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Bappy SS, Haque Asim MM, Ahasan MM, Ahsan A, Sultana S, Khanam R, Shibly AZ, Kabir Y. Virus-induced host cell metabolic alteration. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2505. [PMID: 38282396 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Viruses change the host cell metabolism to produce infectious particles and create optimal conditions for replication and reproduction. Numerous host cell pathways have been modified to ensure available biomolecules and sufficient energy. Metabolomics studies conducted over the past decade have revealed that eukaryotic viruses alter the metabolism of their host cells on a large scale. Modifying pathways like glycolysis, fatty acid synthesis and glutaminolysis could provide potential energy for virus multiplication. Thus, almost every virus has a unique metabolic signature and a different relationship between the viral life cycle and the individual metabolic processes. There are enormous research in virus induced metabolic reprogramming of host cells that is being conducted through numerous approaches using different vaccine candidates and antiviral drug substances. This review provides an overview of viral interference to different metabolic pathways and improved monitoring in this area will open up new ways for more effective antiviral therapies and combating virus induced oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Asif Ahsan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Sorna Sultana
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Roksana Khanam
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Zaffar Shibly
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Yearul Kabir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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2
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Mullen PJ, Christofk HR. The Metabolic Relationship Between Viral Infection and Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-070120-090423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are fundamental tools in cancer research. They were used to discover the first oncogenes in the 1970s, and they are now being modified for use as antitumor therapeutics. Key to both of these oncogenic and oncolytic properties is the ability of viruses to rewire host cell metabolism. In this review, we describe how viral oncogenes alter metabolism to increase the synthesis of macromolecules necessary for both viral replication and tumor growth. We then describe how understanding the specific metabolic requirements of virus-infected cells can help guide strategies to improve the efficacy of oncolytic viruses, and we highlight immunometabolism and tumor microenvironment research that could also increase the therapeutic benefits of oncolytic viruses. We also describe how studies describing the therapeutic effects of dietary nutrient restriction in cancer can suggest new avenues for research into antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Mullen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Heather R. Christofk
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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3
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Chai D, Qiu D, Zhang Z, Yuchen Shi S, Wang G, Fang L, Li H, Li H, Tian H, Zheng J. Absent in melanoma 2 enhances anti-tumour effects of CAIX promotor controlled conditionally replicative adenovirus in renal cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:10744-10755. [PMID: 32725966 PMCID: PMC7521288 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditionally replicative adenoviruses (CRAds) were promising approach for solid tumour treatment, but its oncolytic efficiency and toxicity are still not satisfactory for further clinical application. Here, we developed the CAIX promotor (CAIXpromotor)‐controlled CRAd armed with a tumour suppressor absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) to enhance its oncolytic potency. The CAIXpromotor‐AIM2 adenoviruses (Ad‐CAIXpromotor‐AIM2) could efficiently express E1A and AIM2 in renal cancer cells. Compared with Ad‐CAIXpromotor, Ad‐CAIXpromotor‐AIM2 significantly inhibited cell proliferation and enhanced cell apoptosis and cell killing, thus resulting in the oncolytic efficiency in 786‐O cells or OSRC‐2 cells. To explore the therapeutic effect, various Ads were intratumourally injected into OSRC‐2‐xenograft mice. The tumour growth was remarkably inhibited in Ad‐CAIXpromotor‐AIM2‐treated group as demonstrated by reduced tumour volume and weight with a low toxicity. The inflammasome inhibitor YVAD‐CMK resulted in the reduction of anti‐tumour activity by Ad‐CAIXpromotor‐AIM2 in vitro or in vivo, suggesting that inflammasome activation response was required for the enhanced therapeutic efficiency. Furthermore, lung metastasis of renal cancer mice was also suppressed by Ad‐CAIXpromotor‐AIM2 treatment accompanied by the decreased tumour fossil in lung tissues. These results indicated that the tumour‐specific Ad‐CAIXpromotor‐AIM2 could be applied for human renal cancer therapy. The therapeutic strategy of AIM2‐based CRAds could be a potential and promising approach for the therapy of primary solid or metastasis tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafei Chai
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dong Qiu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zichun Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shang Yuchen Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Huizhong Li
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hailong Li
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hui Tian
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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4
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Abstract
This review discusses the current state of the viral metabolism field and gaps in knowledge that will be important for future studies to investigate. We discuss metabolic rewiring caused by viruses, the influence of oncogenic viruses on host cell metabolism, and the use of viruses as guides to identify critical metabolic nodes for cancer anabolism. We also discuss the need for more mechanistic studies identifying viral proteins responsible for metabolic hijacking and for in vivo studies of viral-induced metabolic rewiring. Improved technologies for detailed metabolic measurements and genetic manipulation will lead to important discoveries over the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani K Thaker
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - James Ch'ng
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Heather R Christofk
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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5
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Eckhardt M, Zhang W, Gross AM, Von Dollen J, Johnson JR, Franks-Skiba KE, Swaney DL, Johnson TL, Jang GM, Shah PS, Brand TM, Archambault J, Kreisberg JF, Grandis JR, Ideker T, Krogan NJ. Multiple Routes to Oncogenesis Are Promoted by the Human Papillomavirus-Host Protein Network. Cancer Discov 2018; 8:1474-1489. [PMID: 30209081 PMCID: PMC6375299 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have mapped a global network of virus-host protein interactions by purification of the complete set of human papillomavirus (HPV) proteins in multiple cell lines followed by mass spectrometry analysis. Integration of this map with tumor genome atlases shows that the virus targets human proteins frequently mutated in HPV- but not HPV+ cancers, providing a unique opportunity to identify novel oncogenic events phenocopied by HPV infection. For example, we find that the NRF2 transcriptional pathway, which protects against oxidative stress, is activated by interaction of the NRF2 regulator KEAP1 with the viral protein E1. We also demonstrate that the L2 HPV protein physically interacts with the RNF20/40 histone ubiquitination complex and promotes tumor cell invasion in an RNF20/40-dependent manner. This combined proteomic and genetic approach provides a systematic means to study the cellular mechanisms hijacked by virally induced cancers.Significance: In this study, we created a protein-protein interaction network between HPV and human proteins. An integrative analysis of this network and 800 tumor mutation profiles identifies multiple oncogenesis pathways promoted by HPV interactions that phenocopy recurrent mutations in cancer, yielding an expanded definition of HPV oncogenic roles. Cancer Discov; 8(11); 1474-89. ©2018 AACR. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1333.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Eckhardt
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), UCSF, San Francisco, California
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California
| | | | - John Von Dollen
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), UCSF, San Francisco, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Jeffrey R Johnson
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), UCSF, San Francisco, California
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Kathleen E Franks-Skiba
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), UCSF, San Francisco, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Danielle L Swaney
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), UCSF, San Francisco, California
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF, San Francisco, California
- The Cancer Cell Map Initiative (CCMI), UCSF and UCSD, San Francisco and La Jolla, California
| | - Tasha L Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Gwendolyn M Jang
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), UCSF, San Francisco, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Priya S Shah
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), UCSF, San Francisco, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Toni M Brand
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Jacques Archambault
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jason F Kreisberg
- Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California
- The Cancer Cell Map Initiative (CCMI), UCSF and UCSD, San Francisco and La Jolla, California
| | - Jennifer R Grandis
- The Cancer Cell Map Initiative (CCMI), UCSF and UCSD, San Francisco and La Jolla, California
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Trey Ideker
- Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California.
- The Cancer Cell Map Initiative (CCMI), UCSF and UCSD, San Francisco and La Jolla, California
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), UCSF, San Francisco, California.
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF, San Francisco, California
- The Cancer Cell Map Initiative (CCMI), UCSF and UCSD, San Francisco and La Jolla, California
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6
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Ki67 targeted strategies for cancer therapy. Clin Transl Oncol 2017; 20:570-575. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-017-1774-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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Kuznetsova I, Arnold T, Aschacher T, Schwager C, Hegedus B, Garay T, Stukova M, Pisareva M, Pleschka S, Bergmann M, Egorov A. Targeting an Oncolytic Influenza A Virus to Tumor Tissue by Elastase. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2017; 7:37-44. [PMID: 29034314 PMCID: PMC5633860 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are currently established as a novel type of immunotherapy. The challenge is to safely target oncolytic viruses to tumors. Previously, we have generated influenza A viruses (IAVs) containing deletions in the viral interferon antagonist. Those deletions have attenuated the virus in normal tissue but allowed replication in tumor cells. IAV entry is mediated by hemagglutinin (HA), which needs to be activated by a serine protease, for example, through trypsin. To further target the IAV to tumors, we have changed the trypsin cleavage site to an elastase cleavage site. We chose this cleavage site because elastase is expressed in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, the exchange of the cleavage site previously has been shown to attenuate viral growth in lungs. Newly generated elastase-activated influenza viruses (AE viruses) grew to similar titers in tumor cells as the trypsin-activated counterparts (AT viruses). Intratumoral injection of AE viruses into syngeneic B16f1 melanoma-derived tumors in mice reduced tumor growth similar to AT viruses and had a better therapeutic effect in heterologous human PANC-1-derived tumors. Therefore, the introduction of the attenuation marker “elastase cleavage site” in viral HA allows for safe, effective oncolytic virus therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kuznetsova
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Institute for Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Gießen, School of Medicine, Schubertstraße 81, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Tobias Arnold
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Aschacher
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cornelia Schwager
- Avir Green Hills Biotechnology AG, Gersthoferstrasse 29, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Balazs Hegedus
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,MTA-SE Molecular Oncology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 93, 1091 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamas Garay
- MTA-SE Molecular Oncology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 93, 1091 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marina Stukova
- Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Prof. Popova Str. 15/17, 196376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria Pisareva
- Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Prof. Popova Str. 15/17, 196376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute for Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Gießen, School of Medicine, Schubertstraße 81, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Michael Bergmann
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrej Egorov
- Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Prof. Popova Str. 15/17, 196376 St. Petersburg, Russia
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8
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Ashshi AM, El-Shemi AG, Dmitriev IP, Kashentseva EA, Curiel DT. Combinatorial strategies based on CRAd-IL24 and CRAd-ING4 virotherapy with anti-angiogenesis treatment for ovarian cancer. J Ovarian Res 2016; 9:38. [PMID: 27349517 PMCID: PMC4924320 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-016-0248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A major hurdle incurrent to the human clinical application of conditionally replicative adenovirus (CRAd)-based virotherapy agents is their limited therapeutic efficacy. In this study we evaluated whether arming our previously reported Ad5/3Δ24 CRAd vector containing a 24-base pair deletion in the E1A conserved region 2, which allows selective replication within Rb-p16-deficient tumor cells, to express therapeutic genes could improve oncolytic virus potency in ovarian cancer cells. We choose to assess the therapeutic benefits achieved by virus-mediated expression of interleukin 24 (IL-24), a cytokine-like protein of the IL-10 family, and the inhibitor of growth 4 (ING4) tumor suppressor protein. Results The generated CRAd-IL24 and CRAd-ING4 vectors were tested in ovarian cancer cell lines in vitro to compare their replication, yield, and cytotoxic effects with control CRAd Ad5/3∆24 lacking the therapeutic gene. These studies showed that CRAd-IL24 infection resulted in significantly increased yield of infectious particles, which translated to a marked enhancement of virus-induced cytotoxic effects as compared to CRAd-ING4 and non-armed CRAd. Testing CRAd-IL24 and CRAd-ING4 vectors combined together did not revealed synergistic effects exceeding oncolytic potency of single CRAD-IL24 vector. Both CRAds were also tested along with anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody Avastin and showed no significant augmentation of viral cytolysis by anti-angiogenesis treatment in vitro. Conclusions Our studies validated that arming with these key immunomodulatory genes was not deleterious to virus-mediated oncolysis. These findings thus, warrant further preclinical studies of CRAd-IL24 tumoricidal efficacy in murine ovarian cancer models to establish its potential utility for the virotherapy of primary and advanced neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Mohammad Ashshi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, PO Box 7607, Holy Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Galal El-Shemi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, PO Box 7607, Holy Makkah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Igor P Dmitriev
- The Division of Cancer Biology and Biologic Therapeutic Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8224, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Elena A Kashentseva
- The Division of Cancer Biology and Biologic Therapeutic Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8224, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- The Division of Cancer Biology and Biologic Therapeutic Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8224, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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9
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Shah GA, O'Shea CC. Viral and Cellular Genomes Activate Distinct DNA Damage Responses. Cell 2015; 162:987-1002. [PMID: 26317467 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In response to cellular genome breaks, MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 (MRN) activates a global ATM DNA damage response (DDR) that prevents cellular replication. Here, we show that MRN-ATM also has critical functions in defending the cell against DNA viruses. We reveal temporally distinct responses to adenovirus genomes: a critical MRN-ATM DDR that must be inactivated by E1B-55K/E4-ORF3 viral oncoproteins and a global MRN-independent ATM DDR to viral nuclear domains that does not impact viral replication. We show that MRN binds to adenovirus genomes and activates a localized ATM response that specifically prevents viral DNA replication. In contrast to chromosomal breaks, ATM activation is not amplified by H2AX across megabases of chromatin to induce global signaling and replicative arrest. Thus, γH2AX foci discriminate "self" and "non-self" genomes and determine whether a localized anti-viral or global ATM response is appropriate. This provides an elegant mechanism to neutralize viral genomes without jeopardizing cellular viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govind A Shah
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037-1002, USA
| | - Clodagh C O'Shea
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037-1002, USA.
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10
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Thai M, Graham NA, Braas D, Nehil M, Komisopoulou E, Kurdistani SK, McCormick F, Graeber TG, Christofk HR. Adenovirus E4ORF1-induced MYC activation promotes host cell anabolic glucose metabolism and virus replication. Cell Metab 2014; 19:694-701. [PMID: 24703700 PMCID: PMC4294542 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Virus infections trigger metabolic changes in host cells that support the bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands of viral replication. Although recent studies have characterized virus-induced changes in host cell metabolism (Munger et al., 2008; Terry et al., 2012), the molecular mechanisms by which viruses reprogram cellular metabolism have remained elusive. Here, we show that the gene product of adenovirus E4ORF1 is necessary for adenovirus-induced upregulation of host cell glucose metabolism and sufficient to promote enhanced glycolysis in cultured epithelial cells by activation of MYC. E4ORF1 localizes to the nucleus, binds to MYC, and enhances MYC binding to glycolytic target genes, resulting in elevated expression of specific glycolytic enzymes. E4ORF1 activation of MYC promotes increased nucleotide biosynthesis from glucose intermediates and enables optimal adenovirus replication in primary lung epithelial cells. Our findings show how a viral protein exploits host cell machinery to reprogram cellular metabolism and promote optimal progeny virion generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Thai
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nicholas A Graham
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel Braas
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Metabolomics Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael Nehil
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Evangelia Komisopoulou
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Siavash K Kurdistani
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Frank McCormick
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Thomas G Graeber
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Metabolomics Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Heather R Christofk
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Metabolomics Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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11
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Dmitriev IP, Kashentseva EA, Kim KH, Matthews QL, Krieger SS, Parry JJ, Nguyen KN, Akers WJ, Achilefu S, Rogers BE, Alvarez RD, Curiel DT. Monitoring of biodistribution and persistence of conditionally replicative adenovirus in a murine model of ovarian cancer using capsid-incorporated mCherry and expression of human somatostatin receptor subtype 2 gene. Mol Imaging 2014; 13:7290.2014.00024. [PMID: 25249483 DOI: 10.2310/7290.2014.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant limiting factor to the human clinical application of conditionally replicative adenovirus (CRAd)-based virotherapy is the inability to noninvasively monitor these agents and their potential persistence. To address this issue, we proposed a novel imaging approach that combines transient expression of the human somatostatin receptor (SSTR) subtype 2 reporter gene with genetic labeling of the viral capsid with mCherry fluorescent protein. To test this dual modality system, we constructed the Ad5/3Δ24pIXcherry/SSTR CRAd and validated its capacity to generate fluorescent and nuclear signals in vitro and following intratumoral injection. Analysis of 64Cu-CB-TE2A-Y3-TATE biodistribution in mice revealed reduced uptake in tumors injected with the imaging CRAd relative to the replication-incompetent, Ad-expressing SSTR2 but significantly greater uptake compared to the negative CRAd control. Optical imaging demonstrated relative correlation of fluorescent signal with virus replication as determined by viral genome quantification in tumors. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography studies demonstrated that we can visualize radioactive uptake in tumors injected with imaging CRAd and the trend for greater uptake by standardized uptake value analysis compared to control CRAd. In the aggregate, the plasticity of our dual imaging approach should provide the technical basis for monitoring CRAd biodistribution and persistence in preclinical studies while offering potential utility for a range of clinical applications.
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12
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Liu RY, Peng JL, Li YQ, Huang BJ, Lin HX, Zhou L, Luo HL, Huang W. Tumor-specific cytolysis caused by an E1B55K-attenuated adenovirus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma is augmented by cisplatin. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:1833-41. [PMID: 24136729 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An E1B55K-attenuated adenovirus, dl1520, has been shown to replicate selectively in and lyse tumor cells. In this study, the antitumor activities of dl1520, alone or in combination with the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin, were investigated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells. The results demonstrated that dl1520 replicated in and destroyed NPC cells, and induced apoptosis in vitro. In a nude mouse xenograft model, dl1520 significantly inhibited the growth of NPC cell xenografts, and the viral replication was associated with tumor regression. Importantly, the antitumor activity of dl1520 was augmented by the addition of cisplatin both in vitro and in vivo, showing that dl1520 and cisplatin have a synergistic anti-NPC effect. These data suggest that dl1520 exerts an efficient anti-NPC activity through oncolysis and the induction of apoptosis, which is enhanced synergistically by cisplatin. These findings indicate that oncolytic viral therapeutics using the E1B55K-attenuated adenovirus dl1520 could be promising in the comprehensive treatment of NPC, especially in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran-Yi Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
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13
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Wierstra I. FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) in tumorigenesis: overexpression in human cancer, implication in tumorigenesis, oncogenic functions, tumor-suppressive properties, and target of anticancer therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 119:191-419. [PMID: 23870513 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407190-2.00016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) is a typical proliferation-associated transcription factor and is also intimately involved in tumorigenesis. FOXM1 stimulates cell proliferation and cell cycle progression by promoting the entry into S-phase and M-phase. Additionally, FOXM1 is required for proper execution of mitosis. In accordance with its role in stimulation of cell proliferation, FOXM1 exhibits a proliferation-specific expression pattern and its expression is regulated by proliferation and anti-proliferation signals as well as by proto-oncoproteins and tumor suppressors. Since these factors are often mutated, overexpressed, or lost in human cancer, the normal control of the foxm1 expression by them provides the basis for deregulated FOXM1 expression in tumors. Accordingly, FOXM1 is overexpressed in many types of human cancer. FOXM1 is intimately involved in tumorigenesis, because it contributes to oncogenic transformation and participates in tumor initiation, growth, and progression, including positive effects on angiogenesis, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis, recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages, tumor-associated lung inflammation, self-renewal capacity of cancer cells, prevention of premature cellular senescence, and chemotherapeutic drug resistance. However, in the context of urethane-induced lung tumorigenesis, FOXM1 has an unexpected tumor suppressor role in endothelial cells because it limits pulmonary inflammation and canonical Wnt signaling in epithelial lung cells, thereby restricting carcinogenesis. Accordingly, FOXM1 plays a role in homologous recombination repair of DNA double-strand breaks and maintenance of genomic stability, that is, prevention of polyploidy and aneuploidy. The implication of FOXM1 in tumorigenesis makes it an attractive target for anticancer therapy, and several antitumor drugs have been reported to decrease FOXM1 expression.
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Ou HD, Kwiatkowski W, Deerinck TJ, Noske A, Blain KY, Land HS, Soria C, Powers CJ, May AP, Shu X, Tsien RY, Fitzpatrick JA, Long JA, Ellisman MH, Choe S, O’Shea CC. A structural basis for the assembly and functions of a viral polymer that inactivates multiple tumor suppressors. Cell 2012; 151:304-19. [PMID: 23063122 PMCID: PMC3681303 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Evolution of minimal DNA tumor virus' genomes has selected for small viral oncoproteins that hijack critical cellular protein interaction networks. The structural basis for the multiple and dominant functions of adenovirus oncoproteins has remained elusive. E4-ORF3 forms a nuclear polymer and simultaneously inactivates p53, PML, TRIM24, and MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 (MRN) tumor suppressors. We identify oligomerization mutants and solve the crystal structure of E4-ORF3. E4-ORF3 forms a dimer with a central β core, and its structure is unrelated to known polymers or oncogenes. E4-ORF3 dimer units coassemble through reciprocal and nonreciprocal exchanges of their C-terminal tails. This results in linear and branched oligomer chains that further assemble in variable arrangements to form a polymer network that partitions the nuclear volume. E4-ORF3 assembly creates avidity-driven interactions with PML and an emergent MRN binding interface. This reveals an elegant structural solution whereby a small protein forms a multivalent matrix that traps disparate tumor suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horng D. Ou
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory Salk Institute for Biological Studies 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Witek Kwiatkowski
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Thomas J. Deerinck
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew Noske
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Katie Y. Blain
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hannah S. Land
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Conrado Soria
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory Salk Institute for Biological Studies 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Colin J. Powers
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory Salk Institute for Biological Studies 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew P. May
- Fluidigm Corporation, 7000 Shoreline Court, Suite 100, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Xiaokun Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, 555 Mission Bay Blvd South, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Roger Y. Tsien
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - James A.J. Fitzpatrick
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeff A. Long
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mark H. Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Senyon Choe
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Clodagh C. O’Shea
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory Salk Institute for Biological Studies 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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15
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Liu J, Fang L, Cheng Q, Li L, Su C, Zhang B, Pei D, Yang J, Li W, Zheng J. Effects of G250 promoter controlled conditionally replicative adenovirus expressing Ki67-siRNA on renal cancer cell. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:1880-8. [PMID: 22775978 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication-competent adenovirus (RCAd) has been used extensively in cancer gene therapy, and tumor-selection is critical for the use of replication-competent adenovirus. Here we investigated the anti-tumor characterization of oncolytic virus, whose E1A gene is under the control of a renal cell carcinoma specific promoter - the G250 promoter. The constructed oncolytic virus G250-Ki67 is armed with transgene of Ki67-siRNA, and G250-ZD55-Ki67 also with E1B-55 KD deleted. The tumor-specific expression of E1A and Ki67 was demonstrated by Western blot and immunohistochemistry staining, and the tumor-specific cytotoxicity was assessed by crystal violet staining and cell viability assays. The G250-Ki67 and G250-ZD55-Ki67 adenoviruses could express E1A protein in 786-O and OSRC cell lines but not in ACHN and HK-2 cell lines. The expression of Ki67 gene in 786-O and OSRC cell lines were suppressed by these adenoviruses. The cytotoxic effects induced by G250-ZD55-Ki67 and G250-Ki67 were more obvious on the 786-O cell lines than on the OSRC cell lines. Each group of adenoviruses could inhibit the proliferation of the 786-O cells and OSRC cells. However, the effects induced by G250-ZD55-Ki67 and G250-Ki67 on 786-O cells were stronger than on OSRC cells. Moreover, G250-ZD55-Ki67 had enhanced antitumor activities in these renal cancer cells compared with G250-Ki67. G250 promoter-derived CRAds carrying Ki67-siRNA could highly amplify and express Ki67-siRNA in renal cancer cells with expression of G250 antigen, inhibit renal cancer cells proliferation and induce apoptosis. These results demonstrated that the G250-specific oncolytic adenovirus expressing Ki67-siRNA is applicable for human renal clear cell cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Liu
- Laboratory of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, China
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16
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Wodarz D, Hofacre A, Lau JW, Sun Z, Fan H, Komarova NL. Complex spatial dynamics of oncolytic viruses in vitro: mathematical and experimental approaches. PLoS Comput Biol 2012; 8:e1002547. [PMID: 22719239 PMCID: PMC3375216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses replicate selectively in tumor cells and can serve as targeted treatment agents. While promising results have been observed in clinical trials, consistent success of therapy remains elusive. The dynamics of virus spread through tumor cell populations has been studied both experimentally and computationally. However, a basic understanding of the principles underlying virus spread in spatially structured target cell populations has yet to be obtained. This paper studies such dynamics, using a newly constructed recombinant adenovirus type-5 (Ad5) that expresses enhanced jellyfish green fluorescent protein (EGFP), AdEGFPuci, and grows on human 293 embryonic kidney epithelial cells, allowing us to track cell numbers and spatial patterns over time. The cells are arranged in a two-dimensional setting and allow virus spread to occur only to target cells within the local neighborhood. Despite the simplicity of the setup, complex dynamics are observed. Experiments gave rise to three spatial patterns that we call "hollow ring structure", "filled ring structure", and "disperse pattern". An agent-based, stochastic computational model is used to simulate and interpret the experiments. The model can reproduce the experimentally observed patterns, and identifies key parameters that determine which pattern of virus growth arises. The model is further used to study the long-term outcome of the dynamics for the different growth patterns, and to investigate conditions under which the virus population eliminates the target cells. We find that both the filled ring structure and disperse pattern of initial expansion are indicative of treatment failure, where target cells persist in the long run. The hollow ring structure is associated with either target cell extinction or low-level persistence, both of which can be viewed as treatment success. Interestingly, it is found that equilibrium properties of ordinary differential equations describing the dynamics in local neighborhoods in the agent-based model can predict the outcome of the spatial virus-cell dynamics, which has important practical implications. This analysis provides a first step towards understanding spatial oncolytic virus dynamics, upon which more detailed investigations and further complexity can be built.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Wodarz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.
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17
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Ou HD, May AP, O'Shea CC. The critical protein interactions and structures that elicit growth deregulation in cancer and viral replication. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 3:48-73. [PMID: 21061422 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges in biomedicine is to define the critical targets and network interactions that are subverted to elicit growth deregulation in human cells. Understanding and developing rational treatments for cancer requires a definition of the key molecular targets and how they interact to elicit the complex growth deregulation phenotype. Viral proteins provide discerning and powerful probes to understand both how cells work and how they can be manipulated using a minimal number of components. The small DNA viruses have evolved to target inherent weaknesses in cellular protein interaction networks to hijack the cellular DNA and protein replication machinery. In the battle to escape the inevitability of senescence and programmed cell death, cancers have converged on similar mechanisms, through the acquisition and selection of somatic mutations that drive unchecked cellular replication in tumors. Understanding the dynamic mechanisms through which a minimal number of viral proteins promote host cells to undergo unscheduled and pathological replication is a powerful strategy to identify critical targets that are also disrupted in cancer. Viruses can therefore be used as tools to probe the system-wide protein-protein interactions and structures that drive growth deregulation in human cells. Ultimately this can provide a path for developing system context-dependent therapeutics. This review will describe ongoing experimental approaches using viruses to study pathways deregulated in cancer, with a particular focus on viral cellular protein-protein interactions and structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horng D Ou
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
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18
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Poreba E, Broniarczyk JK, Gozdzicka-Jozefiak A. Epigenetic mechanisms in virus-induced tumorigenesis. Clin Epigenetics 2011; 2:233-47. [PMID: 22704339 PMCID: PMC3365383 DOI: 10.1007/s13148-011-0026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
About 15–20% of human cancers worldwide have viral etiology. Emerging data clearly indicate that several human DNA and RNA viruses, such as human papillomavirus, Epstein–Barr virus, Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human T-cell lymphotropic virus, contribute to cancer development. Human tumor-associated viruses have evolved multiple molecular mechanisms to disrupt specific cellular pathways to facilitate aberrant replication. Although oncogenic viruses belong to different families, their strategies in human cancer development show many similarities and involve viral-encoded oncoproteins targeting the key cellular proteins that regulate cell growth. Recent studies show that virus and host interactions also occur at the epigenetic level. In this review, we summarize the published information related to the interactions between viral proteins and epigenetic machinery which lead to alterations in the epigenetic landscape of the cell contributing to carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Poreba
- Department of Molecular Virology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
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19
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20
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Increasing the efficacy of oncolytic adenovirus vectors. Viruses 2010; 2:1844-1866. [PMID: 21994711 PMCID: PMC3185754 DOI: 10.3390/v2091844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic adenovirus (Ad) vectors present a new modality to treat cancer. These vectors attack tumors via replicating in and killing cancer cells. Upon completion of the vector replication cycle, the infected tumor cell lyses and releases progeny virions that are capable of infecting neighboring tumor cells. Repeated cycles of vector replication and cell lysis can destroy the tumor. Numerous Ad vectors have been generated and tested, some of them reaching human clinical trials. In 2005, the first oncolytic Ad was approved for the treatment of head-and-neck cancer by the Chinese FDA. Oncolytic Ads have been proven to be safe, with no serious adverse effects reported even when high doses of the vector were injected intravenously. The vectors demonstrated modest anti-tumor effect when applied as a single agent; their efficacy improved when they were combined with another modality. The efficacy of oncolytic Ads can be improved using various approaches, including vector design, delivery techniques, and ancillary treatment, which will be discussed in this review.
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21
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Heterochromatin silencing of p53 target genes by a small viral protein. Nature 2010; 466:1076-81. [PMID: 20740008 PMCID: PMC2929938 DOI: 10.1038/nature09307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor p53 (also known as TP53) guards against tumour and virus replication and is inactivated in almost all cancers. p53-activated transcription of target genes is thought to be synonymous with the stabilization of p53 in response to oncogenes and DNA damage. During adenovirus replication, the degradation of p53 by E1B-55k is considered essential for p53 inactivation, and is the basis for p53-selective viral cancer therapies. Here we reveal a dominant epigenetic mechanism that silences p53-activated transcription, irrespective of p53 phosphorylation and stabilization. We show that another adenoviral protein, E4-ORF3, inactivates p53 independently of E1B-55k by forming a nuclear structure that induces de novo H3K9me3 heterochromatin formation at p53 target promoters, preventing p53-DNA binding. This suppressive nuclear web is highly selective in silencing p53 promoters and operates in the backdrop of global transcriptional changes that drive oncogenic replication. These findings are important for understanding how high levels of wild-type p53 might also be inactivated in cancer as well as the mechanisms that induce aberrant epigenetic silencing of tumour-suppressor loci. Our study changes the longstanding definition of how p53 is inactivated in adenovirus infection and provides key insights that could enable the development of true p53-selective oncolytic viral therapies.
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22
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Morton CL, Houghton PJ, Kolb EA, Gorlick R, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Maris JM, Keir ST, Wu J, Smith MA. Initial testing of the replication competent Seneca Valley virus (NTX-010) by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 55:295-303. [PMID: 20582972 PMCID: PMC3003870 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seneca Valley virus (NTX-010) is a non-recombinant, replication competent RNA virus that is undergoing phase 1 clinical trials in adults for tumors with neuroendocrine characteristics. Here we have evaluated the antitumor activity of NTX-010 administered systemically. PROCEDURES In vitro NTX-010 was tested against 23 cell lines exposed for 96 hr at 1 x 10(-4) to 10(4) viral particles (vp)/cell. In vivo NTX-010 was administered intravenously once at 3 x 10(12) vp/kg. Three measures of antitumor activity were used: (1) an objective response measure modeled after the clinical setting; (2) a treated to control (T/C) tumor volume measure; and (3) a time to event (fourfold increase in tumor volume for solid tumor models), measure based on the median event-free survival (EFS) of treated and control animals for each xenograft. RESULTS In vitro NTX-010 demonstrated a marked cytotoxic effect in a subset of the cell lines from the neuroblastoma, Ewing sarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma panels. In vivo the most consistent activity was observed for the rhabdomyosarcoma and the neuroblastoma panels, with all four of the alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma xenografts and four of five neuroblastoma xenografts achieving CR or maintained CR. Objective responses were also observed in the rhabdoid tumor, Wilms tumor, and glioblastoma panels. CONCLUSIONS NTX-010 demonstrated a high level of activity both in vitro and in vivo. Further analysis of existing testing and molecular characterization data may help define the biological characteristics of cancer cells that are associated with response to NTX-010.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Jianrong Wu
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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23
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Toth K, Dhar D, Wold WSM. Oncolytic (replication-competent) adenoviruses as anticancer agents. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:353-68. [PMID: 20132057 DOI: 10.1517/14712590903559822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Whilst therapies for neoplasies have advanced tremendously in the last few decades, there is still a need for new anti-cancer treatments. One option is genetically-engineered oncolytic adenovirus (Ad) 'vectors'. These kill cancer cells via the viral replication cycle, and amplify the anti-tumor effect by producing progeny virions able to infect neighboring tumor cells. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW We provide a description of basic Ad biology and summarize the literature for oncolytic Ads from 1996 to the present. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN An overall view of oncolytic Ads, the merits and drawbacks of the various features of these vectors, and obstacles to further development and future directions for research. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Ads are attractive for gene therapy because they are relatively innocuous, easy to produce in large quantities, genetically stable, and easy to manipulate. A variety of have been constructed and tested, in pre-clinical and clinical experiments. Oncolytic Ads proved to be remarkably safe; no dose-limiting toxicity was observed in any clinical trial, and the maximum tolerated dose was not reached. At present, the major challenge for researchers is to increase the efficacy of the vectors, and to incorporate oncolytic virotherapy into existing treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoly Toth
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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24
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Komarova NL, Wodarz D. ODE models for oncolytic virus dynamics. J Theor Biol 2010; 263:530-43. [PMID: 20085772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Replicating oncolytic viruses are able to infect and lyse cancer cells and spread through the tumor, while leaving normal cells largely unharmed. This makes them potentially useful in cancer therapy, and a variety of viruses have shown promising results in clinical trials. Nevertheless, consistent success remains elusive and the correlates of success have been the subject of investigation, both from an experimental and a mathematical point of view. Mathematical modeling of oncolytic virus therapy is often limited by the fact that the predicted dynamics depend strongly on particular mathematical terms in the model, the nature of which remains uncertain. We aim to address this issue in the context of ODE modeling, by formulating a general computational framework that is independent of particular mathematical expressions. By analyzing this framework, we find some new insights into the conditions for successful virus therapy. We find that depending on our assumptions about the virus spread, there can be two distinct types of dynamics. In models of the first type (the "fast spread" models), we predict that the viruses can eliminate the tumor if the viral replication rate is sufficiently high. The second type of models is characterized by a suboptimal spread (the "slow spread" models). For such models, the simulated treatment may fail, even for very high viral replication rates. Our methodology can be used to study the dynamics of many biological systems, and thus has implications beyond the study of virus therapy of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia L Komarova
- Department of Mathematics, 340 Rowland Hall, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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25
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Tseng JC, Granot T, DiGiacomo V, Levin B, Meruelo D. Enhanced specific delivery and targeting of oncolytic Sindbis viral vectors by modulating vascular leakiness in tumor. Cancer Gene Ther 2009; 17:244-55. [PMID: 19798121 PMCID: PMC2841696 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2009.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic instability of cancer cells generates resistance after initial responses to chemotherapeutic agents. Several oncolytic viruses have been designed to exploit specific signatures of cancer cells, such as important surface markers or pivotal signaling pathways for selective replication. It is less likely for cancer cells to develop resistance given that mutations in these cancer signatures would negatively impact tumor growth and survival. However, as oncolytic viral vectors are large particles, they suffer from inefficient extravasation from tumor blood vessels. For larger particles, such as viral vectors, their ability to reach cancer cells is an important consideration in achieving specific oncolytic targeting and potential vector replication. Our previous studies indicated that the Sindbis viral vectors target tumor cells via the laminin receptor (LAMR). Here, we present evidence that modulating tumor vascular leakiness, using VEGF and/or metronomic chemotherapy regimens significantly enhances tumor vascular permeability and directly enhances oncolytic Sindbis vector targeting in tumor models. Since host-derived vascular endothelium cells are genetically stable and less likely to develop resistance to chemotherapeutics, a combined metronomic chemotherapeutics and oncolytic viruses regimen should provide a new approach for cancer therapy. This mechanism could explain the synergistic treatment outcomes observed in clinical trials of combined therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-C Tseng
- NYU Cancer Institute and the NYU Gene Therapy Center, Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
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26
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Dorer DE, Nettelbeck DM. Targeting cancer by transcriptional control in cancer gene therapy and viral oncolysis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:554-71. [PMID: 19394376 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-specificity is the key requirement for a drug or treatment regimen to be effective against malignant disease--and has rarely been achieved adequately to date. Therefore, targeting strategies need to be implemented for future therapies to ensure efficient activity at the site of patients' tumors or metastases without causing intolerable side-effects. Gene therapy and viral oncolysis represent treatment modalities that offer unique opportunities for tumor targeting. This is because both the transfer of genes with anti-cancer activity and viral replication-induced cell killing, respectively, facilitate the incorporation of multiple mechanisms restricting their activity to cancer. To this end, cellular mechanisms of gene regulation have been successfully exploited to direct therapeutic gene expression and viral cell lysis to cancer cells. Here, transcriptional targeting has been the role model and most widely investigated. This approach exploits cellular gene regulatory elements that mediate cell type-specific transcription to restrict the expression of therapeutic genes or essential viral genes, ideally to cancer cells. In this review, we first discuss the rationale for such promoter targeting and its limitations. We then give an overview how tissue-/tumor-specific promoters are being identified and characterized. Strategies to apply and optimize such promoters for the engineering of targeted viral gene transfer vectors and oncolytic viruses-with respect to promoter size, selectivity and activity in the context of viral genomes-are described. Finally, we discuss in more detail individual examples for transcriptionally targeted virus drugs. First highlighting oncolytic viruses targeted by prostate-specific promoters and by the telomerase promoter as representatives of tissue-targeted and pan-cancer-specific virus drugs respectively, and secondly recent developments of the last two years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik E Dorer
- Helmholtz-University Group Oncolytic Adenoviruses, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Dermatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Chaurushiya MS, Weitzman MD. Viral manipulation of DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoints. DNA Repair (Amst) 2009; 8:1166-76. [PMID: 19473887 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2009.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recognition and repair of DNA damage is critical for maintaining genomic integrity and suppressing tumorigenesis. In eukaryotic cells, the sensing and repair of DNA damage are coordinated with cell cycle progression and checkpoints, in order to prevent the propagation of damaged DNA. The carefully maintained cellular response to DNA damage is challenged by viruses, which produce a large amount of exogenous DNA during infection. Viruses also express proteins that perturb cellular DNA repair and cell cycle pathways, promoting tumorigenesis in their quest for cellular domination. This review presents an overview of strategies employed by viruses to manipulate DNA damage responses and cell cycle checkpoints as they commandeer the cell to maximize their own viral replication. Studies of viruses have identified key cellular regulators and revealed insights into molecular mechanisms governing DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoints, and transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira S Chaurushiya
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Kawaguchi Y, Miyamoto Y, Inoue T, Kaneda Y. Efficient eradication of hormone-resistant human prostate cancers by inactivated Sendai virus particle. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:2478-87. [PMID: 19173282 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Hormone-refractory prostate cancer is one of the intractable human cancers in the world. Here, we examined the direct tumor-killing activity of inactivated Sendai virus particle [hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E)] through induction of Type I interferon (IFN) in the hormone-resistant human prostate cancer cell lines PC3 and DU145. Preferential binding of HVJ-E to PC3 and DU145 over hormone-sensitive prostate cancer cell and normal prostate epithelium was observed, resulting in a number of fused cells. After HVJ-E treatment, a number of IFN-related genes were up-regulated, resulting in Type I IFN production in PC3 cells. Then, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) helicase which activates Type I IFN expression after Sendai virus infection was up-regulated in cancer cells after HVJ-E treatment. Produced IFN-alpha and -beta enhanced caspase 8 expression via Janus kinases/Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription pathway, activated caspase 3 and induced apoptosis in cancer cells. When HVJ-E was directly injected into a mass of PC3 tumor cells in SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) mice, a marked reduction in the bulk of each tumor mass was observed and 85% of the mice became tumor-free. Although co-injection of an anti-asialo GM1 antibody with HVJ-E into each tumor mass slightly attenuated the tumor suppressive activity of HVJ-E, significant suppression of tumor growth was observed even in the presence of anti-asialo GM1 antibody. This suggests that natural killer cell activation made small contribution to tumor regression following HVJ-E treatment in hormone-resistant prostate cancer model in vivo. Thus, HVJ-E effectively targets hormone-resistant prostate cancer by inducing apoptosis in tumor cells, as well as activating anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Kawaguchi
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Wodarz D. Use of oncolytic viruses for the eradication of drug-resistant cancer cells. J R Soc Interface 2009; 6:179-86. [PMID: 18664430 PMCID: PMC2658788 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2008.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy using small-molecule inhibitors is a promising new therapy approach against cancer, but drug-resistant mutants present an obstacle to success. Oncolytic virus therapy, where viruses replicate specifically in cancer cells and kill them, is another promising therapy approach against cancer. While encouraging results have been observed in clinical trials, consistent success has not been possible so far. Based on a computational framework, I report that even if oncolytic virus therapy fails to eradicate a cancer, it can have the potential to eradicate the sub-population of drug-resistant cancer cells. Once this has occurred, targeted drug therapy can be used to induce cancer remission. For this to work, a drug resistance mutation must confer a certain fitness cost to the cell, as has been documented in the literature. The reason for this finding is that in the presence of a shared virus, the faster growing (drug-sensitive) cell population produces an amount of virus that is too much for the slower growing (drug-resistant) cell population to survive. This is derived from a population dynamic principle known as apparent competition. Therefore, a sequential combination of oncolytic virus and targeted therapies can overcome major weaknesses of either approach alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Wodarz
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Wodarz D, Komarova N. Towards predictive computational models of oncolytic virus therapy: basis for experimental validation and model selection. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4271. [PMID: 19180240 PMCID: PMC2629569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are viruses that specifically infect cancer cells and kill them, while leaving healthy cells largely intact. Their ability to spread through the tumor makes them an attractive therapy approach. While promising results have been observed in clinical trials, solid success remains elusive since we lack understanding of the basic principles that govern the dynamical interactions between the virus and the cancer. In this respect, computational models can help experimental research at optimizing treatment regimes. Although preliminary mathematical work has been performed, this suffers from the fact that individual models are largely arbitrary and based on biologically uncertain assumptions. Here, we present a general framework to study the dynamics of oncolytic viruses that is independent of uncertain and arbitrary mathematical formulations. We find two categories of dynamics, depending on the assumptions about spatial constraints that govern that spread of the virus from cell to cell. If infected cells are mixed among uninfected cells, there exists a viral replication rate threshold beyond which tumor control is the only outcome. On the other hand, if infected cells are clustered together (e.g. in a solid tumor), then we observe more complicated dynamics in which the outcome of therapy might go either way, depending on the initial number of cells and viruses. We fit our models to previously published experimental data and discuss aspects of model validation, selection, and experimental design. This framework can be used as a basis for model selection and validation in the context of future, more detailed experimental studies. It can further serve as the basis for future, more complex models that take into account other clinically relevant factors such as immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Wodarz
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America.
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31
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Brown CW, Bell JC. Oncolytic Viruses: A New Weapon to Fight Cancer. J Med Imaging Radiat Sci 2008; 39:115-127. [PMID: 31051886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmir.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Remission from cancer after viral infection was first noted in the beginning of the 20th century, and with advances in virotherapy and genetic engineering, the advent of an approved viral therapeutic in North America is fast approaching. Mechanisms of tumour selectivity and killing, along with information obtained from clinical trials are reviewed here. Although oncolytic viruses are generally safe and well tolerated, their overall anti-tumour efficacy has varied. This article outlines strategies to improve the efficacy of the oncolytic platform without compromising its impressive safety profile. It will highlight new methods being developed to quantify the activity of oncolytic viruses in real time. Harnessing the factors that control the tumour microenvironment and the immune system are the key to enhancing the oncolytic activity. The purpose of this article is to introduce and provide an overview of the current state of cancer killing of oncolytic viruses. The reader will acquire knowledge of the basic principles of oncolytic viruses and their use in the clinical setting. This review summarizes articles retrieved from Medline using key words such as "virus," "oncolytic virus," "virotherapy," "cancer," and "clinical trials." Review articles published in the English language from 2005 onward were read and corroborating data and conclusions were summarized. When appropriate, cited references were also reviewed and incorporated. The reader is directed to references we found most concise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Brown
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Regional Cancer Center, Ottawa, Ontario; Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital General Campus, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - John C Bell
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Regional Cancer Center, Ottawa, Ontario.
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32
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Cardoso FM, Kato SEM, Huang W, Flint SJ, Gonzalez RA. An early function of the adenoviral E1B 55 kDa protein is required for the nuclear relocalization of the cellular p53 protein in adenovirus-infected normal human cells. Virology 2008; 378:339-46. [PMID: 18632130 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that the human subgroup C adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) E1B 55 kDa protein can regulate the activity and concentration of the cellular tumor suppressor, p53. However, the contribution(s) of these functions of the E1B protein to viral reproduction remains unclear. To investigate this issue, we examined properties of p53 in normal human cells infected by E1B mutant viruses that display defective entry into the late phase or viral late mRNA export. The steady-state concentrations of p53 were significantly higher in cells infected by the E1B 55 kDa null mutant Hr6 or three mutants carrying small insertions in the E1B 55 kDa protein coding sequence than in Ad5-infected cells. Nevertheless, none of the mutants induced apoptosis in infected cells. Rather, the localization of p53 to E1B containing nuclear sites observed during infection by Ad5 was prevented by mutations that impair interaction of the E1B protein with p53 and/or with the E4 Orf6 protein. These results indicate that the E1B protein fulfills an early function that correlates efficient entry into the late phase with the localization of E1B and p53 in the nucleus of Ad5-infected normal human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Cardoso
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, México
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Rohmer S, Mainka A, Knippertz I, Hesse A, Nettelbeck DM. Insulated hsp70B′ promoter: stringent heat-inducible activity in replication-deficient, but not replication-competent adenoviruses. J Gene Med 2008; 10:340-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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34
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Nettelbeck DM. Cellular genetic tools to control oncolytic adenoviruses for virotherapy of cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 86:363-77. [PMID: 18214411 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-007-0291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Key challenges facing cancer therapy are the development of tumor-specific drugs and the implementation of potent multimodal treatment regimens. Oncolytic adenoviruses, featuring cancer-selective viral cell lysis and spread, constitute a particularly interesting drug platform towards both goals. First, as complex biological agents, adenoviruses allow for rational drug development by genetic incorporation of targeting mechanisms that exert their function at different stages of the viral replication cycle. Secondly, therapeutic genes implementing diverse cancer cell-killing activities can be inserted into the oncolytic adenovirus genome without loss of replication potential, thus deriving a "one-agent combination therapy". This article reviews an intriguing approach to derive oncolytic adenoviruses, which is to insert cellular genetic regulatory elements into adenovirus genomes for control of virus replication and therapeutic gene expression. This approach has been thoroughly investigated and optimized during the last decade for transcriptional targeting of adenovirus replication and gene expression to a wide panel of tumor types. More recently, further cellular regulatory mechanisms, such as mRNA stability and translation regulation, have been reported as tools for virus control. Consequently, oncolytic adenoviruses with a remarkable specificity profile for prostate cancer, gastrointestinal cancers, liver cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, and other cancers were derived. Such specificity profiles allow for the engineering of new generations of oncolytic adenoviruses with improved potency by enhancing viral cell binding and entry or by expressing therapeutic genes. Clearly, genetic engineering of viruses has great potential for the development of innovative antitumor drugs--towards targeted and multimodal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M Nettelbeck
- Helmholtz-University Group Oncolytic Adenoviruses, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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35
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Alonso MM, Cascallo M, Gomez-Manzano C, Jiang H, Bekele BN, Perez-Gimenez A, Lang FF, Piao Y, Alemany R, Fueyo J. ICOVIR-5 shows E2F1 addiction and potent antiglioma effect in vivo. Cancer Res 2007; 67:8255-63. [PMID: 17804740 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During 2007, approximately 200,000 people in the United States will be diagnosed with brain tumors. Gliomas account for 77% of primary malignant brain tumors, and the prognosis has hardly changed in the past 20 years, with only 30% of patients with malignant glioma surviving 5 years after diagnosis. Oncolytic adenoviruses are promising therapies for the treatment of gliomas. Here, report the antiglioma activity of the tumor-selective ICOVIR-5 adenovirus, which encompasses an early 1A adenoviral (E1A) deletion in the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein-binding region, substitution of the E1A promoter for E2F-responsive elements, and an RGD-4C peptide motif inserted into the adenoviral fiber to enhance adenoviral tropism. Mechanistic studies showed a dramatic addiction of ICOVIR-5 to the E2F1 oncogene in vitro and in vivo. This addiction was mediated by the occupancy of the ectopic adenoviral E2F1-responsive elements by the endogenous E2F1 protein resulting in high level of E1A expression in cancer cells and potent antiglioma effect. Importantly, we showed for the first time the ability of oncolytic adenoviruses to enhance E2F transcriptional activity in vivo, and we provided direct evidence of the interaction of the E2F1 protein with native and ectopic adenovirus promoters. Restoration of Rb function led to the association of Rb/E2F1 repressor complexes with ICOVIR-5 ectopic E2F1 promoter and subsequent down-modulation of E1A, dramatically impairing adenoviral replication. In xenografted mice, intratumoral injection of ICOVIR-5 resulted in a significant improvement of the median survival (P < 0.0001), and furthermore, led to 37% of long-term survivors free of disease. The antitumor activity of ICOVIR-5 suggests that it has the potential to be an effective agent in the treatment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta M Alonso
- Brain Tumor Center, University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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36
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Li H, Dutuor A, Fu X, Zhang X. Induction of strong antitumor immunity by an HSV-2-based oncolytic virus in a murine mammary tumor model. J Gene Med 2007; 9:161-9. [PMID: 17266169 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses have shown considerable promise for the treatment of solid tumors. In previous studies, we demonstrated that a novel oncolytic virus (FusOn-H2), constructed by replacing the serine/threonine protein kinase (PK) domain of the ICP10 gene of type 2 herpes simplex virus (HSV-2) with the gene encoding the green fluorescent protein, can selectively replicate in and thus lyse tumor cells. 4T1 tumor cells are weakly immunogenic and the mammary tumors derived from them aggressively metastasize to different parts of body, thus providing an attractive model for evaluating anticancer agents. We thus tested the antitumor effect of FusOn-H2 in this tumor model, in comparisons with several other oncolytic HSVs derived from HSV-1, including a nonfusogenic HSV-1 (Baco-1) and a doubly fusogenic virus (Synco-2D). Our results show that FusOn-H2 and Synco-2D have greater oncolytic activity in vitro than Baco-1. Moreover, FusOn-H2 induced strong T cell responses against primary and metastatic mammary tumors in vivo, and splenocytes adoptively transferred from FusOn-H2-treated mice effectively prevented metastasis in naïve mice bearing implanted mammary tumors. We conclude that the HSV-2-based FusOn-H2 oncolytic virus may be an effective agent for the treatment of both primary and metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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37
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Li H, Dutuor A, Tao L, Fu X, Zhang X. Virotherapy with a type 2 herpes simplex virus-derived oncolytic virus induces potent antitumor immunity against neuroblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:316-22. [PMID: 17200370 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We recently constructed an oncolytic virus from type 2 herpes simplex virus (HSV-2) that selectively targets and kills tumor cells with an activated Ras signaling pathway. Designated FusOn-H2, this virus has shown several discrete killing mechanisms. Here, we evaluated the antitumor immune responses after FusOn-H2-mediated virotherapy in a syngeneic murine neuroblastoma model. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We directly injected FusOn-H2 into established tumors and then measured its antitumor effect and the accompanying tumor-specific immune responses. Several oncolytic HSVs constructed from HSV-1 were included in the same experiments for comparisons. RESULTS Our data show that tumor destruction by FusOn-H2 in vivo induces potent antitumor immune responses in this syngeneic neuroblastoma model. The elicited cellular immunity not only eradicated neuroblastoma cells in vitro but also inhibited the growth of tumors at sites distant from the virus injection site. Moreover, adoptive transfer of splenocytes from mice receiving virotherapy to naïve mice resulted in a measurable antitumor effect. CONCLUSION We conclude that the ability of FusOn-H2 to induce tumor-specific cellular immunity expands the oncolytic repertoire of this virus and increases the likelihood that its use in patients would produce significant therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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38
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Yang S, Guo ZS, O'Malley ME, Yin X, Zeh HJ, Bartlett DL. A new recombinant vaccinia with targeted deletion of three viral genes: its safety and efficacy as an oncolytic virus. Gene Ther 2007; 14:638-47. [PMID: 17268533 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To enhance further the safety and efficacy of oncolytic vaccinia virus, we have developed a new virus with targeted deletions of three viral genes encoding thymidine kinase and antiapoptotic/host range proteins SPI-1 and SPI-2 (vSPT). Infection of human and murine tumor cell lines yielded nearly equivalent or a log lower virus recovery in comparison to parental viruses. Viral infection activated multiple caspases in cancer cells but not in normal cells, suggesting infected cells may die via different pathways. In tumor-bearing mice, vSPT recovery from MC38 tumor was slightly reduced in comparison to two parental viruses. However, no virus was recovered from the brains and livers of mice injected with vSPT in contrast to control viruses. vSPT demonstrated significantly lower pathogenicity in nude mice. Systemic delivery of vSPT showed significant tumor inhibition in subcutaneous MC38 tumor, human ovarian A2780 and murine ovarian MOSEC carcinomatosis models; however, the tumor inhibition by vSPT was reduced compared with parental viruses. These results demonstrated that although deletion of these three viral genes further enhanced tumor selectivity, it also weakened the oncolytic potency. This study illustrates the complexity of creating a tumor-selective oncolytic virus by deleting multiple viral genes involved in multiple cellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yang
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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39
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Lilley CE, Schwartz RA, Weitzman MD. Using or abusing: viruses and the cellular DNA damage response. Trends Microbiol 2007; 15:119-26. [PMID: 17275307 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During infection, viruses attempt to hijack the cell while the host responds with various defense systems. Traditional defenses include the interferon response and apoptosis, but recent work suggests that this antiviral arsenal also includes the cellular DNA damage response machinery. The observation of interactions between viruses and cellular DNA repair proteins has not only uncovered new complexities of the virus-host interaction but is also reinforcing the view that viruses can reveal key regulators of cellular pathways through the proteins they target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Lilley
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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40
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Quirin C, Mainka A, Hesse A, Nettelbeck DM. Combining adenoviral oncolysis with temozolomide improves cell killing of melanoma cells. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:2801-7. [PMID: 17724714 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses are emerging agents for treatment of cancer by tumor-restricted virus replication, cell lysis and virus spread. Clinical studies with first generation oncolytic adenoviruses have revealed that an increased potency is warranted in order to achieve therapeutic efficacy. One approach towards this end is to combine adenoviral oncolysis with chemotherapy. Here, a fundamental requirement is that chemotherapy does not interfere with adenovirus replication in cancer cells. We have previously developed a melanoma-targeted oncolytic adenovirus, Ad5/3.2xTyr, which features tyrosinase promoter regulated replication and enhanced cell entry into melanoma cells. In this study, we investigated a combination treatment of melanoma cells with Ad5/3.2xTyr and temozolomide (TMZ), which produces the same active metabolite as Dacarbazine/DTIC, the standard chemotherapy for advanced melanoma. We report that TMZ does not inhibit adenovirus replication in melanoma cells. Additive or synergistic cell killing of melanoma cells, dependent on the cell line used, was observed. Enhanced cell binding was not responsible for synergism of adenoviral oncolysis and TMZ treatment. We rather observed that higher numbers of virus genomes are produced in TMZ-treated cells, which also showed a cell cycle arrest in the G2 phase. Our results have important implications for the clinical implementation of adenoviral oncolysis for treatment of malignant melanoma. It suggests that such studies are feasible in the presence of TMZ or DTIC chemotherapy and recommends the investigation of a viro-chemo combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Quirin
- Virotherapy Lab, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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41
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Strath J, Blair GE. Adenovirus subversion of immune surveillance, apoptotic and growth regulatory pathways: a model for tumorigenesis. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2006; 53:145-69. [PMID: 16956126 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.53.2006.2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The adenovirus system provides a novel model for evaluating the roles of multiple factors involved in tumour progression. In common with other DNA tumour viruses, adenovirus employs a variety of strategies to evade immune surveillance and perturbs cellular apoptotic and growth regulatory pathways to ensure efficient replication of progeny virions. Such subversion of cellular networks is also found in tumour cells. The mechanism behind the avoidance of immune surveillance and the extent of cellular network interference achieved by adenovirus is still being uncovered and is predicted to have ramifications for the design of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Strath
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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42
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Hwang LH. Gene therapy strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Biomed Sci 2006; 13:453-68. [PMID: 16633742 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-006-9085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent cancers worldwide. Effective therapy to this cancer is currently lacking, creating an urgent need for new therapeutic strategies for HCC. Gene therapy approach that relies on the transduction of cells with genetic materials, such as apoptotic genes, suicide genes, genes coding for antiangiogenic factors or immunomodulatory molecules, small interfering RNA (siRNA), or oncolytic viral vectors, may provide a promising strategy. The aforementioned strategies have been largely evaluated in the animal models with HCC or liver metastasis. Due to the diversity of vectors and therapeutic genes, being used alone or in combination, gene therapy approach may generate great beneficial effects to control the growth of tumors within the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih-Hwa Hwang
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital and Graduate Institute of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, 7 Chung-Shan S. Road, Taipei 10016, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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43
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Heussler V, Sturm A, Langsley G. Regulation of host cell survival by intracellular Plasmodium and Theileria parasites. Parasitology 2006; 132 Suppl:S49-60. [PMID: 17018165 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182006000850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium and Theileria parasites are obligate intracellular protozoa of the phylum Apicomplexa. Theileria infection of bovine leukocytes induces transformation of host cells and infected leukocytes can be kept indefinitely in culture. Theileria-dependent host cell transformation has been the subject of interest for many years and the molecular basis of this unique phenomenon is quite well understood. The equivalent life cycle stage of Plasmodium is the infection of mammalian hepatocytes, where parasites reside for 2-7 days depending on the species. Some of the molecular details of parasite-host interactions in P. berghei-infected hepatocytes have emerged only very recently. Similar to what has been shown for Theileria-infected leukocytes these data suggest that malaria parasites within hepatocytes also protect their host cell from programmed cell death. However, the strategies employed to inhibit host cell apoptotic pathways appear to be different to those used by Theileria. This review discusses similarities and differences at the molecular level of Plasmodium- and Theileria-induced regulation of the host cell survival machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Heussler
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
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44
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Cunningham AP, Love WK, Zhang RW, Andrews LG, Tollefsbol TO. Telomerase inhibition in cancer therapeutics: molecular-based approaches. Curr Med Chem 2006; 13:2875-88. [PMID: 17073634 PMCID: PMC2423208 DOI: 10.2174/092986706778521887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Current standard cancer therapies (chemotherapy and radiation) often cause serious adverse off-target effects. Drug design strategies are therefore being developed that will more precisely target cancer cells for destruction while leaving surrounding normal cells relatively unaffected. Telomerase, widely expressed in most human cancers but almost undetectable in normal somatic cells, provides an exciting drug target. This review focuses on recent pharmacogenomic approaches to telomerase inhibition. Antisense oligonucleotides, RNA interference, ribozymes, mutant expression, and the exploitation of differential telomerase expression as a strategy for targeted oncolysis are discussed here in the context of cancer therapeutics. Reports of synergism between telomerase inhibitors and traditional cancer therapeutic agents are also analyzed.
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MESH Headings
- Drug Design
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/enzymology
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/genetics
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/therapeutic use
- RNA, Antisense/genetics
- RNA, Antisense/pharmacology
- RNA, Antisense/therapeutic use
- RNA, Catalytic/genetics
- RNA, Catalytic/metabolism
- RNA, Untranslated/genetics
- RNA, Untranslated/metabolism
- Telomerase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Telomerase/genetics
- Telomerase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Cunningham
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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45
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O'Shea CC. Viruses: tools for tumor target discovery, and agents for oncolytic therapies - an introduction. Oncogene 2005; 24:7636-9. [PMID: 16299525 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clodagh C O'Shea
- Cancer Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, 94115, USA.
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