1
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Gul A, Ahmad M, Ullah R, Ullah R, Kang Y, Liao W. Systematic review on antibacterial photodynamic therapeutic effects of transition metals ruthenium and iridium complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 255:112523. [PMID: 38489864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria poses a significant threat to public health and ranks among the principal causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy is an emerging therapeutic technique that has excellent potential to embark upon antibiotic resistance problems. The efficacy of this therapy hinges on the careful selection of suitable photosensitizers (PSs). Transition metal complexes, such as Ruthenium (Ru) and Iridium (Ir), are highly suitable for use as PSs because of their surface plasmonic resonance, crystal structure, optical characteristics, and photonics. These metals belong to the platinum family and exhibit similar chemical behavior due to their partially filled d-shells. Ruthenium and Iridium-based complexes generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which interact with proteins and DNA to induce cell death. As photodynamic therapeutic agents, these complexes have been widely studied for their efficacy against cancer cells, but their potential for antibacterial activity remains largely unexplored. Our study focuses on exploring the antibacterial photodynamic effect of Ruthenium and Iridium-based complexes against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview of various types of research in this area, including the structures, synthesis methods, and antibacterial photodynamic applications of these complexes. Our findings will provide valuable insights into the design, development, and modification of PSs to enhance their photodynamic therapeutic effect on bacteria, along with a clear understanding of their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anadil Gul
- College of Applied Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China; College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Pingshan District, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Munir Ahmad
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Raza Ullah
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Rizwan Ullah
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yan Kang
- College of Applied Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China; College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Pingshan District, Shenzhen 518118, China.
| | - Wenchao Liao
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Pingshan District, Shenzhen 518118, China.
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2
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Barretta P, Scoditti S, Belletto D, Ponte F, Vigna V, Mazzone G, Sicilia E. Ruthenium complexes bearing nile red chromophore and one of its derivative: Theoretical evaluation of PDT-related properties. J Comput Chem 2024. [PMID: 38733370 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The outcomes of DFT-based calculations are here reported to assess the applicability of two synthesized polypyridyl Ru(II) complexes, bearing ethynyl nile red (NR) on a bpy ligand, and two analogues, bearing modified-NR, in photodynamic therapy. The absorption spectra, together with the non-radiative rate constants for the S1 - Tn intersystem crossing transitions, have been computed for this purpose. Calculations evidence that the structural modification on the chromophore destabilizes the HOMO of the complexes thus reducing the H-L gap and, consequently, red shifting the maximum absorption wavelength within the therapeutic window, up to 620 nm. Moreover, the favored ISC process from the bright state involves the triplet state closest in energy, which is also characterized by the highest SOC value and by the involvement of the whole bpy ligand bearing the chromophore in delocalising the unpaired electrons. These outcomes show that the photophysical behavior of the complexes is dominated by the chromophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierraffaele Barretta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Stefano Scoditti
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Daniele Belletto
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Fortuna Ponte
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Vincenzo Vigna
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Gloria Mazzone
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
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3
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Robinette FN, Valentine NP, Sehler KM, Medeck AM, Reynolds KE, Lane SN, Price AN, Cavanaugh IG, Shell SM, Ashford DL. Modulating Excited State Properties and Ligand Ejection Kinetics in Ruthenium Polypyridyl Complexes Designed to Mimic Photochemotherapeutics. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:8426-8439. [PMID: 38662617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes have gained significant interest as photochemotherapeutics (PCTs) due to their synthetic viability, strong light absorption, well understood excited state properties, and high phototoxicity indexes. Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization, electrochemical, spectrochemical, and preliminary cytotoxicity analyses of three series of ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes designed to mimic PCTs. The three series have the general structure of [Ru(bpy)2(N-N)]2+ (Series 1), [Ru(bpy)(dmb)(N-N)]2+ (Series 2), and [Ru(dmb)2(N-N)]2+ (Series 3, where N-N is a bidentate polypyridyl ligand, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, and dmb = 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine). In the three series, the N-N ligand was systematically modified to incorporate increased conjugation and/or electronegative heteroatoms to increase dπ-π* backbonding, red-shifting the lowest energy metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) absorptions from λmax = 454 to λmax = 580 nm, nearing the therapeutic window for PCTs (600-1100 nm). In addition, steric bulk was systematically introduced through the series, distorting the Ru(II) octahedra, making the dissociative 3dd* state thermally accessible at room and body temperatures. This resulted in a 4 orders of magnitude increase in photoinduced ligand ejection kinetics, and demonstrates the ability to modulate both the MLCT* and dd* manifolds in the complexes, which is critical in PCT drug design. Preliminary cell viability assays suggest that the increased steric bulk to lower the 3dd* states may interfere with the cytotoxicity mechanism, limiting photoinitiated toxicity of the complexes. This work demonstrates the importance of understanding both the MLCT* and dd* manifolds and how they impact the ability of a complex to act as a PCT agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith N Robinette
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Nathaniel P Valentine
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Konrad M Sehler
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Andrew M Medeck
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Keylon E Reynolds
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Skylar N Lane
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Averie N Price
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Ireland G Cavanaugh
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Steven M Shell
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Virginia College at Wise, Wise, Virginia 24293, United States
| | - Dennis L Ashford
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
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4
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Denison M, Garcia SP, Ullrich A, Podgorski I, Gibson H, Turro C, Kodanko JJ. Ruthenium-Cathepsin Inhibitor Conjugates for Green Light-Activated Photodynamic Therapy and Photochemotherapy. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:7973-7983. [PMID: 38616353 PMCID: PMC11066580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Dysregulated cathepsin activity is linked to various human diseases including metabolic disorders, autoimmune conditions, and cancer. Given the overexpression of cathepsin in the tumor microenvironment, cathepsin inhibitors are promising pharmacological agents and drug delivery vehicles for cancer treatment. In this study, we describe the synthesis and photochemical and biological assessment of a dual-action agent based on ruthenium that is conjugated with a cathepsin inhibitor, designed for both photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photochemotherapy (PCT). The ruthenium-cathepsin inhibitor conjugate was synthesized through an oxime click reaction, combining a pan-cathepsin inhibitor based on E64d with the Ru(II) PCT/PDT fragment [Ru(dqpy)(dppn)], where dqpy = 2,6-di(quinoline-2-yl)pyridine and dppn = benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine. Photochemical investigations validated the conjugate's ability to release a triazole-containing cathepsin inhibitor for PCT and to generate singlet oxygen for PDT upon exposure to green light. Inhibition studies demonstrated the conjugate's potent and irreversible inactivation of purified and intracellular cysteine cathepsins. Two Ru(II) PCT/PDT agents based on the [Ru(dqpy)(dppn)] moiety were evaluated for photoinduced cytotoxicity in 4T1 murine triple-negative breast cancer cells, L929 fibroblasts, and M0, M1, and M2 macrophages. The cathepsin inhibitor conjugate displayed notable selectivity for inducing cell death under irradiation compared to dark conditions, mitigating toxicity in the dark observed with the triazole control complex [Ru(dqpy)(dppn)(MeTz)]2+ (MeTz = 1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole). Notably, our lead complex is among a limited number of dual PCT/PDT agents activated with green light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Denison
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Santana P Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Alexander Ullrich
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Heather Gibson
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jeremy J Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
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5
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Shillito GE, Preston D, Crowley JD, Wagner P, Harris SJ, Gordon KC, Kupfer S. Controlling Excited State Localization in Bichromophoric Photosensitizers via the Bridging Group. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:4947-4956. [PMID: 38437618 PMCID: PMC10951951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
A series of photosensitizers comprised of both an inorganic and an organic chromophore are investigated in a joint synthetic, spectroscopic, and theoretical study. This bichromophoric design strategy provides a means by which to significantly increase the excited state lifetime by isolating the excited state away from the metal center following intersystem crossing. A variable bridging group is incorporated between the donor and acceptor units of the organic chromophore, and its influence on the excited state properties is explored. The Franck-Condon (FC) photophysics and subsequent excited state relaxation pathways are investigated with a suite of steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques in combination with scalar-relativistic quantum chemical calculations. It is demonstrated that the presence of an electronically conducting bridge that facilitates donor-acceptor communication is vital to generate long-lived (32 to 45 μs), charge-separated states with organic character. In contrast, when an insulating 1,2,3-triazole bridge is used, the excited state properties are dominated by the inorganic chromophore, with a notably shorter lifetime of 60 ns. This method of extending the lifetime of a molecular photosensitizer is, therefore, of interest for a range of molecular electronic devices and photophysical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina E. Shillito
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller
University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Dan Preston
- Research
School of Chemistry, Australian National
University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - James D. Crowley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago, 362 Leith Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid
Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Pawel Wagner
- University
of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Samuel J. Harris
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago, 362 Leith Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid
Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Keith C. Gordon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago, 362 Leith Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid
Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller
University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
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6
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Martínez-Alonso M, Jones CG, Shipp JD, Chekulaev D, Bryant HE, Weinstein JA. Phototoxicity of cyclometallated Ir(III) complexes bearing a thio-bis-benzimidazole ligand, and its monodentate analogue, as potential PDT photosensitisers in cancer cell killing. J Biol Inorg Chem 2024; 29:113-125. [PMID: 38183420 PMCID: PMC11001735 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-023-02031-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Two novel cyclometallated iridium(III) complexes have been prepared with one bidentate or two monodentate imidazole-based ligands, 1 and 2, respectively. The complexes showed intense emission with long lifetimes of the excited state. Femtosecond transient absorption experiments established the nature of the lowest excited state as 3IL state. Singlet oxygen generation with good yields (40% for 1 and 82% for 2) was established by detecting 1O2 directly, through its emission at 1270 nm. Photostability studies were also performed to assess the viability of the complexes as photosensitizers (PS) for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Complex 1 was selected as a good candidate to investigate light-activated killing of cells, whilst complex 2 was found to be toxic in the dark and unstable under light. Complex 1 demonstrated high phototoxicity indexes (PI) in the visible region, PI > 250 after irradiation at 405 nm and PI > 150 at 455 nm, in EJ bladder cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martínez-Alonso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Callum G Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - James D Shipp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Dimitri Chekulaev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Helen E Bryant
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.
| | - Julia A Weinstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
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7
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Vinck R, Dömötör O, Karges J, Jakubaszek M, Seguin J, Tharaud M, Guérineau V, Cariou K, Mignet N, Enyedy ÉA, Gasser G. In Situ Bioconjugation of a Maleimide-Functionalized Ruthenium-Based Photosensitizer to Albumin for Photodynamic Therapy. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:15510-15526. [PMID: 37708255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Maleimide-containing prodrugs can quickly and selectively react with circulating serum albumin following their injection in the bloodstream. The drug-albumin complex then benefits from longer blood circulation times and better tumor accumulation. Herein, we have applied this strategy to a previously reported highly phototoxic Ru polypyridyl complex-based photosensitizer to increase its accumulation at the tumor, reduce off-target cytotoxicity, and therefore improve its pharmacological profile. Specifically, two complexes were synthesized bearing a maleimide group: one complex with the maleimide directly incorporated into the bipyridyl ligand, and the other has a hydrophilic linker between the ligand and the maleimide group. Their interaction with albumin was studied in-depth, revealing their ability to efficiently bind both covalently and noncovalently to the plasma protein. A crucial finding is that the maleimide-functionalized complexes exhibited significantly lower cytotoxicity in noncancerous cells under dark conditions compared to the nonfunctionalized complex, which is a highly desirable property for a photosensitizer. The binding to albumin also led to a decrease in the phototoxicity of the Ru bioconjugates in comparison to the nonfunctionalized complex, probably due to a decreased cellular uptake. Unfortunately, this decrease in phototoxicity was not compensated by a dramatic increase in tumor accumulation, as was demonstrated in a tumor-bearing mouse model using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) studies. Consequently, this study provides valuable insight into the future design of in situ albumin-binding complexes for photodynamic therapy in order to maximize their effectiveness and realize their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Vinck
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Orsolya Dömötör
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, Department of Molecular and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7. H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Johannes Karges
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Marta Jakubaszek
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Johanne Seguin
- Université Paris Cité, UTCBS, INSERM, CNRS, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Mickaël Tharaud
- Biogéochimie à l'Anthropocène des Eléments et Contaminants Emergents, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Guérineau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR2301, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Kevin Cariou
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Mignet
- Université Paris Cité, UTCBS, INSERM, CNRS, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Éva A Enyedy
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, Department of Molecular and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7. H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, F-75005 Paris, France
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Křikavová R, Romanovová M, Jendželovská Z, Majerník M, Masaryk L, Zoufalý P, Milde D, Moncol J, Herchel R, Jendželovský R, Nemec I. Impact of the central atom and halido ligand on the structure, antiproliferative activity and selectivity of half-sandwich Ru(II) and Ir(III) complexes with a 1,3,4-thiadiazole-based ligand. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:12717-12732. [PMID: 37610172 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01696j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Half-sandwich complexes [Ru(η6-pcym)(L1)X]PF6 (1, 3) and [Ir(η5-Cp*)(L1)X]PF6 (2, 4) featuring a thiadiazole-based ligand L1 (2-(furan-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole) were synthesized and characterized by varied analytical methods, including single-crystal X-ray diffraction (X = Cl or I, pcym = p-cymene, Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl). The structures of the molecules were analysed and interpreted using computational methods such as Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QT-AIM). A 1H NMR spectroscopy study showed that complexes 1-3 exhibited hydrolytic stability while 4 underwent partial iodido/chlorido ligand exchange in phosphate-buffered saline. Moreover, 1-4 demonstrated the ability to oxidize NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) to NAD+ with Ir(III) complexes 2 and 4 displaying higher catalytic activity compared to their Ru(II) analogues. None of the complexes interacted with reduced glutathione (GSH). Additionally, 1-4 exhibited greater lipophilicity than cisplatin. In vitro biological analyses were performed in healthy cell lines (CCD-18Co colon and CCD-1072Sk foreskin fibroblasts) as well as in cisplatin-sensitive (A2780) and -resistant (A2780cis) ovarian cancer cell lines. The results indicated that Ir(III) complexes 2 and 4 had no effect on human fibroblasts, demonstrating their selectivity. In contrast, complexes 1 and 4 exhibited moderate inhibitory effects on the metabolic and proliferation activities of the cancer cells tested (selectivity index SI > 3.4 for 4 and 2.6 for cisplatin; SI = IC50(A2780)/IC50(CCD-18Co)), including the cisplatin-resistant cancer cell line. Based on these findings, it is possible to emphasize that mainly complex 4 could represent a further step in the development of selective and highly effective anticancer agents, particularly against resistant tumour types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Křikavová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, CZ-771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Michaela Romanovová
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Jendželovská
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Martin Majerník
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Lukáš Masaryk
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, CZ-771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Zoufalý
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, CZ-771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - David Milde
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, CZ-771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Moncol
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava SK-81237, Slovakia
| | - Radovan Herchel
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, CZ-771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Rastislav Jendželovský
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Nemec
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, CZ-771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
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9
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Azad AK, Lilge L, Usmani NH, Lewis JD, Cole HD, Cameron CG, McFarland SA, Dinakaran D, Moore RB. High quantum efficiency ruthenium coordination complex photosensitizer for improved radiation-activated Photodynamic Therapy. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1244709. [PMID: 37700826 PMCID: PMC10494715 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1244709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional external light-based Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)'s application is limited to the surface and minimal thickness tumors because of the inefficiency of light in penetrating deep-seated tumors. To address this, the emerging field of radiation-activated PDT (radioPDT) uses X-rays to trigger photosensitizer-containing nanoparticles (NPs). A key consideration in radioPDT is the energy transfer efficiency from X-rays to the photosensitizer for ultimately generating the phototoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we developed a new variant of pegylated poly-lactic-co-glycolic (PEG-PLGA) encapsulated nanoscintillators (NSCs) along with a new, highly efficient ruthenium-based photosensitizer (Ru/radioPDT). Characterization of this NP via transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma mass-spectroscopy showed an NP size of 120 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) of less than 0.25, high NSCs loading efficiency over 90% and in vitro accumulation within the cytosolic structure of endoplasmic reticulum and lysosome. The therapeutic efficacy of Ru/radioPDT was determined using PC3 cell viability and clonogenic assays. Ru/radioPDT exhibited minimal cell toxicity until activated by radiation to induce significant cancer cell kill over radiation alone. Compared to protoporphyrin IX-mediated radioPDT (PPIX/radioPDT), Ru/radioPDT showed higher capacity for singlet oxygen generation, maintaining a comparable cytotoxic effect on PC3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul Kalam Azad
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lothar Lilge
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nawaid H. Usmani
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - John D. Lewis
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Houston D. Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Deepak Dinakaran
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ronald B. Moore
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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10
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Ponte F, Scoditti S, Barretta P, Mazzone G. Computational Assessment of a Dual-Action Ru(II)-Based Complex: Photosensitizer in Photodynamic Therapy and Intercalating Agent for Inducing DNA Damage. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37248070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A combined quantum-mechanical and classical molecular dynamics study of a recent Ru(II) complex with potential dual anticancer action is reported here. The main basis for the multiple action relies on the merocyanine ligand, whose electronic structure allows the drug to be able to absorb within the therapeutic window and in turn efficiently generate 1O2 for photodynamic therapy application and to intercalate within two nucleobases couples establishing reversible electrostatic interactions with DNA. TDDFT outcomes, which include the absorption spectrum, triplet states energy, and spin-orbit matrix elements, evidence that the photosensitizing activity is ensured by an MLCT state at around 660 nm, involving the merocyanine-based ligand, and by an efficient ISC from such state to triplet states with different characters. On the other hand, the MD exploration of all the possible intercalation sites within the dodecamer B-DNA evidences the ability of the complex to establish several electrostatic interactions with the nucleobases, thus potentially inducing DNA damage, though the simulation of the absorption spectra for models extracted by each MD trajectory shows that the photosensitizing properties of the complex remain unaltered. The computational results support that the anti-tumor effect may be related to multiple mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fortuna Ponte
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Stefano Scoditti
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Pierraffaele Barretta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Gloria Mazzone
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
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11
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Shen J, He W. The fabrication strategies of near-infrared absorbing transition metal complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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12
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Chettri A, Yang T, Cole HD, Shi G, Cameron CG, McFarland SA, Dietzek-Ivanšić B. Using Biological Photophysics to Map the Excited-State Topology of Molecular Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202301452. [PMID: 36827484 PMCID: PMC10079593 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202301452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
This study employs TLD1433, a RuII -based photodynamic therapy (PDT) agent in human clinical trials, as a benchmark to establish protocols for studying the excited-state dynamics of photosensitizers (PSs) in cellulo, in the local environment provided by human cancer cells. Very little is known about the excited-state properties of any PS in live cells, and for TLD1433, it is terra incognita. This contribution targets a general problem in phototherapy, which is how to interrogate the light-triggered, function-determining processes of the PSs in the relevant biological environment, and establishes methodological advances to study the ultrafast photoinduced processes for TLD1433 when taken up by MCF7 cells. We generalize the methodological developments and results in terms of molecular physics by applying them to TLD1433's analogue TLD1633, making this study a benchmark to investigate the excited-state dynamics of phototoxic compounds in the complex biological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Chettri
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Tingxiang Yang
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Houston D Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX-76019, USA
| | - Ge Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX-76019, USA
| | - Colin G Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX-76019, USA
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX-76019, USA
| | - Benjamin Dietzek-Ivanšić
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
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13
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Oladipupo OE, Prescott MC, Blevins ER, Gray JL, Cameron CG, Qu F, Ward NA, Pierce AL, Collinson ER, Hall JF, Park S, Kim Y, McFarland SA, Fedin I, Papish ET. Ruthenium Complexes with Protic Ligands: Influence of the Position of OH Groups and π Expansion on Luminescence and Photocytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065980. [PMID: 36983054 PMCID: PMC10053956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Protic ruthenium complexes using the dihydroxybipyridine (dhbp) ligand combined with a spectator ligand (N,N = bpy, phen, dop, Bphen) have been studied for their potential activity vs. cancer cells and their photophysical luminescent properties. These complexes vary in the extent of π expansion and the use of proximal (6,6'-dhbp) or distal (4,4'-dhbp) hydroxy groups. Eight complexes are studied herein as the acidic (OH bearing) form, [(N,N)2Ru(n,n'-dhbp)]Cl2, or as the doubly deprotonated (O- bearing) form. Thus, the presence of these two protonation states gives 16 complexes that have been isolated and studied. Complex 7A, [(dop)2Ru(4,4'-dhbp)]Cl2, has been recently synthesized and characterized spectroscopically and by X-ray crystallography. The deprotonated forms of three complexes are also reported herein for the first time. The other complexes studied have been synthesized previously. Three complexes are light-activated and exhibit photocytotoxicity. The log(Do/w) values of the complexes are used herein to correlate photocytotoxicity with improved cellular uptake. For Ru complexes 1-4 bearing the 6,6'-dhbp ligand, photoluminescence studies (all in deaerated acetonitrile) have revealed that steric strain leads to photodissociation which tends to reduce photoluminescent lifetimes and quantum yields in both protonation states. For Ru complexes 5-8 bearing the 4,4'-dhbp ligand, the deprotonated Ru complexes (5B-8B) have low photoluminescent lifetimes and quantum yields due to quenching that is proposed to involve the 3LLCT excited state and charge transfer from the [O2-bpy]2- ligand to the N,N spectator ligand. The protonated OH bearing 4,4'-dhbp Ru complexes (5A-8A) have long luminescence lifetimes which increase with increasing π expansion on the N,N spectator ligand. The Bphen complex, 8A, has the longest lifetime of the series at 3.45 μs and a photoluminescence quantum yield of 18.7%. This Ru complex also exhibits the best photocytotoxicity of the series. A long luminescence lifetime is correlated with greater singlet oxygen quantum yields because the triplet excited state is presumably long-lived enough to interact with 3O2 to yield 1O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaitan E Oladipupo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Meredith C Prescott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Emily R Blevins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Jessica L Gray
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Colin G Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Fengrui Qu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Nicholas A Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Abigail L Pierce
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Collinson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - James Fletcher Hall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Seungjo Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Igor Fedin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Papish
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
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14
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Munegowda MA, Manalac A, Weersink M, Cole HD, McFarland SA, Lilge L. Ru(II) CONTAINING PHOTOSENSITIZERS FOR PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY: A CRITIQUE ON REPORTING AND AN ATTEMPT TO COMPARE EFFICACY. Coord Chem Rev 2022; 470:214712. [PMID: 36686369 PMCID: PMC9850455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II)-based coordination complexes have emerged as photosensitizers (PSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT) in oncology as well as antimicrobial indications and have great potential. Their modular architectures that integrate multiple ligands can be exploited to tune cellular uptake and subcellular targeting, solubility, light absorption, and other photophysical properties. A wide range of Ru(II) containing compounds have been reported as PSs for PDT or as photochemotherapy (PCT) agents. Many studies employ a common scaffold that is subject to systematic variation in one or two ligands to elucidate the impact of these modifications on the photophysical and photobiological performance. Studies that probe the excited state energies and dynamics within these molecules are of fundamental interest and are used to design next-generation systems. However, a comparison of the PDT efficacy between Ru(II) containing PSs and 1st or 2nd generation PSs, already in clinical use or preclinical/clinical studies, is rare. Even comparisons between Ru(II) containing molecular structures are difficult, given the wide range of excitation wavelengths, power densities, and cell lines utilized. Despite this gap, PDT dose metrics quantifying a PS's efficacy are available to perform qualitative comparisons. Such models are independent of excitation wavelength and are based on common outcome parameters, such as the photon density absorbed by the Ru(II) compound to cause 50% cell kill (LD50) based on the previously established threshold model. In this focused photophysical review, we identified all published studies on Ru(II) containing PSs since 2005 that reported the required photophysical, light treatment, and in vitro outcome data to permit the application of the Photodynamic Threshold Model to quantify their potential efficacy. The resulting LD50 values range from less than 1013 to above 1020 [hν cm-3], indicating a wide range in PDT efficacy and required optical energy density for ultimate clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelica Manalac
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dept Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
| | - Madrigal Weersink
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Houston D. Cole
- Dept of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas
at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Dept of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas
at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Lothar Lilge
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dept Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
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15
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Combination of light and Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes: Recent advances in the development of new anticancer drugs. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Kar B, Paira P. One pot three component synthesis of DNA targeting phototoxic Ru(II)- p-cymene dipyrido[3,2- a:2',3'- c]phenazine analogues. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:15686-15695. [PMID: 36173180 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01659a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a one pot three component synthetic protocol for half-sandwich Ru(II)-p-cymene dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine analogues for selective cancer therapy under light irradiation. On average, the cytotoxicity of all the complexes is indeed doubled upon light irradiation and also exhibited significant photo and dark selectivity against cancer cells with respect to normal cells. Out of five Ru(II) complexes (RuL1-RuL5), [(η6-p-cymene)RuIICl(K2-N,N-11-nitrodipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine]PF6 (RuL4) exhibited the best phototoxicity (lowest IC50 under light irradiation). Intracellular ROS generation was studied by the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay. Moreover, these complexes exhibited a strong serum albumin and DNA binding capacity. These complexes also exhibited good stability in 10% DMSO-buffer and under 1 mM GSH conditions. Overall, the remarkable photocytotoxic efficacy of new Ru(II)-p-cymene dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine analogues (RuL1-RuL5) makes them potential photochemotherapeutics as an alternative of current PDT agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binoy Kar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Priyankar Paira
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
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17
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Crous A, Abrahamse H. Photodynamic therapy of lung cancer, where are we? Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:932098. [PMID: 36110552 PMCID: PMC9468662 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.932098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading threat of death globally, killing more people than colon, breast, and prostate cancers combined. Novel lung cancer treatments are being researched because of the ineffectiveness of conventional cancer treatments and the failure of remission. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a cancer treatment method that is still underutilized, is a sophisticated cancer treatment that shows selective destruction of malignant cells via reactive oxygen species production. PDT has been extensively studied in vitro and clinically. Various PDT strategies have been shown to be effective in the treatment of lung cancer. PDT has been shown in clinical trials to considerably enhance the quality of life and survival in individuals with incurable malignancies. Furthermore, PDT, in conjunction with the use of nanoparticles, is currently being researched for use as an effective cancer treatment, with promising results. PDT and the new avenue of nanoPDT, which are novel treatment options for lung cancer with such promising results, should be tested in clinical trials to determine their efficacy and side effects. In this review, we examine the status and future potentials of nanoPDT in lung cancer treatment.
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18
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Lengacher R, Marlin A, Śmiłowicz D, Boros E. Medicinal inorganic chemistry - challenges, opportunities and guidelines to develop the next generation of radioactive, photoactivated and active site inhibiting metal-based medicines. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7715-7731. [PMID: 35942718 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00407k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal inorganic chemistry is a burgeoning subfield of medicinal chemistry that focuses on the development of metal-based diagnostic and therapeutic agents. This tutorial review aims to provide an introductory primer, present a timely overview of recent discoveries and identify current challenges and opportunities of the field. Three specific areas of discovery are highlighted herein. The first part focuses on metal-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes and specific design criteria for the development of radiopharmaceuticals that combine fundamental aqueous coordination chemistry with elucidation of pharmacokinetics. The second part describes approaches to photodynamic therapy with metal complexes. Here, photophysical characterization, combined with the challenge of careful control of the chemical behavior and selective biological deposition of transition metals with significant off-target toxicity, is discussed. In the third part, we summarize emerging strategies to modulate enzyme inhibition with coordination chemistry, while also highlighting the utility of the unique properties of metal ions for the characterization of mechanisms of action of these emerging diagnostic and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Lengacher
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 11790 New York, USA.
| | - Axia Marlin
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 11790 New York, USA.
| | - Dariusz Śmiłowicz
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 11790 New York, USA.
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 11790 New York, USA.
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19
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Scoditti S, Mazzone G, Sanna N, Sicilia E. Computational Exploration of the Synergistic Anticancer Effect of a Multi-Action Ru(II)-Pt(IV) Conjugate. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:12903-12912. [PMID: 35900874 PMCID: PMC9382638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
An in-depth computational study of the ability of a recently
proposed
multi-action Ru(II)–Pt(IV) conjugate to act as a photosensitizer
in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and chemotherapeutic drugs is presented
here. The investigated complex is characterized by a polypyridyl Ru(II)
chromophore linked to a Pt(IV) complex that, acting as a prodrug,
should be activated by reduction releasing the Ru-based chromophore
that can absorb light of proper wavelength to be used in PDT. The
reaction mechanism for active species formation has been fully elucidated
by means of density functional theory and its time-dependent extension.
The reduction mechanism, assisted by ascorbate, of the Pt(IV) prodrug
to the Pt(II) active species has been explored, taking into consideration
all the possible modes of attack of the reductant for releasing the
axial ligands and affording active cisplatin. Given the similarity
in the photophysical properties of the chromophore linked or not to
the Pt(IV) complex, both the Ru(II)–Pt(IV) conjugate precursor
and the Ru(II) chromophore should be able to act as PDT photosensitizers
according to type I and type II photoprocesses. In particular, they
are able to generate singlet oxygen cytotoxic species as well as auto-ionize
to form highly reactive O2–• species. A computational study on the ability
of a multi-action Ru(II)−Pt(IV)
conjugate to act as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy (PDT)
and chemotherapeutic drugs is presented here. The reduction mechanism
of the Pt(IV) complex along with the photophysical properties of both
the prodrug Ru(II)−Pt(IV) conjugate and Ru(II) complex is provided.
The mechanism of action has been fully elucidated by means of density
functional theory and its time-dependent extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Scoditti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Gloria Mazzone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Nico Sanna
- Department for Innovation in Biology Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
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20
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Morais TS, Marques F, Madeira PJA, Robalo MP, Garcia MH. Design and Anticancer Properties of New Water-Soluble Ruthenium–Cyclopentadienyl Complexes. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070862. [PMID: 35890160 PMCID: PMC9321894 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes are emerging as one of the most promising classes of complexes for cancer therapy. However, their limited aqueous solubility may be the major limitation to their potential clinical application. In view and to contribute to the progress of this field, eight new water-soluble Ru(II) organometallic complexes of general formula [RuCp(mTPPMS)n(L)] [CF3SO3], where mTPPMS = diphenylphosphane-benzene-3-sulfonate, for n = 2, L is an imidazole-based ligand (imidazole, 1-benzylimidazole, 1-butylimidazole, (1-(3-aminopropyl)imidazole), and (1-(4-methoxyphenyl)imidazole)), and for n = 1, L is a bidentate heteroaromatic ligand (2-benzoylpyridine, (di(2-pyridyl)ketone), and (1,2-(2-pyridyl)benzo-[b]thiophene)) were synthesized and characterized. The new complexes were fully characterized by NMR, FT-IR, UV–vis., ESI-HRMS, and cyclic voltammetry, which confirmed all the proposed molecular structures. The antiproliferative potential of the new Ru(II) complexes was evaluated on MDAMB231 breast adenocarcinoma, A2780 ovarian carcinoma, and HT29 colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines, showing micromolar (MDAMB231 and HT29) and submicromolar (A2780) IC50 values. The interaction of complex 6 with human serum albumin (HSA) and fatty-acid-free human serum albumin (HSAfaf) was evaluated by fluorescence spectroscopy techniques, and the results revealed that the ruthenium complex strongly quenches the intrinsic fluorescence of albumin in both cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia S. Morais
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (T.S.M.); (M.H.G.)
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), 2695-066 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | | | - Maria Paula Robalo
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Maria Helena Garcia
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (T.S.M.); (M.H.G.)
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21
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McCullough AB, Chen J, Valentine NP, Franklin TM, Cantrell AP, Darnell VM, Qureshi Q, Hanson K, Shell SM, Ashford DL. Balancing the interplay between ligand ejection and therapeutic window light absorption in ruthenium polypyridyl complexes. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:10186-10197. [PMID: 35735218 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01237e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium polypyridyl complexes have gained significant interest as photochemotherapies (PCTs) where their excited-state properties play a critical role in the photo-cytotoxicity mechanism and efficacy. Herein we report a systematic electrochemical, spectrochemical, and photophysical analysis of a series of ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes of the type [Ru(bpy)2(N-N)]2+ (where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine; N-N is a bidentate polypyridyl ligand) designed to mimic PCTs. In this series, the N-N ligand was modified through increased conjugation and/or incorporation of electronegative heteroatoms to shift the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) absorptions near the therapeutic window for PCTs (600-1100 nm) while incorporating steric bulk to trigger photoinduced ligand dissociation. The lowest energy MLCT absorptions were red-shifted from λmax = 454 nm to 564 nm, with emission energies decreasing from λmax = 620 nm to 850 nm. Photoinduced ligand ejection and temperature-dependent emission studies revealed an important interplay between red-shifting MLCT absorptions and accessing the dissociative 3dd* states, with energy barriers between the 3MLCT* and 3dd* states ranging from 850 cm-1 to 2580 cm-1 for the complexes measured. This work demonstrates the importance of understanding both the MLCT manifold and 3dd* state energy levels in the future design of ligands and complexes for PCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie B McCullough
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Tennessee, 37745, USA.
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Nathaniel P Valentine
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Tennessee, 37745, USA.
| | - Toney M Franklin
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Tennessee, 37745, USA.
| | - Andrew P Cantrell
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Tennessee, 37745, USA.
| | - Vayda M Darnell
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Tennessee, 37745, USA.
| | - Qasim Qureshi
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Virginia's College at Wise, Wise, Virginia, 24293, USA
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Steven M Shell
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Virginia's College at Wise, Wise, Virginia, 24293, USA
| | - Dennis L Ashford
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Tennessee, 37745, USA.
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22
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Pete S, Roy N, Kar B, Paira P. Construction of homo and heteronuclear Ru(II), Ir(III) and Re(I) complexes for target specific cancer therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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23
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Papish ET, Oladipupo OE. Factors that influence singlet oxygen formation vs. ligand substitution for light-activated ruthenium anticancer compounds. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 68:102143. [PMID: 35483128 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on light-activated ruthenium anticancer compounds and the factors that influence which pathway is favored. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is favored by π expansion and the presence of low-lying triplet excited states (e.g. 3MLCT, 3IL). Photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) refers to light-driven ligand dissociation to give a toxic metal complex or a toxic ligand upon photo substitution. This process is driven by steric bulk near the metal center and weak metal-ligand bonds to create a low-energy 3MC state with antibonding character. With protic dihydroxybipyridine ligands, ligand charge can play a key role in these processes, with a more electron-rich deprotonated ligand favoring PDT and an electron-poor protonated ligand favoring PACT in several cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Papish
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Olaitan E Oladipupo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
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24
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Kumar S, Singh S, Kumar A, Murthy K, Kumar Singh A. pH-Responsive luminescence sensing, photoredox catalysis and photodynamic applications of ruthenium(II) photosensitizers bearing imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline scaffolds. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Targeted isolation of photoactive pigments from mushrooms yielded a highly potent new photosensitizer: 7,7′-biphyscion. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1108. [PMID: 35064132 PMCID: PMC8782903 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04975-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractPigments of fungi are a fertile ground of inspiration: they spread across various chemical backbones, absorption ranges, and bioactivities. However, basidiomycetes with strikingly colored fruiting bodies have never been explored as agents for photodynamic therapy (PDT), even though known photoactive compound classes (e.g., anthraquinones or alkaloids) are used as chemotaxonomic markers. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the dyes of skin-heads (dermocyboid Cortinarii) can produce singlet oxygen under irradiation and thus are natural photosensitizers. Three photosensitizers based on anthraquinone structures were isolated and photopharmaceutical tests were conducted. For one of the three, i.e., (–)-7,7′-biphyscion (1), a promising photoyield and photocytotoxicity of EC50 = 0.064 µM against cancer cells (A549) was found under blue light irradiation (λexc = 468 nm, 9.3 J/cm2). The results of molecular biological methods, e.g., a viability assay and a cell cycle analysis, demonstrated the harmlessness of 1 in the dark and highlighted the apoptosis-inducing PDT potential under blue light irradiation. These results demonstrate for the first time that pigments of dermocyboid Cortinarii possess a so far undescribed activity, i.e., photoactivity, with significant potential for the field of PDT. The dimeric anthraquinone (–)-7,7′-biphyscion (1) was identified as a promising natural photosensitizer.
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Oladipupo O, Brown SR, Lamb RW, Gray JL, Cameron CG, DeRegnaucourt AR, Ward NA, Hall JF, Xu Y, Petersen CM, Qu F, Shrestha AB, Thompson MK, Bonizzoni M, Webster CE, McFarland SA, Kim Y, Papish ET. Light-responsive and Protic Ruthenium Compounds Bearing Bathophenanthroline and Dihydroxybipyridine Ligands Achieve Nanomolar Toxicity towards Breast Cancer Cells. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 98:102-116. [PMID: 34411308 PMCID: PMC8810589 DOI: 10.1111/php.13508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We report new ruthenium complexes bearing the lipophilic bathophenanthroline (BPhen) ligand and dihydroxybipyridine (dhbp) ligands which differ in the placement of the OH groups ([(BPhen)2 Ru(n,n'-dhbp)]Cl2 with n = 6 and 4 in 1A and 2A , respectively). Full characterization data are reported for 1A and 2A and single crystal X-ray diffraction for 1A . Both 1A and 2A are diprotic acids. We have studied 1A , 1B , 2A , and 2B (B = deprotonated forms) by UV-vis spectroscopy and 1 photodissociates, but 2 is light stable. Luminescence studies reveal that the basic forms have lower energy 3 MLCT states relative to the acidic forms. Complexes 1A and 2A produce singlet oxygen with quantum yields of 0.05 and 0.68, respectively, in acetonitrile. Complexes 1 and 2 are both photocytotoxic toward breast cancer cells, with complex 2 showing EC50 light values as low as 0.50 μM with PI values as high as >200 vs. MCF7. Computational studies were used to predict the energies of the 3 MLCT and 3 MC states. An inaccessible 3 MC state for 2B suggests a rationale for why photodissociation does not occur with the 4,4'-dhbp ligand. Low dark toxicity combined with an accessible 3 MLCT state for 1 O2 generation explains the excellent photocytotoxicity of 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaitan Oladipupo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Spenser R. Brown
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Robert W. Lamb
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Jessica L. Gray
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Alexa R. DeRegnaucourt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - James Fletcher Hall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Yifei Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Courtney M. Petersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Fengrui Qu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Ambar B. Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Matthew K. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Marco Bonizzoni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Charles Edwin Webster
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.,Corresponding Authors’: (Charles Edwin Webster), (Sherri A. McFarland), (Yonghyun Kim), (Elizabeth T. Papish)
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.,Corresponding Authors’: (Charles Edwin Webster), (Sherri A. McFarland), (Yonghyun Kim), (Elizabeth T. Papish)
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.,Corresponding Authors’: (Charles Edwin Webster), (Sherri A. McFarland), (Yonghyun Kim), (Elizabeth T. Papish)
| | - Elizabeth T. Papish
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.,Corresponding Authors’: (Charles Edwin Webster), (Sherri A. McFarland), (Yonghyun Kim), (Elizabeth T. Papish)
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Lifshits LM, III JAR, Ramasamy E, Thummel RP, Cameron CG, McFarland SA. Ruthenium Photosensitizers for NIR PDT Require Lowest-Lying Triplet Intraligand (3IL) Excited States. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2021; 8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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29
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de Almeida PSVB, de Arruda HJ, Sousa GLS, Ribeiro FV, de Azevedo-França JA, Ferreira LA, Guedes GP, Silva H, Kummerle AE, Neves AP. Cytotoxicity evaluation and DNA interaction of Ru II-bipy complexes containing coumarin-based ligands. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14908-14919. [PMID: 34609400 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01567b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although there are various treatment options for cancer, this disease still has caused an increasing number of deaths, demanding more efficient, selective and less harmful drugs. Several classes of ruthenium compounds have been investigated as metallodrugs for cancer, mainly after the entry of imidazolH [trans-RuCl4-(DMSO-S)(imidazole)] (NAMI-A) and indazolH [trans-RuCl4-(Indazol)2] (KP1019) in clinical trials. In this sense, RuII complexes with general formula [Ru(L1-3)(bipy)2]PF6 (1-3) (L1 = ethyl 3-(6-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)-3-oxopropanoate, L2 = ethyl 3-(7-(diethylamino)-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)-3-oxopropanoate, L3 = ethyl 3-(8-methoxy-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)-3-oxopropanoate and bipy = bipyridine) have been synthesized. The crystal structure of 2 revealed that the RuII atom lies on a distorted octahedral geometry with the deprotonated ligand (L2-) coordinated through β-ketoester group oxygen atoms. In vitro cytotoxic activity of the compounds was evaluated against 4T1 (murine mammary carcinoma) and B16-F10 (murine metastatic melanoma) tumor cells, and the non-tumor cell line BHK-21 (baby hamster kidney). Coordination with RuII resulted in expressive enhancement of cytotoxic activity. The precursors were inactive below 100 μM and the final RuII complexes (1-3) showed IC50 ranging from 2.0 to 12.8 μM; 2 being the most potent compound. DNA interaction studies revealed a greater capacity of the complexes to interact with DNA than the ligands, where, 2 exhibited the highest Kb constant of 2.2 × 104 M-1. Fluorescence investigation demonstrated that 1-3 are capable of quenching the fluorescence emission of the EtdBr-DNA complex up to 40%. Molecular docking showed that the interaction of 1-3 between the DNA base pairs from the coumarin portion was with scores of 67.28, 68.62 and 64.88, respectively, and 75.45 for ellipticine, suggesting an intercalative mode of binding. Our findings show that the RuII complexes are eligible for continuing to be investigated as potential antitumor compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia S V B de Almeida
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465 Km 7, 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Henrique Jefferson de Arruda
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465 Km 7, 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Gleyton Leonel S Sousa
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465 Km 7, 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Vitório Ribeiro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465 Km 7, 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | - Larissa A Ferreira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465 Km 7, 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme P Guedes
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Heveline Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Arthur E Kummerle
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465 Km 7, 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Amanda P Neves
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465 Km 7, 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
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Riedl CA, Rosner A, Harringer S, Salomon P, Hejl M, Jakupec MA, Kandioller W, Keppler BK. Water-soluble trithiolato-bridged dinuclear ruthenium(II) and osmium(II) arene complexes with bisphosphonate functionalized ligands as anticancer organometallics. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 225:111618. [PMID: 34607124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Trithiolato-bridged dinuclear ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru2(p-cym)2(SR)3]Cl (p-cym = p-cymene, R = benzyl derivatives) are regarded as the most cytotoxically potent metal(II) arene antineoplastics, but are oftentimes limited by their poor solubility in aqueous media. Thus, we designed bisphosphonate-functionalized ligands for use in a modular two-step complexation process to synthesize six trithiolato-bridged dinuclear ruthenium(II) and osmium(II) arene complexes bearing one to three bisphosphonate-benzylmercaptane derived ligands. In addition to improved aqueous solubility the high affinity of bisphosphonates towards apatite structures found in bone and bone metastases may grant selective targeting properties to functionalized organometallics. The complex stabilities and hydroxyapatite binding behavior were determined by UV/Vis spectroscopy. The bisphosphonate functionalization decreases antiproliferative activity in vitro, which was correlated to lower cellular accumulation, due to the different lipophilic profiles of the drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph A Riedl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Alexander Rosner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophia Harringer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Salomon
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Hejl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael A Jakupec
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kandioller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bernhard K Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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31
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Vargas-Zúñiga GI, Kim HS, Li M, Sessler JL, Kim JS. Pyrrole-based photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy — a Thomas Dougherty award paper. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621300044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic modality that uses light to treat malignant or benign diseases. A photosensitizer, light, and oxygen are the three main components needed to generate a cytotoxic effect. Pyrrole-based photosensitizers have been widely used for PDT. Many of the photosensitizers within this class are macrocyclic. This is particularly true for systems that have received regulatory approval or been the subject of clinical trials. However, in recent years, a number of boron dipyrromethanes (BODIPY) have been studied as photosensitizers. Herein, we review examples of some of the most relevant pyrrole-based photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela I. Vargas-Zúñiga
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th Street-A5300, Austin, TX 78712-1224, USA
| | - Hyeong Seok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Mingle Li
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th Street-A5300, Austin, TX 78712-1224, USA
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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32
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Mahmud KM, Niloy MS, Shakil MS, Islam MA. Ruthenium Complexes: An Alternative to Platinum Drugs in Colorectal Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1295. [PMID: 34452256 PMCID: PMC8398452 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the intimidating causes of death around the world. CRC originated from mutations of tumor suppressor genes, proto-oncogenes and DNA repair genes. Though platinum (Pt)-based anticancer drugs have been widely used in the treatment of cancer, their toxicity and CRC cells' resistance to Pt drugs has piqued interest in the search for alternative metal-based drugs. Ruthenium (Ru)-based compounds displayed promising anticancer activity due to their unique chemical properties. Ru-complexes are reported to exert their anticancer activities in CRC cells by regulating different cell signaling pathways that are either directly or indirectly associated with cell growth, division, proliferation, and migration. Additionally, some Ru-based drug candidates showed higher potency compared to commercially available Pt-based anticancer drugs in CRC cell line models. Meanwhile Ru nanoparticles coupled with photosensitizers or anticancer agents have also shown theranostic potential towards CRC. Ru-nanoformulations improve drug efficacy, targeted drug delivery, immune activation, and biocompatibility, and therefore may be capable of overcoming some of the existing chemotherapeutic limitations. Among the potential Ru-based compounds, only Ru (III)-based drug NKP-1339 has undergone phase-Ib clinical trials in CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Mustafa Mahmud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; (K.M.M.); (M.S.N.)
| | - Mahruba Sultana Niloy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; (K.M.M.); (M.S.N.)
| | - Md Salman Shakil
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Department of Biochemistry, Primeasia University, Banani, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh
| | - Md Asiful Islam
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
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Mo J, Mai Le NP, Priefer R. Evaluating the mechanisms of action and subcellular localization of ruthenium(II)-based photosensitizers. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 225:113770. [PMID: 34403979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The identification of ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of cancer is progressing rapidly. Due to their favorable photophysical and photochemical properties, Ru(II)-based photosensitizers have absorption in the visible spectrum, can be irradiated via one- and two-photon excitation within the PDT window, and yield potent oxygen-dependent and/or oxygen-independent photobiological activities. Herein, we present a current overview of the mechanisms of action and subcellular localization of Ru(II)-based photosensitizers in the treatment of cancer. These photosensitizers are highlighted from a medicinal chemistry and chemical biology perspective. However, although this field is burgeoning, challenges and limitations remain in the photosensitization strategies and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Mo
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ngoc Phuong Mai Le
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ronny Priefer
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Geisler H, Westermayr J, Cseh K, Wenisch D, Fuchs V, Harringer S, Plutzar S, Gajic N, Hejl M, Jakupec MA, Marquetand P, Kandioller W. Tridentate 3-Substituted Naphthoquinone Ruthenium Arene Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, Aqueous Behavior, and Theoretical and Biological Studies. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:9805-9819. [PMID: 34115482 PMCID: PMC8261824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A series of nine RuII arene complexes bearing tridentate naphthoquinone-based N,O,O-ligands was synthesized and characterized. Aqueous stability and their hydrolysis mechanism were investigated via UV/vis photometry, HPLC-MS, and density functional theory calculations. Substituents with a positive inductive effect improved their stability at physiological pH (7.4) intensely, whereas substituents such as halogens accelerated hydrolysis and formation of dimeric pyrazolate and hydroxido bridged dimers. The observed cytotoxic profile is unusual, as complexes exhibited much higher cytotoxicity in SW480 colon cancer cells than in the broadly chemo- (incl. platinum-) sensitive CH1/PA-1 teratocarcinoma cells. This activity pattern as well as reduced or slightly enhanced ROS generation and the lack of DNA interactions indicate a mode of action different from established or previously investigated classes of metallodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Geisler
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Westermayr
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry, CV47AL, United Kingdom
| | - Klaudia Cseh
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Wenisch
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentin Fuchs
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophia Harringer
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Plutzar
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Natalie Gajic
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Hejl
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael A. Jakupec
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria,Research
Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Marquetand
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria,Vienna
Research Platform on Accelerating Photoreaction Discovery, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kandioller
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria,Research
Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria,. Phone: +43 1 4277
52609
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35
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Toupin N, Steinke SJ, Nadella S, Li A, Rohrabaugh TN, Samuels ER, Turro C, Sevrioukova IF, Kodanko JJ. Photosensitive Ru(II) Complexes as Inhibitors of the Major Human Drug Metabolizing Enzyme CYP3A4. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9191-9205. [PMID: 34110801 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and photochemical and biological characterization of the first selective and potent metal-based inhibitors of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), the major human drug metabolizing enzyme. Five Ru(II)-based derivatives were prepared from two analogs of the CYP3A4 inhibitor ritonavir, 4 and 6: [Ru(tpy)(L)(6)]Cl2 (tpy = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine) with L = 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (Me2bpy; 8), dimethylbenzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (Me2dppn; 10) and 3,6-dimethyl-10,15-diphenylbenzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (Me2Ph2dppn; 11), [Ru(tpy)(Me2bpy)(4)]Cl2 (7) and [Ru(tpy)(Me2dppn)(4)]Cl2 (9). Photochemical release of 4 or 6 from 7-11 was demonstrated, and the spectrophotometric evaluation of 7 showed that it behaves similarly to free 4 (type II heme ligation) after irradiation with visible light but not in the dark. Unexpectedly, the intact Ru(II) complexes 7 and 8 were found to inhibit CYP3A4 potently and specifically through direct binding to the active site without heme ligation. Caged inhibitors 9-11 showed dual action properties by combining photoactivated dissociation of 4 or 6 with efficient 1O2 production. In prostate adenocarcinoma DU-145 cells, compound 9 had the best synergistic effect with vinblastine, the anticancer drug primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 in vivo. Thus, our study establishes a new paradigm in CYP inhibition using metalated complexes and suggests possible utilization of photoactive CYP3A4 inhibitory compounds in clinical applications, such as enhancement of therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Toupin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Sean J Steinke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Sandeep Nadella
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Ao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Thomas N Rohrabaugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | | | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | | | - Jeremy J Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States.,Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
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Karges J, Tharaud M, Gasser G. Polymeric Encapsulation of a Ru(II)-Based Photosensitizer for Folate-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy of Drug Resistant Cancers. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4612-4622. [PMID: 33818111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The currently used photodynamic therapy (PDT) photosensitizers (PSs) are generally associated with a poor cancer cell selectivity, which is responsible for some undesirable side effects. To overcome these problems, there is an urgent need for a selective drug delivery system for PDT PSs. Herein, the encapsulation of a promising Ru(II) polypyridine complex in a polymer with terminal folate groups to form nanoparticles is presented. While the Ru(II) complex itself has a cytotoxic effect in the dark, the encapsulation is able to overcome this drawback. Upon light exposure, the nanoparticles were found to be highly phototoxic in 2D monolayer cells as well as 3D multicellular tumor spheroids upon 480 or 595 nm irradiation. Importantly, the nanoparticles demonstrated a high selectivity for cancerous cells over noncancerous cells and were found to be active in drug resistant cancer cells lines, indicating that they are able to overcome drug resistances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mickaël Tharaud
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
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38
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Teixeira RG, Belisario DC, Fontrodona X, Romero I, Tomaz AI, Garcia MH, Riganti C, Valente A. Unprecedented collateral sensitivity for cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells presented by new ruthenium organometallic compounds. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi01344g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ru compounds exhibit collateral sensitivity in cisplatin-resistant NSCLC and increase cisplatin activity by inhibiting efflux pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo G. Teixeira
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1749-016 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | | | - Xavier Fontrodona
- Departament de Química and Serveis Tècnics de Recerca
- Universitat de Girona
- E-17003 Girona
- Spain
| | - Isabel Romero
- Departament de Química and Serveis Tècnics de Recerca
- Universitat de Girona
- E-17003 Girona
- Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Tomaz
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1749-016 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - M. Helena Garcia
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1749-016 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | | | - Andreia Valente
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1749-016 Lisboa
- Portugal
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Lifshits LM, Roque JA, Cole HD, Thummel RP, Cameron CG, McFarland SA. NIR-Absorbing Ru II Complexes Containing α-Oligothiophenes for Applications in Photodynamic Therapy. Chembiochem 2020; 21:3594-3607. [PMID: 32761725 PMCID: PMC7736147 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The design of near-infrared (NIR)-active photosensitizers (PSs) for light-based cancer treatments such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been a challenge. While several NIR-RuII scaffolds have been reported, this approach has not been proven in cells. This is the first report of NIR-RuII PSs that are phototoxic to cancer cells, including highly pigmented B16F10 melanoma cells. The PS family incorporated a bis(1,8-naphthyridine)-based ligand (tpbn), a bidentate thiophene-based ligand (nT; n=0-4), and a monodentate 4-picoline ligand (4-pic). All compounds absorbed light >800 nm with maxima near 730 nm. Transient absorption (TA) measurements indicated that n=4 thiophene rings (4T) positioned the PDT-active triplet intraligand charge transfer (3 ILCT) excited state in energetic proximity to the lowest-lying triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3 MLCT). 4T had low-micromolar phototoxicity with PIvis and PI733nm values as large as 90 and 12, respectively. Spectroscopic studies suggested that the longer-lived (τTA =3-6 μs) 3 ILCT state was accessible from the 3 MLCT state, but energetically uphill in the overall photophysics. The study highlights that phototoxic effects can be achieved with NIR-absorbing RuII PSs as long as the reactive 3 ILCT states are energetically accessible from the low-energy 3 MLCT states. It also demonstrates that tissue-penetrating NIR light can be used to activate the PSs in highly pigmented cells where melanin attenuates shorter wavelengths of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov M. Lifshits
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
| | - John A. Roque
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, USA
| | - Houston D. Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
| | - Randolph P. Thummel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 112 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas, 77204-5003, USA
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
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Sudhindra P, Ajay Sharma S, Roy N, Moharana P, Paira P. Recent advances in cytotoxicity, cellular uptake and mechanism of action of ruthenium metallodrugs: A review. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Schneider KRA, Chettri A, Cole HD, Reglinski K, Brückmann J, Roque JA, Stumper A, Nauroozi D, Schmid S, Lagerholm CB, Rau S, Bäuerle P, Eggeling C, Cameron CG, McFarland SA, Dietzek B. Intracellular Photophysics of an Osmium Complex bearing an Oligothiophene Extended Ligand. Chemistry 2020; 26:14844-14851. [PMID: 32761643 PMCID: PMC7704931 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This contribution describes the excited-state properties of an Osmium-complex when taken up into human cells. The complex 1 [Os(bpy)2 (IP-4T)](PF6 )2 with bpy=2,2'-bipyridine and IP-4T=2-{5'-[3',4'-diethyl-(2,2'-bithien-5-yl)]-3,4-diethyl-2,2'-bithiophene}imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline) can be discussed as a candidate for photodynamic therapy in the biological red/NIR window. The complex is taken up by MCF7 cells and localizes rather homogeneously within in the cytoplasm. To detail the sub-ns photophysics of 1, comparative transient absorption measurements were carried out in different solvents to derive a model of the photoinduced processes. Key to rationalize the excited-state relaxation is a long-lived 3 ILCT state associated with the oligothiophene chain. This model was then tested with the complex internalized into MCF7 cells, since the intracellular environment has long been suspected to take big influence on the excited state properties. In our study of 1 in cells, we were able to show that, though the overall model remained the same, the excited-state dynamics are affected strongly by the intracellular environment. Our study represents the first in depth correlation towards ex-vivo and in vivo ultrafast spectroscopy for a possible photodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian R. A. Schneider
- Department Functional Interfaces (K.R.A.S., A.C., B.D.)Department Biophysical Imaging (K.R., C.E.)Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) e. V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich-Schiller-University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Avinash Chettri
- Department Functional Interfaces (K.R.A.S., A.C., B.D.)Department Biophysical Imaging (K.R., C.E.)Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) e. V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich-Schiller-University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Houston D. Cole
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTX76019-0065USA
| | - Katharina Reglinski
- Department Functional Interfaces (K.R.A.S., A.C., B.D.)Department Biophysical Imaging (K.R., C.E.)Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) e. V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Applied Optic and BiophysicsFriedrich-Schiller University JenaMax-Wien-Platz 107743JenaGermany
- University Hospital JenaBachstraße 1807743JenaGermany
| | - Jannik Brückmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - John A. Roque
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTX76019-0065USA
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of North Carolina at GreensboroGreensboroNorth Carolina27402USA
| | - Anne Stumper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Djawed Nauroozi
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Sylvia Schmid
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced MaterialsUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | | | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Peter Bäuerle
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced MaterialsUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Christian Eggeling
- Department Functional Interfaces (K.R.A.S., A.C., B.D.)Department Biophysical Imaging (K.R., C.E.)Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) e. V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Applied Optic and BiophysicsFriedrich-Schiller University JenaMax-Wien-Platz 107743JenaGermany
- <MRC Human Immunology Unit & Wolfson Imaging Center OxfordHeadley WayOxfordOX3 9DSUK
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTX76019-0065USA
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTX76019-0065USA
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Department Functional Interfaces (K.R.A.S., A.C., B.D.)Department Biophysical Imaging (K.R., C.E.)Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) e. V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich-Schiller-University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
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Karges J, Kuang S, Ong YC, Chao H, Gasser G. One‐ and Two‐Photon Phototherapeutic Effects of Ru
II
Polypyridine Complexes in the Hypoxic Centre of Large Multicellular Tumor Spheroids and Tumor‐Bearing Mice**. Chemistry 2020; 27:362-370. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Chimie ParisTech PSL University CNRS Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology 75005 Paris France
| | - Shi Kuang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University 510275 Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yih Ching Ong
- Chimie ParisTech PSL University CNRS Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology 75005 Paris France
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University 510275 Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech PSL University CNRS Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology 75005 Paris France
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43
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Roque JA, Barrett PC, Cole HD, Lifshits LM, Bradner E, Shi G, von Dohlen D, Kim S, Russo N, Deep G, Cameron CG, Alberto ME, McFarland SA. Os(II) Oligothienyl Complexes as a Hypoxia-Active Photosensitizer Class for Photodynamic Therapy. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:16341-16360. [PMID: 33126792 PMCID: PMC7669743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia presents a challenge to anticancer therapy, reducing the efficacy of many available treatments. Photodynamic therapy is particularly susceptible to hypoxia, given that its mechanism relies on oxygen. Herein, we introduce two new osmium-based polypyridyl photosensitizers that are active in hypoxia. The lead compounds emerged from a systematic study of two Os(II) polypyridyl families derived from 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) or 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (dmb) as coligands combined with imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline ligands tethered to n = 0-4 thiophenes (IP-nT). The compounds were characterized and investigated for their spectroscopic and (photo)biological activities. The two hypoxia-active Os(II) photosensitizers had n = 4 thiophenes, with the bpy analogue 1-4T being the most potent. In normoxia, 1-4T had low nanomolar activity (half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) = 1-13 nM) with phototherapeutic indices (PI) ranging from 5500 to 55 000 with red and visible light, respectively. A sub-micromolar potency was maintained even in hypoxia (1% O2), with light EC50 and PI values of 732-812 nM and 68-76, respectively -currently among the largest PIs for hypoxic photoactivity. This high degree of activity coincided with a low-energy, long-lived (0.98-3.6 μs) mixed-character intraligand charge-transfer (3ILCT)/ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer (3LLCT) state only accessible in quaterthiophene complexes 1-4T and 2-4T. The coligand identity strongly influenced the photophysical and photobiological results in this study, whereby the bpy coligand led to longer lifetimes (3.6 μs) and more potent photo-cytotoxicity relative to those of dmb. The unactivated compounds were relatively nontoxic both in vitro and in vivo. The maximum tolerated dose for 1-4T and 2-4T in mice was greater than or equal to 200 mg kg-1, an excellent starting point for future in vivo validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Roque
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, 27402 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019 USA
| | - Patrick C. Barrett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, 27402 USA
| | - Houston D. Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019 USA
| | - Liubov M. Lifshits
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019 USA
| | - Evan Bradner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, 27402 USA
| | - Ge Shi
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1×5, Canada
| | - David von Dohlen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, 27402 USA
| | - Susy Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, 27157 USA
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Italy
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, 27157 USA
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019 USA
| | - Marta E. Alberto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Italy
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019 USA
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44
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Karges J, Chao H, Gasser G. Critical discussion of the applications of metal complexes for 2-photon photodynamic therapy. J Biol Inorg Chem 2020; 25:1035-1050. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-020-01829-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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45
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Simões JCS, Sarpaki S, Papadimitroulas P, Therrien B, Loudos G. Conjugated Photosensitizers for Imaging and PDT in Cancer Research. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14119-14150. [PMID: 32990442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Early cancer detection and perfect understanding of the disease are imperative toward efficient treatments. It is straightforward that, for choosing a specific cancer treatment methodology, diagnostic agents undertake a critical role. Imaging is an extremely intriguing tool since it assumes a follow up to treatments to survey the accomplishment of the treatment and to recognize any conceivable repeating injuries. It also permits analysis of the disease, as well as to pursue treatment and monitor the possible changes that happen on the tumor. Likewise, it allows screening the adequacy of treatment and visualizing the state of the tumor. Additionally, when the treatment is finished, observing the patient is imperative to evaluate the treatment methodology and adjust the treatment if necessary. The goal of this review is to present an overview of conjugated photosensitizers for imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C S Simões
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Neuchatel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland.,BioEmission Technology Solutions, Alexandras Avenue 116, 11472 Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Sarpaki
- BioEmission Technology Solutions, Alexandras Avenue 116, 11472 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Bruno Therrien
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Neuchatel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - George Loudos
- BioEmission Technology Solutions, Alexandras Avenue 116, 11472 Athens, Greece
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46
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Smithen DA, Monro S, Pinto M, Roque J, Diaz-Rodriguez RM, Yin H, Cameron CG, Thompson A, McFarland SA. Bis[pyrrolyl Ru(ii)] triads: a new class of photosensitizers for metal-organic photodynamic therapy. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12047-12069. [PMID: 33738086 PMCID: PMC7953431 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04500d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A new family of ten dinuclear Ru(ii) complexes based on the bis[pyrrolyl Ru(ii)] triad scaffold, where two Ru(bpy)2 centers are separated by a variety of organic linkers, was prepared to evaluate the influence of the organic chromophore on the spectroscopic and in vitro photodynamic therapy (PDT) properties of the compounds. The bis[pyrrolyl Ru(ii)] triads absorbed strongly throughout the visible region, with several members having molar extinction coefficients (ε) ≥ 104 at 600-620 nm and longer. Phosphorescence quantum yields (Φ p) were generally less than 0.1% and in some cases undetectable. The singlet oxygen quantum yields (Φ Δ) ranged from 5% to 77% and generally correlated with their photocytotoxicities toward human leukemia (HL-60) cells regardless of the wavelength of light used. Dark cytotoxicities varied ten-fold, with EC50 values in the range of 10-100 μM and phototherapeutic indices (PIs) as large as 5400 and 260 with broadband visible (28 J cm-2, 7.8 mW cm-2) and 625 nm red (100 J cm-2, 42 mW cm-2) light, respectively. The bis[pyrrolyl Ru(ii)] triad with a pyrenyl linker (5h) was especially potent, with an EC50 value of 1 nM and PI > 27 000 with visible light and subnanomolar activity with 625 nm light (100 J cm-2, 28 mW cm-2). The lead compound 5h was also tested in a tumor spheroid assay using the HL60 cell line and exhibited greater photocytotoxicity in this more resistant model (EC50 = 60 nM and PI > 1200 with 625 nm light) despite a lower dark cytotoxicity. The in vitro PDT effects of 5h extended to bacteria, where submicromolar EC50 values and PIs >300 against S. mutans and S. aureus were obtained with visible light. This activity was attenuated with 625 nm red light, but PIs were still near 50. The ligand-localized 3ππ* state contributed by the pyrenyl linker of 5h likely plays a key role in its phototoxic effects toward cancer cells and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Smithen
- Department of Chemistry , Dalhousie University , P. O. Box 15000 , Halifax , NS B3H 4R2 , Canada .
| | - Susan Monro
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , NS B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Mitch Pinto
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , NS B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - John Roque
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , PO Box 26170 , Greensboro , NC 27402-6170 , USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Arlington , 700 Planetarium Pl , Arlington , TX 76019-0065 , USA .
| | - Roberto M Diaz-Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry , Dalhousie University , P. O. Box 15000 , Halifax , NS B3H 4R2 , Canada .
| | - Huimin Yin
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , NS B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Colin G Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Arlington , 700 Planetarium Pl , Arlington , TX 76019-0065 , USA .
| | - Alison Thompson
- Department of Chemistry , Dalhousie University , P. O. Box 15000 , Halifax , NS B3H 4R2 , Canada .
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Arlington , 700 Planetarium Pl , Arlington , TX 76019-0065 , USA .
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47
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Karges J, Chao H, Gasser G. Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of the Polymeric Encapsulation of a Ruthenium(II) Polypyridine Complex with Pluronic F‐127/Poloxamer‐407 for Photodynamic Therapy Applications. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS 75005 Paris France
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat‐Sen University 510275 Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS 75005 Paris France
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48
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Štarha P, Hošek J, Trávníček Z, Dvořák Z. Cytotoxic dimeric half‐sandwich Ru(II), Os(II) and Ir(III) complexes containing the 4,4′‐biphenyl‐based bridging ligands. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Štarha
- Division of Biologically Active Complexes and Molecular Magnets, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of SciencePalacký University in Olomouc Šlechtitelů 27 Olomouc 783 71 Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hošek
- Division of Biologically Active Complexes and Molecular Magnets, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of SciencePalacký University in Olomouc Šlechtitelů 27 Olomouc 783 71 Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Trávníček
- Division of Biologically Active Complexes and Molecular Magnets, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of SciencePalacký University in Olomouc Šlechtitelů 27 Olomouc 783 71 Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Dvořák
- Division of Biologically Active Complexes and Molecular Magnets, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of SciencePalacký University in Olomouc Šlechtitelů 27 Olomouc 783 71 Czech Republic
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of SciencePalacký University in Olomouc Šlechtitelů 27 Olomouc 783 71 Czech Republic
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49
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Solís-Ruiz JA, Barthe A, Riegel G, Saavedra-Díaz RO, Gaiddon C, Le Lagadec R. Light activation of cyclometalated ruthenium complexes drives towards caspase 3 dependent apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 208:111080. [PMID: 32330762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polypyridyl ruthenium complexes have been intensively investigated for their remarkable antiproliferative properties and some are currently being tested in clinical trials. Here, we investigated the impact of illumination on the biological properties of a series of new cyclometalated ruthenium compounds with increased π-conjugation. We determined that various of these complexes display a bivalent biological activity as they are highly cytotoxic by themselves in absence of light while their cytotoxicity can significantly be elevated towards an IC50 in the nanomolar range upon illumination. In particular, we showed that these complexes are particularly active (IC50 < 1 μM) on two gastric cancer cell lines (AGS, KATO III) that are resistant towards cisplatin (IC50 > 25 μM). As expected, light activation leads to increased production of singlet oxygen species in vitro and accumulation of reactive oxygen species in vivo. Importantly, we established that light exposure shifts the mode of action of the complexes towards activation of a caspase 3-dependent apoptosis that correlates with increased DNA damage. Altogether, this study characterizes novel ruthenium complexes with dual activity that can be tuned towards different mode of action in order to bypass cancer cell resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Andrés Solís-Ruiz
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Anaïs Barthe
- Strasbourg Université, Inserm UMR_S U1113, IRFAC, 3 Avenue Molière, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Gilles Riegel
- Strasbourg Université, Inserm UMR_S U1113, IRFAC, 3 Avenue Molière, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Rafael Omar Saavedra-Díaz
- Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, División Académica de Ciencias Básicas, Carretera Cunduacán-Jalpa Km. 1, 86690 Cunduacán, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Christian Gaiddon
- Strasbourg Université, Inserm UMR_S U1113, IRFAC, 3 Avenue Molière, 67200 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Ronan Le Lagadec
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Karges J, Heinemann F, Jakubaszek M, Maschietto F, Subecz C, Dotou M, Vinck R, Blacque O, Tharaud M, Goud B, Viñuelas Zahı́nos E, Spingler B, Ciofini I, Gasser G. Rationally Designed Long-Wavelength Absorbing Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complexes as Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:6578-6587. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Franz Heinemann
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marta Jakubaszek
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
- PSL University, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Federica Maschietto
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Theoretical Chemistry and Modelling, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Chloé Subecz
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mazzarine Dotou
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Robin Vinck
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Blacque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mickaël Tharaud
- Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Goud
- PSL University, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Emilio Viñuelas Zahı́nos
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Theoretical Chemistry and Modelling, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
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