1
|
Nishikawa M, Yu J, Kang HG, Suzuki M, Komatsu N. Rational Design, Multistep Synthesis and in Vitro Evaluation of Poly(glycerol) Functionalized Nanodiamond Conjugated with Boron-10 Cluster and Active Targeting Moiety for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302073. [PMID: 37589488 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), advanced cancer treatment utilizing nuclear fission of 10 B atom in cancer cells, is attracting increasing attention. As 10 B delivery agent, sodium borocaptate (10 BSH, 10 B12 H11 SH ⋅ 2Na), has been used in clinical studies along with L-boronophenylalanine. Recently, this boron cluster has been conjugated with lipids, polymers or nanoparticles to increase selectivity to and retentivity in tumor. In this work, anticancer nanoformulations for BNCT are designed, consisting of poly(glycerol) functionalized detonation nanodiamonds (DND-PG) as a hydrophilic nanocarrier, the boron cluster moiety (10 B12 H11 2- ) as a dense boron-10 source, and phenylboronic acid or RGD peptide as an active targeting moiety. Some hydroxy groups in PG were oxidized to carboxy groups (DND-PG-COOH) to conjugate the active targeting moiety. Some hydroxy groups in DND-PG-COOH were then transformed to azide to conjugate 10 B12 H11 2- through click chemistry. The nanodrugs were evaluated in vitro using B16 murine melanoma cells in terms of cell viability, BNCT efficacy and cellular uptake. As a result, the 10 B12 H11 2- moiety is found to facilitate cellular uptake probably due to its negative charge. Upon thermal neutron irradiation, the nanodrugs with 10 B12 H11 2- moiety exhibited good anticancer efficacies with slight differences with and without targeting moiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
- Innovation and Business Development Headquarters, Daicel Corporation, 1239, Shinzaike, Aboshi-ku, 671-1283, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Jie Yu
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Heon Gyu Kang
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Minoru Suzuki
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2-1010, Asashiro-nishi, Kumatori-cho, 590-0494, Sennan-gun, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Komatsu
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tegafaw T, Liu S, Ahmad MY, Ali Al Saidi AK, Zhao D, Liu Y, Yue H, Nam SW, Chang Y, Lee GH. Production, surface modification, physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, and bioimaging applications of nanodiamonds. RSC Adv 2023; 13:32381-32397. [PMID: 37928839 PMCID: PMC10623544 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06837d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanodiamonds (ND) are chemically inert and stable owing to their sp3 covalent bonding structure, but their surface sp2 graphitic carbons can be easily homogenized with diverse functional groups via oxidation, reduction, hydrogenation, amination, and halogenation. Further surface conjugation of NDs with hydrophilic ligands can boost their colloidal stability and functionality. In addition, NDs are non-toxic as they are made of carbons. They exhibit stable fluorescence without photobleaching. They also possess paramagnetic and ferromagnetic properties, making them suitable for use as a new type of fluorescence imaging (FI) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probe. In this review, we focused on recently developed ND production methods, surface homogenization and functionalization methods, biocompatibilities, and biomedical imaging applications as FI and MRI probes. Finally, we discussed future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tirusew Tegafaw
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University Taegu 41566 South Korea +82-53-950-6330 +82-53-950-5340
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University Taegu 41566 South Korea +82-53-950-6330 +82-53-950-5340
| | - Mohammad Yaseen Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University Taegu 41566 South Korea +82-53-950-6330 +82-53-950-5340
| | - Abdullah Khamis Ali Al Saidi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University Taegu 41566 South Korea +82-53-950-6330 +82-53-950-5340
| | - Dejun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University Taegu 41566 South Korea +82-53-950-6330 +82-53-950-5340
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University Taegu 41566 South Korea +82-53-950-6330 +82-53-950-5340
| | - Huan Yue
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University Taegu 41566 South Korea +82-53-950-6330 +82-53-950-5340
| | - Sung-Wook Nam
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Taegu 41944 South Korea +82-53-420-5471
| | - Yongmin Chang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Taegu 41944 South Korea +82-53-420-5471
| | - Gang Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University Taegu 41566 South Korea +82-53-950-6330 +82-53-950-5340
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wen H, Kordahl D, Kuschnerus IC, Reineck P, Macmillan A, Chang HC, Dwyer C, Chang SLY. Correlative Fluorescence and Transmission Electron Microscopy Assisted by 3D Machine Learning Reveals Thin Nanodiamonds Fluoresce Brighter. ACS NANO 2023; 17:16491-16500. [PMID: 37594320 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) draw widespread attention as quantum sensors due to their room-temperature luminescence, exceptional photo- and chemical stability, and biocompatibility. For bioscience applications, NV centers in FNDs offer high-spatial-resolution capabilities that are unparalleled by other solid-state nanoparticle emitters. On the other hand, pursuits to further improve the optical properties of FNDs have reached a bottleneck, with intense debate in the literature over which of the many factors are most pertinent. Here, we describe how substantial progress can be achieved using a correlative transmission electron microscopy and photoluminescence (TEMPL) method that we have developed. TEMPL enables a precise correlative analysis of the fluorescence brightness, size, and shape of individual FND particles. Augmented with machine learning, TEMPL can be used to analyze a large, statistically meaningful number of particles. Our results reveal that FND fluorescence is strongly dependent on particle shape, specifically, that thin, flake-shaped particles are up to several times brighter and that fluorescence increases with decreasing particle sphericity. Our theoretical analysis shows that these observations are attributable to the constructive interference of light waves within the FNDs. Our findings have significant implications for state-of-the-art sensing applications, and they offer potential avenues for improving the sensitivity and resolution of quantum sensing devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Wen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - David Kordahl
- Department of Physics and Engineering, Centenary College of Louisiana, Shreveport, Louisiana 71104, United States
| | - Inga C Kuschnerus
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Philipp Reineck
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Bio Photonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Alexander Macmillan
- BMIF, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Huan-Cheng Chang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Christian Dwyer
- Electron Imaging and Spectroscopy Tools, PO Box 506, Sans Souci, NSW 2219, Australia
- Physics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Shery L Y Chang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Effect of heat treatment on fluorescence characteristics of HPHT and detonation nanodiamonds. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-022-02692-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
5
|
Tan Y, Hu X, Hou Y, Chu Z. Emerging Diamond Quantum Sensing in Bio-Membranes. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:957. [PMID: 36295716 PMCID: PMC9609316 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bio-membranes exhibit complex but unique mechanical properties as communicative regulators in various physiological and pathological processes. Exposed to a dynamic micro-environment, bio-membranes can be seen as an intricate and delicate system. The systematical modeling and detection of their local physical properties are often difficult to achieve, both quantitatively and precisely. The recent emerging diamonds hosting quantum defects (i.e., nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center) demonstrate intriguing optical and spin properties, together with their outstanding photostability and biocompatibility, rendering them ideal candidates for biological applications. Notably, the extraordinary spin-based sensing enable the measurements of localized nanoscale physical quantities such as magnetic fields, electrical fields, temperature, and strain. These nanoscale signals can be optically read out precisely by simple optical microscopy systems. Given these exclusive properties, NV-center-based quantum sensors can be widely applied in exploring bio-membrane-related features and the communicative chemical reaction processes. This review mainly focuses on NV-based quantum sensing in bio-membrane fields. The attempts of applying NV-based quantum sensors in bio-membranes to investigate diverse physical and chemical events such as membrane elasticity, phase change, nanoscale bio-physical signals, and free radical formation are fully overviewed. We also discuss the challenges and future directions of this novel technology to be utilized in bio-membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yayin Tan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xinhao Hu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yong Hou
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Joint Appointment with School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wu Y, Weil T. Recent Developments of Nanodiamond Quantum Sensors for Biological Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200059. [PMID: 35343101 PMCID: PMC9259730 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Measuring certain quantities at the nanoscale is often limited to strict conditions such as low temperature or vacuum. However, the recently developed nanodiamond (ND) quantum sensing technology shows great promise for ultrasensitive diagnosis and probing subcellular parameters at ambient conditions. Atom defects (i.e., N, Si) within the ND lattice provide stable emissions and sometimes spin-dependent photoluminescence. These unique properties endow ND quantum sensors with the capacity to detect local temperature, magnetic fields, electric fields, or strain. In this review, some of the recent, most exciting developments in the preparation and application of ND sensors to solve current challenges in biology and medicine including ultrasensitive detection of virions and local sensing of pH, radical species, magnetic fields, temperature, and rotational movements, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingke Wu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Baek KY, Kim S, Koh HR. Molecular Tension Probes to Quantify Cell-Generated Mechanical Forces. Mol Cells 2022; 45:26-32. [PMID: 35114645 PMCID: PMC8819489 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Living cells generate, sense, and respond to mechanical forces through their interaction with neighboring cells or extracellular matrix, thereby regulating diverse cellular processes such as growth, motility, differentiation, and immune responses. Dysregulation of mechanosensitive signaling pathways is found associated with the development and progression of various diseases such as cancer. Yet, little is known about the mechanisms behind mechano-regulation, largely due to the limited availability of tools to study it at the molecular level. The recent development of molecular tension probes allows measurement of cellular forces exerted by single ligandreceptor interaction, which has helped in revealing the hitherto unknown mechanistic details of various mechanosensitive processes in living cells. Here, we provide an introductory overview of two methods based on molecular tension probes, tension gauge tether (TGT), and molecular tension fluorescence microscopy (MTFM). TGT utilizes the irreversible rupture of double-stranded DNA tether upon application of force in the piconewton (pN) range, whereas MTFM utilizes the reversible extension of molecular springs such as polymer or single-stranded DNA hairpin under applied pN forces. Specifically, the underlying principle of how molecular tension probes measure cell-generated mechanical forces and their applications to mechanosensitive biological processes are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Yup Baek
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Seohyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Hye Ran Koh
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Akther A, Walsh EP, Reineck P, Gibson BC, Ohshima T, Abe H, McColl G, Jenkins NL, Hall LT, Simpson DA, Rezk AR, Yeo LY. Acoustomicrofluidic Concentration and Signal Enhancement of Fluorescent Nanodiamond Sensors. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16133-16141. [PMID: 34813284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers constitute a promising class of quantum nanosensors owing to the unique magneto-optic properties associated with their spin states. The large surface area and photostability of diamond nanoparticles, together with their relatively low synthesis costs, make them a suitable platform for the detection of biologically relevant quantities such as paramagnetic ions and molecules in solution. Nevertheless, their sensing performance in solution is often hampered by poor signal-to-noise ratios and long acquisition times due to distribution inhomogeneities throughout the analyte sample. By concentrating the diamond nanoparticles through an intense microcentrifugation effect in an acoustomicrofluidic device, we show that the resultant dense NV ensembles within the diamond nanoparticles give rise to an order-of-magnitude improvement in the measured acquisition time. The ability to concentrate nanoparticles under surface acoustic wave (SAW) microcentrifugation in a sessile droplet is, in itself, surprising given the well-documented challenge of achieving such an effect for particles below 1 μm in dimension. In addition to a demonstration of their sensing performance, we thus reveal in this work that the reason why the diamond nanoparticles readily concentrate under the SAW-driven recirculatory flow can be attributed to their considerably higher density and hence larger acoustic contrast compared to those for typical particles and cells for which the SAW microcentrifugation flow has been shown to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asma Akther
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Ella P Walsh
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Philipp Reineck
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Brant C Gibson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Takeshi Ohshima
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Abe
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Gawain McColl
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nicole L Jenkins
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Liam T Hall
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - David A Simpson
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Amgad R Rezk
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Leslie Y Yeo
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nishikawa M, Kang HG, Zou Y, Takeuchi H, Matsuno N, Suzuki M, Komatsu N. Conjugation of Phenylboronic Acid Moiety through Multistep Organic Transformations on Nanodiamond Surface for an Anticancer Nanodrug for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Business Development Center, Daicel Corporation, 1239 Shinzaike, Aboshi-ku, Himeji, Hyogo 671-1283, Japan
| | - Heon Gyu Kang
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yajuan Zou
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Takeuchi
- Business Development Center, Daicel Corporation, 1239 Shinzaike, Aboshi-ku, Himeji, Hyogo 671-1283, Japan
| | - Naoyoshi Matsuno
- Business Development Center, Daicel Corporation, 1239 Shinzaike, Aboshi-ku, Himeji, Hyogo 671-1283, Japan
| | - Minoru Suzuki
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2-1010 Asashiro-nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Naoki Komatsu
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang T, Pramanik G, Zhang K, Gulka M, Wang L, Jing J, Xu F, Li Z, Wei Q, Cigler P, Chu Z. Toward Quantitative Bio-sensing with Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Diamond. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2077-2107. [PMID: 34038091 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The long-dreamed-of capability of monitoring the molecular machinery in living systems has not been realized yet, mainly due to the technical limitations of current sensing technologies. However, recently emerging quantum sensors are showing great promise for molecular detection and imaging. One of such sensing qubits is the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center, a photoluminescent impurity in a diamond lattice with unique room-temperature optical and spin properties. This atomic-sized quantum emitter has the ability to quantitatively measure nanoscale electromagnetic fields via optical means at ambient conditions. Moreover, the unlimited photostability of NV centers, combined with the excellent diamond biocompatibility and the possibility of diamond nanoparticles internalization into the living cells, makes NV-based sensors one of the most promising and versatile platforms for various life-science applications. In this review, we will summarize the latest developments of NV-based quantum sensing with a focus on biomedical applications, including measurements of magnetic biomaterials, intracellular temperature, localized physiological species, action potentials, and electronic and nuclear spins. We will also outline the main unresolved challenges and provide future perspectives of many promising aspects of NV-based bio-sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Goutam Pramanik
- UGC DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Kolkata Centre, Sector III, LB-8, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michal Gulka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jixiang Jing
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zifu Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medical, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, China
| | - Petr Cigler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Joint Appointment with School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nishimura Y, Oshimi K, Umehara Y, Kumon Y, Miyaji K, Yukawa H, Shikano Y, Matsubara T, Fujiwara M, Baba Y, Teki Y. Wide-field fluorescent nanodiamond spin measurements toward real-time large-area intracellular thermometry. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4248. [PMID: 33608613 PMCID: PMC7895939 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83285-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Measuring optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of diamond nitrogen vacancy centers significantly depends on the photon detectors used. We study camera-based wide-field ODMR measurements to examine the performance in thermometry by comparing the results to those of the confocal-based ODMR detection. We show that the temperature sensitivity of the camera-based measurements can be as high as that of the confocal detection and that possible artifacts of the ODMR shift are produced owing to the complexity of the camera-based measurements. Although measurements from wide-field ODMR of nanodiamonds in living cells can provide temperature precisions consistent with those of confocal detection, the technique requires the integration of rapid ODMR measurement protocols for better precisions. Our results can aid the development of camera-based real-time large-area spin-based thermometry of living cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Nishimura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
- Institute of Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Keisuke Oshimi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yumi Umehara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yuka Kumon
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kazu Miyaji
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yukawa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
- Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
- Institute of Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shikano
- Quantum Computing Center, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
- Institute for Quantum Studies, Chapman University, Orange , CA, 92866, USA
- JST PRESTO, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Matsubara
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masazumi Fujiwara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.
| | - Yoshinobu Baba
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
- Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
- Institute of Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshio Teki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Prabhakar N, Peurla M, Shenderova O, Rosenholm JM. Fluorescent and Electron-Dense Green Color Emitting Nanodiamonds for Single-Cell Correlative Microscopy. Molecules 2020; 25:E5897. [PMID: 33322105 PMCID: PMC7764487 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) is revolutionizing how cell samples are studied. CLEM provides a combination of the molecular and ultrastructural information about a cell. For the execution of CLEM experiments, multimodal fiducial landmarks are applied to precisely overlay light and electron microscopy images. Currently applied fiducials such as quantum dots and organic dye-labeled nanoparticles can be irreversibly quenched by electron beam exposure during electron microscopy. Generally, the sample is therefore investigated with a light microscope first and later with an electron microscope. A versatile fiducial landmark should offer to switch back from electron microscopy to light microscopy while preserving its fluorescent properties. Here, we evaluated green fluorescent and electron dense nanodiamonds for the execution of CLEM experiments and precisely correlated light microscopy and electron microscopy images. We demonstrated that green color emitting fluorescent nanodiamonds withstand electron beam exposure, harsh chemical treatments, heavy metal straining, and, importantly, their fluorescent properties remained intact for light microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Prabhakar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Markus Peurla
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland;
- Cancer Research Laboratory FICAN West, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Olga Shenderova
- Adámas Nanotechnologies, Inc., 8100 Brownleigh Drive, Suite 120, Raleigh, NC 27617, USA;
| | - Jessica M. Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Uthappa U, Arvind O, Sriram G, Losic D, Ho-Young-Jung, Kigga M, Kurkuri MD. Nanodiamonds and their surface modification strategies for drug delivery applications. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
14
|
Sow M, Steuer H, Adekanye S, Ginés L, Mandal S, Gilboa B, Williams OA, Smith JM, Kapanidis AN. High-throughput nitrogen-vacancy center imaging for nanodiamond photophysical characterization and pH nanosensing. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:21821-21831. [PMID: 33103692 PMCID: PMC8329943 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05931e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescent nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect in diamond has remarkable photophysical properties, including high photostability which allows stable fluorescence emission for hours; as a result, there has been much interest in using nanodiamonds (NDs) for applications in quantum optics and biological imaging. Such applications have been limited by the heterogeneity of NDs and our limited understanding of NV photophysics in NDs, which is partially due to the lack of sensitive and high-throughput methods for photophysical analysis of NDs. Here, we report a systematic analysis of NDs using two-color wide-field epifluorescence imaging coupled to high-throughput single-particle detection of single NVs in NDs with sizes down to 5-10 nm. By using fluorescence intensity ratios, we observe directly the charge conversion of single NV center (NV- or NV0) and measure the lifetimes of different NV charge states in NDs. We also show that we can use changes in pH to control the main NV charge states in a direct and reversible fashion, a discovery that paves the way for performing pH nanosensing with a non-photobleachable probe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maabur Sow
- Biological Physics Research Group, Department of Physics, University of OxfordOxford OX1 3PUUK
| | - Horst Steuer
- Biological Physics Research Group, Department of Physics, University of OxfordOxford OX1 3PUUK
| | - Sanmi Adekanye
- Department of Materials, University of OxfordParks RoadOxford OX1 3PHUK
| | - Laia Ginés
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff UniversityCardiff CF24 3AAUK
| | - Soumen Mandal
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff UniversityCardiff CF24 3AAUK
| | - Barak Gilboa
- Biological Physics Research Group, Department of Physics, University of OxfordOxford OX1 3PUUK
| | | | - Jason M. Smith
- Department of Materials, University of OxfordParks RoadOxford OX1 3PHUK
| | - Achillefs N. Kapanidis
- Biological Physics Research Group, Department of Physics, University of OxfordOxford OX1 3PUUK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Khasraghi SS, Shojaei A, Sundararaj U. Highly biocompatible multifunctional hybrid nanoparticles based on Fe 3O 4 decorated nanodiamond with superior superparamagnetic behaviors and photoluminescent properties. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 114:110993. [PMID: 32993987 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The multifunctional nanostructures with superparamagnetic and luminescent properties undergo revolution in the field of bio-nanotechnology. In this article, we reported a facile and efficient one-step modified co-precipitation method to load superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticle on oxidized nanodiamond (Ox-ND). Subsequently, the as-prepared Ox-ND/Fe3O4 hybrid nanoparticle was surface functionalized with vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) to enhance its compatibility with organic media. The structure, morphology, magnetic, and optical properties of the nanohybrid were systematically investigated. The results confirmed successful loading of crystalline Fe3O4 on the surface of Ox-ND. Ox-ND/Fe3O4 multifunctional hybrid nanoparticle presented strong superparamagnetism (with a saturation magnetization of 67 emu/g at room temperature) and photoluminescence (blue emission) with good chemical reactivity. PrestoBlue assay indicated great biocompatibility of silanized Ox-ND/Fe3O4 in MCF-7 cells even at high concentrations, e.g. 7.2 mg/mL. The hybrid nanoparticle synthesized in this study potentially opens doors for high contrast imaging and targeted delivery applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Salkhi Khasraghi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9465, Tehran, Iran; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Akbar Shojaei
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9465, Tehran, Iran.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Segawa TF, Shames AI. How to Identify, Attribute, and Quantify Triplet Defects in Ensembles of Small Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7438-7442. [PMID: 32787299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanodiamonds containing negatively charged triplet (having an electron spin S = 1) nitrogen-vacancy (NV-) centers are an extraordinary room-temperature quantum system, whose electron spins may be polarized and read out optically even in a single nanocrystal. In this Viewpoint we promote a simple but reliable method to identify, attribute, and quantify these triplet defects in a polycrystalline sample using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The characterization relies on a specific "forbidden" transition ("ΔMS = 2"), which appears at about half the central magnetic field and shows a remarkably small anisotropy. In particular, we emphasize that this method is by far not limited to NV- centers in diamond but could become an important characterization tool for novel triplet defects in various types of nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya F Segawa
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander I Shames
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu CF, Leong WH, Xia K, Feng X, Finkler A, Denisenko A, Wrachtrup J, Li Q, Liu RB. Ultra-sensitive hybrid diamond nanothermometer. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 8:nwaa194. [PMID: 34691635 PMCID: PMC8288462 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are promising quantum sensors because of their long spin coherence time under ambient conditions. However, their spin resonances are relatively insensitive to non-magnetic parameters such as temperature. A magnetic-nanoparticle-nanodiamond hybrid thermometer, where the temperature change is converted to the magnetic field variation near the Curie temperature, were demonstrated to have enhanced temperature sensitivity ($11{\rm{\,\,mK\,\,H}}{{\rm{z}}^{ - 1/2}}$) (Wang N, Liu G-Q and Leong W-H et al. Phys Rev X 2018; 8: 011042), but the sensitivity was limited by the large spectral broadening of ensemble spins in nanodiamonds. To overcome this limitation, here we show an improved design of a hybrid nanothermometer using a single NV center in a diamond nanopillar coupled with a single magnetic nanoparticle of copper-nickel alloy, and demonstrate a temperature sensitivity of $76{\rm{\,\,\mu K\,\,H}}{{\rm{z}}^{ - 1/2}}$. This hybrid design enables detection of 2 mK temperature changes with temporal resolution of 5 ms. The ultra-sensitive nanothermometer offers a new tool to investigate thermal processes in nanoscale systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xi Feng
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Andrej Denisenko
- 3rd Institute of Physics and Center for Applied Quantum Technologies, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3rd Institute of Physics and Center for Applied Quantum Technologies, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Quan Li
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nanodiamonds: Synthesis and Application in Sensing, Catalysis, and the Possible Connection with Some Processes Occurring in Space. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10124094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the unique characteristics of nanodiamonds (NDs) and the fluorescence properties of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers has lead to a tool with quantum sensing capabilities and nanometric spatial resolution; this tool is able to operate in a wide range of temperatures and pressures and in harsh chemical conditions. For the development of devices based on NDs, a great effort has been invested in researching cheap and easily scalable synthesis techniques for NDs and NV-NDs. In this review, we discuss the common fluorescent NDs synthesis techniques as well as the laser-assisted production methods. Then, we report recent results regarding the applications of fluorescent NDs, focusing in particular on sensing of the environmental parameters as well as in catalysis. Finally, we underline that the highly non-equilibrium processes occurring in the interactions of laser-materials in controlled laboratory conditions for NDs synthesis present unique opportunities for investigation of the phenomena occurring under extreme thermodynamic conditions in planetary cores or under warm dense matter conditions.
Collapse
|
19
|
Basso L, Sacco M, Bazzanella N, Cazzanelli M, Barge A, Orlandi M, Bifone A, Miotello A. Laser-Synthesis of NV-Centers-Enriched Nanodiamonds: Effect of Different Nitrogen Sources. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11060579. [PMID: 32527055 PMCID: PMC7344492 DOI: 10.3390/mi11060579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to the large number of possible applications in quantum technology fields—especially regarding quantum sensing—of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in nanodiamonds (NDs), research on a cheap, scalable and effective NDs synthesis technique has acquired an increasing interest. Standard production methods, such as detonation and grinding, require multistep post-synthesis processes and do not allow precise control in the size and fluorescence intensity of NDs. For this reason, a different approach consisting of pulsed laser ablation of carbon precursors has recently been proposed. In this work, we demonstrate the synthesis of NV-fluorescent NDs through pulsed laser ablation of an N-doped graphite target. The obtained NDs are fully characterized in the morphological and optical properties, in particular with optically detected magnetic resonance spectroscopy to unequivocally prove the NV origin of the NDs photoluminescence. Moreover, to compare the different fluorescent NDs laser-ablation-based synthesis techniques recently developed, we report an analysis of the effect of the medium in which laser ablation of graphite is performed. Along with it, thermodynamic aspects of the physical processes occurring during laser irradiation are analyzed. Finally, we show that the use of properly N-doped graphite as a target for laser ablation can lead to precise control in the number of NV centers in the produced NDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Basso
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, via Sommarive 14, 38123 Povo, Italy; (N.B.); (M.C.); (M.O.); (A.M.)
- Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, corso Bettini 31, 38068 Rovereto, Italy; (M.S.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mirko Sacco
- Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, corso Bettini 31, 38068 Rovereto, Italy; (M.S.); (A.B.)
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy;
| | - Nicola Bazzanella
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, via Sommarive 14, 38123 Povo, Italy; (N.B.); (M.C.); (M.O.); (A.M.)
| | - Massimo Cazzanelli
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, via Sommarive 14, 38123 Povo, Italy; (N.B.); (M.C.); (M.O.); (A.M.)
| | - Alessandro Barge
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy;
| | - Michele Orlandi
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, via Sommarive 14, 38123 Povo, Italy; (N.B.); (M.C.); (M.O.); (A.M.)
| | - Angelo Bifone
- Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, corso Bettini 31, 38068 Rovereto, Italy; (M.S.); (A.B.)
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio Miotello
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, via Sommarive 14, 38123 Povo, Italy; (N.B.); (M.C.); (M.O.); (A.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
High Nanodiamond Content-PCL Composite for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10050948. [PMID: 32429310 PMCID: PMC7279315 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional scaffolds are becoming increasingly important in the field of tissue engineering. In this research, a composite material is developed using polycaprolactone (PCL) and detonation nanodiamond (ND) to take advantage of the unique properties of ND and the biodegradability of PCL polymer. Different ND loading concentrations are investigated, and the physicochemical properties of the composites are characterized. ND-PCL composite films show a higher surface roughness and hydrophilicity than PCL alone, with a slight decrease in tensile strength and a significant increase in degradation. Higher loading of ND also shows a higher osteoblast adhesion than the PCL alone sample. Finally, we show that the ND-PCL composites are successfully extruded to create a 3D scaffold demonstrating their potential as a composite material for tissue regeneration.
Collapse
|
21
|
Fluorescence and Physico-Chemical Properties of Hydrogenated Detonation Nanodiamonds. C — JOURNAL OF CARBON RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/c6010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogenated detonation nanodiamonds are of great interest for emerging applications in areas from biology and medicine to lubrication. Here, we compare the two main hydrogenation techniques—annealing in hydrogen and plasma-assisted hydrogenation—for the creation of detonation nanodiamonds with a hydrogen terminated surface from the same starting material. Synchrotron-based soft X-ray spectroscopy, infrared absorption spectroscopy, and electron energy loss spectroscopy were employed to quantify diamond and non-diamond carbon contents and determine the surface chemistries of all samples. Dynamic light scattering was used to study the particles’ colloidal properties in water. For the first time, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy analysis at temperatures from room temperature down to 10 K was performed to investigate the particles’ fluorescence properties. Our results show that both hydrogenation techniques produce hydrogenated detonation nanodiamonds with overall similar physico-chemical and fluorescence properties.
Collapse
|
22
|
Wilson ER, Parker LM, Orth A, Nunn N, Torelli M, Shenderova O, Gibson BC, Reineck P. The effect of particle size on nanodiamond fluorescence and colloidal properties in biological media. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:385704. [PMID: 31181558 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab283d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) are extremely photostable markers and nanoscale sensors, which are increasingly used in biomedical applications. Nanoparticle size is a critical parameter in the majority of these applications. Yet, the effect of particle size on FND's fluorescence and colloidal properties is not well understood today. Here, we investigate the fluorescence and colloidal stability of commercially available high-pressure high-temperature FNDs containing nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in biological media. Unconjugated FNDs in sizes ranging between 10 nm and 140 nm with an oxidized surface are studied using dynamic light scattering and fluorescence spectroscopy. We determine their colloidal stability in water, fetal bovine serum, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium and complete media. The FNDs' relative fluorescence brightness, the NV charge-state, and the FND fluorescence against media autofluorescence are analyzed as a function of FND size. Our results will enable researchers in biology and beyond to identify the most promising FND particle size for their application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Wilson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Terada D, Segawa TF, Shames AI, Onoda S, Ohshima T, O Sawa E, Igarashi R, Shirakawa M. Monodisperse Five-Nanometer-Sized Detonation Nanodiamonds Enriched in Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers. ACS NANO 2019; 13:6461-6468. [PMID: 31140778 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanodiamonds containing negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV-) centers are versatile nanosensors thanks to their optical and spin properties. While currently most fluorescent nanodiamonds in use have at least a size of a few tens of nanometers, the challenge lies in engineering the smallest nanodiamonds containing a single NV- defect. Such a tiny nanocrystal with a single NV- center is an "optical spin label" for biomolecules, which can be detected in a fluorescence microscope. In this paper, we address two key issues toward this goal using detonation nanodiamonds (DNDs) of 4-5 nm in size. The DND samples are treated first with electron irradiation to create more vacancies. With the aid of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, we confirm a steady increase of negatively charged NV- centers with higher fluence. This leads to a 4 times higher concentration in NV- defects after irradiation with 2 MeV electrons at a fluence of 5 × 1018 e-/cm2. Interestingly, we observe that the annealing of DND does not increase the number of NV- centers, which is in contrast to bulk diamond and larger nanodiamonds. Since DNDs are strongly aggregated after the irradiation process, we apply a boiling acid treatment as a second step to fabricate monodisperse DNDs enriched in NV- centers. These are two important steps toward "optical spin labels" having a single-digit nanometer range size that could be used for bioimaging and nanosensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Terada
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-Ku , Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
- Institute for Quantum Life Science , National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology , 4-9-1, Anagawa , Inage-Ku, Chiba 263-8555 , Japan
| | - Takuya F Segawa
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-Ku , Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics , Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich , CH-8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Alexander I Shames
- Department of Physics , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , 8410501 Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Shinobu Onoda
- Institute for Quantum Life Science , National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology , 4-9-1, Anagawa , Inage-Ku, Chiba 263-8555 , Japan
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute , National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology , 1233 Watanuki , Takasaki , Gunma 370-1292 , Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohshima
- Institute for Quantum Life Science , National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology , 4-9-1, Anagawa , Inage-Ku, Chiba 263-8555 , Japan
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute , National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology , 1233 Watanuki , Takasaki , Gunma 370-1292 , Japan
| | - Eiji O Sawa
- NanoCarbon Research Institute, AREC , Shinshu University , Ueda , Nagano 386-8567 , Japan
| | - Ryuji Igarashi
- Institute for Quantum Life Science , National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology , 4-9-1, Anagawa , Inage-Ku, Chiba 263-8555 , Japan
| | - Masahiro Shirakawa
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-Ku , Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
- Institute for Quantum Life Science , National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology , 4-9-1, Anagawa , Inage-Ku, Chiba 263-8555 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Prabhakar N, Rosenholm JM. Nanodiamonds for advanced optical bioimaging and beyond. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
25
|
Lai H, Lu M, Chen F, Lalevée J, Stenzel MH, Xiao P. Amphiphilic polymer coated nanodiamonds: a promising platform to deliver azonafide. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00055k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An amphiphilic polymer is grafted on nanodiamonds to improve the colloidal stability and to deliver an anticancer drug azonafide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H. Lai
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design
- School of Chemistry
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - M. Lu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design
- School of Chemistry
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - F. Chen
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design
- School of Chemistry
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - J. Lalevée
- Université de Haute-Alsace
- CNRS
- IS2M UMR 7361
- F-68100 Mulhouse
- France
| | - M. H. Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design
- School of Chemistry
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - P. Xiao
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design
- School of Chemistry
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sotoma S, Hsieh FJ, Chang HC. Biohybrid fluorescent nanodiamonds as dual-contrast markers for light and electron microscopies. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201800157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Sotoma
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Feng-Jen Hsieh
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Huan-Cheng Chang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering; National Taiwan University of Science and Technology; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan Normal University; Taipei Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nunn N, d’Amora M, Prabhakar N, Panich AM, Froumin N, Torelli MD, Vlasov I, Reineck P, Gibson B, Rosenholm JM, Giordani S, Shenderova O. Fluorescent single-digit detonation nanodiamond for biomedical applications. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2018; 6:035010. [DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/aac0c8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
28
|
van der Laan K, Hasani M, Zheng T, Schirhagl R. Nanodiamonds for In Vivo Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1703838. [PMID: 29424097 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Due to their unique optical properties, diamonds are the most valued gemstones. However, beyond the sparkle, diamonds have a number of unique properties. Their extreme hardness gives them outstanding performance as abrasives and cutting tools. Similar to many materials, their nanometer-sized form has yet other unique properties. Nanodiamonds are very inert but still can be functionalized on the surface. Additionally, they can be made in very small sizes and a narrow size distribution. Nanodiamonds can also host very stable fluorescent defects. Since they are protected in the crystal lattice, they never bleach. These defects can also be utilized for nanoscale sensing since they change their optical properties, for example, based on temperature or magnetic fields in their surroundings. In this Review, in vivo applications are focused upon. To this end, how different diamond materials are made and how this affects their properties are discussed first. Next, in vivo biocompatibility studies are reviewed. Finally, the reader is introduced to in vivo applications of diamonds. These include drug delivery, aiding radiology, labeling, and use in cosmetics. The field is critically reviewed and a perspective on future developments is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- KiranJ van der Laan
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AW, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Masoumeh Hasani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517838683, Iran
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication Safety, Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital & Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen-PKU-HKUST Medical Center, 518036, Shenzhen, China
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AW, Groningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Enrichment of ODMR-active nitrogen-vacancy centres in five-nanometre-sized detonation-synthesized nanodiamonds: Nanoprobes for temperature, angle and position. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5463. [PMID: 29615648 PMCID: PMC5883028 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23635-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of sensors to estimate physical properties, and their temporal and spatial variation, has been a central driving force in scientific breakthroughs. In recent years, nanosensors based on quantum measurements, such as nitrogen-vacancy centres (NVCs) in nanodiamonds, have been attracting much attention as ultrastable, sensitive, accurate and versatile physical sensors for quantitative cellular measurements. However, the nanodiamonds currently available for use as sensors have diameters of several tens of nanometres, much larger than the usual size of a protein. Therefore, their actual applications remain limited. Here we show that NVCs in an aggregation of 5-nm-sized detonation-synthesized nanodiamond treated by Krüger's surface reduction (termed DND-OH) retains the same characteristics as observed in larger diamonds. We show that the negative charge at the NVC are stabilized, have a relatively long T2 spin relaxation time of up to 4 μs, and are applicable to thermosensing, one-degree orientation determination and nanometric super-resolution imaging. Our results clearly demonstrate the significant potential of DND-OH as a physical sensor. Thus, DND-OH will raise new possibilities for spatiotemporal monitoring of live cells and dynamic biomolecules in individual cells at single-molecule resolution.
Collapse
|
30
|
Reineck P, Lau DWM, Wilson ER, Nunn N, Shenderova OA, Gibson BC. Visible to near-IR fluorescence from single-digit detonation nanodiamonds: excitation wavelength and pH dependence. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2478. [PMID: 29410508 PMCID: PMC5802785 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20905-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Detonation nanodiamonds are of vital significance to many areas of science and technology. However, their fluorescence properties have rarely been explored for applications and remain poorly understood. We demonstrate significant fluorescence from the visible to near-infrared spectral regions from deaggregated, single-digit detonation nanodiamonds dispersed in water produced via post-synthesis oxidation. The excitation wavelength dependence of this fluorescence is analyzed in the spectral region from 400 nm to 700 nm as well as the particles’ absorption characteristics. We report a strong pH dependence of the fluorescence and compare our results to the pH dependent fluorescence of aromatic hydrocarbons. Our results significantly contribute to the current understanding of the fluorescence of carbon-based nanomaterials in general and detonation nanodiamonds in particular.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Reineck
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
| | - Desmond W M Lau
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Emma R Wilson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Nicholas Nunn
- Adámas Nanotechnologies, Inc., 8100 Brownleigh Drive, Suite 120, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27617, United States
| | - Olga A Shenderova
- Adámas Nanotechnologies, Inc., 8100 Brownleigh Drive, Suite 120, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27617, United States
| | - Brant C Gibson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Reineck P, Lau DWM, Wilson ER, Fox K, Field MR, Deeleepojananan C, Mochalin VN, Gibson BC. Effect of Surface Chemistry on the Fluorescence of Detonation Nanodiamonds. ACS NANO 2017; 11:10924-10934. [PMID: 29088544 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Detonation nanodiamonds (DNDs) have unique physical and chemical properties that make them invaluable in many applications. However, DNDs are generally assumed to show weak fluorescence, if any, unless chemically modified with organic molecules. We demonstrate that detonation nanodiamonds exhibit significant and excitation-wavelength-dependent fluorescence from the visible to the near-infrared spectral region above 800 nm, even without the engraftment of organic molecules to their surfaces. We show that this fluorescence depends on the surface functionality of the DND particles. The investigated functionalized DNDs, produced from the same purified DND as well as the as-received polyfunctional starting material, are hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxyl, ethylenediamine, and octadecylamine-terminated. All DNDs are investigated in solution and on a silicon wafer substrate and compared to fluorescent high-pressure high-temperature nanodiamonds. The brightest fluorescence is observed from octadecylamine-functionalized particles and is more than 100 times brighter than the least fluorescent particles, carboxylated DNDs. The majority of photons emitted by all particle types likely originates from non-diamond carbon. However, we locally find bright and photostable fluorescence from nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond in hydrogenated, hydroxylated, and carboxylated detonation nanodiamonds. Our results contribute to understanding the effects of surface chemistry on the fluorescence of DNDs and enable the exploration of the fluorescent properties of DNDs for applications in theranostics as nontoxic fluorescent labels, sensors, nanoscale tracers, and many others where chemically stable and brightly fluorescent nanoparticles with tailorable surface chemistry are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Reineck
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & School of Science, ‡School of Engineering, and §RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility (RMMF), RMIT University , Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Missouri University of Science & Technology , Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Desmond W M Lau
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & School of Science, ‡School of Engineering, and §RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility (RMMF), RMIT University , Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Missouri University of Science & Technology , Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Emma R Wilson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & School of Science, ‡School of Engineering, and §RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility (RMMF), RMIT University , Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Missouri University of Science & Technology , Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Kate Fox
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & School of Science, ‡School of Engineering, and §RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility (RMMF), RMIT University , Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Missouri University of Science & Technology , Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Matthew R Field
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & School of Science, ‡School of Engineering, and §RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility (RMMF), RMIT University , Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Missouri University of Science & Technology , Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Cholaphan Deeleepojananan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & School of Science, ‡School of Engineering, and §RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility (RMMF), RMIT University , Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Missouri University of Science & Technology , Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Vadym N Mochalin
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & School of Science, ‡School of Engineering, and §RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility (RMMF), RMIT University , Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Missouri University of Science & Technology , Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Brant C Gibson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & School of Science, ‡School of Engineering, and §RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility (RMMF), RMIT University , Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Missouri University of Science & Technology , Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Siampour H, Kumar S, Bozhevolnyi SI. Chip-integrated plasmonic cavity-enhanced single nitrogen-vacancy center emission. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:17902-17908. [PMID: 29119986 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05675c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
High temporal stability and spin dynamics of individual nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond crystals make them one of the most promising quantum emitters operating at room temperature. We demonstrate a chip-integrated cavity-coupled emission into propagating surface plasmon polariton (SPP) modes narrowing the NV center's broad emission bandwidth with enhanced coupling efficiency. The cavity resonator consists of two distributed Bragg mirrors that are built at opposite sides of the coupled NV emitter and are integrated with a dielectric-loaded SPP waveguide (DLSPPW), using electron-beam lithography of hydrogen silsesquioxane resist deposited on silver-coated silicon substrates. A quality factor of ∼70 for the cavity (full width at half maximum ∼10 nm) with full tunability of the resonance wavelength is demonstrated. An up to 42-fold decay rate enhancement of the spontaneous emission at the cavity resonance is achieved, indicating high DLSPPW mode confinement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Siampour
- Centre for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Co-delivery of paclitaxel and cetuximab by nanodiamond enhances mitotic catastrophe and tumor inhibition. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9814. [PMID: 28852020 PMCID: PMC5575327 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09983-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The poor intracellular uptake and non-specific binding of anticancer drugs into cancer cells are the bottlenecks in cancer therapy. Nanocarrier platforms provide the opportunities to improve the drug efficacy. Here we show a carbon-based nanomaterial nanodiamond (ND) that carried paclitaxel (PTX), a microtubule inhibitor, and cetuximab (Cet), a specific monoclonal antibody against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), inducing mitotic catastrophe and tumor inhibition in human colorectal cancer (CRC). ND-PTX blocked the mitotic progression, chromosomal separation, and induced apoptosis in the CRC cells; however, NDs did not induce these effects. Conjugation of ND-PTX with Cet (ND-PTX-Cet) was specifically binding to the EGFR-positive CRC cells and enhanced the mitotic catastrophe and apoptosis induction. Besides, ND-PTX-Cet markedly decreased tumor size in the xenograft EGFR-expressed human CRC tumors of nude mice. Moreover, ND-PTX-Cet induced the mitotic marker protein phospho-histone 3 (Ser10) and apoptotic protein active-caspase 3 for mitotic catastrophe and apoptosis. Taken together, this study demonstrated that the co-delivery of PTX and Cet by ND enhanced the effects of mitotic catastrophe and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, which may be applied in the human CRC therapy.
Collapse
|
34
|
Heffernan AH, Greentree AD, Gibson BC. Nanodiamond arrays on glass for quantification and fluorescence characterisation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9252. [PMID: 28835622 PMCID: PMC5569055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09457-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantifying the variation in emission properties of fluorescent nanodiamonds is important for developing their wide-ranging applicability. Directed self-assembly techniques show promise for positioning nanodiamonds precisely enabling such quantification. Here we show an approach for depositing nanodiamonds in pre-determined arrays which are used to gather statistical information about fluorescent lifetimes. The arrays were created via a layer of photoresist patterned with grids of apertures using electron beam lithography and then drop-cast with nanodiamonds. Electron microscopy revealed a 90% average deposition yield across 3,376 populated array sites, with an average of 20 nanodiamonds per site. Confocal microscopy, optimised for nitrogen vacancy fluorescence collection, revealed a broad distribution of fluorescent lifetimes in agreement with literature. This method for statistically quantifying fluorescent nanoparticles provides a step towards fabrication of hybrid photonic devices for applications from quantum cryptography to sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh H Heffernan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3001, Australia.
| | - Andrew D Greentree
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3001, Australia
| | - Brant C Gibson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Nanodiamond-chymotrypsin and nanodiamond-papain conjugates, their synthesis and activity and visualization of their interaction with cells using optical and electron microscopy. Biointerphases 2017; 12:031004. [PMID: 28754039 DOI: 10.1116/1.4996108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two novel conjugates of detonation nanodiamonds (dNDs) with the proteolytic enzymes chymotrypsin and papain were synthesized. The synthesis was performed via functionalization of the dNDs' surface with acidic/alkali treatment followed by carbodiimide-mediated protein binding. Covalent binding of the enzymes was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectrographic analysis and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) amino acid analysis. HPLC also proved the preservation of the enzymes' composition during synthesis. The same assay was used to determine the binding ratios. The ratios were 12% (mass to mass) for chymotrypsin and 7.4% for papain. The enzymatic activity of the conjugates was measured using chromogenic substrates and appeared to be approximately 40% of that of the native enzymes. The optimum pH values and stability under various conditions were determined. The sizes of resulting particles were measured using dynamic light scattering and direct electron microscopic observation. The enzyme conjugates were shown to be prone to aggregation, resulting in micrometer-sized particles. The ζ-potentials were measured and found to be positive for the conjugates. The conjugated enzymes were tested for biological activity using an in vitro model of cultured transformed human epithelial cells (HeLa cell line). It was shown that dND-conjugated enzymes effectively bind to the surface of the cells and that enzymes attack exposed proteins on the plasma membrane, including cell adhesion molecules. Incubation with conjugated enzymes results in morphological changes of the cells but does not affect cell viability, as judged by monitoring the cell division index and conducting ultrastructural studies. dNDs are internalized by the cells via endocytosis, being enclosed in forming coated vesicles by chance, and they accumulate in single membrane-bound vacuoles, presumably late endosomes/phagosomes, along with multimembranous onionlike structures. The authors propose a model of a stepwise conjugate binding to the cell membrane and gradual release of the enzymes.
Collapse
|