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Zhou Y, Xu MF, Chen J, Zhang JL, Wang XY, Huang MH, Wei YL, She ZY. Loss-of-function of kinesin-5 KIF11 causes microcephaly, chorioretinopathy, and developmental disorders through chromosome instability and cell cycle arrest. Exp Cell Res 2024; 436:113975. [PMID: 38367657 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.113975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Kinesin motors play a fundamental role in development by controlling intracellular transport, spindle assembly, and microtubule organization. In humans, patients carrying mutations in KIF11 suffer from an autosomal dominant inheritable disease called microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphoedema, or mental retardation (MCLMR). While mitotic functions of KIF11 proteins have been well documented in centrosome separation and spindle assembly, cellular mechanisms underlying KIF11 dysfunction and MCLMR remain unclear. In this study, we generate KIF11-inhibition chick and zebrafish models and find that KIF11 inhibition results in microcephaly, chorioretinopathy, and severe developmental defects in vivo. Notably, loss-of-function of KIF11 causes the formation of monopolar spindle and chromosome misalignment, which finally contribute to cell cycle arrest, chromosome instability, and cell death. Our results demonstrate that KIF11 is crucial for spindle assembly, chromosome alignment, and cell cycle progression of progenitor stem cells, indicating a potential link between polyploidy and MCLMR. Our data have revealed that KIF11 inhibition cause microcephaly, chorioretinopathy, and development disorders through the formation of monopolar spindle, polyploid, and cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Meng-Fei Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Jing-Lian Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Xin-Yao Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Min-Hui Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Ya-Lan Wei
- Medical Research Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China; College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Zhen-Yu She
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China.
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2
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Pavani M, Chiroli E, Cancrini C, Gross F, Bonaiuti P, Villa S, Giavazzi F, Matafora V, Bachi A, Fava LL, Lischetti T, Ciliberto A. Triap1 upregulation promotes escape from mitotic-slippage-induced G1 arrest. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112215. [PMID: 36917609 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Drugs targeting microtubules rely on the mitotic checkpoint to arrest cell proliferation. The prolonged mitotic arrest induced by such drugs is followed by a G1 arrest. Here, we follow for several weeks the fate of G1-arrested human cells after treatment with nocodazole. We find that a small fraction of cells escapes from the arrest and resumes proliferation. These escaping cells experience reduced DNA damage and p21 activation. Cells surviving treatment are enriched for anti-apoptotic proteins, including Triap1. Increasing Triap1 levels allows cells to survive the first treatment with reduced DNA damage and lower levels of p21; accordingly, decreasing Triap1 re-sensitizes cells to nocodazole. We show that Triap1 upregulation leads to the retention of cytochrome c in the mitochondria, opposing the partial activation of caspases caused by nocodazole. In summary, our results point to a potential role of Triap1 upregulation in the emergence of resistance to drugs that induce prolonged mitotic arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Pavani
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy.
| | - Elena Chiroli
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Camilla Cancrini
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Fridolin Gross
- ImmunoConcEpT, CNRS UMR5164, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Paolo Bonaiuti
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Villa
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| | - Fabio Giavazzi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| | - Vittoria Matafora
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Angela Bachi
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca L Fava
- Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Cell Division, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Tiziana Lischetti
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy.
| | - Andrea Ciliberto
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy; Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, 1083 Budapest, Hungary.
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3
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Scarrott JM, Johari YB, Pohle TH, Liu P, Mayer A, James DC. Increased recombinant adeno-associated virus production by HEK293 cells using small molecule chemical additives. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2200450. [PMID: 36495042 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202200450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) has established itself as a highly efficacious gene delivery vector with a well characterised safety profile allowing broad clinical application. Recent successes in rAAV-mediated gene therapy clinical trials will continue to drive demand for improved rAAV production processes to reduce costs. Here, we demonstrate that small molecule bioactive chemical additives can significantly increase recombinant AAV vector production by human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells up to three-fold. Nocodazole (an anti-mitotic agent) and M344 (a selective histone deacetylase inhibitor) were identified as positive regulators of rAAV8 genome titre in a microplate screening assay. Addition of nocodazole to triple-transfected HEK293 suspension cells producing rAAV arrested cells in G2/M phase, increased average cell volume and reduced viable cell density relative to untreated rAAV producing cells at harvest. Final crude genome vector titre from nocodazole treated cultures was >2-fold higher compared to non-treated cultures. Further investigation showed nocodazole addition to cultures to be time critical. Genome titre improvement was found to be scalable and serotype independent across two distinct rAAV serotypes, rAAV8 and rAAV9. Furthermore, a combination of M344 and nocodazole produced a positive additive effect on rAAV8 genome titre, resulting in a three-fold increase in genome titre compared to untreated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Scarrott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Yusuf B Johari
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Thilo H Pohle
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ping Liu
- Cell Line Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ayda Mayer
- Cell Line Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - David C James
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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4
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Remsburg CM, Konrad KD, Song JL. RNA localization to the mitotic spindle is essential for early development and is regulated by kinesin-1 and dynein. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260528. [PMID: 36751992 PMCID: PMC10038151 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitosis is a fundamental and highly regulated process that acts to faithfully segregate chromosomes into two identical daughter cells. Localization of gene transcripts involved in mitosis to the mitotic spindle might be an evolutionarily conserved mechanism to ensure that mitosis occurs in a timely manner. We identified many RNA transcripts that encode proteins involved in mitosis localized at the mitotic spindles in dividing sea urchin embryos and mammalian cells. Disruption of microtubule polymerization, kinesin-1 or dynein results in lack of spindle localization of these transcripts in the sea urchin embryo. Furthermore, results indicate that the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE) within the 3'UTR of the Aurora B transcript, a recognition sequence for CPEB, is essential for RNA localization to the mitotic spindle in the sea urchin embryo. Blocking this sequence results in arrested development during early cleavage stages, suggesting that RNA localization to the mitotic spindle might be a regulatory mechanism of cell division that is important for early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M. Remsburg
- University of Delaware, Department of Biological Sciences, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Kalin D. Konrad
- University of Delaware, Department of Biological Sciences, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Jia L. Song
- University of Delaware, Department of Biological Sciences, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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5
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Duan T, Thyagarajan S, Amoiroglou A, Rogers GC, Geyer PK. Analysis of a rare progeria variant of Barrier-to-autointegration factor in Drosophila connects centromere function to tissue homeostasis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:73. [PMID: 36842139 PMCID: PMC9968693 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04721-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF/BANF) is a nuclear lamina protein essential for nuclear integrity, chromatin structure, and genome stability. Whereas complete loss of BAF causes lethality in multiple organisms, the A12T missense mutation of the BANF1 gene in humans causes a premature aging syndrome, called Néstor-Guillermo Progeria Syndrome (NGPS). Here, we report the first in vivo animal investigation of progeroid BAF, using CRISPR editing to introduce the NGPS mutation into the endogenous Drosophila baf gene. Progeroid BAF adults are born at expected frequencies, demonstrating that this BAF variant retains some function. However, tissue homeostasis is affected, supported by studies of the ovary, a tissue that depends upon BAF for stem cell survival and continuous oocyte production. We find that progeroid BAF causes defects in germline stem cell mitosis that delay anaphase progression and compromise chromosome segregation. We link these defects to decreased recruitment of centromeric proteins of the kinetochore, indicating dysfunction of cenBAF, a localized pool of dephosphorylated BAF produced by Protein Phosphatase PP4. We show that DNA damage increases in progenitor germ cells, which causes germ cell death due to activation of the DNA damage transducer kinase Chk2. Mitotic defects appear widespread, as aberrant chromosome segregation and increased apoptosis occur in another tissue. Together, these data highlight the importance of BAF in establishing centromeric structures critical for mitosis. Further, these studies link defects in cenBAF function to activation of a checkpoint that depletes progenitor reserves critical for tissue homeostasis, aligning with phenotypes of NGPS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, 3135E MERF, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
| | - Srikantha Thyagarajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, 3135E MERF, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Anastasia Amoiroglou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Gregory C Rogers
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Pamela K Geyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, 3135E MERF, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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6
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Viais R, Fariña-Mosquera M, Villamor-Payà M, Watanabe S, Palenzuela L, Lacasa C, Lüders J. Augmin deficiency in neural stem cells causes p53-dependent apoptosis and aborts brain development. eLife 2021; 10:67989. [PMID: 34427181 PMCID: PMC8456695 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules that assemble the mitotic spindle are generated by centrosomal nucleation, chromatin-mediated nucleation, and nucleation from the surface of other microtubules mediated by the augmin complex. Impairment of centrosomal nucleation in apical progenitors of the developing mouse brain induces p53-dependent apoptosis and causes non-lethal microcephaly. Whether disruption of non-centrosomal nucleation has similar effects is unclear. Here, we show, using mouse embryos, that conditional knockout of the augmin subunit Haus6 in apical progenitors led to spindle defects and mitotic delay. This triggered massive apoptosis and abortion of brain development. Co-deletion of Trp53 rescued cell death, but surviving progenitors failed to organize a pseudostratified epithelium, and brain development still failed. This could be explained by exacerbated mitotic errors and resulting chromosomal defects including increased DNA damage. Thus, in contrast to centrosomes, augmin is crucial for apical progenitor mitosis, and, even in the absence of p53, for progression of brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Viais
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcos Fariña-Mosquera
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Villamor-Payà
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sadanori Watanabe
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Lluís Palenzuela
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Lacasa
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jens Lüders
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Hawkins CJ, Miles MA. Mutagenic Consequences of Sublethal Cell Death Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116144. [PMID: 34200309 PMCID: PMC8201051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many human cancers exhibit defects in key DNA damage response elements that can render tumors insensitive to the cell death-promoting properties of DNA-damaging therapies. Using agents that directly induce apoptosis by targeting apoptotic components, rather than relying on DNA damage to indirectly stimulate apoptosis of cancer cells, may overcome classical blocks exploited by cancer cells to evade apoptotic cell death. However, there is increasing evidence that cells surviving sublethal exposure to classical apoptotic signaling may recover with newly acquired genomic changes which may have oncogenic potential, and so could theoretically spur the development of subsequent cancers in cured patients. Encouragingly, cells surviving sublethal necroptotic signaling did not acquire mutations, suggesting that necroptosis-inducing anti-cancer drugs may be less likely to trigger therapy-related cancers. We are yet to develop effective direct inducers of other cell death pathways, and as such, data regarding the consequences of cells surviving sublethal stimulation of those pathways are still emerging. This review details the currently known mutagenic consequences of cells surviving different cell death signaling pathways, with implications for potential oncogenic transformation. Understanding the mechanisms of mutagenesis associated (or not) with various cell death pathways will guide us in the development of future therapeutics to minimize therapy-related side effects associated with DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine J. Hawkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia;
| | - Mark A. Miles
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia;
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Correspondence:
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8
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Spindle scaling mechanisms. Essays Biochem 2021; 64:383-396. [PMID: 32501481 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The mitotic spindle robustly scales with cell size in a plethora of different organisms. During development and throughout evolution, the spindle adjusts to cell size in metazoans and yeast in order to ensure faithful chromosome separation. Spindle adjustment to cell size occurs by the scaling of spindle length, spindle shape and the velocity of spindle assembly and elongation. Different mechanisms, depending on spindle structure and organism, account for these scaling relationships. The limited availability of critical spindle components, protein gradients, sequestration of spindle components, or post-translational modification and differential expression levels have been implicated in the regulation of spindle length and the spindle assembly/elongation velocity in a cell size-dependent manner. In this review, we will discuss the phenomenon and mechanisms of spindle length, spindle shape and spindle elongation velocity scaling with cell size.
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9
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Zeng X, Xu WK, Lok TM, Ma HT, Poon RYC. Imbalance of the spindle-assembly checkpoint promotes spindle poison-mediated cytotoxicity with distinct kinetics. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:314. [PMID: 30952840 PMCID: PMC6450912 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1539-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Disrupting microtubule dynamics with spindle poisons activates the spindle-assembly checkpoint (SAC) and induces mitotic cell death. However, mitotic exit can occur prematurely without proper chromosomal segregation or cytokinesis by a process termed mitotic slippage. It remains controversial whether mitotic slippage increases the cytotoxicity of spindle poisons or the converse. Altering the SAC induces either mitotic cell death or mitotic slippage. While knockout of MAD2-binding protein p31comet strengthened the SAC and promoted mitotic cell death, knockout of TRIP13 had the opposite effect of triggering mitotic slippage. We demonstrated that mitotic slippage prevented mitotic cell death caused by spindle poisons, but reduced subsequent long-term survival. Weakening of the SAC also reduced cell survival in response to spindle perturbation insufficient for triggering mitotic slippage, of which mitotic exit was characterized by displaced chromosomes during metaphase. In either mitotic slippage or mitotic exit with missegregated chromosomes, cell death occurred only after one cell cycle following mitotic exit and increased progressively during subsequent cell cycles. Consistent with these results, transient inhibition of the SAC using an MPS1 inhibitor acted synergistically with spindle perturbation in inducing chromosome missegregation and cytotoxicity. The specific temporal patterns of cell death after mitotic exit with weakened SAC may reconcile the contradictory results from many previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Zeng
- Division of Life Science, Center for Cancer Research, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.,Department of Oncology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wendy Kaichun Xu
- Division of Life Science, Center for Cancer Research, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Tsun Ming Lok
- Division of Life Science, Center for Cancer Research, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Hoi Tang Ma
- Division of Life Science, Center for Cancer Research, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Randy Y C Poon
- Division of Life Science, Center for Cancer Research, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.
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10
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Krüger LK, Sanchez JL, Paoletti A, Tran PT. Kinesin-6 regulates cell-size-dependent spindle elongation velocity to keep mitosis duration constant in fission yeast. eLife 2019; 8:42182. [PMID: 30806623 PMCID: PMC6391065 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The length of the mitotic spindle scales with cell size in a wide range of organisms during embryonic development. Interestingly, in C. elegans embryos, this goes along with temporal regulation: larger cells speed up spindle assembly and elongation. We demonstrate that, similarly in fission yeast, spindle length and spindle dynamics adjust to cell size, which allows to keep mitosis duration constant. Since prolongation of mitosis was shown to affect cell viability, this may resemble a mechanism to regulate mitosis duration. We further reveal how the velocity of spindle elongation is regulated: coupled to cell size, the amount of kinesin-6 Klp9 molecules increases, resulting in an acceleration of spindle elongation in anaphase B. In addition, the number of Klp9 binding sites to microtubules increases overproportionally to Klp9 molecules, suggesting that molecular crowding inversely correlates to cell size and might have an impact on spindle elongation velocity control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne Paoletti
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Phong Thanh Tran
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
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11
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Uetake Y, Sluder G. Activation of the apoptotic pathway during prolonged prometaphase blocks daughter cell proliferation. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:2632-2643. [PMID: 30133342 PMCID: PMC6249836 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-01-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When untransformed human cells spend >1.5 h in prometaphase under standard culture conditions, all daughters arrest in G1 despite normal division of their mothers. We investigate what happens during prolonged prometaphase that leads to daughter cell arrest in the absence of DNA damage. We find that progressive loss of anti-apoptotic MCL-1 activity and oxidative stress act in concert to partially activate the apoptosis pathway, resulting in the delayed death of some daughters and senescence for the rest. At physiological oxygen levels, longer prometaphase durations are needed for all daughters to arrest. Partial activation of apoptosis during prolonged prometaphase leads to persistent caspase activity, which activates the kinase cascade mediating the post–mitotic activation of p38. This in turn activates p53, and the consequent expression of p21stops the cell cycle. This mechanism can prevent cells suffering intractable mitotic defects, which modestly prolong mitosis but allow its completion without DNA damage, from producing future cell generations that are susceptible to the evolution of a transformed phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Uetake
- Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Greenfield Sluder
- Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
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12
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Smith L, Farzan R, Ali S, Buluwela L, Saurin AT, Meek DW. The responses of cancer cells to PLK1 inhibitors reveal a novel protective role for p53 in maintaining centrosome separation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16115. [PMID: 29170437 PMCID: PMC5701047 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1) plays a major role in driving mitotic events, including centrosome disjunction and separation, and is frequently over-expressed in human cancers. PLK1 inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy and works by arresting cells in mitosis due to monopolar spindles. The p53 tumour suppressor protein is a short-lived transcription factor that can inhibit the growth, or stimulate the death, of developing cancer cells. Curiously, although p53 normally acts in an anti-cancer capacity, it can offer significant protection against inhibitors of PLK1, but the events underpinning this effect are not known. Here, we show that functional p53 reduces the sensitivity to PLK1 inhibitors by permitting centrosome separation to occur, allowing cells to traverse mitosis and re-enter cycle with a normal complement of 2N chromosomes. Protection entails the activation of p53 through the DNA damage-response enzymes, ATM and ATR, and requires the phosphorylation of p53 at the key regulatory site, Ser15. These data highlight a previously unrecognised link between p53, PLK1 and centrosome separation that has therapeutic implications for the use of PLK1 inhibitors in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Smith
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, The University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9, SY, United Kingdom
| | - Raed Farzan
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Simak Ali
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Laki Buluwela
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian T Saurin
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, The University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9, SY, United Kingdom
| | - David W Meek
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, The University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9, SY, United Kingdom.
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13
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Shi J, Mitchison TJ. Cell death response to anti-mitotic drug treatment in cell culture, mouse tumor model and the clinic. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:T83-T96. [PMID: 28249963 PMCID: PMC5557680 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anti-mitotic cancer drugs include classic microtubule-targeting drugs, such as taxanes and vinca alkaloids, and the newer spindle-targeting drugs, such as inhibitors of the motor protein; Kinesin-5 (aka KSP, Eg5, KIF11); and Aurora-A, Aurora-B and Polo-like kinases. Microtubule-targeting drugs are among the first line of chemotherapies for a wide spectrum of cancers, but patient responses vary greatly. We still lack understanding of how these drugs achieve a favorable therapeutic index, and why individual patient responses vary. Spindle-targeting drugs have so far shown disappointing results in the clinic, but it is possible that certain patients could benefit if we understand their mechanism of action better. Pre-clinical data from both cell culture and mouse tumor models showed that the cell death response is the most variable point of the drug action. Hence, in this review we focus on current mechanistic understanding of the cell death response to anti-mitotics. We first draw on extensive results from cell culture studies, and then cross-examine them with the more limited data from animal tumor models and the clinic. We end by discussing how cell type variation in cell death response might be harnessed to improve anti-mitotic chemotherapy by better patient stratification, new drug combinations and identification of novel targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Shi
- Department of Physics and Department of BiologyCenter for Quantitative Systems Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Timothy J Mitchison
- Department of Systems BiologyHarvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Cheng B, Crasta K. Consequences of mitotic slippage for antimicrotubule drug therapy. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:T97-T106. [PMID: 28684541 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrotubule agents are commonly utilised as front-line therapies against several malignancies, either by themselves or as combination therapies. Cell-based studies have pinpointed the anti-proliferative basis of action to be a consequence of perturbation of microtubule dynamics leading to sustained activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint, prolonged mitotic arrest and mitotic cell death. However, depending on the biological context and cell type, cells may take an alternative route besides mitotic cell death via a process known as mitotic slippage. Here, mitotically arrested cells 'slip' to the next interphase without undergoing proper chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. These post-slippage cells in turn have two main cell fates, either cell death or a G1 arrest ensuing in senescence. In this review, we take a look at the factors determining mitotic cell death vs mitotic slippage, post-slippage cell fates and accompanying features, and their consequences for antimicrotubule drug treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Cheng
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Karen Crasta
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologySingapore, Singapore
- Department of MedicineImperial College London, London, UK
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15
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Kueh HY, Zhu Y, Shi J. A simplified Bcl-2 network model reveals quantitative determinants of cell-to-cell variation in sensitivity to anti-mitotic chemotherapeutics. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36585. [PMID: 27811996 PMCID: PMC5095668 DOI: 10.1038/srep36585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-mitotic drugs constitute a major class of cytotoxic chemotherapeutics used in the clinic, killing cancer cells by inducing prolonged mitotic arrest that activates intrinsic apoptosis. Anti-mitotics-induced apoptosis is known to involve degradation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins during mitotic arrest; however, it remains unclear how this mechanism accounts for significant heterogeneity observed in the cell death responses both within and between cancer cell types. To unravel quantitative determinants underlying variability in anti-mitotic drug response, we constructed a single-cell dynamical Bcl-2 network model describing cell death control during mitotic arrest, and constrained the model using experimental data from four representative cancer cell lines. The modeling analysis revealed that, given a variable, slowly accumulating pro-apoptotic signal arising from anti-apoptotic protein degradation, generation of a switch-like apoptotic response requires formation of pro-apoptotic Bak complexes with hundreds of subunits, suggesting a crucial role for high-order cooperativity. Moreover, we found that cell-type variation in susceptibility to drug-induced mitotic death arises primarily from differential expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 relative to Bak. The dependence of anti-mitotic drug response on Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 that we derived from the modeling analysis provides a quantitative measure to predict sensitivity of distinct cancer cells to anti-mitotic drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yuan Kueh
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.,Center for Quantitative Systems Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanting Zhu
- Center for Quantitative Systems Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Physics and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jue Shi
- Center for Quantitative Systems Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Physics and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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16
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Sufit A, Lee-Sherick AB, DeRyckere D, Rupji M, Dwivedi B, Varella-Garcia M, Pierce AM, Kowalski J, Wang X, Frye SV, Earp HS, Keating AK, Graham DK. MERTK Inhibition Induces Polyploidy and Promotes Cell Death and Cellular Senescence in Glioblastoma Multiforme. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165107. [PMID: 27783662 PMCID: PMC5081168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MER receptor tyrosine kinase (MERTK) is expressed in a variety of malignancies, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Our previous work demonstrated that inhibition of MERTK using RNA interference induced cell death and chemosensitivity in GBM cells, implicating MERTK as a potential therapeutic target. Here we investigate whether a novel MERTK-selective small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, UNC2025, has similar anti-tumor effects in GBM cell lines. METHODS Correlations between expression of GAS6, a MERTK ligand, and prognosis were determined using data from the TCGA database. GBM cell lines (A172, SF188, U251) were treated in vitro with increasing doses of UNC2025 (50-400nM). Cell count and viability were determined by trypan blue exclusion. Cell cycle profiles and induction of apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometric analysis after BrdU or Po-Pro-1/propidium iodide staining, respectively. Polyploidy was detected by propidium iodide staining and metaphase spread. Cellular senescence was determined by β-galactosidase staining and senescence-associated secretory cytokine analysis. RESULTS Decreased overall survival significantly correlated with high levels of GAS6 expression in GBM, highlighting the importance of TAM kinase signaling in GBM tumorigenesis and/or therapy resistance and providing strong rationale for targeting these pathways in the clinic. All three GBM cell lines exhibited dose dependent reductions in cell number and colony formation (>90% at 200nM) after treatment with UNC2025. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated accumulation of cells in the G2/M phase and development of polyploidy. After extended exposure, 60-80% of cells underwent apoptosis. The majority of surviving cells (65-95%) were senescent and did not recover after drug removal. Thus, UNC2025 mediates anti-tumor activity in GBM by multiple mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS The findings described here provide further evidence of oncogenic roles for MERTK in GBM, demonstrate the importance of kinase activity for MERTK tumorigenicity and validate UNC2025, a novel MERTK inhibitor, as a potential therapeutic agent for treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sufit
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States of America
| | - Alisa B. Lee-Sherick
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States of America
- Children’s Hospital Colorado, 13123 E. 16th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States of America
| | - Deborah DeRyckere
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States of America
| | - Manali Rupji
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30333, United States of America
| | - Bhakti Dwivedi
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30333, United States of America
| | - Marileila Varella-Garcia
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States of America
| | - Angela M. Pierce
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States of America
| | - Jeanne Kowalski
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30333, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30333, United States of America
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States of America
| | - Stephen V. Frye
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, Unites States of America
| | - H. Shelton Earp
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, Unites States of America
| | - Amy K. Keating
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States of America
- Children’s Hospital Colorado, 13123 E. 16th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AKK); (DKG)
| | - Douglas K. Graham
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States of America
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AKK); (DKG)
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17
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Sheaffer AK, Lee MS, Qi H, Chaniewski S, Zheng X, Farr GA, Esposito K, Harden D, Lei M, Schweizer L, Friborg J, Agler M, McPhee F, Gentles R, Beno BR, Chupak L, Mason S. A Small Molecule Inhibitor Selectively Induces Apoptosis in Cells Transformed by High Risk Human Papilloma Viruses. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155909. [PMID: 27280728 PMCID: PMC4900674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A phenotypic high-throughput cell culture screen was performed to identify compounds that prevented proliferation of the human Papilloma virus type 16 (HPV-16) transformed cell line Ca Ski. A series of quinoxaline compounds exemplified by Compound 1 was identified. Testing against a panel of cell lines demonstrated that Compound 1 selectively inhibited replication of all HPV-16, HPV-18, and HPV-31 transformed cell lines tested with 50% Inhibitory Concentration (IC50) values of 2 to 8 μM relative to IC50 values of 28 to 73 μM in HPV-negative cell lines. Treatment with Compound 1 resulted in a cascade of multiple apoptotic events, including selective activation of effector caspases 3 and 7, fragmentation of cellular DNA, and PARP (poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase) cleavage in HPV-positive cells relative to HPV-negative cells. Unregulated proliferation of HPV transformed cells is dependent on the viral oncogenes, E6 and E7. Treatment with Compound 1 resulted in a decrease in HPV E7 protein in Ca Ski cells. However, the timing of this reduction relative to other effects of compound treatment suggests that this was a consequence, rather than a cause, of the apoptotic cascade. Likewise, compound treatment resulted in no obvious effects on the E6- and E7- mediated down regulation of p53 and Rb, or their downstream effectors, p21 or PCNA. Further investigation of apoptotic signals induced by Compound 1 revealed cleavage of Caspase-8 in HPV-positive cells as early as 2 hours post-treatment, suggesting the compound initiates apoptosis through the extrinsic, death receptor-mediated, pathway of cell death. These studies provide proof of concept that cells transformed by oncogenic Papillomaviruses can be selectively induced to undergo apoptosis by compound treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K. Sheaffer
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Wallingford, CT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Min S. Lee
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Wallingford, CT, United States of America
| | - Huilin Qi
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Wallingford, CT, United States of America
| | - Susan Chaniewski
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Wallingford, CT, United States of America
| | - Xiaofan Zheng
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Wallingford, CT, United States of America
| | - Glen A. Farr
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Wallingford, CT, United States of America
| | - Kim Esposito
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Wallingford, CT, United States of America
| | - David Harden
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Wallingford, CT, United States of America
| | - Ming Lei
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Wallingford, CT, United States of America
| | - Liang Schweizer
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Wallingford, CT, United States of America
| | - Jacques Friborg
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Wallingford, CT, United States of America
| | - Michele Agler
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Wallingford, CT, United States of America
| | - Fiona McPhee
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Wallingford, CT, United States of America
| | - Robert Gentles
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Wallingford, CT, United States of America
| | - Brett R. Beno
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Wallingford, CT, United States of America
| | - Lou Chupak
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Wallingford, CT, United States of America
| | - Stephen Mason
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Wallingford, CT, United States of America
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18
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Russo A, Pacchierotti F, Cimini D, Ganem NJ, Genescà A, Natarajan AT, Pavanello S, Valle G, Degrassi F. Genomic instability: Crossing pathways at the origin of structural and numerical chromosome changes. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2015; 56:563-580. [PMID: 25784636 DOI: 10.1002/em.21945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Genomic instability leads to a wide spectrum of genetic changes, including single nucleotide mutations, structural chromosome alterations, and numerical chromosome changes. The accepted view on how these events are generated predicts that separate cellular mechanisms and genetic events explain the occurrence of these types of genetic variation. Recently, new findings have shed light on the complexity of the mechanisms leading to structural and numerical chromosome aberrations, their intertwining pathways, and their dynamic evolution, in somatic as well as in germ cells. In this review, we present a critical analysis of these recent discoveries in this area, with the aim to contribute to a deeper knowledge of the molecular networks leading to adverse outcomes in humans following exposure to environmental factors. The review illustrates how several technological advances, including DNA sequencing methods, bioinformatics, and live-cell imaging approaches, have contributed to produce a renewed concept of the mechanisms causing genomic instability. Special attention is also given to the specific pathways causing genomic instability in mammalian germ cells. Remarkably, the same scenario emerged from some pioneering studies published in the 1980s to 1990s, when the evolution of polyploidy, the chromosomal effects of spindle poisons, the fate of micronuclei, were intuitively proposed to share mechanisms and pathways. Thus, an old working hypothesis has eventually found proper validation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Pacchierotti
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health, ENEA CR Casaccia, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Cimini
- Department of Biological Sciences and Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Neil J Ganem
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anna Genescà
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Sofia Pavanello
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Unit of Occupational Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Valle
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Wan Y, Zheng X, Chen H, Guo Y, Jiang H, He X, Zhu X, Zheng Y. Splicing function of mitotic regulators links R-loop-mediated DNA damage to tumor cell killing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 209:235-46. [PMID: 25918225 PMCID: PMC4411280 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201409073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitotic regulators BuGZ and Bub3 play a critical role in RNA splicing during interphase, and disruption of this function leads to R-loop formation, DNA damage, and p53 activation. Although studies suggest that perturbing mitotic progression leads to DNA damage and p53 activation, which in turn lead to either cell apoptosis or senescence, it remains unclear how mitotic defects trigger p53 activation. We show that BuGZ and Bub3, which are two mitotic regulators localized in the interphase nucleus, interact with the splicing machinery and are required for pre-mRNA splicing. Similar to inhibition of RNA splicing by pladienolide B, depletion of either BuGZ or Bub3 led to increased formation of RNA–DNA hybrids (R-loops), which led to DNA damage and p53 activation in both human tumor cells and primary cells. Thus, R-loop–mediated DNA damage and p53 activation offer a mechanistic explanation for apoptosis of cancer cells and senescence of primary cells upon disruption of the dual-function mitotic regulators. This demonstrates the importance of understanding the full range of functions of mitotic regulators to develop antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Xiaobin Zheng
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Haiyang Chen
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Yuxuan Guo
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Hao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Xiaonan He
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xueliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yixian Zheng
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD 21218
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20
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Ohashi A, Ohori M, Iwai K, Nakayama Y, Nambu T, Morishita D, Kawamoto T, Miyamoto M, Hirayama T, Okaniwa M, Banno H, Ishikawa T, Kandori H, Iwata K. Aneuploidy generates proteotoxic stress and DNA damage concurrently with p53-mediated post-mitotic apoptosis in SAC-impaired cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7668. [PMID: 26144554 PMCID: PMC4506520 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism responsible that determines cell fate after mitotic slippage is unclear. Here we investigate the post-mitotic effects of different mitotic aberrations—misaligned chromosomes produced by CENP-E inhibition and monopolar spindles resulting from Eg5 inhibition. Eg5 inhibition in cells with an impaired spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) induces polyploidy through cytokinesis failure without a strong anti-proliferative effect. In contrast, CENP-E inhibition causes p53-mediated post-mitotic apoptosis triggered by chromosome missegregation. Pharmacological studies reveal that aneuploidy caused by the CENP-E inhibitor, Compound-A, in SAC-attenuated cells causes substantial proteotoxic stress and DNA damage. Polyploidy caused by the Eg5 inhibitor does not produce this effect. Furthermore, p53-mediated post-mitotic apoptosis is accompanied by aneuploidy-associated DNA damage response and unfolded protein response activation. Because Compound-A causes p53 accumulation and antitumour activity in an SAC-impaired xenograft model, CENP-E inhibitors could be potential anticancer drugs effective against SAC-impaired tumours. CENP-E regulates chromosome alignment during mitosis to distribute chromosomes equally into daughter cells. Here, the authors show that CENP-E inhibition causes p53-mediated post-mitotic apoptosis in tumours where the spindle assembly checkpoint is compromised, suggesting that CENP-E is a therapeutic target for these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ohashi
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Momoko Ohori
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Iwai
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakayama
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Nambu
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Daisuke Morishita
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kawamoto
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Maki Miyamoto
- DMPK Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takaharu Hirayama
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masanori Okaniwa
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Banno
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Ishikawa
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kandori
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kentaro Iwata
- DMPK Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan
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21
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Driscoll DL, Chakravarty A, Bowman D, Shinde V, Lasky K, Shi J, Vos T, Stringer B, Amidon B, D'Amore N, Hyer ML. Plk1 inhibition causes post-mitotic DNA damage and senescence in a range of human tumor cell lines. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111060. [PMID: 25365521 PMCID: PMC4218841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Plk1 is a checkpoint protein whose role spans all of mitosis and includes DNA repair, and is highly conserved in eukaryotes from yeast to man. Consistent with this wide array of functions for Plk1, the cellular consequences of Plk1 disruption are diverse, spanning delays in mitotic entry, mitotic spindle abnormalities, and transient mitotic arrest leading to mitotic slippage and failures in cytokinesis. In this work, we present the in vitro and in vivo consequences of Plk1 inhibition in cancer cells using potent, selective small-molecule Plk1 inhibitors and Plk1 genetic knock-down approaches. We demonstrate for the first time that cellular senescence is the predominant outcome of Plk1 inhibition in some cancer cell lines, whereas in other cancer cell lines the dominant outcome appears to be apoptosis, as has been reported in the literature. We also demonstrate strong induction of DNA double-strand breaks in all six lines examined (as assayed by γH2AX), which occurs either during mitotic arrest or mitotic-exit, and may be linked to the downstream induction of senescence. Taken together, our findings expand the view of Plk1 inhibition, demonstrating the occurrence of a non-apoptotic outcome in some settings. Our findings are also consistent with the possibility that mitotic arrest observed as a result of Plk1 inhibition is at least partially due to the presence of unrepaired double-strand breaks in mitosis. These novel findings may lead to alternative strategies for the development of novel therapeutic agents targeting Plk1, in the selection of biomarkers, patient populations, combination partners and dosing regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise L. Driscoll
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Arijit Chakravarty
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Doug Bowman
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vaishali Shinde
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kerri Lasky
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Judy Shi
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tricia Vos
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bradley Stringer
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ben Amidon
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Natalie D'Amore
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marc L. Hyer
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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22
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Porcù E, Sipos A, Basso G, Hamel E, Bai R, Stempfer V, Udvardy A, Bényei AC, Schmidhammer H, Antus S, Viola G. Novel 9'-substituted-noscapines: synthesis with Suzuki cross-coupling, structure elucidation and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 84:476-90. [PMID: 25050880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin is a major molecular target for anticancer drugs. The dynamic process of microtubule assembly and disassembly can be blocked by various agents that bind to distinct sites on tubulin, usually its β-subunit. Among the antimitotic agents that perturb microtubule dynamics, noscapinoids represent an emerging class of agents. In particular, 9'-bromonoscapine (EM011) has been identified as a potent noscapine analog. Here we present high yielding, efficient synthetic methods based on Suzuki coupling of 9'-alkyl and 9'-arylnoscapines and an evaluation of their antiproliferative properties. Our results showed that 9'-alkyl and 9'-aryl derivatives inhibit proliferation of human cancer cells. The most active compounds were the 9'-methyl and the 9'-phenyl derivatives, which showed similar cytotoxic potency in comparison to the 9'-brominated derivative. Interestingly these newly synthesized derivatives did not induce cell death in normal human lymphocytes, suggesting that the compounds may be selective against cancer cells. All of these derivatives, except 9'-(2-methoxyphenyl)-noscapine, efficiently induced a cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle in HeLa and Jurkat cells. Furthermore, we showed that the most active compounds in HeLa cells induced apoptosis following the mitochondrial pathway with the activation of both caspase-9 and caspase-3. In addition, these compounds significantly reduced the expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins Mcl-1 and Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Porcù
- Department of Woman's and Child's Health, Laboratory of Oncohematology, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Attila Sipos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Giuseppe Basso
- Department of Woman's and Child's Health, Laboratory of Oncohematology, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Ernest Hamel
- Screening Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ruoli Bai
- Screening Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Verena Stempfer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Antal Udvardy
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Cs Bényei
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Helmut Schmidhammer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sándor Antus
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Giampietro Viola
- Department of Woman's and Child's Health, Laboratory of Oncohematology, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova 35128, Italy.
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Yata K, Bleuyard JY, Nakato R, Ralf C, Katou Y, Schwab RA, Niedzwiedz W, Shirahige K, Esashi F. BRCA2 coordinates the activities of cell-cycle kinases to promote genome stability. Cell Rep 2014; 7:1547-1559. [PMID: 24835992 PMCID: PMC4062933 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous human genome instability syndromes, including cancer, are closely associated with events arising from malfunction of the essential recombinase Rad51. However, little is known about how Rad51 is dynamically regulated in human cells. Here, we show that the breast cancer susceptibility protein BRCA2, a key Rad51 binding partner, coordinates the activity of the central cell-cycle drivers CDKs and Plk1 to promote Rad51-mediated genome stability control. The soluble nuclear fraction of BRCA2 binds Plk1 directly in a cell-cycle- and CDK-dependent manner and acts as a molecular platform to facilitate Plk1-mediated Rad51 phosphorylation. This phosphorylation is important for enhancing the association of Rad51 with stressed replication forks, which in turn protects the genomic integrity of proliferating human cells. This study reveals an elaborate but highly organized molecular interplay between Rad51 regulators and has significant implications for understanding tumorigenesis and therapeutic resistance in patients with BRCA2 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Yata
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Jean-Yves Bleuyard
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Ryuichiro Nakato
- Research Center for Epigenetic Disease, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), K's Gobancho, 7, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Christine Ralf
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Yuki Katou
- Research Center for Epigenetic Disease, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Rebekka A Schwab
- The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Wojciech Niedzwiedz
- The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Katsuhiko Shirahige
- Research Center for Epigenetic Disease, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), K's Gobancho, 7, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Fumiko Esashi
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
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24
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Kumari G, Ulrich T, Krause M, Finkernagel F, Gaubatz S. Induction of p21CIP1 protein and cell cycle arrest after inhibition of Aurora B kinase is attributed to aneuploidy and reactive oxygen species. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:16072-84. [PMID: 24782314 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.555060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle progression requires a series of highly coordinated events that ultimately lead to faithful segregation of chromosomes. Aurora B is an essential mitotic kinase, which is involved in regulation of microtubule-kinetochore attachments and cytokinesis. Inhibition of Aurora B results in stabilization of p53 and induction of p53-target genes such as p21 to inhibit proliferation. We have previously demonstrated that induction of p21 by p53 after inhibition of Aurora B is dependent on the p38 MAPK, which promotes transcriptional elongation of p21 by RNA Pol II. In this study, we show that a subset of p53-target genes are induced in a p38-dependent manner upon inhibition of Aurora B. We also demonstrate that inhibition of Aurora B results in down-regulation of E2F-mediated transcription and that the cell cycle arrest after Aurora B inhibition depends on p53 and pRB tumor suppressor pathways. In addition, we report that activation of p21 after inhibition of Aurora B is correlated with increased chromosome missegregation and aneuploidy but not with binucleation or tetraploidy. We provide evidence that p21 is activated in aneuploid cells by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and p38 MAPK. Finally, we demonstrate that certain drugs that act on aneuploid cells synergize with inhibitors of Aurora B to inhibit colony formation and oncogenic transformation. These findings provide an important link between aneuploidy and the stress pathways activated by Aurora B inhibition and also support the use of Aurora B inhibitors in combination therapy for treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Kumari
- From the Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany and
| | - Tanja Ulrich
- From the Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany and
| | - Michael Krause
- the Institute for Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), University of Marburg, Emil-Mannkopffstrasse 2, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Florian Finkernagel
- the Institute for Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), University of Marburg, Emil-Mannkopffstrasse 2, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Gaubatz
- From the Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany and
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25
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Zhu Y, Zhou Y, Shi J. Post-slippage multinucleation renders cytotoxic variation in anti-mitotic drugs that target the microtubules or mitotic spindle. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1756-64. [PMID: 24694730 DOI: 10.4161/cc.28672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
One common cancer chemotherapeutic strategy is to perturb cell division with anti-mitotic drugs. Paclitaxel, the classic microtubule-targeting anti-mitotic drug, so far still outperforms the newer, more spindle-specific anti-mitotics in the clinic, but the underlying cellular mechanism is poorly understood. In this study we identified post-slippage multinucleation, which triggered extensive DNA damage and apoptosis after drug-induced mitotic slippage, contributes to the extra cytotoxicity of paclitaxel in comparison to the spindle-targeting drug, Kinesin-5 inhibitor. Based on quantitative single-cell microscopy assays, we showed that attenuation of the degree of post-slippage multinucleation significantly reduced DNA damage and apoptosis in response to paclitaxel, and that post-slippage apoptosis was likely mediated by the p53-dependent DNA damage response pathway. Paclitaxel appeared to act as a double-edge sword, capable of killing proliferating cancer cells both during mitotic arrest and after mitotic slippage by inducing DNA damage. Our results thus suggest that to predict drug response to paclitaxel and anti-mitotics in general, 2 distinct sets of bio-markers, which regulate mitotic and post-slippage cytotoxicity, respectively, may need to be considered. Our findings provide important new insight not only for elucidating the cytotoxic mechanisms of paclitaxel, but also for understanding the variable efficacy of different anti-mitotic chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Zhu
- Center for Quantitative Systems Biology; Department of Biology and Department of Physics; Hong Kong Baptist University; Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Center for Quantitative Systems Biology; Department of Biology and Department of Physics; Hong Kong Baptist University; Hong Kong, China
| | - Jue Shi
- Center for Quantitative Systems Biology; Department of Biology and Department of Physics; Hong Kong Baptist University; Hong Kong, China
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26
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Yamamoto M, Wakata A, Aoki Y, Miyamae Y, Kodama S. Chromosome loss caused by DNA fragmentation induced in main nuclei and micronuclei of human lymphoblastoid cells treated with colcemid. Mutat Res 2014; 762:10-16. [PMID: 24582839 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aneuploidy, a change in the number of chromosomes, plays an essential role in tumorigenesis. Our previous study demonstrated that a loss of a whole chromosome is induced in human lymphocytes by colcemid, a well-known aneugen. Here, to clarify the mechanism for colcemid-induced chromosome loss, we investigated the relationship between chromosome loss and DNA fragmentation in human lymphoblastoid cells treated with colcemid (an aneugen) compared with methyl methanesulfonate (MMS; a clastogen). We analyzed the number of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) signals targeted for a whole chromosome 2 in cytokinesis-blocked binucleated TK6 cells and WTK-1 cells treated with colcemid and MMS, and concurrently detected DNA fragmentation by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Results revealed that DNA fragmentation occurred in 60% of all binucleated TK6 cells harboring colcemid-induced chromosome loss (30% of micronuclei and 30% of main nuclei). DNA fragmentation was observed in colcemid-induced micronuclei containing a whole chromosome but not in MMS-induced micronuclei containing chromosome fragments. In contrast, colcemid-induced nondisjunction had no effect on induction of DNA fragmentation, suggesting that DNA fragmentation was triggered by micronuclei containing a whole chromosome but not by micronuclei containing chromosome fragments or nondisjunction. In addition, the frequency of binucleated cells harboring chromosome loss with DNA fragmentation in micronuclei or main nuclei was higher in wild-type p53 TK6 cells than in mutated-p53 WTK-1 cells treated with colcemid. Taken together, these present and previous results suggest that colcemid-induced chromosome loss is caused by DNA fragmentation, which is triggered by a micronucleus with a whole chromosome and controlled by the p53-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Yamamoto
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 2-1-6, Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8514, Japan; Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Akihiro Wakata
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 2-1-6, Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8514, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Aoki
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 2-1-6, Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8514, Japan
| | - Yoichi Miyamae
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 2-1-6, Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8514, Japan
| | - Seiji Kodama
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan.
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27
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Gollapudi P, Hasegawa LS, Eastmond DA. A comparative study of the aneugenic and polyploidy-inducing effects of fisetin and two model Aurora kinase inhibitors. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 767:37-43. [PMID: 24680981 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Fisetin, a plant flavonol commonly found in fruits, nuts and vegetables, is frequently added to nutritional supplements due to its reported cardioprotective, anti-carcinogenic and antioxidant properties. Earlier reports from our laboratory and others have indicated that fisetin has both aneugenic and clastogenic properties in cultured cells. More recently, fisetin has also been reported to target Aurora B kinase, a Ser/Thr kinase involved in ensuring proper microtubule attachment at the spindle assembly checkpoint, and an enzyme that is overexpressed in several types of cancer. Here we have further characterized the chromosome damage caused by fisetin and compared it with that induced by two known Aurora kinase inhibitors, VX-680 and ZM-447439, in cultured TK6 cells using the micronucleus assay with CREST staining as well as a flow cytometry-based assay that measures multiple types of numerical chromosomal aberrations. The three compounds were highly effective in inducing aneuploidy and polyploidy as evidenced by increases in kinetochore-positive micronuclei, hyperdiploidy, and polyploidy. With fisetin, however, the latter two effects were most significantly observed only after cells were allowed to overcome a cell cycle delay, and occurred at higher concentrations than those induced by the other Aurora kinase inhibitors. Modest increases in kinetochore-negative micronuclei were also seen with the model Aurora kinase inhibitors. These results indicate that fisetin induces multiple types of chromosome abnormalities in human cells, and indicate a need for a thorough investigation of fisetin-augmented dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gollapudi
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program and Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - L S Hasegawa
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program and Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - D A Eastmond
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program and Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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28
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Pérez de Castro I, Aguirre-Portolés C, Fernández-Miranda G, Cañamero M, Cowley DO, Van Dyke T, Malumbres M. Requirements for Aurora-A in tissue regeneration and tumor development in adult mammals. Cancer Res 2014; 73:6804-15. [PMID: 24242071 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aurora-A is a kinase involved in the formation and maturation of the mitotic spindle and chromosome segregation. This kinase is frequently overexpressed in human cancer, and its activity may confer resistance to antitumoral drugs such as Taxol. Inhibition of Aurora-A results in mitotic defects, and this kinase is considered as an attractive therapeutic target for cancer. Nevertheless, the specific requirements for this kinase in adult mammalian tissues remain unclear. Conditional genetic ablation of Aurora-A in adult tissues results in polyploid cells that display a DNA-damage-like response characterized by the upregulation of p53 and the cell-cycle inhibitor p21(Cip1). This is accompanied by apoptotic, differentiation, or senescence markers in a tissue-specific manner. Therapeutic elimination of Aurora-A prevents the progression of skin and mammary gland tumors. However, this is not due to significant levels of apoptosis or senescence, but because Aurora-A-deficient tumors accumulate polyploid cells with limited proliferative potential. Thus, Aurora-A is required for tumor formation in vivo, and the differential response observed in various tissues might have relevant implications in current therapeutic strategies aimed at inhibiting this kinase in the treatment of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Pérez de Castro
- Authors' Affiliations: Cell Division and Cancer Group; Histopathology Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain; and Department of Genetics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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29
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Romagnoli R, Baraldi PG, Lopez-Cara C, Preti D, Aghazadeh Tabrizi M, Balzarini J, Bassetto M, Brancale A, Fu XH, Gao Y, Li J, Zhang SZ, Hamel E, Bortolozzi R, Basso G, Viola G. Concise synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-Aroyl-5-amino benzo[b]thiophene derivatives as a novel class of potent antimitotic agents. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9296-309. [PMID: 24164557 DOI: 10.1021/jm4013938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The biological importance of microtubules make them an interesting target for the synthesis of antitumor agents. The 2-(3',4',5'-trimethoxybenzoyl)-5-aminobenzo[b]thiophene moiety was identified as a novel scaffold for the preparation of potent inhibitors of microtubule polymerization acting through the colchicine site of tubulin. The position of the methoxy group on the benzo[b]thiophene was important for maximal antiproliferative activity. Structure-activity relationship analysis established that the best activities were obtained with amino and methoxy groups placed at the C-5 and C-7 positions, respectively. Compounds 3c-e showed more potent inhibition of tubulin polymerization than combretastatin A-4 and strong binding to the colchicine site. These compounds also demonstrated substantial antiproliferative activity, with IC50 values ranging from 2.6 to 18 nM in a variety of cancer cell lines. Importantly, compound 3c (50 mg/kg), significantly inhibited the growth of the human osteosarcoma MNNG/HOS xenograft in nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo Romagnoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara , 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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30
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Abstract
Cellular defects that impair the fidelity of mitosis promote chromosome missegregation and aneuploidy. Increasing evidence reveals that errors in mitosis can also promote the direct and indirect acquisition of DNA damage and chromosome breaks. Consequently, deregulated cell division can devastate the integrity of the normal genome and unleash a variety of oncogenic stimuli that may promote transformation. Recent work has shed light on the mechanisms that link abnormal mitosis with the development of DNA damage, how cells respond to such affronts, and the potential impact on tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Ganem
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Children's Hospital, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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31
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Hayashi MT, Karlseder J. DNA damage associated with mitosis and cytokinesis failure. Oncogene 2013; 32:4593-601. [PMID: 23318447 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mitosis is a highly dynamic process, aimed at separating identical copies of genomic material into two daughter cells. A failure of the mitotic process generates cells that carry abnormal chromosome numbers. Such cells are predisposed to become tumorigenic upon continuous cell division and thus need to be removed from the population to avoid cancer formation. Cells that fail in mitotic progression indeed activate cell death or cell cycle arrest pathways; however, these mechanisms are not well understood. Growing evidence suggests that the formation of de novo DNA damage during and after mitotic failure is one of the causal factors that initiate those pathways. Here, we analyze several distinct malfunctions during mitosis and cytokinesis that lead to de novo DNA damage generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Hayashi
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
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32
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Thayer MJ. Mammalian chromosomes contain cis-acting elements that control replication timing, mitotic condensation, and stability of entire chromosomes. Bioessays 2012; 34:760-70. [PMID: 22706734 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that mammalian chromosomes contain discrete cis-acting loci that control replication timing, mitotic condensation, and stability of entire chromosomes. Disruption of the large non-coding RNA gene ASAR6 results in late replication, an under-condensed appearance during mitosis, and structural instability of human chromosome 6. Similarly, disruption of the mouse Xist gene in adult somatic cells results in a late replication and instability phenotype on the X chromosome. ASAR6 shares many characteristics with Xist, including random mono-allelic expression and asynchronous replication timing. Additional "chromosome engineering" studies indicate that certain chromosome rearrangements affecting many different chromosomes display this abnormal replication and instability phenotype. These observations suggest that all mammalian chromosomes contain "inactivation/stability centers" that control proper replication, condensation, and stability of individual chromosomes. Therefore, mammalian chromosomes contain four types of cis-acting elements, origins, telomeres, centromeres, and "inactivation/stability centers", all functioning to ensure proper replication, condensation, segregation, and stability of individual chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew J Thayer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA.
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33
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A telomere-dependent DNA damage checkpoint induced by prolonged mitotic arrest. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2012; 19:387-94. [PMID: 22407014 PMCID: PMC3319806 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Telomere shortening and disruption of telomeric components are pathways that induce telomere deprotection. Here we describe another pathway, in which prolonged mitotic arrest induces damage signals at telomeres in human cells. Exposure to microtubule drugs, kinesin inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors or the disruption of proper chromosome cohesion resulted in the formation of damage foci at telomeres. Induction of mitotic telomere deprotection coincided with dissociation of TRF2 from telomeres, telomeric 3'-overhang degradation and ATM activation, and deprotection could be suppressed by TRF2 overexpression or inhibition of Aurora B kinase. Normal cells that escaped from prolonged mitotic arrest halted in the following G1 phase, whereas cells lacking p53 continued to cycle and became aneuploid. We propose a telomere-dependent mitotic-duration monitoring system that reacts to improper progression through mitosis.
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34
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DNA breaks and chromosome pulverization from errors in mitosis. Nature 2012; 482:53-8. [PMID: 22258507 PMCID: PMC3271137 DOI: 10.1038/nature10802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 885] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of whole-chromosome aneuploidy in tumorigenesis is the subject of debate, in large part because of the lack of insight into underlying mechanisms. Here we identify a mechanism by which errors in mitotic chromosome segregation generate DNA breaks via the formation of structures called micronuclei. Whole-chromosome-containing micronuclei form when mitotic errors produce lagging chromosomes. We tracked the fate of newly generated micronuclei and found that they undergo defective and asynchronous DNA replication, resulting in DNA damage and often extensive fragmentation of the chromosome in the micronucleus. Micronuclei can persist in cells over several generations but the chromosome in the micronucleus can also be distributed to daughter nuclei. Thus, chromosome segregation errors potentially lead to mutations and chromosome rearrangements that can integrate into the genome. Pulverization of chromosomes in micronuclei may also be one explanation for 'chromothripsis' in cancer and developmental disorders, where isolated chromosomes or chromosome arms undergo massive local DNA breakage and rearrangement.
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35
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Orth JD, Loewer A, Lahav G, Mitchison TJ. Prolonged mitotic arrest triggers partial activation of apoptosis, resulting in DNA damage and p53 induction. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 23:567-76. [PMID: 22171325 PMCID: PMC3279386 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-09-0781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitotic arrest induced by antimitotic drugs can cause apoptosis or p53-dependent cell cycle arrest. It can also cause DNA damage, but the relationship between these events has been unclear. Live, single-cell imaging in human cancer cells responding to an antimitotic kinesin-5 inhibitor and additional antimitotic drugs revealed strong induction of p53 after cells slipped from prolonged mitotic arrest into G1. We investigated the cause of this induction. We detected DNA damage late in mitotic arrest and also after slippage. This damage was inhibited by treatment with caspase inhibitors and by stable expression of mutant, noncleavable inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase, which prevents activation of the apoptosis-associated nuclease caspase-activated DNase (CAD). These treatments also inhibited induction of p53 after slippage from prolonged arrest. DNA damage was not due to full apoptosis, since most cytochrome C was still sequestered in mitochondria when damage occurred. We conclude that prolonged mitotic arrest partially activates the apoptotic pathway. This partly activates CAD, causing limited DNA damage and p53 induction after slippage. Increased DNA damage via caspases and CAD may be an important aspect of antimitotic drug action. More speculatively, partial activation of CAD may explain the DNA-damaging effects of diverse cellular stresses that do not immediately trigger apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Orth
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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36
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Janssen A, van der Burg M, Szuhai K, Kops GJPL, Medema RH. Chromosome segregation errors as a cause of DNA damage and structural chromosome aberrations. Science 2011; 333:1895-8. [PMID: 21960636 DOI: 10.1126/science.1210214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Various types of chromosomal aberrations, including numerical (aneuploidy) and structural (e.g., translocations, deletions), are commonly found in human tumors and are linked to tumorigenesis. Aneuploidy is a direct consequence of chromosome segregation errors in mitosis, whereas structural aberrations are caused by improperly repaired DNA breaks. Here, we demonstrate that chromosome segregation errors can also result in structural chromosome aberrations. Chromosomes that missegregate are frequently damaged during cytokinesis, triggering a DNA double-strand break response in the respective daughter cells involving ATM, Chk2, and p53. We show that these double-strand breaks can lead to unbalanced translocations in the daughter cells. Our data show that segregation errors can cause translocations and provide insights into the role of whole-chromosome instability in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniek Janssen
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Domínguez-Kelly R, Martín Y, Koundrioukoff S, Tanenbaum ME, Smits VAJ, Medema RH, Debatisse M, Freire R. Wee1 controls genomic stability during replication by regulating the Mus81-Eme1 endonuclease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 194:567-79. [PMID: 21859861 PMCID: PMC3160579 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201101047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Wee1 is essential for normal DNA replication and for genomic stability, at least in part by inhibiting a general DNA damage response induced by the Mus81-Eme1 endonuclease. Correct replication of the genome and protection of its integrity are essential for cell survival. In a high-throughput screen studying H2AX phosphorylation, we identified Wee1 as a regulator of genomic stability. Wee1 down-regulation not only induced H2AX phosphorylation but also triggered a general deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage response (DDR) and caused a block in DNA replication, resulting in accumulation of cells in S phase. Wee1-deficient cells showed a decrease in replication fork speed, demonstrating the involvement of Wee1 in DNA replication. Inhibiting Wee1 in cells treated with short treatment of hydroxyurea enhanced the DDR, which suggests that Wee1 specifically protects the stability of stalled replication forks. Notably, the DDR induced by depletion of Wee1 critically depends on the Mus81-Eme1 endonuclease, and we found that codepletion of Mus81 and Wee1 abrogated the S phase delay. Importantly, Wee1 and Mus81 interact in vivo, suggesting direct regulation. Altogether, these results demonstrate a novel role of Wee1 in controlling Mus81 and DNA replication in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Domínguez-Kelly
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologias Biomedicas, 38320 Tenerife, Spain
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Ho CC, Hau PM, Marxer M, Poon RYC. The requirement of p53 for maintaining chromosomal stability during tetraploidization. Oncotarget 2011; 1:583-95. [PMID: 21317454 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.101107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetraploidization is believed to promote genome instability and tumorigenesis. Whether tetraploids per se are intrinsically unstable and transforming remain incompletely understood. In this report, tetraploidization was induced with cell fusion using mouse fibroblasts. Due to the unequal segregation of chromosomes during multipolar mitosis, the majority of cells were eliminated by p53-dependent mechanisms after tetraploidization. The rare tetraploid fibroblasts that were able to undergo bipolar mitosis remained chromosomally stable and nontransformed over many generations. Suppression of p53 functions during tetraploidization, either by RNA interference or by using p53-deficient mouse fibroblasts, produced cells that were chromosomally unstable. They were fast growing and displayed anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. In contrast, impairment of p53 functions after tetraploids were established was ineffective in triggering chromosomal instability and transformation. Collectively, these results are consistent with a model that during early stages of tetraploidization, the lack of p53 promotes the survival of chromosomally unstable sub-tetraploids, leading to transformation. Once tetraploids are established, however, p53 is not essential for maintaining chromosome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chui Chui Ho
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
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39
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Martínez-A C, van Wely KHM. Centromere fission, not telomere erosion, triggers chromosomal instability in human carcinomas. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:796-803. [PMID: 21478459 PMCID: PMC3106440 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of sporadic carcinomas suffer from a kind of genetic instability in which chromosome number changes occur together with segmental defects. This means that changes involving intact chromosomes accompany breakage-induced alterations. Whereas the causes of aneuploidy are described in detail, the origins of chromosome breakage in sporadic carcinomas remain disputed. The three main pathways of chromosomal instability (CIN) proposed until now (random breakage, telomere fusion and centromere fission) are largely based on animal models and in vitro experiments, and recent studies revealed several discrepancies between animal models and human cancer. Here, we discuss how the experimental systems translate to human carcinomas and compare the theoretical breakage products to data from patient material and cancer cell lines. The majority of chromosomal defects in human carcinomas comprises pericentromeric breaks that are captured by healthy telomeres, and only a minor proportion of chromosome fusions can be attributed to telomere erosion or random breakage. Centromere fission, not telomere erosion, is therefore the most probably trigger of CIN and early carcinogenesis. Similar centromere–telomere fusions might drive a subset of congenital defects and evolutionary chromosome changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martínez-A
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, UAM Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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40
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Lai SK, Wong CH, Lee YP, Li HY. Caspase-3-mediated degradation of condensin Cap-H regulates mitotic cell death. Cell Death Differ 2010; 18:996-1004. [PMID: 21151026 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2010.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitotic death is a major form of cell death in cancer cells that have been treated with chemotherapeutic drugs. However, the mechanisms underlying this form of cell death is poorly understood. Here, we report that the loss of chromosome integrity is an important determinant of mitotic death. During prolonged mitotic arrest, caspase-3 is activated and it cleaves Cap-H, a subunit of condensin I. The depletion of Cap-H results in the loss of condensin I complex at the chromosomes, thus affecting the integrity of the chromosomes. Consequently, DNA fragmentation by caspase-activated DNase is facilitated, thus driving the cell towards mitotic death. By expressing a caspase-resistant form of Cap-H, mitotic death is abrogated and the cells are able to reenter interphase after a long mitotic delay. Taken together, we provide new insights into the molecular events that occur during mitotic death.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-K Lai
- Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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Ho CC, Hau PM, Marxer M, Poon RYC. The requirement of p53 for maintaining chromosomal stability during tetraploidization. Oncotarget 2010; 1:583-595. [PMID: 21317454 PMCID: PMC3248137 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraploidization is believed to promote genome instability and tumorigenesis. Whether tetraploids per se are intrinsically unstable and transforming remain incompletely understood. In this report, tetraploidization was induced with cell fusion using mouse fibroblasts. Due to the unequal segregation of chromosomes during multipolar mitosis, the majority of cells were eliminated by p53-dependent mechanisms after tetraploidization. The rare tetraploid fibroblasts that were able to undergo bipolar mitosis remained chromosomally stable and nontransformed over many generations. Suppression of p53 functions during tetraploidization, either by RNA interference or by using p53-deficient mouse fibroblasts, produced cells that were chromosomally unstable. They were fast growing and displayed anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. In contrast, impairment of p53 functions after tetraploids were established was ineffective in triggering chromosomal instability and transformation. Collectively, these results are consistent with a model that during early stages of tetraploidization, the lack of p53 promotes the survival of chromosomally unstable sub-tetraploids, leading to transformation. Once tetraploids are established, however, p53 is not essential for maintaining chromosome stability.
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Uetake Y, Sluder G. Prolonged prometaphase blocks daughter cell proliferation despite normal completion of mitosis. Curr Biol 2010; 20:1666-71. [PMID: 20832310 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The mitotic checkpoint maintains genomic stability by blocking the metaphase-anaphase transition until all kinetochores attach to spindle microtubules [1, 2]. However, some defects are not detected by this checkpoint. With low concentrations of microtubule-targeting agents, the checkpoint eventually becomes satisfied, though the spindles may be short and/or multipolar [3, 4] and the fidelity of chromosome distribution and cleavage completion are compromised. In real life, environmental toxins, radiation, or chemotherapeutic agents may lead to completed but inaccurate mitoses. It has been assumed that once the checkpoint is satisfied and cells divide, the daughter cells would proliferate regardless of prometaphase duration. However, when continuously exposed to microtubule inhibitors, untransformed cells eventually slip out of mitosis after 12-48 hr and arrest in G1 [5-8] (see also [9]). Interestingly, transient but prolonged treatments with nocodazole allow completion of mitosis, but the daughter cells arrest in interphase [10, 11] (see also [9, 12]). Here we characterize the relationship between prometaphase duration and the proliferative capacity of daughter cells. Our results reveal the existence of a mechanism that senses prometaphase duration; if prometaphase lasts >1.5 hr, this mechanism triggers a durable p38- and p53-dependent G1 arrest of the daughter cells despite normal division of their mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Uetake
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, 01605, USA
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Centromere-localized breaks indicate the generation of DNA damage by the mitotic spindle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:4159-64. [PMID: 20142474 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0912143106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most carcinomas present some form of chromosome instability in combination with spindle defects. Numerical instability is likely caused by spindle aberrations, but the origin of breaks and translocations remains elusive. To determine whether one mechanism can bring about both types of instability, we studied the relationship between DNA damage and spindle defects. Although lacking apparent repair defects, primary Dido mutant cells formed micronuclei containing damaged DNA. The presence of centromeres showed that micronuclei were caused by spindle defects, and cell cycle markers showed that DNA damage was generated during mitosis. Although the micronuclei themselves persisted, the DNA damage within was repaired during S and G2 phases. DNA breaks in Dido mutant cells regularly colocalized with centromeres, which were occasionally distorted. Comparable defects were found in APC mutant cell lines, an independent system for spindle defects. On the basis of these results, we propose a model for break formation in which spindle defects lead to centromere shearing.
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Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor inhibits the proliferation of cells which undergo prolonged activation of the mitotic checkpoint. However, the function of this antiproliferative response is not well defined. Here we report that p53 suppresses structural chromosome instability following mitotic arrest in human cells. In both HCT116 colon cancer cells and normal human fibroblasts, DNA breaks occurred during mitotic arrest in a p53-independent manner, but p53 was required to suppress the proliferation and structural chromosome instability of the resulting polyploid cells. In contrast, cells made polyploid without mitotic arrest exhibited neither significant structural chromosome instability nor p53-dependent cell cycle arrest. We also observed that p53 suppressed both the frequency and structural chromosome instability of spontaneous polyploids in HCT116 cells. Furthermore, time-lapse videomicroscopy revealed that polyploidization of p53−/− HCT116 cells is frequently accompanied by mitotic arrest. These data suggest that a function of the p53-dependent postmitotic response is the prevention of structural chromosome instability following prolonged activation of the mitotic checkpoint. Accordingly, our study suggests a novel mechanism of tumor suppression for p53, as well as a potential role for p53 in the outcome of antimitotic chemotherapy.
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Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that polyploidization triggers chromosomal instability and contributes to tumorigenesis. DNA damage is increasingly being recognized for its roles in promoting polyploidization. Although elegant mechanisms known as the DNA damage checkpoints are responsible for halting the cell cycle after DNA damage, agents that uncouple the checkpoints can induce unscheduled entry into mitosis. Likewise, defects of the checkpoints in several disorders permit mitotic entry even in the presence of DNA damage. Forcing cells with damaged DNA into mitosis causes severe chromosome segregation defects, including lagging chromosomes, chromosomal fragments and chromosomal bridges. The presence of these lesions in the cleavage plane is believed to abort cytokinesis. It is postulated that if cytokinesis failure is coupled with defects of the p53-dependent postmitotic checkpoint pathway, cells can enter S phase and become polyploids. Progress in the past several years has unraveled some of the underlying principles of these pathways and underscored the important role of DNA damage in polyploidization. Furthermore, polyploidization per se may also be an important determinant of sensitivity to DNA damage, thereby may offer an opportunity for novel therapies.
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Dalton WB, Yang VW. Role of prolonged mitotic checkpoint activation in the formation and treatment of cancer. Future Oncol 2009; 5:1363-70. [PMID: 19903065 PMCID: PMC2791162 DOI: 10.2217/fon.09.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic abnormalities are a common feature of human cancer cells, and recent studies have provided evidence that such abnormalities may play a causative, rather than merely incidental role, in tumorigenesis. One such abnormality is prolonged activation of the mitotic checkpoint, which can be provoked by a number of the gene changes that drive tumor formation. At the same time, antimitotic chemotherapeutics exert their clinical efficacy through the large-scale induction of prolonged mitotic checkpoint activation, indicating that mitotic arrest is influential in both the formation and treatment of human cancer. However, how this influence occurs is not well understood. In this perspective, we will discuss the current evidence in support of the potential mechanisms by which prolonged activation of the mitotic checkpoint affects both tumorigenesis and antimitotic chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Brian Dalton
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, U. S. A
| | - Vincent W. Yang
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, U. S. A
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, U. S. A
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Abstract
Polyploidy, an increased number of chromosome sets, is a surprisingly common phenomenon in nature, particularly in plants and fungi. In humans, polyploidy often occurs in specific tissues as part of terminal differentiation. Changes in ploidy can also result from pathophysiological events that are caused by viral-induced cell fusion or erroneous cell division. Tetraploidization can initiate chromosomal instability (CIN), probably owing to supernumerary centrosomes and the doubled chromosome mass. CIN, in turn, might persist or soon give way to a stably propagating but aneuploid karyotype. Both CIN and stable aneuploidy are commonly observed in cancers. Recently, it has been proposed that an increased number of chromosome sets can promote cell transformation and give rise to an aneuploid tumor. Here, we review how tetraploidy can occur and describe the cellular responses to increased ploidy. Furthermore, we discuss how the specific physiological changes that are triggered by polyploidization might be used as novel targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Storchova
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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48
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Chan YW, On KF, Chan WM, Wong W, Siu HO, Hau PM, Poon RYC. The kinetics of p53 activation versus cyclin E accumulation underlies the relationship between the spindle-assembly checkpoint and the postmitotic checkpoint. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:15716-23. [PMID: 18400748 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800629200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although cells can exit mitotic block aberrantly by mitotic slippage, they are prevented from becoming tetraploids by a p53-dependent postmitotic checkpoint. Intriguingly, disruption of the spindle-assembly checkpoint also compromises the postmitotic checkpoint. The precise mechanism of the interplay between these two pivotal checkpoints is not known. We found that after prolonged nocodazole exposure, the postmitotic checkpoint was facilitated by p53. We demonstrated that although disruption of the mitotic block by a MAD2-binding protein promoted slippage, it did not influence the activation of p53. Both p53 and its downstream target p21(CIP1/WAF1) were activated at the same rate irrespective of whether the spindle-assembly checkpoint was enforced or not. The accelerated S phase entry, as reflected by the premature accumulation of cyclin E relative to the activation of p21(CIP1/WAF1), is the reason for the uncoupling of the postmitotic checkpoint. In support of this hypothesis, forced premature mitotic exit with a specific CDK1 inhibitor triggered DNA replication without affecting the kinetics of p53 activation. Finally, replication after checkpoint bypass was boosted by elevating the level of cyclin E. These observations indicate that disruption of the spindle-assembly checkpoint does not directly influence p53 activation, but the shortening of the mitotic arrest allows cyclin E-CDK2 to be activated before the accumulation of p21(CIP1/WAF1). These data underscore the critical relationship between the spindle-assembly checkpoint and the postmitotic checkpoint in safeguarding chromosomal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wai Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
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Uetake Y, Sluder G. Cell-cycle progression without an intact microtuble cytoskeleton. Curr Biol 2008; 17:2081-6. [PMID: 18060787 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For mammalian somatic cells, the importance of microtubule cytoskeleton integrity during interphase cell-cycle progression is uncertain. The loss, suppression, or stabilization of the microtubule cytoskeleton has been widely reported to cause a G1 arrest in a variable, and often high, proportion of cell populations, suggesting the existence of a "microtubule damage," "microtubule integrity," or "postmitotic" checkpoint in G1 or G2. We found that when normal human cells (hTERT RPE1 and primary fibroblasts) are continuously exposed to nocodazole, they remain in mitosis for 10-48 hr before they slip out of mitosis and arrest in G1; this finding is consistent with previous reports. To eliminate the persistent effects of prolonged mitosis, we isolated anaphase-telophase cells that were just finishing a mitosis of normal duration, then we rapidly and completely disassembled microtubules by chilling the preparations to 0 degrees C for 10 minutes in the continuous presence of nocodazole or colcemid treatment to ensure that the cells entered G1 without a microtubule cytoskeleton. Without microtubules, cells progressed from anaphase to a subsequent mitosis with essentially normal kinetics. Similar results were obtained for cells in which the microtubule cytoskeleton was partially diminished by lower nocodazole doses or augmented and stabilized with taxol. Thus, after a preceding mitosis of normal duration, the integrity of the microtubule cytoskeleton is not subject to checkpoint surveillance, nor is it required for the normal human cell to progress through G1 and the remainder of interphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Uetake
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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Dalton WB, Nandan MO, Moore RT, Yang VW. Human cancer cells commonly acquire DNA damage during mitotic arrest. Cancer Res 2008; 67:11487-92. [PMID: 18089775 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mitotic checkpoint is a mechanism that arrests the progression to anaphase until all chromosomes have achieved proper attachment to mitotic spindles. In cancer cells, satisfaction of this checkpoint is frequently delayed or prevented by various defects, some of which have been causally implicated in tumorigenesis. At the same time, deliberate induction of mitotic arrest has proved clinically useful, as antimitotic drugs that interfere with proper chromosome-spindle interactions are effective anticancer agents. However, how mitotic arrest contributes to tumorigenesis or antimitotic drug toxicity is not well defined. Here, we report that mitotic chromosomes can acquire DNA breaks during both pharmacologic and genetic induction of mitotic arrest in human cancer cells. These breaks activate a DNA damage response, occur independently of cell death, and subsequently manifest as karyotype alterations. Such breaks can also occur spontaneously, particularly in cancer cells containing mitotic spindle abnormalities. Moreover, we observed evidence of some breakage in primary human cells. Our findings thus describe a novel source of DNA damage in human cells. They also suggest that mitotic arrest may promote tumorigenesis and antimitotic toxicity by provoking DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Brian Dalton
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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