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Regan G, Mullen P, Moloney M, De Ruyck K, Fodey T, Millar SE, Crooks S, Gadaj A, Elliott C, Danaher M. Verification of Bound Aminoguanidine as the Marker Residue for the Banned Antibiotic, Nitrovin, in Pig Tissues. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:7248-7257. [PMID: 35666992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrovin (NTV) belongs to a class of antibiotics called nitrofurans, which are classified as nonallowed pharmacologically active substances that do not have a maximum residue limit listed in EU legislation. The objectives of this study were to confirm aminoguanidine (AGN) as a suitable marker residue to monitor NTV abuse and to investigate its persistence in porcine tissues. In this work, pigs were fed with NTV-medicated feed (50 mg/kg), and tissues (kidney, muscle, and liver) and plasma were collected on different withdrawal days. All samples were analyzed for bound AGN, total AGN, and the parent drug NTV itself. The highest concentrations of AGN residues were found in the liver, while the lowest were in muscle. Parent NTV was only detected in the kidney at low levels on day 0 of withdrawal. The findings are in support of using AGN as the marker residue for monitoring the illegal use of NTV in animal-derived products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Regan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15 D15 KN3K, Ireland
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, U.K
| | - Philip Mullen
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, U.K
| | - Mary Moloney
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15 D15 KN3K, Ireland
| | - Karl De Ruyck
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15 D15 KN3K, Ireland
| | - Terence Fodey
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, U.K
| | - Sarah E Millar
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, U.K
| | - Steven Crooks
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, U.K
| | - Anna Gadaj
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, U.K
| | - Chris Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, U.K
| | - Martin Danaher
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15 D15 KN3K, Ireland
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2
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Fan W, Yang S, Gao W, Wang D, Fan M. Highly sensitive bromide aided SERS detection of furazolidone and 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone residual in aquaculture products. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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3
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Sánchez JÁ, Blagojevic B, Fürst P, Garin‐Bastuji B, Jensen HE, Paulsen P, Baert K, Barrucci F, Broglia A, Georgiadis M, Hempen M, Hilbert F. Evaluation of public and animal health risks in case of a delayed post-mortem inspection in ungulates. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06307. [PMID: 33304413 PMCID: PMC7716243 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential effects of a 24 or 72-h delay in post-mortem inspection (PMI) of ungulates on public health and monitoring of animal health and welfare was evaluated. The assessment used a survey of meat inspectors, expert opinion, literature search and a stochastic model for Salmonella detection sensitivity. Disease detection sensitivity at a delayed PMI is expected to reduce detection sensitivity to a variable extent, depending on the hazard and on the signs/lesions and organs involved. No reduction is expected for Trichinella detection in meat from susceptible animal species and any decrease in detection of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) will not exceed the current tolerance for fallen stock. A 24-h delay in PMI could result in a small reduction in sensitivity of detection for tuberculosis, echinococcosis and cysticercosis. A greater reduction is expected for the detection of pyaemia and Rift valley fever. For the detection of Salmonella, the median model estimates are a reduction of sensitivity of 66.5% (90% probability interval (PI) 0.08-99.75%) after 24-h delay and 94% (90% PI 0.83-100%) after 72-h delay of PMI. Laboratory testing for tuberculosis following a sampling delay of 24-72 h could result in no, or a moderate, decrease in detection depending on the method of confirmation used (PCR, culture, histopathology). For chemical contaminants, a delay in meat inspection of 24 or 72 h is expected to have no impact on the effectiveness of detection of persistent organic pollutants and metals. However, for certain pharmacologically active substances, there will be a reduced effectiveness to detect some of these substances due to potential degradation in the available matrices (tissues and organs) and the non-availability of specific preferred matrices of choice.
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Wang K, Kou Y, Wang M, Ma X, Wang J. Determination of Nitrofuran Metabolites in Fish by Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array Detection with Thermostatic Ultrasound-Assisted Derivatization. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:18887-18893. [PMID: 32775890 PMCID: PMC7408213 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitrofuran (NF) is a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics that are used illegally in animal feeding. NF and its metabolites have proven to pose potential risk to human health. To address the current analytical needs to quantify low levels of NF metabolites in animal foods, a sensitive method was developed for simultaneous detection of four NF metabolites in fish products by an ultraperformance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (UPLC-DAD). With 2-nitrobenzaldehyde (2-NBA) as the derivatizing reagent, the metabolites were hydrolyzed and derivatized under the assistance of thermostatic ultrasound. Compared with the current detection methods, the time of the derivatization reaction has been shortened from 16 to 2 h. The relative coefficient of four NF metabolite derivatives reached more than 0.998, with excellent linear relationship. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) of six repeated determinations reached 0.25-0.33 and 0.80-1.10 μg/kg, respectively. For all four NF metabolites, the limit of detection of the method was below the minimum required performance limit (MRPL) of 1.0 μg/kg, which makes it compatible with the EU requirements. The recoveries ranging from 89.8 to 101.9% with relative standard deviation below 6.5% were obtained for all of the NF metabolites. What's more, this method was successfully applied for the determination of four NF metabolites in the fish products. As a promising approach, this method could also be extended for the quantitation of NF metabolites in aquaculture and poultry products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Wang
- Xinjiang
Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Yuli Kou
- Xinjiang
Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Xinjiang
Uygur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi 830002, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Xinjiang
Uygur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi 830002, China
| | - Jide Wang
- Xinjiang
Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
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5
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A rapid derivatization method for analyzing nitrofuran metabolites in fish using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2020; 310:125814. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Biošić M, Škorić I, Beganović J, Babić S. Nitrofurantoin hydrolytic degradation in the environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 186:660-668. [PMID: 28818593 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence of pharmaceuticals, especially antibiotics in the environment increased attention to their environmental fate. Hydrolysis is one of two abiotic processes by which compounds are degraded in the environment. According to authors knowledge this is the first study investigating hydrolytic degradation of nitrofurantoin at pH-values normally found in the environment. Nitrofurantoin hydrolytic degradation appeared to be much slower at acidic (pH 4) solution compared to neutral (pH 7) and alkaline (pH 9) solutions at all three investigated temperatures (20 °C, 40 °C and 60 °C). In all cases nitrofurantoin hydrolysis followed the first-order kinetics with half-lives ranged from 0.5 days at pH 9 and 60 °C to 3.9 years at pH 4 and 20 °C. Temperature dependence of the hydrolysis rate constant was quantified by Arrhenius equation; obtained Ea values were as follows: 100.7 kJ mol-1 at pH 4, 111.2 kJ mol-1 at pH 7 and 102.3 kJ mol-1 at pH 9. Increase in hydrolysis rate constants for each 10 °C increase in temperature were 3.4, 3.9 and 3.5 at pH 4, pH 7 and pH 9, respectively. The structures of hydrolytic degradation products were determined and degradation pathways were suggested. Three main processes occurred depending on pH-values: protonation of the nitrofurantoin followed by cleavage of the NN single bond, heterocyclic non-aromatic ring cleavage, and reduction of the non-aromatic heterocyclic ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Biošić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Irena Škorić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasmina Beganović
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sandra Babić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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7
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Xing C, Jing X, Zhang X, Yuan J. Ultrasensitive indirect competitive ELISA and strip sensor for detection of furazolidone metabolite in animal tissues. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2017.1337083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Changrui Xing
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuexue Jing
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Jiangsu MeiZheng Biological Technology Co. Ltd., Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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8
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9
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Kaufmann A, Butcher P, Maden K, Walker S, Widmer M. Determination of nitrofuran and chloramphenicol residues by high resolution mass spectrometry versus tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 862:41-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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The Occurrence of Residues of Furazolidone Metabolite, 3-Amino-2-Oxazolidone, in Eggs Distributed in Mazandaran Province, Iran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.5812/scimetr.19353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Radovnikovic A, Conroy ER, Gibney M, O'Mahony J, Danaher M. Residue analyses and exposure assessment of the Irish population to nitrofuran metabolites from different food commodities in 2009-2010. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1858-69. [PMID: 24032469 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.829925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
An exposure assessment to nitrofuran residues was performed for three human populations (adults, teenagers and children), based on residue analyses of foods of animal origin (liver, honey, eggs and aquaculture) covering the 2-year period 2009-2010. The occurrence of nitrofuran metabolites in food on the Irish market was determined for the selected period using the data from Ireland's National Food Residue Database (NFRD) and from results obtained from the analysis of retail samples (aquaculture and honey). Laboratory analyses of residues were performed by methods validated in accordance with Commission Decision 2002/657/EC regarding performance of the analytical method and interpretation of results. Semicarbazide (SEM) was the contaminant most frequently identified and its content ranged from 0.09 to 1.27 μg kg(-1). SEM is currently used as a marker of nitrofuran abuse, but it may also occur from other sources. The presence of nitrofuran metabolite 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ) was detected in two aquaculture samples (prawns) at 1.63 and 1.14 μg kg(-1), but such a low number of positive cases did not present sufficient data for a full AOZ exposure assessment. Therefore, the evaluation of exposure was focused on SEM-containing food groups only. Exposure assessments were completed using a probabilistic approach that generated 10 iterations. The results of both the upper- and lower-bound exposure assessments demonstrate that SEM exposure for Irish adults, teenagers and children from selected food commodities are well below EFSA-estimated safe levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Radovnikovic
- a Food Safety Department , Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown , Dublin , Ireland
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12
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Sheu SY, Tai YT, Li WR, Lei YC, Hsieh KH, Lin CY, Cheng CC, Chang TH, Kuo TF. Development of a competitive ELISA for the detection of a furaltadone marker residue, 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), in cultured fish samples. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:1439-46. [PMID: 22785246 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for tissue-bound metabolite 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ) and the application to residue analysis in cultured fish samples. The residue is monitored as a marker for the drug furaltadone. The assay enables the detection of protein bound AMOZ in the form of a 2-nitrophenyl derivative (2-NP-AMOZ) in sample supernatant or extract after acid hydrolysis and derivatization with o-nitrobenzaldehyde. Polyclonal rabbit antibodies were produced with a new immunogen hapten, 2-NP-HXA-AMOZ. The new ELISA had adequate analytical sensitivity (IC(50) value 0.325 μg kg(-1); limit of detection 0.1 μg kg(-1)) to determine a trace of AMOZ residue and had a high selectivity. Recoveries of AMOZ fortified at the levels of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 μg kg(-1) ranged from 89.8 to 112.5% with coefficients of variation of 12.4-16.2% over the range of AMOZ concentrations studied. The results obtained with the ELISA correlated well with those obtained by commercial test kits for 150 tested samples (r=0.984). The results suggest that the developed ELISA is a highly specific, accurate, and sensitive method suitable for high throughput screening for AMOZ residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yuan Sheu
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City 404, Taiwan, ROC
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Xu F, Zou L, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Ong CN. Enhancement of the capabilities of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with derivatization: general principles and applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1143-1172. [PMID: 21557289 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The integration of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with derivatization is a relatively new and unique strategy that could add value and could enhance the capabilities of LC-MS-based technologies. The derivatization process could be carried out in various analytical steps, for example, sampling, storage, sample preparation, HPLC separation, and MS detection. This review presents an overview of derivatization-based LC-MS strategy over the past 10 years and covers both the general principles and applications in the fields of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, biomarker and metabolomic research, environmental analysis, and food-safety evaluation. The underlying mechanisms and theories for derivative reagent selection are summarized and highlighted to guide future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengguo Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117600, Singapore
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Ye J, Wang XH, Sang YX, Liu Q. Assessment of the determination of azodicarbonamide and its decomposition product semicarbazide: investigation of variation in flour and flour products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:9313-9318. [PMID: 21786817 DOI: 10.1021/jf201819x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Azodicarbonamide, as a bleaching agent and improving agent, is a permitted food additive in certain countries and can be determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. However, it partially degrades with the heat of processing to form trace amounts of semicarbazide, which shows carcinogenicity and also has been shown to cause tumors. The concentration of semicarbazide in azodicarbonamide-treated flour was determined by isotope dilution ((13)C, (15)N(2)-semicarbazide) liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The quantification was obtained utilizing the homologous internal standard. The limits of detection were 1 mg/kg for azodicarbonamide and 0.5 × 10(-3) mg/kg for semicarbazide. The rates of recovery were 82.3-103.1% for azodicarbonamide and 72.4-116.5% for semicarbazide. This study prepared four different types of flour products to investigate the variation of semicarbazide. The concentration of semicarbazide in all types of flour products is higher than that in flour, and the concentration of semicarbazide in outside of flour products is slightly higher than that in the inside. As the problem of food safety hazard aggravates daily, we should be more concerned about food security and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ye
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, People's Republic of China
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15
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Simultaneous detection of four nitrofuran metabolites in honey using a multiplexing biochip screening assay. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:4076-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kinsella B, O’Mahony J, Malone E, Moloney M, Cantwell H, Furey A, Danaher M. Current trends in sample preparation for growth promoter and veterinary drug residue analysis. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7977-8015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Pimpitak U, Putong S, Komolpis K, Petsom A, Palaga T. Development of a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of the furaltadone metabolite, AMOZ, in fortified shrimp samples. Food Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Cheng CC, Hsieh KH, Lei YC, Tai YT, Chang TH, Sheu SY, Li WR, Kuo TF. Development and residue screening of the furazolidone metabolite, 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), in cultured fish by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:5687-5692. [PMID: 19526989 DOI: 10.1021/jf900859r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and specific polyclonal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the determination of tissue-bound metabolite 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ) is described. The procedures allow for the detection of protein-bound AOZ in the form of a 2-nitrophenyl derivative (2-NP-AOZ) in the sample supernatant or extract after acid hydrolysis and derivatization with o-nitrobenzaldehyde. The polyclonal rabbit antibodies were produced with the immunogen hapten, 2-NP-HXA-AOZ, and the 50% inhibition values (IC(50)) of 0.14 microg kg(-1) of AOZ was achieved with the most sensitive antibody A0505. The mean lower detection limit of the ELISA method is about 0.025 microg kg(-1). According to the test preparation record, the detection limit is 0.1 microg kg(-1), which is well below the minimum required performance limits (MRPLs) for tissue-bound residues of AOZ at 1 microg kg(-1) in the European Communities. In the present study, we investigated the use of homemade ELISA, a new immunoassay, to monitor the presence of the furazolidone marker residue in 370 samples of cultured fish. Adopting 0.3 microg kg(-1) AOZ as a cutoff value, the ELISA has a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 98.5% versus high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) at a cutoff of 0.3 microg kg(-1) and gives no false-negative rate results. From the practical point of view, the homemade kit could be advantageously used for the screening of large groups of animal-edible tissue samples and the kit employed has good reliability even in routine application for the control of the illegal use of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Chen Cheng
- Taiwan Advance Bio-Pharmaceutical, Incorporated, Taipei County 221, Taiwan
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Hormazábal V, Norman Asp T. Determination of the Metabolites of Nitrofuran Antibiotics in Meat by Liquid Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-200029335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Hormazábal
- a Division of Food Safety , The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science , P.O. Box 8146, Dep., 0033 , Oslo , Norway
| | - Tone Norman Asp
- a Division of Food Safety , The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science , P.O. Box 8146, Dep., 0033 , Oslo , Norway
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Chumanee S, Sutthivaiyakit S, Sutthivaiyakit P. New reagent for trace determination of protein-bound metabolites of nitrofurans in shrimp using liquid chromatography with diode array detector. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:1752-9. [PMID: 19199604 DOI: 10.1021/jf803423r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of derivatives of metabolites from furazolidone, furaltadone, nitrofurazone, and nitrofurantoin using a new derivatizing reagent, 2-naphthaldehyde (NTA), is described. The reaction product was used in liquid chromatography with diode array detector (LC-DAD) for determination of protein-bound metabolites of nitrofurans in shrimp followed by two steps of liquid-liquid extraction. Derivatives of nitrofuran metabolites are well separated from NTA remaining in the extract upon separation on a ChromSpher 5 Pesticide (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 microm) column at 40 degrees C with acetonitrile/5 mM ammonium acetate adjusted to pH 7.5 gradient as the mobile phase and DAD detection at 308 nm except for naphthyl derivative of 1-aminohydantoin at 310 nm. The high absorptivity of these derivatives makes simultaneous screening of these metabolites in shrimp at 1 microg/kg possible for the first time using LC-DAD. The method was validated using blank shrimp fortified with all four metabolites at 1, 1.5, and 2 microg/kg. Recoveries were >86% with relative standard deviations of <14% for all four metabolites. Comparison between LC-DAD and APCI-MS/MS shows very good agreement for shrimp samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saowapa Chumanee
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10903, Thailand
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Xia X, Li X, Zhang S, Ding S, Jiang H, Li J, Shen J. Simultaneous determination of 5-nitroimidazoles and nitrofurans in pork by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1208:101-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Chang C, Peng DP, Wu JE, Wang YL, Yuan ZH. Development of an indirect competitive ELISA for the detection of furazolidone marker residue in animal edible tissues. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:1525-1531. [PMID: 18260630 DOI: 10.1021/jf0726684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Due to its carcinogenicity and mutagenicity, furazolidone has been prohibited completely from being used in food animal production in the world since 1995. To monitor the illegal abuse of furazolidone, a polyclonal antibody-based indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) was developed for the determination of tissue-bound furazolidone metabolite 3-amino-2-oxazolidone (AOZ). The highly specific antibody was targeted for PAOZ, the benzaldehyde derivative of AOZ. The 50% inhibition values (IC 50) of 0.91 microg/L for AOZ was achieved with the most sensitive antibody Ab-B1 by altering ELISA conditions. In the ELISA, sample extraction and cleanup were performed by an is MAX cartridge following combined hydrolysis of the tissue-bound AOZ and derivatization of the homogenized tissues with benzaldehyde. The limits of detection (LOD) calculated from the analysis of 20 known negative tissue samples (swine liver, swine muscle, chicken liver, chicken muscle,and fish muscle) were 0.3-0.4 microg/kg (mean+3 SD). Recoveries of AOZ fortified at the levels of 0.4, 1, and 5 microg/kg ranged from 55.8 to 96.6% in the tissues. The coefficients of variation were less than 20% over the range of AOZ concentrations studied. The linear detection range was between 0.1 and 25.6 microg/L. Validation of the ELISA method with swine muscle and liver from furazolidone-treated pigs was carried out using HPLC, resulting in a similar correlation in swine muscle (r=0.99) and in swine liver (r=0.98). The results suggest that this ELISA is a specific, accurate, and sensitive method of detecting AOZ residues in animal edible tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues/MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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Vass M, Diblikova I, Cernoch I, Franek M. ELISA for semicarbazide and its application for screening in food contamination. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 608:86-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Bock C, Gowik P, Stachel C. Matrix-comprehensive in-house validation and robustness check of a confirmatory method for the determination of four nitrofuran metabolites in poultry muscle and shrimp by LC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 856:178-89. [PMID: 17597015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Revised: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An already well-described method for the determination of nitrofuran metabolites 3-amino-5-methyl-morpholino-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), semicarbazide (SEM) and 1-aminohydantoin (AHD) was adapted to the needs of our laboratory and checked for its robustness regarding sample conditions and the processing step. Using the same data, the method was validated and the measurement uncertainty was estimated. All criteria and requirements of Commission Decision 2002/657/EC were fulfilled. The CC(alpha) determined lies between 0.1 and 0.7 microg/kg, the CC(beta) lies between 0.1 and 0.9 microg/kg, the measurement uncertainty was estimated as being between 7 and 17% taking into account matrix, time and sample preparation influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bock
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), EU- and National Reference Laboratory, Mauerstrasse 39-42, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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25
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Mulder PPJ, Beumer B, Van Rhijn JA. The determination of biurea: A novel method to discriminate between nitrofurazone and azodicarbonamide use in food products. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 586:366-73. [PMID: 17386736 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Revised: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently doubts have arisen on the usefulness of semicarbazide as marker residue for the illegal use of the antibiotic nitrofurazone (NFZ) in aquaculture and poultry production. Most notably azodicarbonamide (ADC) has been implicated as an alternative source of semicarbazide. ADC is used in some countries as a dough conditioner at concentrations up to 45 mg kg(-1). The use of ADC-treated flour or dough in coated or breaded food products may generate false non-compliant results in the analytical method for nitrofurazone metabolites, which is currently in use. During the dough preparation process ADC is largely reduced to biurea, which can be considered as an appropriate marker residue of ADC. Thus far no methods have been published for the determination of biurea in food commodities. Due to its polar nature it is very difficult to generate sufficient retention on conventional C18 HPLC columns. With a TSK amide HILIC type column good retention was obtained. A straightforward extraction-dilution protocol was developed. Using a mixture of dimethyl formamide and water biurea was nearly quantitatively extracted from a variety of fresh, coated and processed products. Mass spectrometric detection was performed with positive electrospray ionisation. The sensitivity and selectivity of the mass spectrometer for biurea was very good, allowing detection at concentrations as low as 10 microg kg(-1). However, in some extracts severe ion suppression effects was observed. To overcome the implications of ion suppression on the quantitative performance of the method an isotopically-labelled biurea internal standard was synthesized and incorporated in the method. The method developed can be used effectively in nitrofurazone analysis to eliminate the risk of false non-compliant results due to the presence of azodicarbonamide-treated components in the food product.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P J Mulder
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Bornsesteeg 45, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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26
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Bock C, Stachel C, Gowik P. Validation of a confirmatory method for the determination of residues of four nitrofurans in egg by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with the software InterVal. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 586:348-58. [PMID: 17386734 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Revised: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A method for the detection and determination of nitrofuran derivatives in egg by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was validated with the software InterVal and can be applied for the confirmation of nitrofuran metabolites in fresh or lyophilised eggs. The validation study comprises variations in operator, storage condition, breeding, equipment and duration of sample preparation. A comprehensive overview of the robustness of the method is obtained by analysing eight samples at six concentration levels. First results of short- and medium-term investigations for stability of analytes in solution show that standard solutions of nitrofuran metabolites are stable for at least 1 year when stored at +4 degrees C in the dark. The decision limit CCalpha expressed for the underivatised metabolite is 0.05 microg kg(-1) for 3-amino-5-methyl-morpholino-2-oxazolidinone, 0.03 microg kg(-1) for 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone, 0.20 microg kg(-1) for semicarbazide and 0.22 microg kg(-1) for 1-amino-hydantoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bock
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), EU- and National Reference Laboratory (CRL/NRL), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany
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27
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Tribalat L, Paisse O, Dessalces G, Grenier-Loustalot MF. Advantages of LC–MS–MS compared to LC–MS for the determination of nitrofuran residues in honey. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:2161-8. [PMID: 17091234 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0878-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Revised: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the framework of developing analyses for exogenous contaminants in food matrices such as honey, we have compared data obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to those provided by high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). Initial results obtained with LC-MS showed that the technique lacked selectivity, which is why the method was validated by LC-MS-MS. This method involves a solid-phase extraction (SPE) of nitrofuran metabolites and nitrofuran parent drugs, a derivatization by 2-nitrobenzaldehyde for 17 h, and finally a clean-up by SPE. The data obtained show that the limits of detection varied between 0.2 and 0.6 microg kg(-1) for the metabolites and between 1 and 2 microg kg(-1) for nitrofuran parent drugs. The method was applied to different flower honeys. The results showed that nitrofurans (used as antibiotics) are consistently present in this matrix, the predominant compound being furazolidone. Figure Working bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Tribalat
- Service Central d'Analyse, CNRS-USR 059, BP 22, 69390 Vernaison, France
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28
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Cooper KM, Mulder PPJ, van Rhijn JA, Kovacsics L, McCracken RJ, Young PB, Kennedy DG. Depletion of four nitrofuran antibiotics and their tissue-bound metabolites in porcine tissues and determination using LC-MS/MS and HPLC-UV. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 22:406-14. [PMID: 16019811 DOI: 10.1080/02652030512331385218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Depletion of the nitrofuran antibiotics furazolidone, furaltadone, nitrofurantoin and nitrofurazone and their tissue-bound metabolites AOZ, AMOZ, AHD and SEM from pig muscle, liver and kidney tissues is described. Groups of pigs were given feed medicated with one of the nitrofuran drugs at a therapeutic concentration (400?mg?kg(-1)) for ten days. Animals were slaughtered at intervals and tissue samples collected for analysis for six weeks following withdrawal of medicated feed. These samples were analysed both for parent nitrofurans (using LC-MS/MS and HPLC-UV), and for tissue-bound metabolites (using LC-MS/MS). The parent drugs were detectable only sporadically and only in pigs subjected to no withdrawal period whatsoever. This confirms the instability of the four major nitrofuran antibiotics in edible tissues. In contrast, the metabolites accumulated to high concentrations in tissues (ppm levels) and had depletion half lives of between 5.5 and 15.5 days. The metabolites of all four drugs were still readily detectable in tissues six weeks after cessation of treatment. This emphasizes the benefits of monitoring for the stable metabolites of the nitrofurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Cooper
- Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland
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29
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Vahl M. Analysis of nifursol residues in turkey and chicken meat using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 22:120-7. [PMID: 15824001 DOI: 10.1080/02652030500037670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Nifursol (3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (5-nitrofurfurylidene) hydrazide) is mainly used as a feed additive for the prevention of blackhead disease in turkeys. The objective of the present work was to establish information on nifursol residues in turkey and chicken meat. The analytical method was based on conversion of nifursol and its metabolites with an intact 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid hydrazide (DNSH) side chain to the 2-nitrophenyl analogue of nifursol (NPDNSH) by treatment with dilute hydrochloric acid and 2-nitrobenzaldehyde. Nifuroxazide (salicylic acid (5-nitrofurfurylidene) hydrazide) added as an internal standard was converted to the 2-nitrophenyl analogue NPSH. After the addition of ammonia, proteins were precipitated with acetonitrile. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column and negative-ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was employed using m/z 183 and 226 (daughter ions of the NPDNSH phenolate ion m/z 374) for quantification and m/z 93 (daughter ion of the NPSH phenolate ion m/z 284) as a retention time reference. The decision limit (CCa) and detection capability (CCbeta) of the analytical method were 0.05 and 0.08 microg kg(-1), respectively. In the range 0.5-1 microg kg(-1), the repeatability, within-laboratory reproducibility and trueness were 8, 11 and -1%, respectively. A total of 37 samples of turkey meat and 16 samples of chicken meat were purchased at retail outlets in early spring, summer and winter 2003, and analysed for nifursol residues. No residues were found in the chicken samples, but nine of 18 samples of turkey meat collected in the spring had between 0.05 and 0.6 microg kg(-1) (average 0.25 microg kg(-1)) nifursol residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vahl
- Department of Food Chemistry, Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Søborg, Denmark.
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30
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Noonan GO, Warner CR, Hsu W, Begley TH, Perfetti GA, Diachenko GW. The determination of semicarbazide (N-aminourea) in commercial bread products by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:4680-5. [PMID: 15941299 DOI: 10.1021/jf050480j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently, semicarbazide has been found in food in jars sealed with cap liners that were manufactured using azodicarbonamide as a blowing agent. These reports raised the concern that the use of azodicarbonamide-an approved dough conditioner-may result in semicarbazide residues in bread. To answer this question, a method based upon the previously reported liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry determination of the semicarbazone of o-nitrobenzaldehyde was utilized. The method adopted for this work includes an extensive cleanup and reaction with o-nitrobenzaldehyde at pH 3.5, rather than with the widely used 0.1 M HCl, to form the semicarbazone derivative. A stable isotope dilution assay was used to determine the free semicarbazide present in the bread products. Levels of semicarbazide ranged from 10 to 1200 ppb in commercial bread products with azodicarbonamide listed among their ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory O Noonan
- Office of Food Additive Safety, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
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31
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de la Calle MB, Anklam E. Semicarbazide: occurrence in food products and state-of-the-art in analytical methods used for its determination. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 382:968-77. [PMID: 15947918 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2005] [Revised: 03/31/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the information currently available about the presence of semicarbazide (SEM) in food. Likely sources of SEM in food matrices are summarised and discussed. Detailed information is given about the analytical methods used to determine SEM; features and drawbacks associated with them are carefully evaluated. Performance criteria characterising the analytical methods discussed are also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Beatriz de la Calle
- European Commission, Directorate General Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
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32
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de Souza SVC, Junqueira RG, Ginn R. Analysis of semicarbazide in baby food by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS–MS)—In-house method validation. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1077:151-8. [PMID: 16001551 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A method for detection of semicarbazide (SEM) in baby food was validated. SEM was extracted with hydrochloric acid and derivatised with 2-nitrobenzaldehyde, using [15N2,13C] semicarbazide as internal standard. The extract was neutralised, purified on a solid phase extraction cartridge and SEM was determined by reversed phase LC-MS-MS. Linearity was demonstrated in the ranges from 0.1 ng ml(-1) to 1 ng ml(-1) and from 2 ng ml(-1) to 80 ng ml(-1). Matrix effects were non significant for meat-based and significant for apple and rice-based baby foods, in both ranges. Mean recoveries ranged from 87.8% to 107.2% with relative standard deviation from 0.2% to 9.1%, considering both ranges. Limits of detection and quantification were 0.1 microg kg(-1) and 0.25 microg kg(-1), respectively. The results of the validation process demonstrated the method suitability for use in food control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scheilla V C de Souza
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Farmácia (FAFAR), Departamento de Alimentos, Av. AntOnio Carlos 6627, Campus da UFMG, Pampulha, Zip-Code 31.270-010, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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33
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Zolla L, Timperio AM. Involvement of active oxygen species in protein and oligonucleotide degradation induced by nitrofurans. Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 83:166-75. [PMID: 15864325 DOI: 10.1139/o05-023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is of great interest to know how nitrofurans are mutagenic and clastogenic. In particular, the 3-amino-2-oxazolidone (AOZ) ring, deriving from a cleavage of furazolidone, is not further metabolized and has been found to be part of protein-bound residues in edible tissues of farm animals and these might be released in the stomach of the consumer. The data in this paper show that isoniazide as well as AOZ and 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), the latter deriving from furaltadone, cause irreversible damage to the prosthetic group of enzymes as well as degrade their polypeptide chain and cause fragmentation of the backbone chain of cellular or isolated DNA and RNA. Cellular DNA was degraded into small fragments of 2000 Mb, while rRNA was completely destroyed. Nitrofuran derivatives and hydrazides, in fact, share an N–N moiety, which is assumed to play an essential role in the irreversible damage observed. The key to the molecular mechanisms by which these compounds cause their irreversible effects may lie in oxygen consumption and electron spin resonance measurements, which reveal that both nitrofurans and isoniazide produce oxygen radicals at various degrees of efficiency. AOZ and AMOZ are not metabolized into more reactive metabolites, being themselves able to react with atmospheric oxygen and induce protein and oligonucleotide damage. The reaction does not require metal ions, although their presence will accelerate it.Key words: nitrofurans, active oxygen, furazolidone, DNA degradation, protein fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lello Zolla
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
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Guzmán A, Agüí L, Pedrero M, Yáñez-Sedeño P, Pingarrón J. Voltammetric Determination of Antibacterial Nitro-Compounds at Activated Carbon Fibre Microelectrodes. ELECTROANAL 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200303020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Becalski A, Lau BPY, Lewis D, Seaman SW. Semicarbazide formation in azodicarbonamide-treated flour: a model study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:5730-5734. [PMID: 15373416 DOI: 10.1021/jf0495385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Semicarbazide was previously found in foods that were in contact with rubber gaskets foamed at high temperatures with a blowing agent azodicarbonamide. Because azodicarbonamide is an approved flour additive in certain countries, we set out to ascertain if semicarbazide is formed during the baking process from flours containing that additive. The levels of semicarbazide in baking flour treated with azodicarbonamide and bread baked from such flours were determined by isotope dilution (13C15N2-semicarbazide) liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The samples were homogenized with HCl, extracted with n-pentane, derivatized with 2-nitrobenzaldehyde, and the derivative was extracted with ethyl acetate. After solvent exchange to 10% acetonitrile in water containing 0.1% acetic acid, the samples were analyzed using a 2.1 mm x 150 mm C18 column eluted with 2 mM ammonium formate in water/methanol (40:60). Semicarbazide was formed during the dry heating of commercial azodicarbonamide-containing flours at temperatures of 150-200 degrees C reaching levels of 0.2 mg/kg. Similar levels of semicarbazide were found in the crusts of breads made from azodicarbonamide-treated flour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Becalski
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Address Locator 2203D, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0L2, Canada.
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36
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Saari L, Peltonen K. Novel source of semicarbazide: levels of semicarbazide in cooked crayfish samples determined by LC/MS/MS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 21:825-32. [PMID: 15666975 DOI: 10.1080/02652030400002329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nitrofuran antibiotics were previously used in animal healthcare but are now prohibited. Semicarbazide is a breakdown product of 5-nitrofurazone and protein-bound semicarbazide is used as a marker residue for the illegal use of 5-nitrofurazone. However, the presence of the prohibited semicarbazide has been reported in some food items of animal origin. A novel observation is reported that semicarbazide can be detected in Finnish crayfish samples, i.e. crustacea, never medicated with nitrofurazone. The origin of the semicarbazide is presently unknown. Positive identification was undertaken by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry detection. The level of semicarbazide was determined as the protein-bound form as well as the total amount of semicarbazide in the sample. The average levels of total semicarbazide and the protein-bound form were 4.2 and 0.5 ng g(-1) fresh crayfish meat, respectively. All the tested samples (n = 18) contained traces of semicarbazide, the highest amount being 12 ng g(-1) fresh crayfish meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Saari
- National Veterinary and Food Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, PL 45, FIN-00581 Helsinki, Finland
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37
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O’Keeffe M, Conneely A, Cooper K, Kennedy D, Kovacsics L, Fodor A, Mulder P, van Rhijn J, Trigueros G. Nitrofuran antibiotic residues in pork. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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38
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Pereira AS, Donato JL, De Nucci G. Implications of the use of semicarbazide as a metabolic target of nitrofurazone contamination in coated products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 21:63-9. [PMID: 14744681 DOI: 10.1080/02652030310001647217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Data from the Brazilian Agricultural Ministry show that before the implementation of the Brazilian programme of nitrofuran control in February 2003, the cases of contamination of Brazilian chicken by nitrofurans were almost exclusively due to furaltadone. After May 2003, such cases decreased until no more reports of Brazilian chicken contamination with this nitrofuran were reported. Curiously, after April 2003, an increase was observed in the numbers of contaminated samples by semicarbazide, the target metabolite of nitrofurazone. Most Brazilian chicken found to be contaminated with semicarbazide has been covered with flour, salt and spices. For this reason, the authors' laboratory initialized a programme for tracing possible sources of food contamination by semicarbazide. After several semicarbazide positives in flour of controlled origin (results varying between 2.2 and 5.2 microg kg(-1)), the different additives used in the cereal industry as flour improvement agents were studied. The results indicate that the compound azodicarbonamide was responsible for the source of the contaminant semicarbazide.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Pereira
- Galeno Research Unit, Rua Latino Coelho 1301, Parque Taquaral, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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39
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Delatour T, Gremaud E, Mottier P, Richoz J, Arce Vera F, Stadler RH. Preparation of stable isotope-labeled 2-nitrobenzaldehyde derivatives of four metabolites of nitrofuran antibiotics and their comprehensive characterization by UV, MS, and NMR techniques. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:6371-6379. [PMID: 14558749 DOI: 10.1021/jf034536q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A convenient method is presented for the preparation of the carbon-13-labeled 2-nitrobenzaldehyde derivatives of the nitrofuran metabolites 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), semicarbazide (SC), 1-aminohydantoin (AH), and 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), with the purpose of using them as internal standards for the quantification of trace levels of nitrofuran residues by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in foods of animal origin. The synthesis encompasses the nitration of [1,2,3,4,5,6-(13)C(6)]toluene prior to chromyl compound-mediated oxidation of the methyl group into the corresponding aldehyde. The four metabolites of nitrofuran antibiotics were derivatized independently with the resulting ring-labeled 2-nitrobenzaldehyde (NBA) to obtain the target compounds. Both the isotopically enriched and native substances were used to perform a comprehensive fragmentation study by electrospray ionization (ESI) collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectrometry (MS). Full characterization of the nitrofuran derivatives was accomplished with ultraviolet (UV) and exhaustive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. A major advantage of the described procedure is that it can be extended to the preparation of other carbon-13-labeled derivatives of metabolites of nitrofuran antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Delatour
- Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
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40
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Balizs G, Hewitt A. Determination of veterinary drug residues by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00890-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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41
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Isolation of bound residues of nitrofuran drugs from tissue by solid-phase extraction with determination by liquid chromatography with UV and tandem mass spectrometric detection. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)01023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Di Corcia A, Nazzari M. Liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric methods for analyzing antibiotic and antibacterial agents in animal food products. J Chromatogr A 2002; 974:53-89. [PMID: 12458928 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00905-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Public health agencies in many countries rely on detection by mass spectrometry for unambiguous identification of residues of antibiotic and antibacterial agents in animal food products for human consumption. The introduction of relatively inexpensive and robust LC-MS systems has given a strong impulse to develop determinative and confirmatory methods for the above medicines in foodstuffs. This impulse has been also dictated by thermal instability and lack of volatility of many antibiotics and antibacterials that makes the GC-MS technique of difficult application. Analytical methods developed for analyzing components of the major classes of the medicines mentioned above are here reviewed. The discussion is focused on both sample treatment and final LC-MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Di Corcia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università La Sapienza, Piazza Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Hoogenboom LAP, van Bruchem GD, Sonne K, Enninga IC, van Rhijn JA, Heskamp H, Huveneers-Oorsprong MBM, van der Hoeven JCM, Kuiper HA. Absorption of a mutagenic metabolite released from protein-bound residues of furazolidone. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2002; 11:273-287. [PMID: 21782611 DOI: 10.1016/s1382-6689(02)00013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2001] [Revised: 02/14/2002] [Accepted: 02/22/2002] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The use of nitrofurans as veterinary drugs has been banned in the EU since 1993 due to doubts on the safety of the protein-bound residues of these drugs in edible products. Following treatment of pigs with the veterinary drug furazolidone free 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), the side-chain of the drug, could be detected in the blood in concentrations up to 0.3 μg/ml. The identity of the free AOZ was confirmed by LC/MS. This shows that the side-chain can be released from the parent drug, most likely under the acidic conditions in the stomach. Free AOZ was also detected in the blood of rats fed pig liver with protein-bound residues of furazolidone. Incubation of isolated pig hepatocytes with radiolabeled AOZ, resulted in the formation of protein-bound metabolites, to a similar extent as observed with furazolidone itself. Much lower levels were formed in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide or 4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide, most likely due to inhibition of the enzyme involved in the metabolic activation of AOZ. These compounds also prevented the inhibition by AOZ of monoamine-oxidase (MAO) activity in pig hepatocytes. These data strongly indicate that the protein-bound metabolites of furazolidone in tissues of treated animals are derived following metabolic activation of furazolidone itself, but also of the free AOZ side-chain, following its release from the parent drug. In addition to the MAO-inhibition and formation of protein-adducts, AOZ gave a dose-related positive respons in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test especially in the presence of rat liver S9-mix, in tester strains TA 1535 and TA 100. Furthermore, a positive response was obtained in the chromosome aberration test with human lymphocytes and in the bone marrow micronucleus test with mice treated intraperitoneally with AOZ. It is concluded that ingestion of protein-bound residues of furazolidone results in the release and absorption of AOZ, a compound with potential mutagenic properties. This is the first report showing that protein-bound residues of veterinary drugs can be of toxicological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurentius A P Hoogenboom
- State Institute for Quality Control of Agricultural Products (RIKILT-DLO), Bornsesteeg 45, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Khalil S, El-Ries MA. AAS and AES determination of furaltadone, methadone and trazodone in pharmaceutical formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 27:117-22. [PMID: 11682217 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00521-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ion-associate complexes of furaltadone, methadone and trazodone hydrochlorides with [Cd(SCN)(4)](2-) and [Zn(SCN)(4)](2-) were precipitated and the excess unreacted cadmium or zinc complex was determined. A new method using atomic emission and atomic absorption spectrometry for the determination of the above drugs in pure solutions and in pharmaceutical preparations is given. The drugs can be determined by the affort method in the ranges 7.2-72.16, 6.9-69.18 and 8.1-81.6 microg/ml solutions of the three drugs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Khalil
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Fayoum Branch, Riyadh 11491, Fayoum, Egypt.
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45
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Derivatization Reactions for Analytes with Various Functional Groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(02)80020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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46
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Leitner A, Zöllner P, Lindner W. Determination of the metabolites of nitrofuran antibiotics in animal tissue by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2001; 939:49-58. [PMID: 11806545 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01331-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A LC-MS-MS method is presented to analyse simultaneously the metabolites of four nitrofuran antibacterial agents, furazolidone, furaltadone, nitrofurazone and nitrofurantoin in animal muscle tissue. Sample clean-up and analyte enrichment was performed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) with a polystyrene sorbent following combined hydrolysis of the protein-bound drug metabolites and derivatisation of the homogenised tissue with 2-nitrobenzaldehyde. Limits of detection of 0.5-5 ng g(-1) tissue and limits of determination of 2.5-10 ng g(-1) tissue were achieved using electrospray ionisation in positive mode. Analyte identification and quantification was performed according to EU guidelines, using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) with one precursor ion and two product ions as identifiers. The use of an internal standard in combination with the simplified sample preparation led to a sensitive and reliable analysis method. The yield of the derivatisation reaction was between 66 and 74% and the recovery of SPE reached 92-105% for all values between 10 and 500 ng g(-1). The developed analytical protocol has been applied to contaminated tissue samples of furazolidone- and furaltadone-treated pigs and allowed unequivocal identification and quantification of the metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Leitner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria
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Ali BH. Pharmacological, therapeutic and toxicological properties of furazolidone: some recent research. Vet Res Commun 1999; 23:343-60. [PMID: 10543364 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006333608012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Some of the recent publications on the pharmacological, therapeutic and toxicological properties of the antimicrobial agent furazolidone (FZ) are briefly reviewed. In animals, most of the recently published papers focus on (1) the methodology of measuring the residues of the drug and its metabolites in edible tissues; (2) the carcinogenicity and genotoxicity of FZ; (3) the cellular and molecular basis of FZ-induced cardiomyopthy, and the action of different cardioprotectant drugs thereon; and (4) hormonal effects. In humans, the use of FZ as an anti-ulcer drug and in controlling infectious diseases, especially opportunistic infections in AIDS patients, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Ali
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, King Saud University, Buraydah, Al-Gaseem, Saudi Arabia
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49
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Kennedy DG, McCracken RJ, Cannavan A, Hewitt SA. Use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in the analysis of residues of antibiotics in meat and milk. J Chromatogr A 1998; 812:77-98. [PMID: 9691310 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The advent of affordable LC-MS systems has led to a massive increase in a number of publications describing quantitative methods for the analysis and confirmation of veterinary drug residues. The lack of volatility and thermal instability of many antibiotics makes LC-MS the method of choice for their analysis. In the review, analytical methods for the determination of residues of each of the major classes of antibiotics are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Kennedy
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland, Northern Ireland, UK
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50
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Hoogenboom L, Kuiper H. The use of in vitro models for assessing the presence and safety of residues of xenobiotics in food. Trends Food Sci Technol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-2244(97)01025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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