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Kaneko T, Osaka T, Tsuneda S. Tailoring Effective Phage Cocktails for Long-Term Lysis of Escherichia coli Based on Physiological Properties of Constituent Phages. Phage (New Rochelle) 2023; 4:128-135. [PMID: 37841387 PMCID: PMC10574527 DOI: 10.1089/phage.2023.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Bacteriophage (phage) therapy has regained attention as an alternative to antimicrobial agents for eliminating bacteria; however, the emergence of phage-resistant bacteria during the therapy is a major concern. One method to control this emergence is to create a cocktail composed of multiple phages. Materials and Methods In this study, we isolated 28 phages infecting Escherichia coli and evaluated their bacteriolysis (lysis) activity, lytic spectrum, adsorption rate constant, burst size, and titer of a 1-day incubation, followed by clustering of the phages based on these physiological characteristics. Results The variation in lysis onset time and duration was more significant for cocktails of phages from different clusters than for phage cocktails from the same cluster. Conclusions This suggests that a combination of phages with different physiological characteristics is necessary to create a cocktail that rapidly and continuously lyses bacteria over a prolonged duration while suppressing the emergence of resistant bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyoshi Kaneko
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Phage Therapy Institute, Comprehensive Research Organization, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Osaka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tsuneda
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Phage Therapy Institute, Comprehensive Research Organization, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Bank NC, Singh V, Grubb B, McCourt B, Burberry A, Roberts KD, Rodriguez-Palacios A. The basis of antigenic operon fragmentation in Bacteroidota and commensalism. bioRxiv 2023:2023.06.02.543472. [PMID: 37398285 PMCID: PMC10312583 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.02.543472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The causes for variability of pro-inflammatory surface antigens that affect gut commensal/opportunistic dualism within the phylum Bacteroidota remain unclear (1, 2). Using the classical lipopolysaccharide/O-antigen 'rfb operon' in Enterobacteriaceae as a surface antigen model (5-gene-cluster rfbABCDX), and a recent rfbA-typing strategy for strain classification (3), we characterized the architecture/conservancy of the entire rfb operon in Bacteroidota. Analyzing complete genomes, we discovered that most Bacteroidota have the rfb operon fragmented into non-random gene-singlets and/or doublets/triplets, termed 'minioperons'. To reflect global operon integrity, duplication, and fragmentation principles, we propose a five-category (infra/supernumerary) cataloguing system and a Global Operon Profiling System for bacteria. Mechanistically, genomic sequence analyses revealed that operon fragmentation is driven by intra-operon insertions of predominantly Bacteroides-DNA (thetaiotaomicron/fragilis) and likely natural selection in specific micro-niches. Bacteroides-insertions, also detected in other antigenic operons (fimbriae), but not in operons deemed essential (ribosomal), could explain why Bacteroidota have fewer KEGG-pathways despite large genomes (4). DNA insertions overrepresenting DNA-exchange-avid species, impact functional metagenomics by inflating gene-based pathway inference and overestimating 'extra-species' abundance. Using bacteria from inflammatory gut-wall cavernous micro-tracts (CavFT) in Crohn's Disease (5), we illustrate that bacteria with supernumerary-fragmented operons cannot produce O-antigen, and that commensal/CavFT Bacteroidota stimulate macrophages with lower potency than Enterobacteriaceae, and do not induce peritonitis in mice. The impact of 'foreign-DNA' insertions on pro-inflammatory operons, metagenomics, and commensalism offers potential for novel diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Bank
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Vaidhvi Singh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Brandon Grubb
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Blake McCourt
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Aaron Burberry
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kyle D Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Germ-Free and Gut Microbiome Core, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alex Rodriguez-Palacios
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA
- University Hospitals Research and Education Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Germ-Free and Gut Microbiome Core, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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3
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Hammerl JA, Barac A, Jäckel C, Fuhrmann J, Gadicherla A, Hertwig S. Phage vB_YenS_P400, a Novel Virulent Siphovirus of Yersinia enterocolitica Isolated from Deer. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081674. [PMID: 36014091 PMCID: PMC9412545 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage vB_YenS_P400 isolated from deer, is a virulent siphovirus of Y. enterocolitica, whose circularly permutated genome (46,585 bp) is not substantially related to any other phage deposited in public nucleotide databases. vB_YenS_P400 showed a very narrow host range and exclusively lysed two Y. enterocolitica B4/O:3 strains. Moreover, lytic activity by this phage was only discernible at room temperature. Together with the finding that vB_YenS_P400 revealed a long latent period (90 to 100 min) and low burst size (five to ten), it is not suitable for applications but provides insight into the diversity of Yersinia phages.
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4
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Hammerl JA, Barac A, Erben P, Fuhrmann J, Gadicherla A, Kumsteller F, Lauckner A, Müller F, Hertwig S. Properties of Two Broad Host Range Phages of Yersinia enterocolitica Isolated from Wild Animals. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11381. [PMID: 34768812 PMCID: PMC8583763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia (Y.) enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis are important zoonotic agents which can infect both humans and animals. To combat these pathogens, the application of strictly lytic phages may be a promising tool. Since only few Yersinia phages have been described yet, some of which demonstrated a high specificity for certain serotypes, we isolated two phages from game animals and characterized them in terms of their morphology, host specificity, lytic activity on two bio-/serotypes and genome composition. The T7-related podovirus vB_YenP_Rambo and the myovirus vB_YenM_P281, which is very similar to a previously described phage PY100, showed a broad host range. Together, they lysed all the 62 tested pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains belonging to the most important bio-/serotypes in Europe. A cocktail containing these two phages strongly reduced cultures of a bio-/serotype B4/O:3 and a B2/O:9 strain, even at very low MOIs (multiplicity of infection) and different temperatures, though, lysis of bio-/serotype B2/O:9 by vB_YenM_P281 and also by the related phage PY100 only occurred at 37 °C. Both phages were additionally able to lyse various Y. pseudotuberculosis strains at 28 °C and 37 °C, but only when the growth medium was supplemented with calcium and magnesium cations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stefan Hertwig
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany; (J.A.H.); (A.B.); (P.E.); (J.F.); (A.G.); (F.K.); (A.L.); (F.M.)
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5
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Liang J, Qin S, Duan R, Zhang H, Wu W, Li X, Tang D, Fu G, Lu X, Lv D, He Z, Mu H, Xiao M, Yang J, Jing H, Wang X. A Lytic Yersina pestis Bacteriophage Obtained From the Bone Marrow of Marmota himalayana in a Plague-Focus Area in China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:700322. [PMID: 34307197 PMCID: PMC8297710 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.700322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A lytic Yersinia pestis phage vB_YpP-YepMm (also named YepMm for briefly) was first isolated from the bone marrow of a Marmota himalayana who died of natural causes on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau in China. Based on its morphologic (isometric hexagonal head and short non-contractile conical tail) and genomic features, we classified it as belonging to the Podoviridae family. At the MOI of 10, YepMm reached maximum titers; and the one-step growth curve showed that the incubation period of the phage was about 10 min, the rise phase was about 80 min, and the lysis amount of the phage during the lysis period of 80 min was about 187 PFU/cell. The genome of the bacteriophage YepMm had nucleotide-sequence similarity of 99.99% to that of the Y. pestis bacteriophage Yep-phi characterized previously. Analyses of the biological characters showed that YepMm has a short latent period, strong lysis, and a broader lysis spectrum. It could infect Y. pestis, highly pathogenic bioserotype 1B/O:8 Y. enterocolitica, as well as serotype O:1b Y. pseudotuberculosis—the ancestor of Y. pestis. It could be further developed as an important biocontrol agent in pathogenic Yersinia spp. infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junrong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Sanitary Inspection Center, Xuzhou Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xu Li
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Deming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Guoming Fu
- Sanitary Inspection Center, Subei Mongolian Autonomous County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiuquan, China
| | - Xinmin Lu
- Sanitary Inspection Center, Akesai Kazakh Autonomous County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiuquan, China
| | - Dongyue Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaokai He
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jinchuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huaiqi Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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6
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Bozcal E. A general view on virulence determinants and infection strategies of Yersinia enterocolitica. MINERVA BIOTECNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.23736/s1120-4826.19.02582-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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Abstract
One of the human- and animal-pathogenic species in genus Yersinia is Yersinia enterocolitica, a food-borne zoonotic pathogen that causes enteric infections, mesenteric lymphadenitis, and sometimes sequelae such as reactive arthritis and erythema nodosum. Y. enterocolitica is able to proliferate at 4 C, making it dangerous if contaminated food products are stored under refrigeration. The most common source of Y. enterocolitica is raw pork meat. Microbiological detection of the bacteria from food products is hampered by its slow growth rate as other bacteria overgrow it. Bacteriophages can be exploited in several ways to increase food safety with regards to contamination by Y. enterocolitica. For example, Yersinia phages could be useful in keeping the contamination of food products under control, or, alternatively, the specificity of the phages could be exploited in developing rapid and sensitive diagnostic tools for the identification of the bacteria in food products. In this review, we will discuss the present state of the research on these topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G. Leon-Velarde
- Agriculture and Food Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1H 8J7, Canada;
| | - Jin Woo Jun
- Department of Aquaculture, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Korea;
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 HY Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Liang J, Kou Z, Qin S, Chen Y, Li Z, Li C, Duan R, Hao H, Zha T, Gu W, Huang Y, Xiao M, Jing H, Wang X. Novel Yersinia enterocolitica Prophages and a Comparative Analysis of Genomic Diversity. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1184. [PMID: 31191498 PMCID: PMC6548840 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is a major agent of foodborne diseases worldwide. Prophage plays an important role in the genetic evolution of the bacterial genome. Little is known about the genetic information about prophages in the genome of Y. enterocolitica, and no pathogenic Y. enterocolitica prophages have been described. In this study, we induced and described the genomes of six prophages from pathogenic Y. enterocolitica for the first time. Phylogenetic analysis based on whole genome sequencing revealed that these novel Yersinia phages are genetically distinct from the previously reported phages, showing considerable genetic diversity. Interestingly, the prophages induced from O:3 and O:9 Y. enterocolitica showed different genomic sequences and morphology but highly conserved among the same serotype strains, which classified into two diverse clusters. The three long-tailed Myoviridae prophages induced from serotype O:3 Y. enterocolitica were highly conserved, shared ≥99.99% identity and forming genotypic cluster A; the three Podoviridae prophages induced from the serotype O:9 strains formed cluster B, also shared more than 99.90% identity with one another. Cluster A was most closely related to O:5 non-pathogenic Y. enterocolitica prophage PY54 (61.72% identity). The genetic polymorphism of these two kinds of prophages and highly conserved among the same serotype strains, suggested a possible shared evolutionary past for these phages: originated from distinct ancestors, and entered pathogenic Y. enterocolitica as extrachromosomal genetic components during evolution when facing selective pressure. These results are critically important for further understanding of phage roles in host physiology and the pathology of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junrong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases - Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zengqiang Kou
- Shandong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Shuai Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases - Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhuang Chen
- Shenzhen Nanshan Maternity and Child Heath Care Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhenpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases - Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chuchu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases - Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medical Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ran Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases - Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huijing Hao
- Chang Ping Women and Children Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zha
- Wuhu Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhu, China
| | - Wenpeng Gu
- Yunnan Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Yuanming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases - Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases - Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huaiqi Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases - Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases - Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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9
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Duan R, Liang J, Zhang J, Chen Y, Wang J, Tong J, Guo B, Hu W, Wang M, Zhao J, Liu C, Hao H, Wang X, Jing H. Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica Bioserotype 3/O:3 among Children with Diarrhea, China, 2010-2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1502-1509. [PMID: 28820132 PMCID: PMC5572862 DOI: 10.3201/eid2309.160827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is thought to not significantly contribute to diarrheal disease in China, but evidence substantiating this claim is limited. We determined the prevalence of Y. enterocolitica infection and strain types present among children <5 years of age with diarrhea in China. The overall prevalence of pathogenic isolates was 0.59%. Prevalence of pathogenic bioserotype 3/O:3 varied geographically. In this population, the presence of fecal leukocytes was a characteristic of Y. enterocolitica infection and should be used as an indication for microbiological diagnostic testing, rather than for the diagnosis of bacillary dysentery. In contrast with Y. enterocolitica isolates from adults, which were primarily biotype 1A, isolates from children were primarily bioserotype 3/O:3. Most pathogenic isolates from children shared pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns with isolates from pigs and dogs, suggesting a possible link between isolates from animals and infections in children. Our findings underscore the need for improved diagnostics for this underestimated pathogen.
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Liu C, Li C, Chen Y, Hao H, Liang J, Duan R, Guo Z, Zhang J, Zhao Z, Jing H, Wang X, Shao S. Role of Low-Molecular-Mass Penicillin-Binding Proteins, NagZ and AmpR in AmpC β-lactamase Regulation of Yersinia enterocolitica. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:425. [PMID: 29021974 PMCID: PMC5623720 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica encodes a chromosomal AmpC β-lactamase under the regulation of the classical ampR-ampC system. To obtain a further understanding to the role of low-molecular-mass penicillin-binding proteins (LMM PBPs) including PBP4, PBP5, PBP6, and PBP7, as well as NagZ and AmpR in ampC regulation of Y. enterocolitica, series of single/multiple mutant strains were systematically constructed and the ampC expression levels were determined by luxCDABE reporter system, reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and β-lactamase activity test. Sequential deletion of PBP5 and other LMM PBPs result in a continuously growing of ampC expression level, the β-lactamse activity of quadruple deletion strain YEΔ4Δ5Δ6Δ7 (pbp4, pbp5, pbp6, and pbp7 inactivated) is approached to the YEΔD123 (ampD1, ampD2, and ampD3 inactivated). Deletion of nagZ gene caused two completely different results in YEΔD123 and YEΔ4Δ5Δ6Δ7, NagZ is indispensable for YEΔ4Δ5Δ6Δ7 ampC derepression phenotype but dispensable for YEΔD123. AmpR is essential for ampC hyperproduction in these two types of strains, inactivation of AmpR notable reduced the ampC expression level in both YEΔD123 and YEΔ4Δ5Δ6Δ7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medical Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chuchu Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medical Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhuang Chen
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Huijing Hao
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Junrong Liang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Duan
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoke Guo
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongzhi Zhao
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Xining, China
| | - Huaiqi Jing
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shihe Shao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medical Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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