1
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Kopanja D, Chand V, O’Brien E, Mukhopadhyay NK, Zappia MP, Islam AB, Frolov MV, Merrill BJ, Raychaudhuri P. Transcriptional Repression by FoxM1 Suppresses Tumor Differentiation and Promotes Metastasis of Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2022; 82:2458-2471. [PMID: 35583996 PMCID: PMC9258028 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Forkhead box M1 (FoxM1) is overexpressed in breast cancers and correlates with poor prognosis. Mechanistically, FoxM1 associates with CBP to activate transcription and with Rb to repress transcription. Although the activating function of FoxM1 in breast cancer has been well documented, the significance of its repressive activity is poorly understood. Using CRISPR-Cas9 engineering, we generated a mouse model that expresses FoxM1-harboring point mutations that block binding to Rb while retaining its ability to bind CBP. Unlike FoxM1-null mice, mice harboring Rb-binding mutant FoxM1 did not exhibit significant developmental defects. The mutant mouse line developed PyMT-driven mammary tumors that were deficient in lung metastasis, which was tumor cell-intrinsic. Single-cell RNA-seq of the tumors revealed a deficiency in prometastatic tumor cells and an expansion of differentiated alveolar type tumor cells, and further investigation identified that loss of the FoxM1/Rb interaction caused enhancement of the mammary alveolar differentiation program. The FoxM1 mutant tumors also showed increased Pten expression, and FoxM1/Rb was found to activate Akt signaling by repressing Pten. In human breast cancers, expression of FoxM1 negatively correlated with Pten mRNA. Furthermore, the lack of tumor-infiltrating cells in FoxM1 mutant tumors appeared related to decreases in pro-metastatic tumor cells that express factors required for infiltration. These observations demonstrate that the FoxM1/Rb-regulated transcriptome is critical for the plasticity of breast cancer cells that drive metastasis, identifying a prometastatic role of Rb when bound to FoxM1. SIGNIFICANCE This work provides new insights into how the interaction between FoxM1 and Rb facilitates the evolution of metastatic breast cancer cells by altering the transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Kopanja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Vaibhav Chand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Eilidh O’Brien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Nishit K. Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Maria P. Zappia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Abul B.M.M.K. Islam
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Maxim V. Frolov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Bradley J. Merrill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Pradip Raychaudhuri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
- Research and Development Section, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Correspondence: Pradip Raychaudhuri, 900 S. Ashland Ave, Chicago, Il, 60607, Phone number: 312-413-0255;
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2
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Garland B, Delisle S, Al-Zahrani KN, Pryce BR, Sabourin LA. The Ste20-like kinase - a Jack of all trades? J Cell Sci 2021; 134:261804. [PMID: 33961052 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, the Ste20-like kinase (SLK; also known as STK2) has emerged as a central regulator of cytoskeletal dynamics. Reorganization of the cytoskeleton is necessary for a plethora of biological processes including apoptosis, proliferation, migration, tissue repair and signaling. Several studies have also uncovered a role for SLK in disease progression and cancer. Here, we review the recent findings in the SLK field and summarize the various roles of SLK in different animal models and discuss the biochemical mechanisms regulating SLK activity. Together, these studies have revealed multiple roles for SLK in coupling cytoskeletal dynamics to cell growth, in muscle repair and in negative-feedback loops critical for cancer progression. Furthermore, the ability of SLK to regulate some systems appears to be kinase activity independent, suggesting that it may be an important scaffold for signal transduction pathways. These various findings reveal highly complex functions and regulation patterns of SLK in development and disease, making it a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan Garland
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H8L1, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H8L6, Canada
| | - Samuel Delisle
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H8L1, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H8L6, Canada
| | - Khalid N Al-Zahrani
- Center for Molecular and Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1X5, Canada
| | - Benjamin R Pryce
- Department of Pediatrics, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina,Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Luc A Sabourin
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H8L1, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H8L6, Canada
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3
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Al-Zahrani KN, Cook DP, Vanderhyden BC, Sabourin LA. Assessing the efficacy of androgen receptor and Sox10 as independent markers of the triple-negative breast cancer subtype by transcriptome profiling. Oncotarget 2018; 9:33348-33359. [PMID: 30279965 PMCID: PMC6161783 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Androgen Receptor (AR) has recently garnered a lot of attention as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in hormone-dependent cancers, including breast cancer. However, several inconsistencies exist within the literature as to which subtypes of breast cancer express AR or whether it can be used to define its own unique subtype. Here, we analyze 1246 invasive breast cancer samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas and show that human breast cancers that have been subtyped based on their HER2, ESR1, or PGR expression contain four clusters of genes that are differentially expressed across all subtypes. We demonstrate that Sox10 is highly expressed in approximately one-third of all HER2/ESR1/PGR-low tumors and is a candidate biomarker of the triple-negative subtype. Although AR expression is acquired in many breast cancer cases, its expression could not define a unique subtype. Despite several reports stating that AR expression is acquired in HER2/ESR1/PGR triple-negative cancers, here we show that a low percentage of these cancers express AR (~20%). In contrast, AR is highly expressed in HER2-positive or ESR1/PGR-positive cancers (> 95%). Although AR expression cannot be used as an independent subtype biomarker, our analysis shows that routine evaluation of AR expression in tumors which express HER2, ESR1 and/or PGR may identify a unique subset of tumors which would benefit from anti-androgen based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid N Al-Zahrani
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David P Cook
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Barbara C Vanderhyden
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luc A Sabourin
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Barrio-Real L, Wertheimer E, Garg R, Abba MC, Kazanietz MG. Characterization of a P-Rex1 gene signature in breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:51335-51348. [PMID: 27351228 PMCID: PMC5239479 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rac nucleotide Exchange Factor (Rac-GEF) P-Rex1 is highly expressed in breast cancer, specifically in the luminal subtype, and is an essential mediator of actin cytoskeleton reorganization and cell migratory responses induced by stimulation of ErbB and other tyrosine-kinase receptors. Heregulin (HRG), a growth factor highly expressed in mammary tumors, causes the activation of P-Rex1 and Rac1 in breast cancer cells via ErbB3, leading to a motile response. Since there is limited information about P-Rex1 downstream effectors, we carried out a microarray analysis to identify genes regulated by this Rac-GEF after stimulation of ErbB3 with HRG. In T-47D breast cancer cells, HRG treatment caused major changes in gene expression, including genes associated with motility, adhesion, invasiveness and metastasis. Silencing P-Rex1 expression from T-47D cells using RNAi altered the induction and repression of a subset of HRG-regulated genes, among them genes associated with extracellular matrix organization, migration, and chemotaxis. HRG induction of MMP10 (matrix metalloproteinase 10) was found to be highly sensitive both to P-Rex1 depletion and inhibition of Rac1 function by the GTPase Activating Protein (GAP) β2-chimaerin, suggesting the dependence of the P-Rex1/Rac1 pathway for the induction of genes critical for breast cancer invasiveness. Notably, there is a significant association in the expression of P-Rex1 and MMP10 in human luminal breast cancer, and their co-expression is indicative of poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Barrio-Real
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Eva Wertheimer
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rachana Garg
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Martin C Abba
- Centro de Investigaciones Inmunológicas Básicas y Aplicadas (CINIBA), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marcelo G Kazanietz
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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Myosin 1e promotes breast cancer malignancy by enhancing tumor cell proliferation and stimulating tumor cell de-differentiation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:46419-46432. [PMID: 27329840 PMCID: PMC5216807 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advancing therapies, thousands of women die every year of breast cancer. Myosins, actin-dependent molecular motors, are likely to contribute to tumor formation and metastasis via their effects on cell adhesion and migration and may provide promising new targets for cancer therapies. Using the MMTV-PyMT murine model of breast cancer, we identified Myosin 1e (MYO1E) as a novel tumor promoter. Tumor latency in mice lacking MYO1E was significantly increased, and tumors formed in the absence of MYO1E displayed unusual papillary morphology, with well-differentiated layers of epithelial cells covering fibrovascular cores, rather than solid sheets of tumor cells typically observed in this cancer model. These tumors were reminiscent of papillary breast cancer in humans that is typically non-invasive and often cured by tumor excision. MYO1E-null tumors exhibited decreased expression of the markers of cell proliferation, which was recapitulated in primary tumor cells derived from MYO1E-null mice. In agreement with our findings, meta-analysis of patient survival data indicated that MYO1E expression level was associated with reduced recurrence-free survival in basal-like breast cancer. Overall, our data suggests that MYO1E contributes to breast tumor malignancy and regulates the differentiation and proliferation state of breast tumor cells.
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6
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Otsuka Y, Oikawa T, Yoshino H, Hashimoto S, Handa H, Yamamoto H, Hashimoto A, Sabe H. Frequent overexpression of AMAP1, an Arf6 effector in cell invasion, is characteristic of the MMTV-PyMT rather than the MMTV-Neu human breast cancer model. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:1. [PMID: 29329590 PMCID: PMC5795291 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-017-0212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The small GTPase Arf6 and its downstream effector AMAP1 (also called ASAP1/DDEF1) constitute a signaling pathway promoting cell invasion, in which AMAP1 interacts with several different proteins, including PRKD2, EPB41L5, paxillin, and cortactin. Components of this pathway are often overexpressed in human breast cancer cells, to be correlated with poor prognosis of the patients, whereas overexpression of the Arf6 pathway did not correlate with the four main molecular classes of human breast tumors. In this pathway, receptor tyrosine kinases, including EGFR and Her2, activate Arf6 via GEP100. MMTV-PyMT mice and MMTV-Neu mice are well-established models of human breast cancer, and exhibit the early dissemination and the lung metastasis, by utilizing protein tyrosine phosphorylation for oncogenesis. PyMT-tumors and Neu-tumors are known to have overlapping gene expression profiles, which primarily correspond to the luminal B-type of human mammary tumors, although they differ in the time necessary for tumor onset and metastasis. Given the common usage of protein tyrosine phosphorylation, as well as the frequent use of these animal models for studying breast cancer at the molecular level, we here investigated whether mammary tumors in these mouse models utilize the Arf6-based pathway for invasion. Methods Expression levels of Arf6, AMAP1, and GEP100 were analyzed in PyMT-tumors and Neu-tumors by western blotting. Expression of Arf6 and AMAP1 was also analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The involvement of AMAP1 in invasion, and the possible correlation of its high expression levels with cancer mesenchymal properties were also investigated. Results We found that PyMT-tumors, but not Neu-tumors, frequently overexpress AMAP1 and use it for invasion, whereas both types of tumors expressed Arf6 and GEP100 at different levels. High levels of the AMAP1 expression among PyMT-tumor cells were frequently correlated with loss of the epithelial marker CK8 and also with expression of the mesenchymal marker vimentin both at the primary sites and at sites of the lung metastases. Conclusions PyMT-tumors appear to frequently utilize the Arf6-based invasive machinery, whereas Neu-tumors do not. Our results suggest that MMTV-PyMT mice, rather than MMTV-Neu mice, are useful to study the Arf6-based mammary tumor malignancies, as a representative model of human breast cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-017-0212-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Otsuka
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Oikawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Hinako Yoshino
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Shigeru Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Haruka Handa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Ari Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hisataka Sabe
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan.
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7
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Chlis NK, Bei ES, Zervakis M. Introducing a Stable Bootstrap Validation Framework for Reliable Genomic Signature Extraction. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2018; 15:181-190. [PMID: 27913357 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2016.2633267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The application of machine learning methods for the identification of candidate genes responsible for phenotypes of interest, such as cancer, is a major challenge in the field of bioinformatics. These lists of genes are often called genomic signatures and their linkage to phenotype associations may form a significant step in discovering the causation between genotypes and phenotypes. Traditional methods that produce genomic signatures from DNA Microarray data tend to extract significantly different lists under relatively small variations of the training data. That instability hinders the validity of research findings and raises skepticism about the reliability of such methods. In this study, a complete framework for the extraction of stable and reliable lists of candidate genes is presented. The proposed methodology enforces stability of results at the validation step and as a result, it is independent of the feature selection and classification methods used. Furthermore, two different statistical tests are performed in order to assess the statistical significance of the observed results. Moreover, the consistency of the signatures extracted by independent executions of the proposed method is also evaluated. The results of this study highlight the importance of stability issues in genomic signatures, beyond their prediction capabilities.
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8
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Ondrouskova E, Sommerova L, Nenutil R, Coufal O, Bouchal P, Vojtesek B, Hrstka R. AGR2 associates with HER2 expression predicting poor outcome in subset of estrogen receptor negative breast cancer patients. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 102:280-283. [PMID: 28238761 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the AGR2 oncogene was shown to be associated with estrogen receptor positive tumors. This gene contributes to enhanced cellular proliferation, drug resistance, metastasis development and may also serve as a predictor of poor prognosis. However, our analysis of AGR2 expression in a subset of estrogen-receptor negative tumors revealed that AGR2 could also be upregulated in hormone-independent manner. AGR2 expression was shown to be significantly increased in HER2 positive breast tumors on both the mRNA and the protein level. Moreover, in a subset of estrogen- and progesterone-receptor negative and simultaneously HER2-positive cases, increased AGR2 expression significantly correlated with worse patient prognosis. Subsequent analysis of independent data sets either collected in our institute or obtained from Oncomine cancer microarray database confirmed all these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ondrouskova
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Sommerova
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Nenutil
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Oldrich Coufal
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Bouchal
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Hrstka
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Boulay PL, Mitchell L, Turpin J, Huot-Marchand JÉ, Lavoie C, Sanguin-Gendreau V, Jones L, Mitra S, Livingstone JM, Campbell S, Hallett M, Mills GB, Park M, Chodosh L, Strathdee D, Norman JC, Muller WJ. Rab11-FIP1C Is a Critical Negative Regulator in ErbB2-Mediated Mammary Tumor Progression. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2662-74. [PMID: 26933086 PMCID: PMC5070470 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rab coupling protein (FIP1C), an effector of the Rab11 GTPases, including Rab25, is amplified and overexpressed in 10% to 25% of primary breast cancers and correlates with poor clinical outcome. Rab25 is also frequently silenced in triple-negative breast cancer, suggesting its ability to function as either an oncogene or a tumor suppressor, depending on the breast cancer subtype. However, the pathobiologic role of FIP family members, such as FIP1C, in a tumor-specific setting remains elusive. In this study, we used ErbB2 mouse models of human breast cancer to investigate FIP1C function in tumorigenesis. Doxycycline-induced expression of FIP1C in the MMTV-ErbB2 mouse model resulted in delayed mammary tumor progression. Conversely, targeted deletion of FIP1C in the mammary epithelium of an ErbB2 model coexpressing Cre recombinase led to accelerated tumor onset. Genetic and biochemical characterization of these FIP1C-proficient and -deficient tumor models revealed that FIP1C regulated E-cadherin (CDH1) trafficking and ZONAB (YBX3) function in Cdk4-mediated cell-cycle progression. Furthermore, we demonstrate that FIP1C promoted lysosomal degradation of ErbB2. Consistent with our findings in the mouse, the expression of FIP1C was inversely correlated with ErbB2 levels in breast cancer patients. Taken together, our findings indicate that FIP1C acts as a tumor suppressor in the context of ErbB2-positive breast cancer and may be therapeutically exploited as an alternative strategy for targeting aberrant ErbB2 expression. Cancer Res; 76(9); 2662-74. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Luc Boulay
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Louise Mitchell
- Integrin Cell Biology Cancer Research UK Beaston Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Turpin
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie-Émilie Huot-Marchand
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Cynthia Lavoie
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Virginie Sanguin-Gendreau
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Laura Jones
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Shreya Mitra
- Department of System Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Julie M Livingstone
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Shirley Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Michael Hallett
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of System Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Morag Park
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lewis Chodosh
- Cancer Biology Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Douglas Strathdee
- Integrin Cell Biology Cancer Research UK Beaston Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jim C Norman
- Integrin Cell Biology Cancer Research UK Beaston Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - William J Muller
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Montreal, Québec, Canada.
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Sriram R, Lo V, Pryce B, Antonova L, Mears AJ, Daneshmand M, McKay B, Conway SJ, Muller WJ, Sabourin LA. Loss of periostin/OSF-2 in ErbB2/Neu-driven tumors results in androgen receptor-positive molecular apocrine-like tumors with reduced Notch1 activity. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:7. [PMID: 25592291 PMCID: PMC4355979 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-014-0513-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periostin (Postn) is a secreted cell adhesion protein that activates signaling pathways to promote cancer cell survival, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Interestingly, Postn is frequently overexpressed in numerous human cancers, including breast, lung, colon, pancreatic, and ovarian cancer. METHODS Using transgenic mice expressing the Neu oncogene in the mammary epithelium crossed into Postn-deficient animals, we have assessed the effect of Postn gene deletion on Neu-driven mammary tumorigenesis. RESULTS Although Postn is exclusively expressed in the stromal fibroblasts of the mammary gland, Postn deletion does not affect mammary gland outgrowth during development or pregnancy. Furthermore, we find that loss of Postn in the mammary epithelium does not alter breast tumor initiation or growth in mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-Neu expressing mice but results in an apocrine-like tumor phenotype. Surprisingly, we find that tumors derived from Postn-null animals express low levels of Notch protein and Hey1 mRNA but increased expression of androgen receptor (AR) and AR target genes. We show that tumor cells derived from wild-type animals do not proliferate when transplanted in a Postn-null environment but that this growth defect is rescued by the overexpression of active Notch or the AR target gene prolactin-induced protein (PIP/GCDFP-15). CONCLUSIONS Together our data suggest that loss of Postn in an ErbB2/Neu/HER2 overexpression model results in apocrine-like tumors that activate an AR-dependent pathway. This may have important implications for the treatment of breast cancers involving the therapeutic targeting of periostin or Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Sriram
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Vivian Lo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Benjamin Pryce
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Lilia Antonova
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Alan J Mears
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H8L6, Canada.
| | - Manijeh Daneshmand
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Cancer Therapeutics, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.
| | - Bruce McKay
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Simon J Conway
- Developmental Biology and Neonatal Medicine Program, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - William J Muller
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, 1200 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A1, Canada.
| | - Luc A Sabourin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada. .,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Cancer Therapeutics, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.
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A requirement for Nedd9 in luminal progenitor cells prior to mammary tumorigenesis in MMTV-HER2/ErbB2 mice. Oncogene 2013; 33:411-20. [PMID: 23318423 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of the NEDD9/HEF1/Cas-L scaffolding protein is frequent, and drives invasion and metastasis in breast, head and neck, colorectal, melanoma, lung and other types of cancer. We have examined the consequences of genetic ablation of Nedd9 in the MMTV-HER2/ERBB2/neu mouse mammary tumor model. Unexpectedly, we found that only a limited effect on metastasis in MMTV-neu;Nedd9(-/-) mice compared with MMTV-neu;Nedd9(+/+) mice, but instead a dramatic reduction in tumor incidence (18 versus 80%), and a significantly increased latency until tumor appearance. Orthotopic reinjection and tail-vein injection of cells arising from tumors, coupled with in vivo analysis, indicated tumors arising in MMTV-neu;Nedd9(-/-) mice had undergone mutational selection that overcame the initial requirement for Nedd9. To better understand the defects in early tumor growth, we compared mammary progenitor cell pools from MMTV-neu;Nedd9(-/-) versus MMTV-neu;Nedd9(+/+) mice. The MMTV-neu;Nedd9(-/-) genotype selectively reduced both the number and colony-forming potential of mammary luminal epithelial progenitor cells, while not affecting basal epithelial progenitors. MMTV-neu;Nedd9(-/-) mammospheres had striking defects in morphology and cell polarity. All of these defects were seen predominantly in the context of the HER2/neu oncogene, and were not associated with randomization of the plane of mitotic division, but rather with depressed expression the cell attachment protein FAK, accompanied by increased sensitivity to small molecule inhibitors of FAK and SRC. Surprisingly, in spite of these significant differences, only minimal changes were observed in the gene expression profile of Nedd9(-/-) mice, indicating critical Nedd9-dependent differences in cell growth properties were mediated via post-transcriptional regulation of cell signaling. Coupled with emerging data indicating a role for NEDD9 in progenitor cell populations during the morphogenesis of other tissues, these results indicate a functional requirement for NEDD9 in the growth of mammary cancer progenitor cells.
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Al-Zahrani KN, Baron KD, Sabourin LA. Ste20-like kinase SLK, at the crossroads: a matter of life and death. Cell Adh Migr 2012; 7:1-10. [PMID: 23154402 DOI: 10.4161/cam.22495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reorganization of the cytoskeleton is necessary for apoptosis, proliferation, migration, development and tissue repair. However, it is well established that mutations or overexpression of key regulators contribute to the phenotype and progression of several pathologies such as cancer. For instance, c-src mutations and the overexpression of FAK have been implicated in the invasive and metastatic process, suggesting that components of the motility system may represent a new class of therapeutic targets. Over the last several years, we and others have established distinct roles for the Ste20-like kinase SLK, encompassing apoptosis, growth, motility and development. Here, we review the SLK field from its initial cloning to the most recent findings from our laboratory. We summarize the various roles of SLK and the biochemical mechanisms that regulate its activity. These various findings reveal very complex functions and pattern of regulation for SLK in development and cancer, making it a potential therapeutic target.
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Wong CSF, Sceneay J, House CM, Halse HM, Liu MCP, George J, Hunnam TCUP, Parker BS, Haviv I, Ronai Z, Cullinane C, Bowtell DD, Möller A. Vascular normalization by loss of Siah2 results in increased chemotherapeutic efficacy. Cancer Res 2012; 72:1694-704. [PMID: 22354750 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia is associated with resistance to antiangiogenic therapy and poor prognosis. The Siah E3 ubiquitin ligases regulate the hypoxic response pathway by modulating the turnover of the master proangiogenic transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (Hif-1α). In this study, we show that genetic deficiency in the Siah family member Siah2 results in vascular normalization and delayed tumor growth in an established transgenic model of aggressive breast cancer. Tumors arising in a Siah2(-/-) genetic background showed increased perfusion and pericyte-associated vasculature, similar to that occurring with antiangiogenic therapy. In support of the role of Siah2 in regulating levels of Hif-1α, expression of angiogenic factors was decreased in Siah2(-/-) tumors. Blood vessel normalization in Siah2(-/-) tumors resulted in an increased response to chemotherapy and prolonged survival. Together, our findings offer a preclinical proof of concept that targeting Siah2 is sufficient to attenuate Hif-1α-mediated angiogenesis and hypoxia signaling, thereby improving responses to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S F Wong
- Cancer Genomics and Genetics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Boimel PJ, Smirnova T, Zhou ZN, Wyckoff J, Park H, Coniglio SJ, Qian BZ, Stanley ER, Cox D, Pollard JW, Muller WJ, Condeelis J, Segall JE. Contribution of CXCL12 secretion to invasion of breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:R23. [PMID: 22314082 PMCID: PMC3496141 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neu (HER2/ErbB2) is overexpressed in 25% to 30% of human breast cancer, correlating with a poor prognosis. Researchers in previous studies who used the mouse mammary tumor virus Neu-transgenic mouse model (MMTV-Neu) demonstrated that the Neu-YB line had increased production of CXCL12 and increased metastasis, whereas the Neu-YD line had decreased metastasis. In this study, we examined the role of increased production of CXCL12 in tumor cell invasion and malignancy. METHODS We studied invasion in the tumor microenvironment using multiphoton intravital imaging, in vivo invasion and intravasation assays. CXCL12 signaling was altered by using the CXCR4 inhibitor AMD3100 or by increasing CXCL12 expression. The role of macrophage signaling in vivo was determined using a colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) blocking antibody. RESULTS The Neu-YD strain was reduced in invasion, intravasation and metastasis compared to the Neu-YB and Neu deletion mutant (activated receptor) strains. Remarkably, in the Neu-YB strain, in vivo invasion to epidermal growth factor was dependent on both CXCL12-CXCR4 and CSF1-CSF-1R signaling. Neu-YB tumors had increased macrophage and microvessel density. Overexpression of CXCL12 in rat mammary adenocarcinoma cells increased in vivo invasion as well as microvessel and macrophage density. CONCLUSIONS Expression of CXCL12 by tumor cells results in increased macrophage and microvessel density and in vivo invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Boimel
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
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15
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Hedhli N, Dobrucki LW, Kalinowski A, Zhuang ZW, Wu X, Russell RR, Sinusas AJ, Russell KS. Endothelial-derived neuregulin is an important mediator of ischaemia-induced angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 93:516-24. [PMID: 22200588 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Neuregulins (NRG) are growth factors that are synthesized by endothelial cells (ECs) and bind to erbB receptors. We have shown previously that NRG is proangiogenic in vitro, and that NRG/erbB signalling is important for autocrine endothelial angiogenic signalling in vitro. However, the role of NRG in the angiogenic response to ischaemia is unknown. We hypothesized that endothelial NRG is required for ischaemia-induced angiogenesis in vivo and that exogenous administration of NRG will enhance angiogenic responses after ischaemic insult. METHODS AND RESULTS An endothelial-selective inducible NRG knockout mouse was created and subjected to femoral artery ligation. Endothelial NRG deletion significantly decreased blood flow recovery (by 40%, P < 0.05), capillary density, α(v)β(3) integrin activation, and arteriogenesis after ischaemic injury. Isolated ECs from knockout mice demonstrated significantly impaired cord formation in vitro, suggesting that NRG signalling performs an important cell autonomous function. Recombinant human NRG (rNRG) has not only reversed the angiogenic defect in knockout mice but also accelerated blood flow recovery in wild-type mice. CONCLUSION Endothelial production of NRG is required for angiogenesis and arteriogenesis induced by ischaemic injury. Furthermore, exogenous administration of rNRG can enhance this process, suggesting a potential role for NRG in vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Hedhli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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16
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Pfister AB, Wood RC, Salas PJI, Zea DL, Ramsauer VP. Early response to ErbB2 over-expression in polarized Caco-2 cells involves partial segregation from ErbB3 by relocalization to the apical surface and initiation of survival signaling. J Cell Biochem 2011; 111:643-52. [PMID: 20589763 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In several human cancers, ErbB2 over-expression facilitates the formation of constitutively active homodimers resistant to internalization which results in progressive signal amplification from the receptor, conducive to cell survival, proliferation, or metastasis. Here we report on studies of the influence of ErbB2 over-expression on localization and signaling in polarized Caco-2 and MDCK cells, two established models to study molecular trafficking. In these cells, ErbB2 is not over-expressed and shares basolateral localization with ErbB3. Over-expression of ErbB2 by transient transfection resulted in partial separation of the receptors by relocalization of ErbB2, but not ErbB3, to the apical surface, as shown by biotinylation of the apical or basolateral surfaces. These results were confirmed by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Polarity controls indicated that the relocalization of ErbB2 is not the result of depolarization of the cells. Biotinylation and confocal microscopy also showed that apical, but not basolateral ErbB2 is activated at tyrosine 1139. This phosphotyrosine binds adaptor protein Grb2, as confirmed by immunoprecipitation. However, we found that it does not initiate the canonical Grb2-Ras-Raf-Erk pathway. Instead, our data supports the activation of a survival pathway via Bcl-2. The effects of ErbB2 over-expression were abrogated by the humanized anti-ErbB2 monoclonal antibody Herceptin added only from the apical side. The ability of apical ErbB2 to initiate an altered downstream cascade suggests that subcellular localization of the receptor plays an important role in regulating ErbB2 signaling in polarized epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber B Pfister
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614, USA
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Mechanism of inhibition of MMTV-neu and MMTV-wnt1 induced mammary oncogenesis by RARalpha agonist AM580. Oncogene 2010; 29:3665-76. [PMID: 20453882 PMCID: PMC2891995 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that specific activation of a single retinoic acid receptor-alpha (RARalpha), without direct and concurrent activation of RARbeta and gamma, will inhibit mammary tumor oncogenesis in murine models relevant to human cancer. A total of 50 uniparous mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-neu and 50 nuliparous MMTV-wnt1 transgenic mice were treated with RARalpha agonist (retinobenzoic acid, Am580) that was added to the diet for 40 (neu) and 35 weeks (wnt1), respectively. Among the shared antitumor effects was the inhibition of epithelial hyperplasia, a significant increase (P<0.05) in tumor-free survival and a reduction in tumor incidence and in the growth of established tumors. In both models, the mechanisms responsible for these effects involved inhibition of proliferation and survival pathways, and induction of apoptosis. The treatment was more effective in the MMTV-wnt1 model in which Am580 also induced differentiation, in both in vivo and three-dimensional (3D) cultures. In these tumors Am580 inhibited the wnt pathway, measured by loss of nuclear beta-catenin, suggesting partial oncogene dependence of therapy. Am580 treatment increased RARbeta and lowered the level of RARgamma, an isotype whose expression we linked with tumor proliferation. The anticancer effect of RARalpha, together with the newly discovered pro-proliferative role of RARgamma, suggests that specific activation of RARalpha and inhibition of RARgamma might be effective in breast cancer therapy.
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Animal models of breast cancer for the study of pathogenesis and therapeutic insights. Clin Transl Oncol 2010; 11:721-7. [PMID: 19917535 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-009-0434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumour suppressor genes are common events during breast cancer initiation and progression and often determine treatment responsiveness. Indeed, these events need to be recreated in in vitro systems and in mouse cancer models in order to unravel the molecular mechanisms involved in breast cancer initiation and metastasis and assess their possible impact on responses to anticancer drugs. Optical-based imaging models are used to investigate and to follow important tumour progression processes. Moreover, the development of novel anticancer strategies requires more sensitive and less invasive methods to detect and monitor in vivo drug responses in breast cancer models. This review highlights some of the current strategies for modelling breast cancer in vitro and in the mouse, in order to answer biological or translational questions about human breast malignancies.
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Disruption of the Lcn2 gene in mice suppresses primary mammary tumor formation but does not decrease lung metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:2995-3000. [PMID: 20133630 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000101107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Based largely on studies in xenograft models, lipocalin-2 (Lcn2) has been implicated in the progression of multiple types of human tumors, including breast cancer. Here we examine the role of Lcn2 in mammary tumorigenesis and lung metastasis using an in vivo molecular genetics approach. We crossed a well-characterized transgenic mouse model of breast cancer, the MMTV-PyMT (mouse mammary tumor virus-polyoma middle T antigen) mouse, with two independent gene-targeted Lcn2(-/-) mouse strains of the 129/Ola or C57BL/6 genetic background. The onset and progression of mammary tumor development and lung metastasis in the female progeny of these crosses were monitored over a 20-week period. Female Lcn2(-/-)MMTV-PyMT mice of the 129/Ola background (Lcn2(-/-)PyMT(129)) showed delayed onset of mammary tumors, and both Lcn2(-/-)PyMT(129) mice and Lcn2(-/-)MMTV-PyMT mice of the C57BL/6 background (Lcn2(-/-)PyMT(B6)) exhibited significant decreases in multiplicity and tumor burden (approximately 2- to 3-fold), as measured by total tumor weight and volume. At the molecular level, mammary tumors derived from Lcn2(-/-)PyMT(B6) females showed reduced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity and a lack of high molecular weight MMP activity. However, although increased MMP-9 activity has been linked to tumor progression, neither Lcn2(-/-)PyMT(B6) nor Lcn2(-/-)PyMT(129) female mice showed a reduction in lung metastases compared to Lcn2(+/+)PyMT controls. Our results demonstrate, using an in vivo animal model approach, that Lcn2 is a potent inducer of mammary tumor growth but not a significant promoter of lung metastasis.
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Lucs AV, Muller WJ, Muthuswamy SK. Shc is required for ErbB2-induced inhibition of apoptosis but is dispensable for cell proliferation and disruption of cell polarity. Oncogene 2009; 29:174-87. [PMID: 19826412 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Amplification and overexpression of ErbB2 strongly correlates with aggressive breast cancers. A deeper understanding of pathways downstream of ErbB2 signaling that are required for the transformation of human mammary epithelial cells will identify novel strategies for therapeutic intervention in breast cancer. Using an inducible activation of ErbB2 autophosphorylation qsite mutants and the MCF-10A three-dimensional (3D) culture system, we investigated pathways used by ErbB2 to transform the epithelia. We report that ErbB2 induces cell proliferation and loss of 3D organization by redundant mechanisms, whereas it disrupts apical basal polarity and inhibits apoptosis using Tyr 1201 and Tyr 1226/7, respectively. Signals downstream of Tyr 1226/7 were also sufficient to confer paclitaxel resistance. The Tyr 1226/7 binds Shc, and the knockdown of Shc blocks the ability of ErbB2 to inhibit apoptosis and mediate paclitaxel resistance. Tyr 1226/7 is known to activate the Ras/Erk pathway; however, paclitaxel resistance did not correlate with the activation of Erk or Akt, suggesting the presence of a novel mechanism. Thus, our results show that targeting pathways used by ErbB2 to inhibit cell death is a better option than targeting cell proliferation pathways. Furthermore, we identify a novel function for Shc as a regulator of apoptosis and drug resistance in human mammary epithelial cells transformed by ErbB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Lucs
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
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21
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Taneja P, Frazier DP, Kendig RD, Maglic D, Sugiyama T, Kai F, Taneja NK, Inoue K. MMTV mouse models and the diagnostic values of MMTV-like sequences in human breast cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2009; 9:423-40. [PMID: 19580428 DOI: 10.1586/erm.09.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) long terminal repeat (LTR)-driven transgenic mice are excellent models for breast cancer as they allow for the targeted expression of various oncogenes and growth factors in neoplastic transformation of mammary glands. Numerous MMTV-LTR-driven transgenic mouse models of breast cancer have been created in the past three decades, including MMTV-neu/ErbB2, cyclin D1, cyclin E, Ras, Myc, int-1 and c-rel. These transgenic mice develop mammary tumors with different latency, histology and invasiveness, reflecting the oncogenic pathways activated by the transgene. Recently, homologous sequences of the env gene of MMTV have been identified in approximately 40% of human breast cancers, but not in normal breast or other types of cancers, suggesting possible involvement of mammary tumor virus in human breast carcinogenesis. Accumulating evidence demonstrates the association of MMTV provirus with progesterone receptor, p53 mutations and advanced-stage breast cancer. Thus, the detection of MMTV-like sequences may have diagnostic value to predict the clinical outcome of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Taneja
- The Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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22
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Abstract
ErbB2/HER2/Neu-overexpressing breast cancers are characterized by poor survival due to high proliferation and metastasis rates and identifying downstream targets of ErbB2 should facilitate developing novel therapies for this disease. Gene expression profiling revealed the transcriptional regulator LIM-only protein 4 [LMO4] is upregulated during ErbB2-induced mouse mammary gland tumorigenesis. While LMO4 is frequently overexpressed in breast cancer and LMO4-overexpressing mice develop mammary epithelial tumors, the mechanisms involved are unknown. Herein, we report that LMO4 is a downstream target of ErbB2 and PI3K in ErbB2-dependent breast cancer cells. Furthermore, LMO4 silencing reduces proliferation of these cells, inducing a G2/M arrest that was associated with decreased cullin-3, an E3-ubiquitin ligase component important for mitosis. Loss of LMO4 subsequently results in reduced Cyclin D1 and Cyclin E. Further supporting a role for LMO4 in modulating proliferation by regulating cullin-3 expression, we found that LMO4 expression oscillates throughout the cell cycle with maximum expression occurring during G2/M and these changes precede oscillations in cullin-3 levels. LMO4 levels are also highest in high grade/less differentiated breast cancers, which are characteristically highly proliferative. We conclude that LMO4 is a novel cell cycle regulator with a key role in mediating ErbB2-induced proliferation, a hallmark of ErbB2-positive disease.
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Roovers K, Wagner S, Storbeck CJ, O'Reilly P, Lo V, Northey JJ, Chmielecki J, Muller WJ, Siegel PM, Sabourin LA. The Ste20-like kinase SLK is required for ErbB2-driven breast cancer cell motility. Oncogene 2009; 28:2839-48. [PMID: 19525980 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The Ste20-like kinase, SLK, is involved in the control of cell motility through its effects on actin reorganization and focal adhesion turnover. Here we investigated the role of SLK in chemotaxis downstream of the tyrosine kinase receptor, HER2/ErbB2/Neu, which is frequently overexpressed in human breast cancers. Our results show that SLK is required for the efficient cell migration of human and mouse mammary epithelial cell lines in the presence of the Neu activator, heregulin, as a chemoattractant. SLK activity is stimulated by heregulin treatment or by overexpression of activated Neu. Phosphorylation of tyrosine 1201 or tyrosines 1226/7 on Neu is a key event for SLK activation and cell migration, and cancer cell invasion mediated by these tyrosines is inhibited by kinase-inactive SLK. Signaling pathway inhibitors show that Neu-mediated SLK activation is dependent on MEK, PI3K, PLCgamma and Shc signaling. Furthermore, heregulin-stimulated SLK activity requires signals from the focal adhesion proteins, FAK and src. Finally, phospho-FAK analysis shows that SLK is required for Neu-dependent focal adhesion turnover. Together, these studies define an interaction between Neu and SLK signaling in the regulation of cancer cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Roovers
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ontario, Canada
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Stenzinger A, Schreiner D, Koch P, Hofer HW, Wimmer M. Cell and molecular biology of the novel protein tyrosine-phosphatase-interacting protein 51. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 275:183-246. [PMID: 19491056 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(09)75006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This chapter examines the current state of knowledge about the expression profile, as well as biochemical properties and biological functions of the evolutionarily conserved protein PTPIP51. PTPIP51 is apparently expressed in splice variants and shows a particularly high expression in epithelia, skeletal muscle, placenta, and germ cells, as well as during mammalian development and in cancer. PTPIP51 is an in vitro substrate of Src- and protein kinase A, the PTP1B/TCPTP protein tyrosine phosphatases and interacts with 14-3-3 proteins, the Nuf2 kinetochore protein, the ninein-interacting CGI-99 protein, diacylglycerol kinase alpha, and also with itself forming dimers and trimers. Although the precise cellular function remains to be elucidated, the current data implicate PTPIP51 in signaling cascades mediating proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albrecht Stenzinger
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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25
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Brantley-Sieders DM, Zhuang G, Hicks D, Fang WB, Hwang Y, Cates JMM, Coffman K, Jackson D, Bruckheimer E, Muraoka-Cook RS, Chen J. The receptor tyrosine kinase EphA2 promotes mammary adenocarcinoma tumorigenesis and metastatic progression in mice by amplifying ErbB2 signaling. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:64-78. [PMID: 18079969 DOI: 10.1172/jci33154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the receptor tyrosine kinase EPH receptor A2 (EphA2) is commonly observed in aggressive breast cancer and correlates with a poor prognosis. However, while EphA2 has been reported to enhance tumorigenesis, proliferation, and MAPK activation in several model systems, other studies suggest that EphA2 activation diminishes these processes and inhibits the activity of MAPK upon ligand stimulation. In this study, we eliminated EphA2 expression in 2 transgenic mouse models of mammary carcinoma. EphA2 deficiency impaired tumor initiation and metastatic progression in mice overexpressing ErbB2 (also known as Neu) in the mammary epithelium (MMTV-Neu mice), but not in mice overexpressing the polyomavirus middle T antigen in mammary epithelium (MMTV-PyV-mT mice). Histologic and ex vivo analyses of MMTV-Neu mouse mammary epithelium indicated that EphA2 enhanced tumor proliferation and motility. Biochemical analyses revealed that EphA2 formed a complex with ErbB2 in human and murine breast carcinoma cells, resulting in enhanced activation of Ras-MAPK signaling and RhoA GTPase. Additionally, MMTV-Neu, but not MMTV-PyV-mT, tumors were sensitive to therapeutic inhibition of EphA2. These data suggest that EphA2 cooperates with ErbB2 to promote tumor progression in mice and may provide a novel therapeutic target for ErbB2-dependent tumors in humans. Moreover, EphA2 function in tumor progression appeared to depend on oncogene context, an important consideration for the application of therapies targeting EphA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Brantley-Sieders
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Plotnikov A, Li Y, Tran TH, Tang W, Palazzo JP, Rui H, Fuchs SY. Oncogene-mediated inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta impairs degradation of prolactin receptor. Cancer Res 2008; 68:1354-61. [PMID: 18316598 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin receptors (PRLr) expressed in a majority of breast cancer are activated by prolactin and growth hormone. The PRLr is commonly stabilized in human breast cancer due to decreased phosphorylation of residue Ser(349), which, when phosphorylated, recruits the beta Trcp E3 ubiquitin ligase and facilitates PRLr degradation. Here, we show that constitutive oncogenic signaling downstream of ErbB2 and Ras stabilizes PRLr via inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3 beta) on Ser(9). Importantly, inactivation of GSK3 beta correlates with elevated levels of PRLr protein in clinical human breast cancer specimens. Additional studies using pharmacologic, biochemical, and genetic approaches reveal that GSK3 beta is a bona fide PRLr kinase that phosphorylates PRLr on Ser(349) and is required for the recognition of PRLr by beta Trcp, as well as for PRLr ubiquitination and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Plotnikov
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4539, USA
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Stuible M, Doody KM, Tremblay ML. PTP1B and TC-PTP: regulators of transformation and tumorigenesis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2008; 27:215-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10555-008-9115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Szpirer C, Szpirer J. Mammary cancer susceptibility: human genes and rodent models. Mamm Genome 2007; 18:817-31. [PMID: 18060458 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-007-9073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Yang H, Yu LR, Yi M, Lucas DA, Lukes L, Lancaster M, Chan KC, Issaq HJ, Stephens RM, Conrads TP, Veenstra TD, Hunter KW. Parallel analysis of transcript and translation profiles: identification of metastasis-related signal pathways differentially regulated by drug and genetic modifications. J Proteome Res 2006; 5:1555-67. [PMID: 16823962 PMCID: PMC1501083 DOI: 10.1021/pr0504283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is a complex multistep process normally involving dysregulation of multiple signal transduction pathways. In this study, we developed a novel approach to efficiently define dysreguated pathways associated with metastasis by comparing global gene and protein expressions of two distinct metastasis-suppressed models. Consequently, we identified common features shared by the two models which are potentially associated with metastasis. The efficiency of metastasis from the highly aggressive polyoma middle T-induced mouse mammary tumors was suppressed by either prolonged caffeine exposure or by breeding the animal to a low metastatic mouse strain. Molecular profiles of the primary tumors from both metastasis-suppressed classes were then derived to identify molecules and pathways that might underlie a common mechanism of metastasis. A number of differentially regulated genes and proteins were identified, including genes encoding basement membrane components, which were inversely related to metastatic efficiency. In addition, the analysis revealed that the Stat signal transduction pathways were potentially associated with metastasis inhibition, as demonstrated by enhanced Stat1 activation, and decreased Stat5 phosphorylation in both genetic and pharmacological modification models. Tumor cells of low-metastatic genotypes also demonstrated anti-apoptotic properties. The common changes of these pathways in all of the metastasis-suppressed systems suggest that they may be critical components in the metastatic cascade, at least in this model system. Our data demonstrate that analysis of common changes in genes and proteins in a metastatic-related context greatly decrease the complexity of data analysis, and may serve as a screening tool to identify biological important factors from large scale data.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Caffeine/therapeutic use
- Central Nervous System Stimulants/therapeutic use
- Crosses, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasm Metastasis/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Metastasis/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Signal Transduction/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Yang
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Li-Rong Yu
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Ming Yi
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - David A. Lucas
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Luanne Lukes
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mindy Lancaster
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - King C. Chan
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Haleem J. Issaq
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Robert M. Stephens
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Thomas P. Conrads
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Timothy D. Veenstra
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Kent W. Hunter
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
- *Corresponding author: Kent Hunter, Laboratory of Population Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 41 Library Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892. Tel: (301) 435-8957. Fax: (301) 435-8963 E-mail:
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Zhang H, Stephens LC, Kumar R. Metastasis tumor antigen family proteins during breast cancer progression and metastasis in a reliable mouse model for human breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:1479-86. [PMID: 16533771 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chromatin remodeling pathways are critical in the regulation of cancer-related genes and are currently being explored as potential targets for therapeutic intervention. The metastasis tumor antigen (MTA) family of proteins, MTA1, MTA2, and MTA3, are components of chromatin remodeling pathways with potential roles in breast cancer. Although all three MTA family proteins have been shown to be associated with metastatic progression of breast cancers, the expression characteristic of MTA1-3 proteins in a multistep breast cancer progression model remains unknown. Structural and functional studies have suggested that they are heterogeneous in the Mi-2/NuRD complex, exhibit tissue-specific patterns of expression, and impart unique properties to estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) action. This led us to hypothesize that each member of the MTA family possesses a unique role and interacts with different pathways in the stepwise process of breast cancer development and progression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN MTA family proteins were examined by immunohistochemistry in breast cancer processes ranging from normal duct, to premalignant lesions, to invasive carcinoma, and to metastasized tumors in PyV-mT transgenic mice, which represents a reliable model for multistage tumorigenesis of human breast cancer. We also determined the association of MTA proteins with the status of cell proliferation, ER, E-cadherin and cytoplasmic beta-catenin, and cancer-related coactivators, AIB1 and PELP1. RESULTS The expression of all three MTA proteins was altered in primary breast tumors. Each MTA protein had a unique expression pattern during the primary breast tumor progression. Altered expression of MTA1 was observed in both premalignant lesion and malignant carcinoma, but an elevated nuclear expression was observed in ER-negative carcinomas. MTA3 was exclusively expressed in a subset of cells of ER-positive premalignant lesions but not in carcinomas. MTA2 expression seems to be unrelated to ER status. Loss of MTA3 expression and more nuclear localization of MTA1 occurred with loss of E-cadherin and decreased cytoplasmic beta-catenin, two molecules essential for epithelial cell adhesion and important tumor cell invasion. At the late stage of tumor formation, MTA1 is usually expressed in the center of tumors. Coincidentally, the distribution of MTA1-positive cells at this stage was complementary to that of AIB1 and PELP1, which were localized to the tumor periphery with relatively active cell proliferation, scattered ER-positive cells and a limited differentiation. In metastasized lung tumors, the expression pattern of MTA-protein expression was distinct from that in primary counterparts. CONCLUSIONS The findings presented here support the notion that each member of the MTA family might potentially play a stepwise role in a cell type-specific manner during breast cancer progression to metastasis. On the basis of the noted temporal expression patterns of MTA proteins with ER status, cell adhesion-essential regulators (E-cadherin and cytoplasmic beta-catenin), and coactivators, we propose that MTA protein-related chromatin remodeling pathways interact with steroid receptors, growth factor receptors, and other transcriptional signaling pathways to orchestrate the governing of events in breast cancer progression and metastasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/physiology
- Cadherins/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/etiology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/etiology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Proliferation
- Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly
- Co-Repressor Proteins
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Hyperplasia/etiology
- Hyperplasia/metabolism
- Hyperplasia/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/etiology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/pathology
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 3
- Precancerous Conditions/etiology
- Precancerous Conditions/metabolism
- Precancerous Conditions/pathology
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- beta Catenin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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31
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Ramsauer VP, Pino V, Farooq A, Carothers Carraway CA, Salas PJ, Carraway KL. Muc4-ErbB2 complex formation and signaling in polarized CACO-2 epithelial cells indicate that Muc4 acts as an unorthodox ligand for ErbB2. Mol Biol Cell 2006; 17:2931-41. [PMID: 16624867 PMCID: PMC1483030 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-09-0895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Muc4 serves as an intramembrane ligand for the receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB2. The time to complex formation and the stoichiometry of the complex were determined to be <15 min and 1:1 by analyses of Muc4 and ErbB2 coexpressed in insect cells and A375 tumor cells. In polarized CACO-2 cells, Muc4 expression causes relocalization of ErbB2, but not its heterodimerization partner ErbB3, to the apical cell surface, effectively segregating the two receptors. The apically located ErbB2 is phosphorylated on tyrosines 1139 and 1248. The phosphorylated ErbB2 in CACO-2 cells recruits the cytoplasmic adaptor protein Grb2, consistent with previous studies showing phosphotyrosine 1139 to be a Grb2 binding site. To address the issue of downstream signaling from apical ErbB2, we analyzed the three MAPK pathways of mammalian cells, Erk, p38, and JNK. Consistent with the more differentiated phenotype of the CACO-2 cells, p38 phosphorylation was robustly increased by Muc4 expression, with a consequent activation of Akt. In contrast, Erk and JNK phosphorylation was not changed. The ability of Muc4 to segregate ErbB2 and other ErbB receptors and to alter downstream signaling cascades in polarized epithelial cells suggests that it has a role in regulating ErbB2 in differentiated epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Pino
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101
| | - Amjad Farooq
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101
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32
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Wärnberg F, White D, Anderson E, Knox F, Clarke RB, Morris J, Bundred NJ. Effect of a farnesyl transferase inhibitor (R115777) on ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast in a human xenograft model and on breast and ovarian cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Breast Cancer Res 2006; 8:R21. [PMID: 16611371 PMCID: PMC1557711 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 03/04/2006] [Accepted: 03/11/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The ras pathway is essential for cell growth and proliferation. The effects of R115777, a farnesyl transferase inhibitor, were investigated in cancer cell lines expressing varying levels of growth factor receptors and with differing ras status. Effects on tumour xenografts and human ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast in a xenograft mouse model were also tested. Method In vitro, the concentrations required to reduce cell numbers by 50% (50% inhibitory concentration) were established (MDA-MB231, MCF-7, MCF-7/HER2-18, BT-474, SK-BR3 and SKOV3). Human DCIS was implanted in nude mice or, in separate experiments, cultured cells were injected (MDA-MB231, MCF-7/HER2-18, SKOV3) and allowed to form tumours. Proliferation and apoptosis were determined by immunohistochemistry in xenografts and cell tumours. Results The 50% inhibitory concentrations varied a hundred-fold, from 39 nmol/l (± 26 nmol/l) for SKBR3 to 5.9 μmol/l(± 0.8 μmol/l) for MDA-MB231. In MCF-7/HER2-18 and SKOV3 cells the levels of tumour growth inhibition were approximately 85% and 40%, respectively. There was a significant decrease in the cell turnover index (CTI; proliferation/apoptosis). In MDA-MB 231 with activated k-ras no inhibition was observed. In treated DCIS xenografts proliferation decreased and apoptosis increased. The CTI ratio between the start and 1 and 2 weeks of treatment were 1.99 and 1.50, respectively, for controls and 0.85 (P = 0.005) and 0.75 (P = 0.08) for treated xenografts. Conclusion Treatment with the farnesyl transferase inhibitor reduced cell growth in vitro and cell tumour growth in vivo. In DCIS treatment resulted in a reduced CTI. R115777 is a promising treatment for breast cancer but the relation between effect and growth factor receptor and ras status has to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Wärnberg
- Breast Biology Group, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
- Department of Pathology, South Manchester University Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Daniel White
- Breast Biology Group, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Fiona Knox
- Department of Surgery, South Manchester University Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert B Clarke
- Breast Biology Group, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Julie Morris
- Department of Medical Statistics, South Manchester University Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Nigel J Bundred
- Department of Pathology, South Manchester University Hospital, Manchester, UK
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Cecena G, Wen F, Cardiff RD, Oshima RG. Differential sensitivity of mouse epithelial tissues to the polyomavirus middle T oncogene. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 168:310-20. [PMID: 16400032 PMCID: PMC1592648 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To determine how different epithelial cell types respond to the same oncogenic stimulation, we have used a modified human keratin 18 gene to conditionally express the polyomavirus middle T antigen (PyMT) oncogene in simple epithelial tissues of transgenic mice. Activation of PyMT expression by transgenic Cre recombinase in mammary epithelial cells resulted in carcinomas in all bitransgenic females. PyMT expression induced by K18-driven Cre in internal epithelial organs resulted in pancreatic acinar metaplasia and ductal dysplasia with remarkable desmoplastic stromal responses in all 25 bitransgenic mice. Hepatoma formation with altered lipid metabolism and gastric adenocarcinoma occurred in 96 and 54% of these mice, respectively. Elevated PyMT RNA expression also correlated with intraepithelial neoplasia in the prostate. Activated Erk2 was found in mammary tumors, pancreatic tissues, and affected livers. Hes1 RNA, a target of Notch signaling that has been implicated downstream of Ras pathway activation, was elevated in pancreatic and liver lesions. The variety of responses of different epithelia to PyMT demonstrates the importance of the differentiated state in interpreting oncogenic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Cecena
- Oncodevelopmental Biology Program, Cancer Research Center, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Tsai YS, Tzai TS, Chow NH, Wu CL. Frequency and clinicopathologic correlates of ErbB1, ErbB2, and ErbB3 immunoreactivity in urothelial tumors of upper urinary tract. Urology 2005; 66:1197-202. [PMID: 16360440 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2005.06.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Revised: 05/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/23/2005] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the frequency and clinicopathologic correlates of ErbB1, ErbB2, and ErbB3 receptor expression in patients with upper urothelial carcinoma. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining for ErbB1, ErbB2, and ErbB3 was done with serial sections from archival specimens of 94 patients who underwent nephroureterectomy plus bladder cuff resection for urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter (median follow-up 40 months, range 1 to 177). The correlates between ErbB receptor expression and clinical outcome in terms of recurrence, progression, disease-free survival, and overall survival were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier plots, with the log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS ErbB1, ErbB2, and ErbB3 expression was present in 9 (9.5%), 13 (13.8%), and 26 (27.7%) tumors, respectively. Thirty-seven patients (39.4 %) had at least one receptor expressed and eight (8.5%) had coexpression of two or three receptors. ErbB2 expression was significantly associated with tumor invasiveness (P = 0.03), and ErbB1 and ErbB3 expression was not. The incidence of subsequent tumor recurrence in the urinary bladder correlated significantly with ureteral tumor involvement and ErbB2 expression (P = 0.04 and P = 0.04, respectively). On univariate and multivariate analyses, tumor staging and ErbB2 expression were independent predictors of disease progression (P = 0.01 and P = 0.01, respectively), disease-free survival (P = 0.02 and P = 0.002, respectively), and overall survival (P = 0.01 and P = 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSIONS ErbB2 expression predicts for disease progression and disease-related survival in upper urothelial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Shyan Tsai
- Department of Urology, Tainan Hospital and Sin-Hua Branch, Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Tainan, Taiwan.
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35
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Hummel JL, Safroneeva E, Mossman KL. The role of ICP0-Null HSV-1 and interferon signaling defects in the effective treatment of breast adenocarcinoma. Mol Ther 2005; 12:1101-10. [PMID: 16140040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.07.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2005] [Revised: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses that selectively replicate in cancer cells have been described for over 50 years. Despite the observation by several groups that multimutated herpes simplex type 1 vectors are oncolytic in a variety of murine tumor models, the oncolytic potential of ICP0 null mutants has not been described. This study characterizes a novel second-generation oncolytic herpes simplex type 1 vector null for the ICP0 gene. We tested three mutant viruses and found that all were selectively cytotoxic in a variety of human and murine tumor cells in vitro. Furthermore, we provide evidence of a mechanistic link between ICP0's function in interferon signaling pathways and the observed oncolytic capacity of ICP0 mutants. Using an immunocompetent murine model of breast adenocarcinoma we demonstrate that the ICP0 mutant KM100 completely eradicates tumors in approximately 80% of treated animals and significantly increases survival. Our data suggest that active viral replication is necessary for effective tumor regression. In addition, we characterized the potential of KM100 as an anti-tumor vaccine since cured mice were found to elicit a robust anti-tumor immune response and were refractory to subsequent tumor growth upon rechallenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff L Hummel
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Health, Centre for Gene Therapeutics, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, MDCL 5026, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
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Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) consist of a large family of related enzymes, including the group of classical PTPs with its two main subgroups, the transmembrane receptor-type (RPTPs) and the intracellular or non-transmembrane PTPs. Published data on the expression and function of a panel of these enzymes in normal and cancerous breast tissues are discussed in this review. While most studies, albeit on different enzymes, have tended to agree on the evidence for an increased PTP expression in breast cancer, any connection between PTP expression and the enzymes' role in cancer development and progression remains largely open to interpretation. Concomitant increases of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) and PTP activities in many cancers further indicate that a complex dysregulation in the balance of tyrosine phosphorylation could be responsible for major alterations in various cellular processes controlling tissue homeostasis. In particular, any relationship between the expression of PTPs and their specific diverse roles in the regulation of cell growth and apoptosis in breast cancer needs to be addressed in major fundamental, preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Freiss
- Inserm Unit 540 on Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology of Cancers, 60, rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France
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37
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Osborne CK, Shou J, Massarweh S, Schiff R. Crosstalk between Estrogen Receptor and Growth Factor Receptor Pathways as a Cause for Endocrine Therapy Resistance in Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.865s.11.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Data suggest that breast cancer growth is regulated by coordinated actions of the estrogen receptor (ER) and various growth factor receptor signaling pathways. In tumors with active growth factor receptor signaling (e.g., HER2 amplification), tamoxifen may lose its estrogen antagonist activity and may acquire more agonist-like activity, resulting in tumor growth stimulation. Because treatments designed to deprive the ER of its ligand estrogen will reduce signaling from both nuclear and membrane ER, aromatase inhibitors might be expected to be superior to tamoxifen in tumors with high growth factor receptor content, such as those overexpressing HER2. Recent clinical studies suggest that this is the case in humans, as trials of aromatase inhibitors show superior results compared with tamoxifen, especially in tumors overexpressing HER2. Although estrogen deprivation therapy is often effective in ER-positive breast cancer, de novo and acquired resistance are still problematic. Experimental models suggest that in one form of resistance to estrogen deprivation therapy, the tumor becomes supersensitive to low residual estrogen concentrations perhaps because of activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. Such tumors respond to additional treatment with fulvestrant or even tamoxifen. On the other hand, in tumors overexpressing HER2, acquired resistance to estrogen deprivation therapy involves the loss of ER and ER-regulated genes and further up-regulation of growth factor signaling rendering the tumor hormonal therapy resistant. This process can be delayed or reversed by simultaneous treatment with growth factor pathway inhibitors. This strategy is now being tested in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Kent Osborne
- Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine and The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Jiang Shou
- Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine and The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Suleiman Massarweh
- Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine and The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Rachel Schiff
- Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine and The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
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Hutchinson JN, Jin J, Cardiff RD, Woodgett JR, Muller WJ. Activation of Akt-1 (PKB-alpha) can accelerate ErbB-2-mediated mammary tumorigenesis but suppresses tumor invasion. Cancer Res 2004; 64:3171-8. [PMID: 15126356 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Elevated expression of Akt-1 (PKBalpha) has been noted in a significant percentage of primary human breast cancers. Another frequent event in the genesis of human breast cancers is amplification and overexpression of the ErbB-2 receptor tyrosine kinase, an event which is associated with activation of Akt-1. To directly assess the importance of Akt-1 activation in ErbB-2 mammary tumor progression, we interbred separate strains of transgenic mice carrying mouse mammary tumor virus/activated Akt-1 and mouse mammary tumor virus/activated ErbB-2 to derive progeny that coexpress the transgenes in the mammary epithelium. Female transgenic mice coexpressing activated Akt-1 and ErbB-2 develop multifocal mammary tumors with a significantly shorter latency period than mice expressing activated ErbB-2 alone. This dramatic acceleration of mammary tumor progression correlates with enhanced cellular proliferation, elevated Cyclin D1 protein levels, and phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein. These bitransgenic mammary tumors also exhibit lower levels of invasion into the surrounding tissue and more differentiated phenotypes. Consistent with these observations, female mice coexpressing activated Akt-1 and ErbB-2 developed significantly fewer metastatic lesions than the activated ErbB-2 strain alone. Taken together, these observations suggest that activation of Akt-1 during ErbB-2-induced mammary tumorigenesis may have opposing effects on tumor growth and metastatic progression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Division/physiology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Cyclin D1/biosynthesis
- Cyclin D1/genetics
- Cyclin D1/metabolism
- Enzyme Activation
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, erbB-2
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/enzymology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mice
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/biosynthesis
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
- Receptor, ErbB-2/biosynthesis
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/physiology
- Transgenes
- Up-Regulation
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Andrechek ER, Hardy WR, Laing MA, Muller WJ. Germ-line expression of an oncogenic erbB2 allele confers resistance to erbB2-induced mammary tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:4984-9. [PMID: 15051890 PMCID: PMC387360 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0306802101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that mammary epithelial specific expression of the activated erbB2 allele under the control of the endogenous promoter in mice resulted in the formation of mammary adenocarcinomas. To assess whether mammary tumorigenesis in this model is influenced by the developmental window of expression, we generated mice that expressed the activated erbB2 allele in the germ line. Although we were able to derive viable transgenic mice that were heterozygous for the activated erbB2 allele, mice homozygous for the activated erbB2 allele died at 12.5 days of embryogenesis. These two separate lines of mice expressed activated erbB2 at equal levels in the mammary gland. Surprisingly, unlike the tumor-prone mice expressing activated ErbB2 in the mammary epithelium, mice with the germ-line erbB2 allele failed to develop tumors. Gene expression analysis of the preneoplastic mammary glands revealed that there were a number of luminal epithelial markers expressed at higher levels in the tumor-prone mice. These data suggest either an expansion of a susceptible population in the tumor-prone mice or the loss of this population in the tumor-resistant mice. Taken together, these observations suggest that the temporal pattern of expression of activated ErbB2 is a critical determinant in mammary tumorigenesis. These results strongly suggest that there are feedback mechanisms present that can compensate for the expression of a potent oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran R Andrechek
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L85 4K1
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Progression to malignancy in the polyoma middle T oncoprotein mouse breast cancer model provides a reliable model for human diseases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 163:2113-26. [PMID: 14578209 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63568-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 836] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Animal models are powerful tools to analyze the mechanism of the induction of human breast cancer. Here we report a detailed analysis of mammary tumor progression in one mouse model of breast cancer caused by expression of the polyoma middle T oncoprotein (PyMT) in the mammary epithelium, and its comparison to human breast tumors. In PyMT mice, four distinctly identifiable stages of tumor progression from premalignant to malignant stages occur in a single primary tumor focus and this malignant transition is followed by a high frequency of distant metastasis. These stages are comparable to human breast diseases classified as benign or in situ proliferative lesions to invasive carcinomas. In addition to the morphological similarities with human breast cancer, the expression of biomarkers in PyMT-induced tumors is also consistent with those associated with poor outcome in humans. These include a loss of estrogen and progesterone receptors as well as integrin-beta1 expression and the persistent expression of ErbB2/Neu and cyclinD1 in PyMT-induced tumors as they progress to the malignant stage. An increased leukocytic infiltration was also closely associated with the malignant transition. This study demonstrates that the PyMT mouse model is an excellent one to understand the biology of tumor progression in humans.
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Man AK, Young LJT, Tynan JA, Lesperance J, Egeblad M, Werb Z, Hauser CA, Muller WJ, Cardiff RD, Oshima RG. Ets2-dependent stromal regulation of mouse mammary tumors. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:8614-25. [PMID: 14612405 PMCID: PMC262691 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.23.8614-8625.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2002] [Revised: 02/18/2003] [Accepted: 08/25/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ets2 transcription factor is regulated by mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphorylation of a single threonine residue. We generated by gene targeting a single codon mutation in Ets2 substituting Ala for the critical Thr-72 phosphorylation site (Ets2A72), to investigate the importance of MAP kinase activation of Ets2 in embryo and tumor development. Ets2(A72/A72) mice are viable and develop normally. However, combining the Ets2A72 allele with a deletion mutant of Ets2 results in lethality at E11.5 and shows that Ets2A72 is a hypomorphic allele. Mammary tumors caused by transgenic polyomavirus middle T antigen, activated Neu(Erbb2), or the combination of Neu and transgenic VEGF (Neu; VEGF-25) were all restricted in Ets2(A72/A72) females. The Ets2(A72/A72) restriction on Neu; VEGF-25 tumor growth was associated with increased p21Cip1 expression. The size of tumors transplanted into fat pads of mice with Ets2 targeted alleles was correlated directly with Ets2 activity and fewer stromal cells expressing matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). Decreased MMP-3 and MMP-9 mRNAs were confirmed in Ets2(A72/A72) macrophages. Activation of Ets2 at Thr-72 acts in the stroma, downstream of vascular endothelial growth factor production, in part through the regulation of macrophage proteases to support the progression of Neu- and polyomavirus middle-T-initiated mammary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert K Man
- The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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42
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Lu Y, Yu Q, Liu JH, Zhang J, Wang H, Koul D, McMurray JS, Fang X, Yung WKA, Siminovitch KA, Mills GB. Src family protein-tyrosine kinases alter the function of PTEN to regulate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT cascades. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:40057-66. [PMID: 12869565 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m303621200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Src family protein-tyrosine kinases, which play an important role in signal integration, have been implicated in tumorigenesis in multiple lineages, including breast cancer. We demonstrate, herein, that Src kinases regulate the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling cascade via altering the function of the PTEN tumor suppressor. Overexpression of activated Src protein-tyrosine kinases in PTEN-deficient breast cancer cells does not alter AKT phosphorylation, an indicator of signal transduction through the PI3K pathway. However, in the presence of functional PTEN, Src reverses the activity of PTEN, resulting in an increase in AKT phosphorylation. Activated Src reduces the ability of PTEN to dephosphorylate phosphatidylinositols in micelles and promotes AKT translocation to cellular plasma membranes but does not alter PTEN activity toward water-soluble phosphatidylinositols. Thus, Src may alter the capacity of the PTEN C2 domain to bind cellular membranes rather than directly interfering with PTEN enzymatic activity. Tyrosine phosphorylation of PTEN is increased in breast cancer cells treated with pervanadate, suggesting that PTEN contains sites for tyrosine phosphorylation. Src kinase inhibitors markedly decreased pervanadate-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of PTEN. Further, expression of activated Src results in marked tyrosine phosphorylation of PTEN. SHP-1, a SH2 domain-containing protein-tyrosine phosphatase, selectively binds and dephosphorylates PTEN in Src transfected cells. Both Src inhibitors and SHP-1 overexpression reverse Src-induced loss of PTEN function. Coexpression of PTEN with activated Src reduces the stability of PTEN. Taken together, the data indicate that activated Src inhibits PTEN function leading to alterations in signaling through the PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Lu
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Chen D, Xia J, Tanaka Y, Chen H, Koido S, Wernet O, Mukherjee P, Gendler SJ, Kufe D, Gong J. Immunotherapy of spontaneous mammary carcinoma with fusions of dendritic cells and mucin 1-positive carcinoma cells. Immunology 2003; 109:300-7. [PMID: 12757626 PMCID: PMC1782954 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour-associated antigen mucin 1 (MUC1) is a multifunctional protein involved in protection of mucous membranes, signal transduction, and modulation of the immune system. More than 70% of cancers overexpress MUC1, making MUC1 a potential target for immunotherapy. In the present study, MUC1 transgenic mice were crossed with syngeneic strains that express the polyomavirus middle-T oncogene (PyMT) driven by the mouse mammary tumour virus promoter long-terminal repeat (MMTV-LTR). The resultant breed (MMT mice) developed spontaneous MUC1-expressing mammary carcinomas with 100% penetrance at 8-15 weeks of age. As found in human breast cancer, the mammary carcinoma in MMT mice arose in multiple stages. Immunization with fusions of dendritic cells and MUC1-positive tumour cells (FC/MUC1) induced MUC1-specific immune responses that blocked or delayed the development of spontaneous breast carcinomas. In contrast, there was no delay of tumour development in MMT mice immunized with irradiated MC38/MUC1 tumour cells. The efficacy of fusion cells was closely correlated with the timing of initial immunization. Immunization with FC/MUC1 initiated in MMT mice at < 1, 1-2 and 2-3 months of age rendered 33, 5 and 0% of mice free of tumour, respectively, up to 6 months. Whereas mice immunized in the later stage of tumour development succumbed to their disease, immunization resulted in control of tumour progression and prolongation of life. These results indicate that immunization with FC/MUC1 can generate an anti-MUC1 response that is sufficient to delay the development of spontaneous mammary carcinomas and control tumour progression in MMT mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongshu Chen
- Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Jianchuan Xia
- Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
- Boston University School of MedicineBoston, MA, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Tanaka
- Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Hongsong Chen
- Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Shigeo Koido
- Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Oliver Wernet
- Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Pinku Mukherjee
- Samuel C. Johnson Medical Research Building, Mayo ClinicScottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Sandra J Gendler
- Samuel C. Johnson Medical Research Building, Mayo ClinicScottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Donald Kufe
- Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Jianlin Gong
- Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
- Boston University School of MedicineBoston, MA, USA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
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44
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Gil-Henn H, Elson A. Tyrosine phosphatase-epsilon activates Src and supports the transformed phenotype of Neu-induced mammary tumor cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:15579-86. [PMID: 12598528 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210273200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Few tyrosine phosphatases support, rather than inhibit, survival of tumor cells. We present genetic evidence that receptor-type protein-tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP)-epsilon performs such a function, as cells from mammary epithelial tumors induced by activated Neu in mice genetically lacking RPTPepsilon appeared morphologically less transformed and exhibited reduced proliferation. We show that at the molecular level, RPTPepsilon activates Src, a known collaborator of Neu in mammary tumorigenesis. Lack of RPTPepsilon reduced Src activity and altered Src phosphorylation in tumor cells; RPTPepsilon dephosphorylated and activated Src; and Src bound a substrate-trapping mutant of RPTPepsilon. The altered morphology of tumor cells lacking RPTPepsilon was corrected by exogenous Src and exogenous RPTPepsilon or RPTPalpha; exogenous activated Src corrected also the growth rate phenotype. Together, these results suggest that the altered morphology of RPTPepsilon-deficient tumor cells is caused by reduced Src activity, caused, in turn, by lack of RPTPepsilon. Unexpectedly, the phenotype of RPTPepsilon-deficient tumor cells occurs despite expression of the related RPTPalpha, indicating that endogenous RPTPalpha does not compensate for the absence of RPTPepsilon in this case. We conclude that RPTPepsilon is a physiological activator of Src in Neu-induced mammary tumors and suggest that pharmacological inhibition of phosphatases that activate Src may be useful to augment direct pharmacological inhibition of Src.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hava Gil-Henn
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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45
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Settle M, Gordon MD, Nadella M, Dankort D, Muller W, Jacobs JR. Genetic identification of effectors downstream of Neu (ErbB-2) autophosphorylation sites in a Drosophila model. Oncogene 2003; 22:1916-26. [PMID: 12673197 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ErbB-2/Neu receptor tyrosine kinase plays a causal role in tumorigenesis in mammals. Neu's carboxyl terminus contains five phosphorylated tyrosines that mediate transformation through interaction with cytoplasmic SH2 or PTB containing adaptor proteins. We show that Drosophila adaptors signal from individual phosphotyrosine sites of rat Neu. Activated Neu expression in the midline glia suppressed apoptosis, similar to that seen with activated Drosophila EGF-R expression. Expression in eye and wing tissues generated graded phenotypes suitable for dosage-sensitive modifier genetics. Suppression of ErbB-2/Neu-induced phenotypes in tissues haplosufficient for genes encoding adaptor protein or second messengers suggests that pTyr 1227(YD) signals require Shc, and that pTyr 1253 (YE) signalling does not employ Ras, but does require Raf function. Signalling from pTyr (YB) was affected by a haplosufficiency in drk (Grb-2), and in genes thought to function downstream of Grb-2: dab, sos, csw (Shp-2), and dos (Gab-1). These data demonstrate the power of Drosophila genetics to unmask the molecules that signal from oncogenic ErbB-2/Neu.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Drosophila Proteins/genetics
- Drosophila Proteins/physiology
- Drosophila melanogaster/embryology
- Drosophila melanogaster/genetics
- Drosophila melanogaster/growth & development
- Drosophila melanogaster/metabolism
- ErbB Receptors/physiology
- Eye/growth & development
- Eye Proteins/genetics
- Eye Proteins/physiology
- Gene Dosage
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Morphogenesis/genetics
- Morphogenesis/physiology
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/physiology
- Phenotype
- Phosphorylation
- Phosphotyrosine/chemistry
- Protein Kinases
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/physiology
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Non-Receptor
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf/physiology
- Rats
- Receptor, ErbB-2/chemistry
- Receptor, ErbB-2/physiology
- Receptors, Invertebrate Peptide/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Son of Sevenless Protein, Drosophila/genetics
- Son of Sevenless Protein, Drosophila/physiology
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Wings, Animal/growth & development
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Settle
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Alaoui-Jamali MA, Qiang H. The interface between ErbB and non-ErbB receptors in tumor invasion: clinical implications and opportunities for target discovery. Drug Resist Updat 2003; 6:95-107. [PMID: 12729807 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-7646(03)00024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The molecular switches by which malignant cancer cells evolve from a confined to an invasive state are poorly understood, but seem to involve a progressive activation of a signaling network shared by several growth factor receptors and non-receptor molecules. Abnormal expression of ErbB tyrosine kinase receptors, commonly seen in cancer, is an early event in the invasive process, which makes these receptors exciting targets for drug discovery. The past few years have been full of promise for ErbB targeting in the context of receptor overexpression, but also fraught with disappointment as clinical efficacy has often been hampered by potential problems such as the heterogeneity of receptor expression within the same tumor, and the extensive cooperative signaling among ErbB and non-ErbB receptors. Cooperative signaling is a common characteristic of invasive cancer cells, and is believed to dictate the genetic program that controls invasion switches. Molecular studies on the combinatorial signaling involved in tumor invasion are becoming a fertile area for target discovery in cancer. This review discusses how cooperative signaling between ErbB and non-ErbB receptors regulates tumor invasion and hence provides multiple opportunities for drug discovery, and how current therapies and investigational drugs could pave the way to even more potent alternative combinatorial therapeutic approaches for invasive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moulay A Alaoui-Jamali
- Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Que., Canada.
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47
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Xia J, Tanaka Y, Koido S, Liu C, Mukherjee P, Gendler SJ, Gong J. Prevention of spontaneous breast carcinoma by prophylactic vaccination with dendritic/tumor fusion cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:1980-6. [PMID: 12574367 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.4.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Genetically modified mice with spontaneous development of mammary carcinoma provide a powerful tool to study the efficacy of tumor vaccines, since they mimic breast cancer development in humans. We used a transgenic murine model expressing polyomavirus middle T oncogene and mucin 1 tumor-associated Ag to determine the preventive effect of a dendritic/tumor fusion cell vaccine. The MMT (a transgenic murine model) mice developed mammary carcinoma between the ages of 65-108 days with 100% penetrance. No spontaneous CTL were detected. However, prophylactic vaccination of MMT mice with dendritic/tumor fusion cells induced polyclonal CTL activity against spontaneous mammary carcinoma cells and rendered 57-61% of the mice free of the disease at the end of experiment (180 days). Furthermore, the level of CTL activity was maintained with multiple vaccinations. The antitumor immunity induced by vaccination with dendritic/tumor fusion cells reacted differently to injected tumor cells and autochthonous tumor. Whereas the injected tumor cells were rejected, the autochthonous tumor evaded the attack and was allowed to grow. Collectively these results indicate that prophylactic vaccination with dendritic/tumor fusion cells confers sufficient antitumor immunity to counter the tumorigenesis of potent oncogenic products. The findings in the present study are highly relevant to cancers in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Cell Fusion/methods
- Cells, Cultured
- Clone Cells
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/transplantation
- Female
- Graft Rejection/genetics
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mucin-1/genetics
- Mucin-1/immunology
- Neoplasm Transplantation/methods
- Neoplasm Transplantation/pathology
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchuan Xia
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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48
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Kline K, Lawson KA, Yu W, Sanders BG. Vitamin E and breast cancer prevention: current status and future potential. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2003; 8:91-102. [PMID: 14587865 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025787422466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E is a collective term used to refer to a number of structurally and functionally different compounds. Although some vitamin E compounds are popular supplements marketed for their potential beneficial antioxidant effects for a number of chronic diseases including various forms of cancer, a recent report by the National Academy of Sciences Food and Nutrition Board concluded that too little is known at present to provide definitive answers regarding whether taking larger doses of dietary antioxidants will help prevent chronic diseases. Recent reviews of epidemiological data suggest that dietary source vitamin E may provide some protection against breast cancer, while vitamin E supplements do not. A majority of studies investigating the protective effects of certain types of vitamin E in animal models of mammary cancer prevention conclude that there is little or no effect. The study of vitamin E is complex, and the vitamin E field faces many scientific challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Kline
- Division of Nutrition, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
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49
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Boland GP, Knox WF, Bundred NJ. Molecular markers and therapeutic targets in ductal carcinoma in situ. Microsc Res Tech 2002; 59:3-11. [PMID: 12242692 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.10172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast is a premalignant condition which accounts for approximately 20% of all new breast cancers and up to 40% of neoplastic lesions detected by mammographic screening. Since recurrence is common after DCIS treated with breast conservation surgery, there is a need to determine molecular factors that predict recurrence. In parallel with this and with the finding that oestrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer can be prevented with anti-oestrogens, there have been recent advances in the understanding of the molecular biology of DCIS. Receptor coexpression in DCIS has been determined largely by immunohistochemistry. Animal models have provided evidence for the signalling pathways involved in the regulation and dysregulation of proliferation and apoptosis in both normal breast and in situ cancer. ER-negative DCIS has been shown to be hormone-independent. Blockade of the pathways involved in cell proliferation in ER-negative DCIS is possible and will be necessary to prevent ER-negative breast cancers if the goal of breast cancer chemoprevention is to be realistically achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P Boland
- Department of Academic Surgery, University Hospital of South Manchester, M23 9LT UK
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50
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Kavanaugh CJ, Desai KV, Calvo A, Brown PH, Couldrey C, Lubet R, Green JE. Pre-clinical applications of transgenic mouse mammary cancer models. Transgenic Res 2002; 11:617-33. [PMID: 12509137 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021159705363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. Given that the majority of human breast cancers appear to be due to non-genetic factors, identifying agents and mechanisms of prevention is key to lowering the incidence of cancer. Genetically engineered mouse models of mammary cancer have been important in elucidating molecular pathways and signaling events associated with the initiation, promotion, and the progression of cancer. Since several transgenic mammary models of human breast cancer progress through well-defined cancer stages, they are useful pre-clinical systems to test the efficacy of chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents. This review outlines several oncogenic pathways through which mammary cancer can be induced in transgenic models and describes several types of preventive and therapeutic agents that have been tested in transgenic models of mammary cancer. The effectiveness of farnesyl inhibitors, aromatase inhibitors, differentiating agents, polyamine inhibitors, anti-angiogenic inhibitors, and immunotherapeutic compounds including vaccines have been evaluated in reducing mammary cancer and tumor progression in transgenic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Kavanaugh
- Laboratory of Cellular Regulation and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Building 41, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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