-M.), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Dr Josep Trueta (L.R.-T.), IDIBGI, Girona, Spain; Hospital La Fe (B.C.), Valencia, Spain; Hospital Xeral-Cies (D.M.), Vigo, Spain; Hospital del Mar (J.E.M.-R.), Barcelona, Spain; Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik (E.L.), Wiesbaden, Germany; Hospital Universitario Santiago de Compostela (J.M.P.), Spain; Department of Neurology (S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany; TrialFormSupport (X.N.), Barcelona, Spain; Advancell, Advanced In Vitro Cell Technologies, S.A (C.C.), Barcelona, Spain; and Neurotec Pharma S.L (M.P.), Barcelona, Spain
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Feng R, Wang X, Zhang F. The signal pathway regulated by mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels might be involved in the mechanism of brain ischemic tolerance. J Formos Med Assoc 2015; 115:823-824. [PMID: 26256584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Feng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Biomechanics of Hebei Province, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China.
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Ji J, Yan H, Chen ZZ, Zhao Z, Yang DD, Sun XL, Shi YP. Iptakalim protects against ischemic injury by improving neurovascular unit function in the mouse brain. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:766-71. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ji
- Department of Pharmacology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Pharmacology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Zheng-Zhen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Zhan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Dan-Dan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Xiu-Lan Sun
- Department of Pharmacology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
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Yin J, Ren W, Yang G, Duan J, Huang X, Fang R, Li C, Li T, Yin Y, Hou Y, Kim SW, Wu G. L-Cysteine metabolism and its nutritional implications. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 60:134-46. [PMID: 25929483 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
L-Cysteine is a nutritionally semiessential amino acid and is present mainly in the form of L-cystine in the extracellular space. With the help of a transport system, extracellular L-cystine crosses the plasma membrane and is reduced to L-cysteine within cells by thioredoxin and reduced glutathione (GSH). Intracellular L-cysteine plays an important role in cellular homeostasis as a precursor for protein synthesis, and for production of GSH, hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S), and taurine. L-Cysteine-dependent synthesis of GSH has been investigated in many pathological conditions, while the pathway for L-cysteine metabolism to form H(2)S has received little attention with regard to prevention and treatment of disease in humans. The main objective of this review is to highlight the metabolic pathways of L-cysteine catabolism to GSH, H(2)S, and taurine, with special emphasis on therapeutic and nutritional use of L-cysteine to improve the health and well-being of animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenkai Ren
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guan Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jielin Duan
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingguo Huang
- Department of Animal Science, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China
| | - Rejun Fang
- Department of Animal Science, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China
| | - Chongyong Li
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Effects of Muscone on the Expression of P-gp, MMP-9 on Blood–Brain Barrier Model In Vitro. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 35:1105-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0204-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wang JF, Li Y, Song JN, Pang HG. Role of hydrogen sulfide in secondary neuronal injury. Neurochem Int 2013; 64:37-47. [PMID: 24239876 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In acute neuronal insult events, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, and spinal cord injury, pathological processes of secondary neuronal injury play a key role in the severity of insult and clinical prognosis. Along with nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is regarded as the third gasotransmitter and endogenous neuromodulator and plays multiple roles in the central nervous system under physiological and pathological states, especially in secondary neuronal injury. The endogenous level of H2S in the brain is significantly higher than that in peripheral tissues, and is mainly formed by cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) in astrocytes and released in response to neuronal excitation. The mechanism of secondary neuronal injury exacerbating the damage caused by the initial insult includes microcirculation failure, glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, neuronal apoptosis and calcium overload. H2S dilates cerebral vessels by activating smooth muscle cell plasma membrane ATP-sensitive K channels (KATP channels). This modification occurs on specific cysteine residues of the KATP channel proteins which are S-sulfhydrated. H2S counteracts glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity by inducing astrocytes to intake more glutamate from the extracellular space and thus increasing glutathione in neurons. In addition, H2S protects neurons from secondary neuronal injury by functioning as an anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic mediator. However, there are still some reports suggest that H2S elevates neuronal Ca(2+) concentration and may contribute to the formation of calcium overload in secondary neuronal injury. H2S also elicits calcium waves in primary cultures of astrocytes and may mediate signals between neurons and glia. Consequently, further exploration of the molecular mechanisms of H2S in secondary neuronal injury will provide important insights into its potential therapeutic uses for the treatment of acute neuronal insult events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Feng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Jin-Ning Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
| | - Hong-Gang Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
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Wang J, Li Z, Feng M, Ren K, Shen G, Zhao C, Jin X, Jiang K. Opening of astrocytic mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels upregulates electrical coupling between hippocampal astrocytes in rat brain slices. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56605. [PMID: 23418587 PMCID: PMC3572089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes form extensive intercellular networks through gap junctions to support both biochemical and electrical coupling between adjacent cells. ATP-sensitive K(+) (K(ATP)) channels couple cell metabolic state to membrane excitability and are enriched in glial cells. Activation of astrocytic mitochondrial K(ATP) (mitoK(ATP)) channel regulates certain astrocytic functions. However, less is known about its impact on electrical coupling between directly coupled astrocytes ex vivo. By using dual patch clamp recording, we found that activation of mitoK(ATP) channel increased the electrical coupling ratio in brain slices. The electrical coupling ratio started to increase 3 min after exposure to Diazoxide, a mitoK(ATP) channel activator, peaked at 5 min, and maintained its level with little adaptation until the end of the 10-min treatment. Blocking the mitoK(ATP) channel with 5-hydroxydecanoate, inhibited electrical coupling immediately, and by 10-min, the ratio dropped by 71% of the initial level. Activation of mitoK(ATP) channel also decreased the latency time of the transjunctional currents by 50%. The increase in the coupling ratio resulting from the activation of the mitoK(ATP) channel in a single astrocyte was further potentiated by the concurrent inhibiting of the channel on the recipient astrocyte. Furthermore, Meclofenamic acid, a gap-junction inhibitor which completely blocked the tracer coupling, hardly reversed the impact of mitoK(ATP) channel's activation on electrical coupling (by 7%). The level of mitochondrial Connexin43, a gap junctional subunit, significantly increased by 70% in astrocytes after 10-min Diazoxide treatment. Phospho-ERK signals were detected in Connexin43 immunoprecipitates in the Diazoxide-treated astrocytes, but not untreated control samples. Finally, inhibiting ERK could attenuate the effects of Diazoxide on electrical coupling by 61%. These findings demonstrate that activation of astrocytic mitoK(ATP) channel upregulates electrical coupling between hippocampal astrocytes ex vivo. In addition, this effect is mainly via up-regulation of the Connexin43-constituted gap junction coupling by an ERK-dependent mechanism in the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangping Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Children’s Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Children’s Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongxia Li
- Department of Neurology, The Children’s Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mei Feng
- Department of Neurology, The Children’s Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Keming Ren
- Department of Neurology, The Children’s Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoxia Shen
- Department of Neurology, The Children’s Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Congying Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Children’s Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kewen Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Children’s Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Laboratory, The Children’s Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail:
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Whitelaw BS, Robinson MB. Inhibitors of glutamate dehydrogenase block sodium-dependent glutamate uptake in rat brain membranes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:123. [PMID: 24062726 PMCID: PMC3775299 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently found evidence for anatomic and physical linkages between the astroglial Na(+)-dependent glutamate transporters (GLT-1/EAAT2 and GLAST/EAAT1) and mitochondria. In these same studies, we found that the glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) inhibitor, epigallocatechin-monogallate (EGCG), inhibits both glutamate oxidation and Na(+)-dependent glutamate uptake in astrocytes. In the present study, we extend this finding by exploring the effects of EGCG on Na(+)-dependent l-[(3)H]-glutamate (Glu) uptake in crude membranes (P2) prepared from rat brain cortex. In this preparation, uptake is almost exclusively mediated by GLT-1. EGCG inhibited l-[(3)H]-Glu uptake in cortical membranes with an IC50 value of 230 μM. We also studied the effects of two additional inhibitors of GDH, hexachlorophene (HCP) and bithionol (BTH). Both of these compounds also caused concentration-dependent inhibition of glutamate uptake in cortical membranes. Pre-incubating with HCP for up to 15 min had no greater effect than that observed with no pre-incubation, showing that the effects occur rapidly. HCP decreased the V max for glutamate uptake without changing the K m, consistent with a non-competitive mechanism of action. EGCG, HCP, and BTH also inhibited Na(+)-dependent transport of d-[(3)H]-aspartate (Asp), a non-metabolizable transporter substrate, and [(3)H]-γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In contrast to the forebrain, glutamate uptake in crude cerebellar membranes (P2) is likely mediated by GLAST (EAAT1). Therefore, the effects of these compounds were examined in cerebellar membranes. In this region, none of these compounds had any effect on uptake of either l-[(3)H]-Glu or d-[(3)H]-Asp, but they all inhibited [(3)H]-GABA uptake. Together these studies suggest that GDH is preferentially required for glutamate uptake in forebrain as compared to cerebellum, and GDH may be required for GABA uptake as well. They also provide further evidence for a functional linkage between glutamate transport and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan S. Whitelaw
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael B. Robinson
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- *Correspondence: Michael B. Robinson, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, 502N Abramson Pediatric Research Building, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, USA e-mail:
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Xiao L, Lan A, Mo L, Xu W, Jiang N, Hu F, Feng J, Zhang C. Hydrogen sulfide protects PC12 cells against reactive oxygen species and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2-mediated downregulation of glutamate transporter-1 expression induced by chemical hypoxia. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:1126-32. [PMID: 22895544 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia and/or ischemia are implicated in neurodegenerative disorders. In these diseases, hypoxia/ischemia may induce oxidative stress, including production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which result in a decrease in glutamate transporter expression. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as the third gasotransmitter, has neuroprotective effects and potent antioxidant properties. In the present study, we investigated the role of glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) in the protection of H2S against chemical hypoxia-induced injury in PC12 cells. We found that cobalt chloride (CoCl2), a chemical hypoxia agent, reduced the expression of GLT-1 in a time-dependent manner. Pretreatment with NaHS (a donor of H2S) reversed the CoCl2-induced downregulation of GLT-1 expression. Pretreatment with DHK (a selective inhibitor of GLT-1) for 30 min prior to NaHS preconditioning significantly inhibited the cytoprotection of H2S against CoCl2-induced injuries, leading to an increase in cytotoxicity and apoptosis as well as to a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). In addition, we found that similar to the effect of NaHS, pretreatment with NAC (a ROS scavenger) or U0126 (a MEK1/2 inhibitor) blocked the downregulation of GLT-1 expression induced by CoCl2. Collectively, we demonstrated for the first time that ROS and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2)-mediated reduction of GLT-1 expression may be involved in chemical hypoxia-induced neural injury and that H2S attenuates this injury partly by upregulating GLT-1 expression in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangcan Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
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Ben-Ari S, Ofek K, Barbash S, Meiri H, Kovalev E, Greenberg DS, Soreq H, Shoham S. Similar cation channels mediate protection from cerebellar exitotoxicity by exercise and inheritance. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:555-68. [PMID: 21507200 PMCID: PMC3822931 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise and inherited factors both affect recovery from stroke and head injury, but the underlying mechanisms and interconnections between them are yet unknown. Here, we report that similar cation channels mediate the protective effect of exercise and specific genetic background in a kainate injection model of cerebellar stroke. Microinjection to the cerebellum of the glutamatergic agonist, kainate, creates glutamatergic excito-toxicity characteristic of focal stroke, head injury or alcoholism. Inherited protection and prior exercise were both accompanied by higher cerebellar expression levels of the Kir6.1 ATP-dependent potassium channel in adjacent Bergmann glia, and voltage-gated KVbeta2 and cyclic nucleotide-gated cation HCN1 channels in basket cells. Sedentary FVB/N and exercised C57BL/6 mice both expressed higher levels of these cation channels compared to sedentary C57BL/6 mice, and were both found to be less sensitive to glutamate toxicity. Moreover, blocking ATP-dependent potassium channels with Glibenclamide enhanced kainate-induced cell death in cerebellar slices from the resilient sedentary FVB/N mice. Furthermore, exercise increased the number of acetylcholinesterase-positive fibres in the molecular layer, reduced cerebellar cytokine levels and suppressed serum acetylcholinesterase activity, suggesting anti-inflammatory protection by enhanced cholinergic signalling. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that routine exercise and specific genetic backgrounds confer protection from cerebellar glutamatergic damages by similar molecular mechanisms, including elevated expression of cation channels. In addition, our findings highlight the involvement of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in insult-inducible cerebellar processes. These mechanisms are likely to play similar roles in other brain regions and injuries as well, opening new venues for targeted research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani Ben-Ari
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Virgili N, Espinosa-Parrilla JF, Mancera P, Pastén-Zamorano A, Gimeno-Bayon J, Rodríguez MJ, Mahy N, Pugliese M. Oral administration of the KATP channel opener diazoxide ameliorates disease progression in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:149. [PMID: 22047130 PMCID: PMC3215935 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an acquired inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) and is the leading cause of nontraumatic disability among young adults. Activated microglial cells are important effectors of demyelination and neurodegeneration, by secreting cytokines and others neurotoxic agents. Previous studies have demonstrated that microglia expresses ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels and its pharmacological activation can provide neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we have examined the effect of oral administration of KATP channel opener diazoxide on induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of MS. Methods Anti-inflammatory effects of diazoxide were studied on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon gamma (IFNγ)-activated microglial cells. EAE was induced in C57BL/6J mice by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOG35-55). Mice were orally treated daily with diazoxide or vehicle for 15 days from the day of EAE symptom onset. Treatment starting at the same time as immunization was also assayed. Clinical signs of EAE were monitored and histological studies were performed to analyze tissue damage, demyelination, glial reactivity, axonal loss, neuronal preservation and lymphocyte infiltration. Results Diazoxide inhibited in vitro nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression by activated microglia without affecting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and phagocytosis. Oral treatment of mice with diazoxide ameliorated EAE clinical signs but did not prevent disease. Histological analysis demonstrated that diazoxide elicited a significant reduction in myelin and axonal loss accompanied by a decrease in glial activation and neuronal damage. Diazoxide did not affect the number of infiltrating lymphocytes positive for CD3 and CD20 in the spinal cord. Conclusion Taken together, these results demonstrate novel actions of diazoxide as an anti-inflammatory agent, which might contribute to its beneficial effects on EAE through neuroprotection. Treatment with this widely used and well-tolerated drug may be a useful therapeutic intervention in ameliorating MS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Virgili
- Neurotec Pharma SL, Bioincubadora PCB-Santander, Parc Científic de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Jiang K, Wang J, Zhao C, Feng M, Shen Z, Yu Z, Xia Z. Regulation of gap junctional communication by astrocytic mitochondrial K(ATP) channels following neurotoxin administration in in vitro and in vivo models. Neurosignals 2011; 19:63-74. [PMID: 21474909 DOI: 10.1159/000323575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that neuronal ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channels and astrocytic gap junctions (GJs) are involved in the mechanism underlying neurodisorders. The K(ATP) channels exist also in glial cells, and the objective of this study was to determine whether the astrocytic K(ATP) channels exert their effect on neurotoxin-induced neurodysfunction through regulating the astrocytic GJ function. The results showed that diazoxide, a selective mitochondrial K(ATP) (mitoK(ATP)) channel opener, enhanced the GJ coupling, but 5-hydroxydecanoate, a selective mitoK(ATP) channel blocker that significantly inhibits GJ coupling in vitro did not. Activation of astrocytic mitoK(ATP) channels alleviated kainic acid-induced dysfunction of GJ intercellular communication. Finally, activation of mitoK(ATP) channels improved the astrocytic GJ coupling in the hippocampus after seizures due to the colabeling of GJ subunit connexin 43 and connexin 45 with glial marker and was increased substantially by the administration of diazoxide. Western blot demonstrated that the mitoK(ATP) channels regulated the expression of connexin 43 (P2; active form) and connexin 45 in the epileptic hippocampus. These findings demonstrate that activation of astrocytic mitoK(ATP) channels improves the GJ function in astrocytes, indicating that the effect of the astrocytic mitoK(ATP) channels on neurotoxin-induced neurodysfunction might be, in part, through the regulation of the GJ-coupled spatial buffering in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewen Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Hao C, Liu W, Luan X, Li Y, Gui H, Peng Y, Shen J, Hu G, Yang J. Aquaporin-4 knockout enhances astrocyte toxicity induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion and lipopolysaccharide via increasing the expression of cytochrome P4502E1. Toxicol Lett 2010; 198:225-31. [PMID: 20615459 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The role of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) in the regulation of astrocytes function has been widely investigated. However, there is little information about its contribution to the drug metabolism enzymes such as Cytochrome P4502E1. In the present study, we investigated whether AQP4 is involved in the process of the cell damage caused by MPP(+) and LPS through regulating the expression of CYP2E1 in astrocytes. Compared to the wild-type, in primary astrocytes, AQP4 knockout increased the cell damage and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production which were induced by MPP(+), LPS and ethanol. Notably, AQP4 knockout enhanced the up-regulation of the expression of CYP2E1 in astrocytes exposed to MPP(+), LPS and ethanol. Furthermore, Diallylsulphide (DAS), a CYP2E1 inhibitor, partially or almost abolished the cell injury and the ROS production of the astrocytes induced by MPP(+) and LPS. These findings indicate AQP4 protects astrocytes from the damage caused by MPP(+) and LPS through reducing the ROS production correlation to the diminished expression of CYP2E1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunshu Hao
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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Shen Y, He P, Fan YY, Zhang JX, Yan HJ, Hu WW, Ohtsu H, Chen Z. Carnosine protects against permanent cerebral ischemia in histidine decarboxylase knockout mice by reducing glutamate excitotoxicity. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:727-35. [PMID: 20043985 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we showed that carnosine protects against NMDA-induced excitotoxicity in differentiated PC12 cells through a histaminergic pathway. However, whether the protective effect of the carnosine metabolic pathway also occurs in ischemic brain is unknown. Utilizing the model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) in mice, we found that carnosine significantly improved neurological function and decreased infarct size in both histidine decarboxylase knockout and the corresponding wild-type mice to the same extent. Carnosine decreased the glutamate levels and preserved the expression of glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) but not the glutamate/aspartate transporter in astrocytes exposed to ischemia in vivo and in vitro. It suppressed the dissipation of Delta Psi(m) and generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation in astrocytes. Furthermore, carnosine also decreased the mitochondrial ROS and reversed the decrease in GLT-1 induced by rotenone. These findings are the first to demonstrate that the mechanism of carnosine action in pMCAO may not be mediated by the histaminergic pathway, but by reducing glutamate excitotoxicity through the effective regulation of the expression of GLT-1 in astrocytes due to improved mitochondrial function. Thus, our study reveals a novel antiexcitotoxic agent in ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Shen
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Sun XL, Hu G. ATP-sensitive potassium channels: A promising target for protecting neurovascular unit function in stroke. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2010; 37:243-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Xie J, Duan L, Qian X, Huang X, Ding J, Hu G. KATP channel openers protect mesencephalic neurons against MPP+-induced cytotoxicity via inhibition of ROS production. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:428-37. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Deng Y, Xu Z, Xu B, Tian Y, Deng X, Xin X, Gao J. Excitotoxicity in rat's brain induced by exposure of manganese and neuroprotective effects of pinacidil and nimodipine. Biol Trace Elem Res 2009; 131:143-53. [PMID: 19300915 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-009-8361-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element for humans. However, manganism would be caused by excessive Mn. The mechanisms underlying excitotoxicity induced by manganism are poorly understood. As it is known to us, glutamate (Glu) is the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter. To determine the possible role of dysfunction of Glu transportation and metabolism in Mn-induced excitotoxicity, the rats were ip injected with different dose of MnCl(2) (0, 50, 100, and 200 micromol/kg), the levels of Mn and activities of GS, PAG, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase, and Ca(2+)-ATPase in striatum were investigated. In addition, effect of 20.38 micromol/kg pinacidil (K(+) channel opener) or 2.4 micromol/kg nimodipine (Ca(2+) channel blocker) were studied at 200 micromol/kg MnCl(2). With dose-dependent inhibition of GS, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase, and Ca(2+)-ATPase activities, increase of Mn levels and PAG activity were observed. Further investigation indicated that pre-treatment of pinacidil or nimodipine reversed toxic effect of MnCl(2) significantly. These results suggested that MnCl(2) could induce dysfunction of Glu transportation and metabolism by augmenting the excitotoxicity dose-dependently; pinacidil and nimodipine might antagonize manganese neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Deng
- Department of environmental health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Lu M, Hu LF, Hu G, Bian JS. Hydrogen sulfide protects astrocytes against H(2)O(2)-induced neural injury via enhancing glutamate uptake. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:1705-13. [PMID: 18848879 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Excess extracellular glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter, may result in excitotoxicity and neural injury. The present study was designed to study the effect of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S), a novel neuromodulator, on hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) -induced glutamate uptake impairment and cellular injuries in primary cultured rat cortical astrocytes. We found that NaHS (an H(2)S donor, 0.1-1000 microM) reversed H(2)O(2)-induced cellular injury in a concentration-dependent manner. This effect was attenuated by L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic (PDC), a specific glutamate uptake inhibitor. Moreover, NaHS significantly increased [(3)H]glutamate transport in astrocytes treated with H(2)O(2), suggesting that H(2)S may protect astrocytes via enhancing glutamate uptake function. NaHS also reversed H(2)O(2)-impaired glutathione (GSH) production. Blockade of glutamate uptake with PDC attenuated this effect, indicating that the effect of H(2)S on GSH production is secondary to the stimulation of glutamate uptake. In addition, it was also found that H(2)S may promote glutamate uptake activity via decreasing ROS generation, enhancing ATP production and suppressing ERK1/2 activation. In conclusion, our findings provide direct evidence that H(2)S has potential therapeutic value for oxidative stress-induced brain damage via a mechanism involving enhancing glutamate uptake function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Masino SA, Geiger JD. Are purines mediators of the anticonvulsant/neuroprotective effects of ketogenic diets? Trends Neurosci 2008; 31:273-8. [PMID: 18471903 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 02/16/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal neuronal signaling caused by metabolic changes characterizes several neurological disorders, and in some instances metabolic interventions provide therapeutic benefits. Indeed, altering metabolism either by fasting or by maintaining a low-carbohydrate (ketogenic) diet might reduce epileptic seizures and offer neuroprotection in part because the diet increases mitochondrial biogenesis and brain energy levels. Here we focus on a novel hypothesis that a ketogenic diet-induced change in energy metabolism increases levels of ATP and adenosine, purines that are critically involved in neuron-glia interactions, neuromodulation and synaptic plasticity. Enhancing brain bioenergetics (ATP) and increasing levels of adenosine, an endogenous anticonvulsant and neuroprotective molecule, might help with understanding and treating a variety of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Masino
- Neuroscience Program/Psychology Department, Trinity College, Life Sciences Center, 300 Summit Street, Hartford, CT 06106, USA.
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