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Wang X, Ji X, Cai T, Guo M. Mechanistic Insight of Polymer Effects on the Kinetic of Solution-Mediated Phase Transformation of Nitrofurantoin Anhydrate to Monohydrate. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1587-1598. [PMID: 37059941 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nitrofurantoin is an effective antibacterial drug for the treatment of lower urinary tract infection. However, the anhydrate form can easily transform to the less soluble hydrate form (monohydrate) during dissolution, resulting in a reduction of dissolution rate and oral bioavailability. Therefore, inhibition of phase transformation is vital to stabilize the quality of drugs. METHODS In this work, the potential of polyethylene glycol (PEG 8000), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP K30), poloxamer 188 and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) to inhibit the hydration of nitrofurantoin during dissolution was investigated by experimental and simulation approaches. RESULTS The rates of phase transformation were decreased in the presence of PEG 8000 and poloxamer 188, and PVP K30 and HPMC completely inhibited the phase transformation of anhydrate. The abundant hydrogen bond donor and acceptor groups of PVP and HPMC may easily establish intermolecular interactions with nitrofurantoin molecules, accounting for stronger inhibition of nucleation. Besides, the molecular dynamic simulation further indicated the formation of more extensive interactions between PVP K30 (or HPMC) and the (111) face of monohydrate, suggesting that the strong absorption of polymers on the surface and thus block the sites for incorporation of new growth. CONCLUSION This study provides a mechanistic insight into the inhibition of nitrofurantoin hydration by polymeric additives, which helps design formulations and improve the physical stability of anhydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiaohong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ting Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Minshan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Pacholak A, Zgoła-Grześkowiak A, Kaczorek E. Dynamics of microbial communities during biotransformation of nitrofurantoin. Environ Res 2023; 216:114531. [PMID: 36244438 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to investigate the biodegradation of nitrofurantoin (NFT), a typical nitrofuran antibiotic of potential carcinogenic properties, by two microbial communities derived from distinct environmental niches - mountain stream (NW) and seaport water (SS). The collected environmental samples represent the reserve of the protected area with no human intervention and the contaminated area that concentrates intense human activities. The structure, composition, and diversity of the communities were analyzed at three timepoints during NFT biodegradation. Comamonadaceae (43.2%) and Pseudomonadaceae (19.6%) were the most abundant families in the initial NW sample. The top families in the initial SS sample included Aeromonadaceae (31.4%) and Vibrionaceae (25.3%). The proportion of the most abundant families in both consortia was remarkably reduced in all samples treated with NFT. The biodiversity significantly increased in both consortia treated with NFT suggesting that NFT significantly alters community structure in the aquatic systems. In this study, NFT removal efficiency and transformation products were also studied. The biodegradation rate decreased with the increasing initial NFT concentration. Biodegradation followed similar pathways for both consortia and led to the formation of transformation products: 1-aminohydantoin, semicarbazide (SEM), and hydrazine (HYD). SEM and HYD were detected for the first time as NFT biotransformation products. This study demonstrates that the structure of the microbial community may be directly correlated with the presence of NFT. Enchanced biodiversity of the microbial community does not have to be correlated with increase in functional capacity, such as the ability to biodegradation because higher biodiversity corresponded to lower biodegradation. Our findings provide new insights into the effect of NFT contamination on aquatic microbiomes. The study also increases our understanding of the environmental impact of nitrofuran residues and their biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Pacholak
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Poland.
| | | | - Ewa Kaczorek
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Poland
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Li M, Zhe T, Li F, Li R, Bai F, Jia P, Bu T, Xu Z, Wang L. Hybrid structures of cobalt-molybdenum bimetallic oxide embedded in flower-like molybdenum disulfide for sensitive detection of the antibiotic drug nitrofurantoin. J Hazard Mater 2022; 435:129059. [PMID: 35650728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Excessive residues of nitrofurantoin (NFT) can cause serious contamination of water bodies and food, and potential harm to ecosystems and food safety. Given that, rapid and efficient detection of NFT in real samples is of particular importance. MoS2 is a promising electrochemical material for this application. Here, MoS2 was modulated by Metal-organic framework through the interfacial microenvironment to enhance the catalytic activity and carbonized to form Co2Mo3O8 nanosheets with high electrical activity. The resulting Co2Mo3O8/MoS2 hybrid structure can be used to prepare highly sensitive NFT electrochemical sensor. The Co2Mo3O8/MoS2@CC electrochemical sensor exhibits strong electrochemical properties due to its fast electron transfer, excellent electrical conductivity, abundant defect sites, and high redox response. Based on this, this electrochemical sensor exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity for NFT with a wide linear detection range, low detection limit, and high sensitivity. Moreover, the electrode was successfully applied to detect NFT in milk, honey, and tap water, strongly confirming its potential in real samples. This work could furnish the evidence for interfacial microenvironmental regulation of MoS2, and also offer a novel candidate material for NFT sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyan Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Taotao Zhe
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Fan Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Ruixia Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Feier Bai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Pei Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Tong Bu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Zhihao Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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Wang TT, Liu JY, Guo R, An JD, Huo JZ, Liu YY, Shi W, Ding B. Solvothermal Preparation of a Lanthanide Metal-Organic Framework for Highly Sensitive Discrimination of Nitrofurantoin and l-Tyrosine. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123673. [PMID: 34208577 PMCID: PMC8233945 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been rapidly developed for their broad applications in many different chemistry and materials fields. In this work, a multi-dentate building block 5-(4-(tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl)-isophthalic acid (H3L) containing tetrazole and carbolxylate moieties was employed for the synthesis of a two-dimensional (2D) lanthanide MOF [La(HL)(DMF)2(NO3)] (DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide) (1) under solvothermal condition. The fluorescent sensing application of 1 was investigated. 1 exhibits high sensitivity recognition for antibiotic nitrofurantoin (Ksv: 3.0 × 103 M−1 and detection limit: 17.0 μM) and amino acid l-tyrosine (Ksv: 1.4 × 104 M−1 and detection limit: 3.6 μM). This work provides a feasible detection platform of 2D MOFs for highly sensitive discrimination of antibiotics and amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, 393 Binshui West Road, Tianjin 300387, China; (T.-T.W.); (J.-Y.L.); (R.G.); (J.-D.A.); (J.-Z.H.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Jing-Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, 393 Binshui West Road, Tianjin 300387, China; (T.-T.W.); (J.-Y.L.); (R.G.); (J.-D.A.); (J.-Z.H.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Rui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, 393 Binshui West Road, Tianjin 300387, China; (T.-T.W.); (J.-Y.L.); (R.G.); (J.-D.A.); (J.-Z.H.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Jun-Dan An
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, 393 Binshui West Road, Tianjin 300387, China; (T.-T.W.); (J.-Y.L.); (R.G.); (J.-D.A.); (J.-Z.H.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Jian-Zhong Huo
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, 393 Binshui West Road, Tianjin 300387, China; (T.-T.W.); (J.-Y.L.); (R.G.); (J.-D.A.); (J.-Z.H.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Yuan-Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, 393 Binshui West Road, Tianjin 300387, China; (T.-T.W.); (J.-Y.L.); (R.G.); (J.-D.A.); (J.-Z.H.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Correspondence: (W.S.); (B.D.)
| | - Bin Ding
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, 393 Binshui West Road, Tianjin 300387, China; (T.-T.W.); (J.-Y.L.); (R.G.); (J.-D.A.); (J.-Z.H.); (Y.-Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (W.S.); (B.D.)
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Manin AN, Drozd KV, Voronin AP, Churakov AV, Perlovich GL. A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study of Nitrofuran Antibiotics: Crystal Structures, DFT Computations, Sublimation and Solution Thermodynamics. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113444. [PMID: 34198944 PMCID: PMC8201255 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Single crystal of furazolidone (FZL) has been successfully obtained, and its crystal structure has been determined. Common and distinctive features of furazolidone and nitrofurantoin (NFT) crystal packing have been discussed. Combined use of QTAIMC and Hirshfeld surface analysis allowed characterizing the non-covalent interactions in both crystals. Thermophysical characteristics and decomposition of NFT and FZL have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and mass-spectrometry. The saturated vapor pressures of the compounds have been measured using the transpiration method, and the standard thermodynamic functions of sublimation were calculated. It was revealed that the sublimation enthalpy and Gibbs energy of NFT are both higher than those for FZL, but a gain in the crystal lattice energy of NFT is leveled by an entropy increase. The solubility processes of the studied compounds in buffer solutions with pH 2.0, 7.4 and in 1-octanol was investigated at four temperatures from 298.15 to 313.15 K by the saturation shake-flask method. The thermodynamic functions of the dissolution and solvation processes of the studied compounds have been calculated based on the experimental data. Due to the fact that NFT is unstable in buffer solutions and undergoes a solution-mediated transformation from an anhydrate form to monohydrate in the solid state, the thermophysical characteristics and dissolution thermodynamics of the monohydrate were also investigated. It was demonstrated that a combination of experimental and theoretical methods allows performing an in-depth study of the relationships between the molecular and crystal structure and pharmaceutically relevant properties of nitrofuran antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex N. Manin
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Akademicheskaya St., 153045 Ivanovo, Russia; (A.N.M.); (K.V.D.); (A.P.V.)
| | - Ksenia V. Drozd
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Akademicheskaya St., 153045 Ivanovo, Russia; (A.N.M.); (K.V.D.); (A.P.V.)
| | - Alexander P. Voronin
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Akademicheskaya St., 153045 Ivanovo, Russia; (A.N.M.); (K.V.D.); (A.P.V.)
| | - Andrei V. Churakov
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - German L. Perlovich
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Akademicheskaya St., 153045 Ivanovo, Russia; (A.N.M.); (K.V.D.); (A.P.V.)
- Correspondence:
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Rojewska M, Smułek W, Prochaska K, Kaczorek E. Combined Effect of Nitrofurantoin and Plant Surfactant on Bacteria Phospholipid Membrane. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112527. [PMID: 32481761 PMCID: PMC7321062 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the increasing use of antibiotics, measures are being taken to improve their removal from the natural environment. The support of biodegradation with natural surfactants that increase the bioavailability of impurities for microorganisms that degrade them, raises questions about their effect on bacterial cells. In this paper we present analysis of the interaction of nitrofurantoin (NFT) and saponins from the Saponaria officinalis on the environmental bacteria membrane and the model phospholipid membrane mimicking it. A wide perspective of the process is provided with the Langmuir monolayer technique and membrane permeability test with bacteria. The obtained results showed that above critical micelle concentration (CMC), saponin molecules are incorporated into the POPE monolayer, but the NFT impact was ambiguous. What is more, differences in membrane permeability between the cells exposed to NFT in comparison to that of the non-exposed cells were observed above 1.0 CMC for Achromobacter sp. KW1 or above 0.5 CMC for Pseudomonas sp. MChB. In both cases, NFT presence lowered the membrane permeability. Moreover, the Congo red adhesion to the cell membrane also decreased in the presence of a high concentration of surfactants and NFT. The results suggest that saponins are incorporated into the bacteria membrane, but their sugar hydrophilic part remains outside, which modifies the adsorption properties of the cell surface as well as the membrane permeability.
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Polonini H, da Silva SL, Cunha CN, Ferreira ADO, Anagnostou K, Dijkers E. Stability of Azathioprine, Clonidine Hydrochloride, Clopidogrel Bisulfate, Ethambutol Hydrochloride, Griseofulvin, Hydralazine Hydrochloride, Nitrofurantoin, and Thioguanine Oral Suspensions Compounded with SyrSpend SF pH4. Int J Pharm Compd 2020; 24:252-262. [PMID: 32401746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To allow for tailored dosing and overcome swallowing difficulties, compounded liquid medication is often required in pediatric patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the stability of oral suspensions compounded with SyrSpend SF PH4 and the commonly used active pharmaceutical ingredients azathioprine (powder) 50 mg/mL, azathioprine (from tablets) 50 mg/mL, clonidine hydrochloride (powder) 0.1 mg/mL, clopidogrel bisulfate (from tablets) 5 mg/mL, ethambutol hydrochloride (powder) 50 mg/mL, ethambutol hydrochloride (from tablets) 50 mg/mL, ethambutol hydrochloride (powder) 100 mg/mL, griseofulvin (powder) 25 mg/mL, hydralazine hydrochloride (powder) 4 mg/mL, nitrofurantoin (powder) 10 mg/mL, and thioguanine (powder) 2.5 mg/mL. Suspensions were compounded at the concentrations listed above and stored at controlled room and refrigerated temperatures. Stability was assessed by measuring the percentage recovery at 0 day (baseline), and at 7 days, 14 days, 30 days, 60 days, and 90 days. Active pharmaceutical ingredients quantification was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography, via a stability-indicating method. The following oral suspensions compounded using SyrSpend SF PH4 as the vehicle showed a beyond-use date of 90 days when stored both at room or refrigerated temperatures: clonidine hydrochloride 0.1 mg/mL, ethambutol hydrochloride 50 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL, griseofulvin 25 mg/mL, nitrofurantoin 10 mg/mL, and thioguanine 2.5 mg/mL, all compounded from the active pharmaceutical ingredients in powder form. Suspensions compounded using the active pharmaceutical ingredients from tablets presented a lower beyond-use date: 30 days for ethambutol hydrochloride 50 mg/mL and hydralazine hydrochloride 4 mg/mL, stored at both temperatures, and for clopidogrel bisulfate 5 mg/mL when stored only at refrigerated temperature. Azathioprine suspensions showed a beyond-use date of 14 days when compounded using active pharmaceutical ingredients in powder form at both temperatures. This suggests that SyrSpend SF PH4 is suitable for compounding active pharmaceutical ingredients from different pharmacological classes.
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Zhang F, Ma J, Huang S, Li Y. A mechanical stability enhanced luminescence lanthanide MOF test strip encapsulated with polymer net for detecting picric acid and macrodantin. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2020; 228:117816. [PMID: 31771909 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The improper use of organic explosives and antibiotics have brought serious threats to the public health and the environmental safety, exploiting cost-effective and handy luminescent sensors with water stability and high selectivity in monitoring and detecting these hazardous substances are of utmost importance. Herein, we developed a simple yet powerful luminescent test strip sensor in a facile way. As for fabricating this test strip, the filter paper used for filtering lanthanide MOF (Ln-MOF) of [Tb(HIP)(H2O)5]·(H2O)·(HIP)1/2 (Tb-HIP, where HIP is 5-hydroxyisophthalate) powders was firstly recycled, and encapsulated with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymer net. The as-fabricated Tb-HIP test strips exhibit enhanced mechanical stability than the un-encapsulated ones, and show characteristic green emission of Tb3+. These test strips can behave as promising highly selective luminescent probes for picric acid (PA) and macrodantin (MDT) even existence of relevant potentially competing analytes. The detection limit for PA is 0.26 μM, and for MDT is 0.21 μM. In addition, the sensors can be successfully applied to detect PA in the river water samples as well as MDT in serum samples with satisfactory results. More importantly, the Tb-HIP test strips are highly efficient, recyclable luminescence sensors to detect PA and MDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Jinjin Ma
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Shanshan Huang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Yaoyao Li
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
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Kokulnathan T, Chen SM. Robust and selective electrochemical detection of antibiotic residues: The case of integrated lutetium vanadate/graphene sheets architectures. J Hazard Mater 2020; 384:121304. [PMID: 31581009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lutetium vanadate (LuVO4) is a promising material for electrochemical application owing to its good conductivity and electrocatalytic activity. Herein, we demonstrate a facile technique for the synthesis of a LuVO4/ graphene sheet (GRS) nanocomposite where LuVO4 is encapsulated with an ultrathin GRS to form a hierarchical structure (LuVO4/GRS). The resulting hierarchical LuVO4/GRS architecture was characterized by several analytical and spectroscopic techniques. The resultant electrocatalyst shows superior electrochemical sensing for nitrofurantoin (NFT) with a low detection limit (0.001 μM), wide linear range (0.008-256.0 μM) and excellent sensitivity (1.709 μA μM-1 cm-2). It has been demonstrated that the enhanced electrocatalytic performance of LuVO4/GRS nanocomposite is due to their excellent electrical conductivity, suitable surface area, high redox reaction and large number of electron transport. In addition, the LuVO4/GRS nanocomposite exhibited excellent response towards NFT detection with adequate reproducibility, good repeatability, long-term stability and excellent selectivity over its structural analogs and common interferents. Furthermore, the practical applicability of the proposed electrochemical sensor was successfully applied for determination of NFT in environmental samples with satisfactory results. The LuVO4/GRS nanocomposite presented here can serve as a favorable candidate for developing electrochemical sensor and plays an important role in widespread fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangavelu Kokulnathan
- Electroanalysis and Bioelectrochemistry Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No.1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shen-Ming Chen
- Electroanalysis and Bioelectrochemistry Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No.1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC.
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Khan E, Shukla A, Jhariya AN, Tandon P, Vangala VR. Nitrofurantoin-melamine monohydrate (cocrystal hydrate): Probing the role of H-bonding on the structure and properties using quantum chemical calculations and vibrational spectroscopy. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2019; 221:117170. [PMID: 31158769 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cocrystal monohydrate of nitrofurantoin (NF) with melamine (MELA) has been studied as NF is an antibacterial drug used for the treatment of urinary tract infections. The structure of nitrofurantoin-melamine-monohydrate (NF-MELA-H2O) is characterized by FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopy. The energies and vibrational frequencies of the optimized structures calculated using quantum chemical calculations. Supported by normal coordinate analyses and potential energy distributions (PEDs), the complete vibrational assignments recommended for the observed fundamentals of cocrystal hydrate. With the aim of inclusion of all the H-bond interactions, dimer of NF-MELA-H2O has been studied as only two molecules of cocrystal hydrate are present in the unit cell. By the study of dimeric model consistent assignment of the FT-IR and FT-Raman spectrum obtained. H-bonds are of essential importance in an extensive range of molecular sciences. The vibrational analyses depict existence of H-bonding (O-H⋯N) between water O-H and pyridyl N atom of MELA in both monomer and dimer. To probe the strength and nature of H-bonding in monomer and dimer, topological parameters such as electron density (ρBCP), Laplacian of electron density (∇2ρBCP), total electron energy density (HBCP) and H-bond energy (EHB) at bond critical points (BCP) are evaluated by quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM). Natural bond orbitals (NBOs) analyses are carried out to study especially the intra and intermolecular H-bonding and their second order stabilization energy (E(2)). The value of HOMO-LUMO energy band gap for NF-MELA-H2O (monomer and dimer both) is less than NF, showing more chemical reactivity for NF-MELA-H2O. Chemical reactivity has been described with the assistance of electronic descriptors. Global electrophilicity index (ω = 7.3992 eV) shows that NF-MELA-H2O behaves as a strong electrophile than NF. The local reactivity descriptors analyses such as Fukui functions, local softnesses and electrophilicity indices performed to determine the reactive sites within NF-MELA-H2O. In MEP map of NF-MELA (monomer and dimer) electronegative regions are about NO2 and C=O group of NF, although the electropositive regions are around NH2, N-H group and H2O molecule. Molar refractivity (MR) value of NF-MELA-H2O (monomer and dimer) lies within the range set by Lipinski's modified rules. This study could set as an example to study the H-bond interactions in pharmaceutical cocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eram Khan
- Department of Physics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226 007, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anuradha Shukla
- Department of Physics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226 007, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aditya N Jhariya
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering Science and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Poonam Tandon
- Department of Physics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226 007, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Venu R Vangala
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering Science and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, United Kingdom.
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Balasubramanian P, Annalakshmi M, Chen SM, Sathesh T, Balamurugan TST. Ultrasonic energy-assisted preparation of β-cyclodextrin-carbon nanofiber composite: Application for electrochemical sensing of nitrofurantoin. Ultrason Sonochem 2019; 52:391-400. [PMID: 30591361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A simple ultrasonic energy assisted synthesis of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) supported carbon nanofiber composite (CNF) and its potential application in electrochemical sensing of antibiotic nitrofurantoin (NFT) is reported. The elemental composition and surface morphology of the β-CD/CNF composite was validated through Field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The uniform enfolding of hydrophilic β-CD over CNF enhance the aqueous dispersion and offer abundant active surface to the β-CD/CNF composite. Further, the electrocatalytic efficacy of the β-CD/CNF composite is utilized to fabricate an electrochemical sensor for the high sensitive quantitative detection of NFT. Under optimized analytical conditions, the sensor displays a broad working range of 0.004-308 µM and calculated detection limit of 1.8 nM, respectively. In addition, the sensor showcased a good selectivity, storage, and working stability, with amiable reproducibility. The point-of-care applicability of the sensor was demonstrated with NFT spiked human blood serum and urine sample with reliable analytical performance. The simple, cost-effective NFT sensor based on β-CD/CNF offered outstanding analytical performance in real-world samples with higher reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramasivam Balasubramanian
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Muthaiah Annalakshmi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Tamilarasan Sathesh
- Department of Energy and Refrigerating Air-Conditioning Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - T S T Balamurugan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, No.1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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12
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Biošić M, Škorić I, Beganović J, Babić S. Nitrofurantoin hydrolytic degradation in the environment. Chemosphere 2017; 186:660-668. [PMID: 28818593 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence of pharmaceuticals, especially antibiotics in the environment increased attention to their environmental fate. Hydrolysis is one of two abiotic processes by which compounds are degraded in the environment. According to authors knowledge this is the first study investigating hydrolytic degradation of nitrofurantoin at pH-values normally found in the environment. Nitrofurantoin hydrolytic degradation appeared to be much slower at acidic (pH 4) solution compared to neutral (pH 7) and alkaline (pH 9) solutions at all three investigated temperatures (20 °C, 40 °C and 60 °C). In all cases nitrofurantoin hydrolysis followed the first-order kinetics with half-lives ranged from 0.5 days at pH 9 and 60 °C to 3.9 years at pH 4 and 20 °C. Temperature dependence of the hydrolysis rate constant was quantified by Arrhenius equation; obtained Ea values were as follows: 100.7 kJ mol-1 at pH 4, 111.2 kJ mol-1 at pH 7 and 102.3 kJ mol-1 at pH 9. Increase in hydrolysis rate constants for each 10 °C increase in temperature were 3.4, 3.9 and 3.5 at pH 4, pH 7 and pH 9, respectively. The structures of hydrolytic degradation products were determined and degradation pathways were suggested. Three main processes occurred depending on pH-values: protonation of the nitrofurantoin followed by cleavage of the NN single bond, heterocyclic non-aromatic ring cleavage, and reduction of the non-aromatic heterocyclic ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Biošić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Irena Škorić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasmina Beganović
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sandra Babić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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13
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Ferreira AO, Polonini HC, Loures da Silva S, Cerqueira de Melo VA, de Andrade L, Brandão MAF. Stability of Alprazolam, Atropine Sulfate, Glutamine, Levofloxacin, Metoprolol Tartrate, Nitrofurantoin, Ondansetron Hydrochloride, Oxandrolone, Pregabaline, and Riboflavin in SyrSpend SF pH4 Oral Suspensions. Int J Pharm Compd 2017; 21:255-263. [PMID: 28557789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the stability of 10 commonly used active pharmaceutical ingredients compounded in oral suspensions using an internationally used suspending vehicle (SyrSpend SF PH4): alprazolam 1.0 mg/mL, atropine sulfate 0.1 mg/mL, glutamine 250.0 mg/mL, levofloxacin 50.0 mg/mL, metoprolol tartrate 10.0 mg/mL, nitrofurantoin 2.0 mg/mL, ondansetron hydrochloride 0.8 mg/mL, oxandrolone 3.0 mg/mL, pregabaline 20.0 mg/mL, riboflavin 10.0 mg/mL. All suspensions were stored at both controlled refrigeration (2°C to 8°C) and controlled room temperature (20°C to 25°C). Stability was assessed by measuring the percent recovery at varying time points throughout a 90-day period. Active pharmaceutical ingredients quantification was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography via a stability-indicating method. Given the percentage of recovery of the active pharmaceutical ingredients within the suspensions, the beyond-use date of the final products (active pharmaceutical ingredients + vehicle) was at least 90 days for all suspensions with regard to both temperatures. This suggests that the vehicle is stable for compounding active pharmaceutical ingredients from different pharmacological classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson O Ferreira
- Ortofarma-Quality Control Laboratories, Matias Barbosa, MG, Brazil. anderson@ortofarma
- Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Hudson C Polonini
- Ortofarma-Quality Control Laboratories, Matias Barbosa, MG, Brazil
- Universidade Presidente Antônio Carlos (Unipac-JF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Victor Augusto Cerqueira de Melo
- Ortofarma-Quality Control Laboratories, Matias Barbosa, MG, Brazil
- Universidade Presidente Antônio Carlos (Unipac-JF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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14
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Jain R, Dwivedi A, Mishra R. Stripping voltammetric behaviour of toxic drug nitrofurantoin. J Hazard Mater 2009; 169:667-672. [PMID: 19409697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.03.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and reproducible squarewave cathodic adsorptive stripping voltammetric method has been developed for the determination of nitrofurantoin in solubilized system. The objective of the present paper is to investigate the redox behaviour of nitrofurantoin by using different voltammetric techniques and to establish the methodology for its determination in the presence of surfactants. Voltammograms of the drug with cetrimide in phosphate buffers of pH 2-11 exhibited a single well-defined reduction peak which may be attributed to the reduction of -NO(2) group. The reduction process is irreversible over the entire pH range studied. The mechanism of reduction has been postulated on the basis of controlled potential electrolysis, coulometry and spectral analysis. The proposed SWCAdSV voltammetric method allows the determination of nitrofurantoin in linear concentration range 2 x 10(-5) to 1 x 10(-7) mol L(-1). The lower limit of detection (LOD) and lower limit of quantification (LOQ) are 0.06 and 0.27 ng/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Jain
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, India.
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15
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Abstract
We studied four granulation methods on the same quantitative and qualitative formula: wet massing by forced agglomeration (Lödige) and free agglomeration (Glatt); and dry massing by slugging and roller compaction technique. Three different particle sizes of nitrofurantoin (bioinequivalent drug) were used. The nitrofurantoin particle size has a very low influence on the physical characteristics of the granules. The granulating process influenced the binding of the particles. Granules processed using the wet granulating method were harder than those made by dry process. Lödige granules were more bonded than Glatt granules. Granules prepared by dry massing presented broken particles. The surface area and the porosity of Glatt granules were the most important parameters. Dissolution studies must be effected to make a correlation between the physical results and the dissolution rates. It is necessary to effect a new validation and a comparison of the results when a new granulating apparatus is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Arnaud
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Avenue de I'Université, B.P. 97-76803, Saint Etienne Du Rouvray, France
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16
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Khattab IS. Studies on development of insoluble drugs as pharmaceutical suspensions by response surface methodology. Pharmazie 2008; 63:726-730. [PMID: 18972834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The preformulation of insoluble drugs, trimethoprim and nitrofurantoin, was studied in order to achieve a suspension with desirable requirements. The objective of the formulator is to avoid the irreversible aggregation called "caking", and to obtain a suspension with an airy, large volume sediment easily redispersible and with suitable rheological properties. An experimental design useful to determine optimal properties is a Box-Behnken design. The surfactant, thickener and electrolyte at different proportions were the three factors studied. This strategy allows to point on the main significant effect and to determine the concentrations of each product leading to optimal properties of the suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Khattab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
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17
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Abstract
Traditional monitoring of pharmaceutical manufacturing combines physical sampling and analytical methodologies (e.g. HPLC). Process analytical technology (PAT) can be implemented to collect real-time measurements, although successful monitoring requires that sampling be representative. The maximum spot size for a spectroscopic tool (e.g. near-infrared; Raman) should be equivalent to a single dosage size. A smaller spot size may provide a PAT tool that is sensitive to monitoring process changes, but if too small, produces non-reproducible data. The current study uses chemical imaging to determine appropriate spot size. A chemical image is an array of pixels which maps the chemical composition of the sample. "Macropixel Analysis" is introduced as a measure of image heterogeneity based on clusters of pixels (macropixels) within near-infrared chemical images. Analyses were conducted using non-overlapping tiles of macropixels (Discrete-Level Tiling) and all possible macropixels of the image (Continuous-Level Moving Block). Both methods minimize the variance between macropixel intensities by varying the size of the macropixels. Spot size is then chosen as the minimum macropixel size for which the range of macropixel intensities falls within an acceptable criterion. Both imaging-based algorithms provide useful quantitative information about the heterogeneity of pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen L Hamad
- Division of Product Quality Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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18
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Aaltonen J, Strachan CJ, Pöllänen K, Yliruusi J, Rantanen J. Hyphenated spectroscopy as a polymorph screening tool. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44:477-83. [PMID: 17367979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2006] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polymorph screening of a model compound (nitrofurantoin) was performed. Nitrofurantoin was crystallized from acetone-water mixtures with varying process parameters. Two anhydrate forms (alpha and beta) and one monohydrate form (II) were crystallized in the polymorph screen. The solid forms were analyzed with three complementary spectroscopic techniques: near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and terahertz pulsed spectroscopy (TPS), and the results of the solid phase analysis were verified with X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD). NIR and Raman spectroscopy were coupled to achieve a rapid and comprehensive method of solid phase analysis. The hyphenated NIR/Raman spectroscopic data were analyzed with a multivariate method, principal component analysis (PCA). The combination was found effective in screening solid forms due to the complementary characteristics of the methods. NIR spectroscopy is powerful in differentiating between anhydrate and hydrate forms and intermolecular features, whereas Raman spectroscopy is sensitive to intramolecular alterations in the molecular backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Aaltonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, P.O. Box 56, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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19
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Aaltonen J, Heinänen P, Peltonen L, Kortejärvi H, Tanninen VP, Christiansen L, Hirvonen J, Yliruusi J, Rantanen J. In Situ Measurement of Solvent-Mediated Phase Transformations During Dissolution Testing. J Pharm Sci 2006; 95:2730-7. [PMID: 16892206 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, solvent-mediated phase transformations of theophylline (TP) and nitrofurantoin (NF) were measured in a channel flow intrinsic dissolution test system. The test set-up comprised simultaneous measurement of drug concentration in the dissolution medium (with UV-Vis spectrophotometry) and measurement of the solid-state form of the dissolving solid (in situ with Raman spectroscopy). The solid phase transformations were also investigated off-line with scanning electron microscopy. TP anhydrate underwent a transformation to TP monohydrate, and NF anhydrate (form beta) to NF monohydrate (form II). Transformation of TP anhydrate to TP monohydrate resulted in a clear decrease in the dissolution rate, while the transformation of NF anhydrate (form beta) to NF monohydrate (form II) could not be linked as clearly to changes in the dissolution rate. The transformation of TP was an order of magnitude faster than that of NF. The presence of a water absorbing excipient, microcrystalline cellulose, was found to delay the onset of the transformation of TP anhydrate. Combining the measurement of drug concentration in the dissolution medium with the solid phase measurement offers a deeper understanding of the solvent-mediated phase transformation phenomena during dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Aaltonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, P.O. Box 56, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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20
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Jørgensen AC, Miroshnyk I, Karjalainen M, Jouppila K, Siiriä S, Antikainen O, Rantanen J. Multivariate data analysis as a fast tool in evaluation of solid state phenomena. J Pharm Sci 2006; 95:906-16. [PMID: 16493589 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A thorough understanding of solid state properties is of growing importance. It is often necessary to apply multiple techniques offering complementary information to fully understand the solid state behavior of a given compound and the relations between various polymorphic forms. The vast amount of information generated can be overwhelming and the need for more effective data analysis tools is well recognized. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of multivariate data analysis, in particular principal component analysis (PCA), for fast analysis of solid state information. The data sets analyzed covered dehydration phenomena of a set of hydrates followed by variable temperature X-ray powder diffractometry and Raman spectroscopy and the crystallization of amorphous lactose monitored by Raman spectroscopy. Identification of different transitional states upon the dehydration enabled the molecular level interpretation of the structural changes related to the loss of water, as well as interpretation of the phenomena related to the crystallization. The critical temperatures or critical time points were identified easily using the principal component analysis. The variables (diffraction angles or wavenumbers) that changed could be identified by the careful interpretation of the loadings plots. The PCA approach provides an effective tool for fast screening of solid state information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cecilia Jørgensen
- The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Karjalainen M, Airaksinen S, Rantanen J, Aaltonen J, Yliruusi J. Characterization of polymorphic solid-state changes using variable temperature X-ray powder diffraction. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 39:27-32. [PMID: 16085131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2004] [Revised: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to use variable temperature X-ray powder diffraction (VT-XRPD) to understand the solid-state changes in the pharmaceutical materials during heating. The model compounds studied were sulfathiazole, theophylline and nitrofurantoin. This study showed that the polymorph form of sulfathiazole SUTHAZ01 was very stable and SUTHAZ02 changed as a function of temperature to SUTHAZ01. Theophylline monohydrate changed via its metastable form to its anhydrous form during heating and nitrofurantoin monohydrate changed via amorphous form to its anhydrous form during heating. The crystallinity of SUTHAZ01, SUTHAZ02 and theophylline monohydrate were very high and stable. Nitrofurantoin monohydrate was also very crystalline at room temperature but during heating at lower temperatures the crystallinity decreased and started to increase strongly at the temperature where the sample had changed to the anhydrous form. The average crystallite size of sulfathiazole samples varied only a little during heating. The average crystallite size of both theophylline and nitrofurantoin monohydrate decreased during heating. However, the average crystallite size of nitrofurantoin monohydrate returned back to starting size at higher temperatures. These analyses showed that VT-XRPD can be used to effectively characterize polymorphic changes during heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milja Karjalainen
- Pharmaceutical Technology Division, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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22
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Zhang QM, Ge JH, Mai ED, Su QZ, Chen J. [Continuous in situ monitoring of the dissolution rate of solid pharmaceutical preparations using a multiple channel fiber-optic chemical sensor]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2003; 38:294-7. [PMID: 12889132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM To study the dissolution rate of solid pharmaceutical preparation on-line, a multiple channel fiber-optic chemical sensor based on fluorescence multiple quenching (FOCSMQ) without filtering and sampling was made. METHODS Using the multiple channel FOCSMQ linked with computer, the dissolution rates of ofloxacin tablets, metronidazole tablets and nitrofurantoin tablets were monitored continuously on-line. The instrument can give the sample data, display the real time curve and calculate the T1/2 and td automatically. A computer was used to select the best function from five common fitting models to fit the dissolution curve. RESULTS The average recoveries of the FOCSMQ method were 97.4%-104.4%, 97.4%-103.8% and 96.6%-102.1%. The RSDs (n = 6) of within-day and between-day were less than 5%. The parameters of the dissolution and all results of measurement using the instrument have no significant difference compared with the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (ChP) (2000) method and the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) (23) method (P > 0.05). It does not need sampling and dilution, and never contaminate sample. It can shorten time of the experiment. CONCLUSION The method is simple, rapid and reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-mei Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
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23
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Alhamami OMO. The effects of some physico-chemical factors and pharmaceutical excipients on the bioavailability of nitrofurantoin oily and aqueous suspensions in rats. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2002; 28:305-16. [PMID: 12026223 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-120002846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The effects of some physico-chemical factors and various excipients, i.e., sucrose, aluminum stearate, hydrogenated castor oil, Cab-o-sil, and lecithin, either alone or in combination, from suspensions in fractionated coconut oil and distilled water have been investigated. In vitro drug release studies were performed according to the flask-stirrer method. In addition to adsorption and solubility studies, determination of partition coefficients and rheological measurements have been carried out. The experimental design was based on an 8x8 latin square using rats as the test animals. The results of the study showed that the rate and extent of absorption of nitrofurantoin are decreased significantly by the use of an oil' rather than an aqueous vehicle. In vitro drug release data showed some correlation with in vivo parameters, and also with the apparent viscosity of the vehicles. However, no correlation was detectable between in vivo parameters and the apparent viscosity of the vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omran M O Alhamami
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Amman University, Jordan.
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24
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Gerk PM, Hanson L, Neville MC, McNamara PJ. Sodium dependence of nitrofurantoin active transport across mammary epithelia and effects of dipyridamole, nucleosides, and nucleobases. Pharm Res 2002; 19:299-305. [PMID: 11934237 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014495018640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The sodium dependence and effects of nucleoside and nucleobase transport inhibitors were determined to ascertain the role of sodium dependent nucleoside or nucleobase transporters in nitrofurantoin active transport across mammary epithelia. METHODS Five lactating female rats received steady-state intravenous infusions of nitrofurantoin with and without the broad-based inhibitor dipyridamole. In the CIT3 murine model of lactation, 14C-nitrofurantoin basolateral to apical permeability was examined in the presence of varying sodium concentrations, purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleobases, and dipyridamole. RESULTS Dipyridamole effectively inhibited 14C-nitrofurantoin flux across CIT3 cells, with Ki = 0.78 microM (95% C.I. = 0.11 to 5.3 microM) and significantly decreased the milk-to-serum ratio of nitrofurantoin from 29.2 +/- 5.0 to 11.0 +/- 6.3 without changing systemic clearance. Nitrofurantoin active transport was significantly inhibited by complete sodium replacement. Adenosine and guanosine significantly inhibited nitrofurantoin permeability (54.5 +/- 2.6 (microl/hr)/cm2 and 50.7 +/- 0.6 (microl/hr)/cm2, respectively, vs. control 90.5 +/- 4.6 (microl/hr)/cm2) but uridine, thymidine, and the nucleobases had no effect. CONCLUSIONS Nitrofurantoin active transport was sodium dependent and inhibited by dipyridamole, adenosine, and guanosine, but known sodium dependent nucleoside or nucleobase transporters were not involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip M Gerk
- University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Science Lexington, 40536-0082, USA
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25
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Miller C, Folkes LK, Mottley C, Wardman P, Mason RP. Revisiting the interaction of the radical anion metabolite of nitrofurantoin with glutathione. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 397:113-8. [PMID: 11747317 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There have been several conflicting reports as to the scavenging nature of glutathione toward the nitro radical anion of the drug nitrofurantoin. We produced the radical anion enzymatically using the xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine system at pH 7.4 and pH 9.0 in the presence of various levels of glutathione from 10 to 100 mM and monitored any changes in the radical concentration via electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Independent of glutathione concentration, there was no decrease in the steady-state concentration of the radical. In fact, there was an average 30% increase in the concentration of the radical anion, which suggests enhanced enzyme activity in the presence of glutathione (GSH). These results, together with observations of the effects of glutathione on the stability of the radical anion generated by radiolysis or dithionite, rule out any detectable reaction between the nitrofurantoin radical anion and GSH under physiologically relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Miller
- Department of Chemistry, John Carroll University, Cleveland, Ohio 44118, USA.
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26
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Bettini R, Catellani PL, Santi P, Massimo G, Peppas NA, Colombo P. Translocation of drug particles in HPMC matrix gel layer: effect of drug solubility and influence on release rate. J Control Release 2001; 70:383-91. [PMID: 11182208 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(00)00366-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the release mechanisms of drugs having different solubility (buflomedil pyridoxalphosphate 65%, sodium diclofenac 3.1%, nitrofutantoin 0.02% w/v,) from hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) matrices by concomitantly studying swelling, diffusion and erosion fronts movement and drug delivery. The main goal was to clarify the role played by polymer swelling in drug transport. The results showed that the rate and amount of drug released from swellable matrices was dependent not only from drug dissolution and diffusion but also from solid drug translocation in the gel due to polymer swelling. In fact, as drug solubility decreased, the slower drug dissolution rate in the gel layer allowed drug particles to be transported close to the matrix erosion front. The presence of solid particles in the gel reduced the swelling and the entanglement of polymer chains and affected the resistance of gel towards erosion. As a consequence, the matrix became more erodible. The erosive delivery accelerated after the matrix had been completely transformed into the rubbery state, particularly when a considerable amount of solid drug particles remained in the gel phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bettini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43100 Parma, Italy
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27
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Núñez-Vergara LJ, Sturm JC, Olea-Azar C, Navarrete-Encina P, Bollo S, Squella JA. Electrochemical, UV--visible and EPR studies on nitrofurantoin: nitro radical anion generation and its interaction with glutathione. Free Radic Res 2000; 32:399-409. [PMID: 10766408 DOI: 10.1080/10715760000300401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper deals with the reactivity of the nitro radical anion electrochemically generated from nitrofurantoin with glutathione. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and controlled potential electrolysis were used to generate the nitro radical anion in situ and in bulk solution, respectively and cyclic voltammetry, UV--Visible and EPR spectroscopy were used to characterize the electrochemically formed radical and to study its interaction with GSH. By cyclic voltammetry on a hanging mercury drop electrode, the formation of the nitro radical anion was possible in mixed media (0.015M aqueous citrate/DMF, 40/60, pH 9) and in aprotic media. A second order decay of the radicals was determined, with a k2 value of 201 and 111 M(-1) s(-1), respectively. Controlled potential electrolysis generated the radical and its detection by cyclic voltammetry, UV--Visible and EPR spectroscopy was possible. When glutathione (GSH) was added to the solution, an unambiguous decay in the signals corresponding to a nitro radical anion were observed and using a spin trapping technique, a thiyl radical was detected. Electrochemical and spectroscopic data indicated that it is possible to generate the nitro radical anion from nitrofurantoin in solution and that GSH scavenged this reactive species, in contrast with other authors, which previously reported no interaction between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Núñez-Vergara
- Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago.
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28
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Abstract
Tablets manufactured from micronized anhydrous nitrofurantoin exhibited unsatisfactory dissolution properties, whereas excellent results were obtained with unmilled drug material having fine particle size.
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29
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Vachálková A, Novotný L. Polarographic testing of carcinogenicity of some chemotherapeutics. Neoplasma 1998; 44:389-94. [PMID: 9605013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This work is devoted to the study of polarographic reduction of three antibiotic compounds including adriamycin, chloramphenicol and erythromycin and of a synthetic antibacterial chemotherapeutic compound--5-nitrofurantoin. The polarographic reduction was performed in the strictly anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide with or without alpha-lipoic acid (LA) by the means of DC polarography. The values of half-wave potentials E1/2 and parameter of potential carcinogenicity were determined for the all compounds. Adriamycin was reduced during the five-step process, other compounds were reduced in two steps. The presence of LA in a polarographic solution resulted in a new polarographic one-electron wave in the range of -1.120 V to -1.790 V vs. SCE possessing a diffuse and reversible character. Its height is linearly dependent on the LA concentration in solution. The highest parameter of potential carcinogenicity tg alpha was determined for adriamycin (0.575) which belongs among compounds classified by WHO as "probably carcinogenic to humans". The lowest determined value of parameter tg alpha belonged to 5-nitrofurantoin (0.290) which has not yet been included into the IARC classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vachálková
- Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava
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30
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Rácz I, Marton S, Antal I, Plachy J, Csóka G. [Role of mass transfer processes in drug formulation]. Acta Pharm Hung 1996; 66:105-10. [PMID: 8975536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Authors call attention on the possibilities that drug release from solid preparations can be influenced by solubility and dissolution rate according to the clinical requirements regarding the duration of action. The therapeutic time interval may be modulated influencing the rate of absorption by controlling dissolution rate and changing the transport through the membranes. The results obtained from dissolution, absorption and efficacy studies of the evaluated active substances (magnesium oxide, metoprolol, nitrofurantoin) demonstrate the significance of mass transfer processes in the drug formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rácz
- Semmelweis Orvostudományi Egyetem Gyógyszerészeti Intézet
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31
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Gallardo V, Ruiz MA, Vera P, Gonzalez-Caballero F, Delgado AV. Effect of amino acids on the stability properties of nitrofurantoin suspensions. Flocculation and redispersion compared with interaction energy curves. J Pharm Pharmacol 1996; 48:450-5. [PMID: 8799866 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1996.tb05953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the addition of amino acids, lysine, alanine and glutamic acid on the properties of nitrofurantoin suspensions was investigated. Flocculation and redispersability was investigated, taking into account the electrical properties of the nitrofurantoin/solution interface. We conclude that lysine and glutamic acid, but not alanine, would be suitable amino acids for control of the stability of nitrofurantoin suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gallardo
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Spain
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32
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Karasulu HY, Ertan G, Günerï T. 3(3) factorial design-based optimization of the formulation of nitrofurantoin microcapsules. Pharm World Sci 1996; 18:20-5. [PMID: 8861827 DOI: 10.1007/bf00449685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A microcapsule form of nitrofurantoin was prepared by a simple coacervation method with carboxymethylcellulose and aluminium sulfate. 3(3) factorial design was performed for three independent variables, namely, the particle size of the drug, the size of the microcapsules and the pH of the dissolution medium. The dissolution tests with the formulated microcapsules were carried out according to the United States Pharmacopeia XXII rotating basket method at pH 1.2, 5, and 7.5, which represent the pH of gastrointestinal fluids. Release data were examined kinetically and the ideal kinetic models were estimated and t(63.2) values obtained from RRSBW distribution were used in the factorial design experiment. The influence of the independent variables on the dissolution of nitrofurantoin microcapsules could be expressed as the pH of the dissolution medium > particle size of the microcapsule > particle size of nitrofurantoin. The other aim of this study was to evaluate microcapsule formulation in terms of the United States Pharmacopeia criteria with a minimum of experiments. Our findings suggest that dosage forms which comply with the pharmacopoeia criteria for dissolution can be prepared and selected by factorial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Karasulu
- Ege University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Izmir, Turkey
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33
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Neervannan S, Dias LS, Southard MZ, Stella VJ. A convective-diffusion model for dissolution of two non-interacting drug mixtures from co-compressed slabs under laminar hydrodynamic conditions. Pharm Res 1994; 11:1288-95. [PMID: 7816758 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018942411536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A numerical convective-diffusion dissolution model has been extended to describe dissolution of two neutral non-interacting drugs co-compressed in a slab geometry. The model predicted the experimental dissolution rates of naproxen/phenytoin mixtures and hydrocortisone/nitrofurantoin mixtures quite accurately, except for phenytoin in the naproxen/phenytoin mixture at low weight proportions. A non-linear dependence of dissolution rate on weight proportion with a positive deviation from linearity was observed. An increase in flow rate increased the dissolution rate and the cube-root dependency of dissolution rate on the flow rate for a given weight proportion of the component in the slab, as proposed earlier by Shah and Nelson for pure compounds, was also observed here, suggesting that the changes in dissolution profile were caused by changes in surface area only. As expected from the model an increase in particle size of the powders used to make the slab decreased the dissolution rate. This was explained by an increase in the average length of the component resulting in a bigger 'carryover' of material from one section of the component in the slab to the next section of the same component, due to convection, and hence lower flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Neervannan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045
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Ertan G, Sarigüllü I, Karasulu Y, Erçakir K, Güneri T. Sustained-release dosage form of nitrofurantoin. Part 1. Preparation of microcapsules and in vitro release kinetics. J Microencapsul 1994; 11:127-35. [PMID: 8006759 DOI: 10.3109/02652049409040443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A new sustained-release dosage form of nitrofurantoin as microcapsules was prepared by carboxymethylcellulose-aluminium sulphate simple coacervation technique. In vitro release studies for microcapsules and their formulated hard gelatin capsule and tablet forms were performed. Release rates were studied as functions of core: wall ratios and the particle sizes of the microcapsules. Dissolution tests of microcapsules and their dosage forms were studied in simulated gastric and intestinal media without enzyme using the USP XXI basket method. Release data were examined kinetically and the ideal kinetic models were estimated for drug release. In addition, optical and electron scanning microscopic works were carried out on the microcapsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ertan
- University of Ege, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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35
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Otsuka M, Matsuda Y. Effect of environmental humidity on the transformation pathway of nitrofurantoin modifications during grinding and the physicochemical properties of ground products. J Pharm Pharmacol 1993; 45:406-13. [PMID: 8099957 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1993.tb05566.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The effect of humidity on the physicochemical properties of nitrofurantoin anhydrate and monohydrate during grinding in a humidity-controlled system was investigated using X-ray diffraction analysis, IR spectroscopy, thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Anhydrate and monohydrate were transformed into a noncrystalline solid and a stable monohydrate, respectively, during grinding in a closed system. During grinding in an open system, in which the humidity level of the air was controlled (5, 50 and 75% r.h.), the anhydrate absorbed moisture from the supplied air and water content was increased at 75% r.h.; thereafter the compound was transformed into monohydrate II. The anhydrate did not absorb at 5 or 50% r.h. and was transformed into a noncrystalline solid. Monohydrate I desorbed crystal water during grinding at 5% r.h. and was transformed into a noncrystalline solid. However, monohydrate I was transformed into monohydrate II at 50 and 75% r.h. without desorption of crystal water. These results suggest that the solid-state transformation of nitrofurantoin during grinding depends upon the environmental humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Otsuka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kobe Women's College of Pharmacy, Japan
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36
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Abstract
In-vitro interaction of nitrofurantoin with V. cholerae DNA resulted in a quenching and red spectral shift of the drug absorption pattern. Scatchard analysis revealed that the drug binding involved more than one processes and that the strongest mode of binding was characterised by an association constant (k) of 5.04 x 10(6) M-1 and the number of binding sites per nucleotide (n) of 0.015. Based on viscosity measurements, the mode of drug binding to DNA appeared to be through intercalation, the helix unwinding angle of supercoiled plasmid pBR322 DNA being 10 degrees. Nitrofurantoin binding to DNA resulted in an elevation of the thermal melting temperature (Tm) of DNA by 6 degrees C and inhibition of the action of DNase on DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Mukherjee
- Biophysics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Calcutta, India
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37
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Abstract
The dissolution behavior of nitrofurantoin anhydrate and monohydrate in JP XI, second fluid (pH 6.8) was investigated at various temperatures using a dispersed-amount method and a rotating-disk method. The initial dissolution process of the monohydrate obtained by the rotating-disk method followed the Noyes-Whitney-Nernst equation, but that of the anhydrate did not. The initial dissolution process of the anhydrate was analyzed by a dissolution kinetics equation involving the phase transformation process from anhydrate to monohydrate. The maximal concentration, the dissolution rate constant, and the rate constant of the phase transition process were estimated. The thermodynamic parameters for the dissolution processes of the anhydrate and monohydrate were obtained from van't Hoff plots and Arrhenius plots, respectively. The results of the intrinsic solubility and dissolution parameters of anhydrate and monohydrate suggest the possibility that the difference in the dissolution rates of the anhydrate and monohydrate affect the bioavailability of nitrofurantoin preparation. Information on the dissolution behavior of nitrofurantoin pseudopolymorphs is therefore useful for designing high-quality preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Otsuka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kobe Women's College of Pharmacy, Japan
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Otsuka M, Teraoka R, Matsuda Y. Physicochemical stability of nitrofurantoin anhydrate and monohydrate under various temperature and humidity conditions. Pharm Res 1991; 8:1066-8. [PMID: 1924162 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015825628530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Otsuka
- Kobe Women's College of Pharmacy, Japan
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39
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Symons T, Tocher JH, Tocher DA, Edwards DI. Electrochemical studies of nitroheterocyclic compounds of biological interest. VII. Effect of electrode material. Free Radic Res Commun 1991; 14:33-40. [PMID: 2022344 DOI: 10.3109/10715769109088939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical behaviour of three nitrofuran compounds, nitrofurazone, nitrofurantoin and furazolidone, has been studied in three solvent types; aprotic, aqueous and mixed, and at four working electrodes. Particular attention has focused on the 1-electron RNO2/RNO2.- couple as measured by the cyclic voltammetric mode. Using Hg in aqueous buffer, reduction of the NO2 group proceeds directly to the hydroxylamine with no intermediate stages being identified. Addition of an aprotic solvent gave a 2-stage reduction, initially forming the RNO2.- species. At all solid electrodes, however, the RNO2/RNO2.- couple was identified under simple aqueous conditions. The switch to a mixed aqueous/aprotic solvent medium produced only minor changes in the response compared with the situation on Hg. This presents the opportunity of using nitrofuran complexes as model systems for the redox behaviour of nitro aromatic compounds in general at solid electrode surfaces where the latters' more negative reduction potentials makes direct study difficult. The conditions have been defined whereby we can examine pH effects and RNO2.- biological target interactions in simple aqueous media to allow the further refinement of the electrolytic model system for studying bio-reducible drug action.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Symons
- Chemotherapy Research Unit, Polytechnic of East London
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40
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Gallardo V, Ruiz MA, Parera A, Delgado AV. A DSC study of the chemical stability of nitrofurantoin in pharmaceutical suspensions. Pharmazie 1990; 45:633-4. [PMID: 2080218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V Gallardo
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Spain
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41
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Nitrofurantoin. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 1990; 50:211-31. [PMID: 2292800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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42
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Abstract
Dissolution profiles were determined for nine methenamine, 14 nitrofurantoin, and six chlorothiazide dosage forms using a dissolution simulator. Various in vivo-in vitro correlations were examined. The best correlation for methenamine was between the maximum urinary excretion rate and the time for 15% dissolution. A good correlation for the 50-mg nitrofurantoin tablets was also found between cumulative percent of drug excreted in 12 hr and the percent dissolved in 1 hr. There were no significant correlations for the 100-mg nitrofurantoin dosage forms. Good correlations were also observed for the 250- and 500-mg chlorothiazide tablets between the percent of drug dissolved in 1 min or the time for 15% dissolution and the maximum excretion rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Yau
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Center for the Health Sciences, Memphis 38163
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