1
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Augusto KKL, Crapnell RD, Bernalte E, Zighed S, Ehamparanathan A, Pimlott JL, Andrews HG, Whittingham MJ, Rowley-Neale SJ, Fatibello-Filho O, Banks CE. Optimised graphite/carbon black loading of recycled PLA for the production of low-cost conductive filament and its application to the detection of β-estradiol in environmental samples. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:375. [PMID: 38849611 PMCID: PMC11161437 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06445-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The production, optimisation, physicochemical, and electroanalytical characterisation of a low-cost electrically conductive additive manufacturing filament made with recycled poly(lactic acid) (rPLA), castor oil, carbon black, and graphite (CB-G/PLA) is reported. Through optimising the carbon black and graphite loading, the best ratio for conductivity, low material cost, and printability was found to be 60% carbon black to 40% graphite. The maximum composition within the rPLA with 10 wt% castor oil was found to be an overall nanocarbon loading of 35 wt% which produced a price of less than £0.01 per electrode whilst still offering excellent low-temperature flexibility and reproducible printing. The additive manufactured electrodes produced from this filament offered excellent electrochemical performance, with a heterogeneous electron (charge) transfer rate constant, k0 calculated to be (2.6 ± 0.1) × 10-3 cm s-1 compared to (0.46 ± 0.03) × 10-3 cm s-1 for the commercial PLA benchmark. The additive manufactured electrodes were applied to the determination of β-estradiol, achieving a sensitivity of 400 nA µM-1, a limit of quantification of 70 nM, and a limit of detection of 21 nM, which compared excellently to other reports in the literature. The system was then applied to the detection of ß-estradiol within four real water samples, including tap, bottled, river, and lake water, where recoveries between 95 and 109% were obtained. Due to the ability to create high-performance filament at a low material cost (£0.06 per gram) and through the use of more sustainable materials such as recycled polymers, bio-based plasticisers, and naturally occurring graphite, additive manufacturing will have a permanent place within the electroanalysis arsenal in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K L Augusto
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, Manchester, Great Britain
- Laboratório de Analítica, Bioanalítica, Biosensores, Electroanalítica e Sensores, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Sao Carlos, CP 676, 13560-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Robert D Crapnell
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, Manchester, Great Britain
| | - Elena Bernalte
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, Manchester, Great Britain
| | - Sabri Zighed
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, Manchester, Great Britain
- Department of Physical Measurements, Sorbonne Paris North University, Place du 8 Mai 1945, Saint-Denis, 93200, France
| | - Anbuchselvan Ehamparanathan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, Manchester, Great Britain
- Department of Physical Measurements, Sorbonne Paris North University, Place du 8 Mai 1945, Saint-Denis, 93200, France
| | - Jessica L Pimlott
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, Manchester, Great Britain
| | - Hayley G Andrews
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, Manchester, Great Britain
| | - Matthew J Whittingham
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, Manchester, Great Britain
| | - Samuel J Rowley-Neale
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, Manchester, Great Britain
| | - Orlando Fatibello-Filho
- Laboratório de Analítica, Bioanalítica, Biosensores, Electroanalítica e Sensores, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Sao Carlos, CP 676, 13560-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Craig E Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, Manchester, Great Britain.
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2
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Crapnell RD, Banks CE. Electroanalysis overview: additive manufactured biosensors using fused filament fabrication. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:2625-2634. [PMID: 38639065 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00278d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (3D-printing), in particular fused filament fabrication, presents a potential paradigm shift in the way electrochemical based biosensing platforms are produced, giving rise to a new generation of personalized and on-demand biosensors. The use of additive manufactured biosensors is unparalleled giving rise to unique customization, facile miniaturization, ease of use, economical but yet, still providing sensitive and selective approaches towards the target analyte. In this mini review, we focus on the use of fused filament fabrication additive manufacturing technology alongside different biosensing approaches that exclusively use antibodies, enzymes and associated biosensing materials (mediators) providing an up-to-date overview with future considerations to expand the additive manufacturing biosensors field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Crapnell
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK.
| | - Craig E Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK.
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3
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de Faria LV, Macedo AA, Arantes LC, Matias TA, Ramos DLO, Richter EM, Dos Santos WTP, Muñoz RAA. Novel disposable and portable 3D-printed electrochemical apparatus for fast and selective screening of 25E-NBOH in forensic samples. Talanta 2024; 269:125476. [PMID: 38042144 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
The advent of new psychoactive substances (NPS) has caused enormous difficulty for legal control since they are rapidly commercialized, and their chemical structures are routinely altered. In this aspect, derivatives phenethylamines, such as 25E-NBOH, have received great attention in the forensic scenario. Hence, we propose portable and cost-effective (U$ 5.00) 3D-printed devices for the electrochemical screening of 25E-NBOH for the first time. The cell and all electrodes were printed using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene filament (insulating material) and conductive filament (graphite embedded in a polylactic acid matrix), respectively, both by the fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technique. The electrochemical apparatus enables micro-volume analysis (50-2000 μL), especially important for low sample volumes. A mechanistic route for the electrochemical oxidation of 25E-NBOH is proposed based on cyclic voltammetric data, which showed two oxidation processes around +0.75 V and +1.00 V and a redox pair between +0.2 and -0.2 V (vs. graphite ink pseudo-reference). A fast and sensitive square-wave voltammetry method was developed, which exhibited a linear working range from 0.85 to 5.1 μmoL-1, detection limit of 0.2 μmol L-1, and good intra-electrode precision (n = 10, RSD <5.3 %). Inter-electrode measurements (n = 3, RSD <9.8 %) also attested that the electrode production process is reproducible. Interference tests in the presence of other drugs frequently found in blotting paper indicated high selectivity of the electrochemical method for screening of 25E-NBOH. Screening analysis of blotting paper confirmed the presence of 25E-NBOH in the seized samples. Moreover, a recovery percentage close to 100 % was found for a spiked saliva sample, suggesting the method's usefulness for quantitative purposes aimed at information on recent drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas V de Faria
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Anne A Macedo
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000, Brazil
| | - Luciano C Arantes
- Forensic Chemistry and Physics Laboratory, Institute of Forensic Science, Civil Police of the Brazilian Federal District, Brasília, DF, 70610-907, Brazil
| | - Tiago A Matias
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil; Chemistry Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, 29075-910, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - David L O Ramos
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Richter
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalytics (INCT-Bio), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Wallans T P Dos Santos
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Muñoz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalytics (INCT-Bio), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Park H, Park JH. Electrochemical Characterization of Neurotransmitters in a Single Submicron Droplet. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:102. [PMID: 38392021 PMCID: PMC10886559 DOI: 10.3390/bios14020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Single-entity electrochemistry, which employs electrolysis during the collision of single particles on ultramicroelectrodes, has witnessed significant advancements in recent years, enabling the observation and characterization of individual particles. Information on a single aqueous droplet (e.g., size) can also be studied based on the redox species contained therein. Dopamine, a redox-active neurotransmitter, is usually present in intracellular vesicles. Similarly, in the current study, the electrochemical properties of neurotransmitters in submicron droplets were investigated. Because dopamine oxidation is accompanied by proton transfer, unique electrochemical properties of dopamine were observed in the droplet. We also investigated the electrochemical properties of the adsorbed droplets containing DA and the detection of oxidized dopamine by the recollision phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Hui Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
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Deka M, Sinha N, Das R, Hazarika NK, Das H, Daurai B, Gogoi M. A review on the surface modification of materials for 3D-printed diagnostic devices. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:485-495. [PMID: 38167879 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01742g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing in tissue engineering and biosensing of analytes by using biocompatible materials or modifying surface structures is an upcoming area of study. This review discusses three common surface modification techniques, viz. alkaline hydrolysis, UV light photografting, and plasma treatment. Alkaline hydrolysis involves the reaction of an alkaline solution with the surface of a material, causing the surface to develop carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. This technique can enhance the biocompatibility, surface wettability, adhesion, printability, and dyeability of materials, such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polycarbonate, and polylactic acid (PLA). This review also mentions details about some of the surface-modified 3D-printed diagnostic devices. Although most of the devices are modified using chemical processes, there are always multiple techniques involved while designing a diagnostic device. We have, therefore, mentioned some of the devices based on the materials used instead of categorising them as per modification techniques. 3D printing helps in the design of sophisticated shapes and structures using multiple materials. They can, therefore be used even in the design of microfluidic devices that are very useful for biosensing. We have also mentioned a few materials for printing microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridupaban Deka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India.
| | - Nibedita Sinha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India.
| | - Rajkamal Das
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India.
| | - Nihal Kumar Hazarika
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India.
| | - Hrishikesh Das
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India.
| | - Bethuel Daurai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India.
| | - Manashjit Gogoi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India.
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6
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Lisboa TP, de Faria LV, de Oliveira WBV, Oliveira RS, de Souza CC, Matos MAC, Dornellas RM, Matos RC. Simultaneous monitoring of amoxicillin and paracetamol in synthetic biological fluids using a 3D printed disposable electrode with a lab-made conductive filament. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:215-226. [PMID: 37923939 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we are pleased to present for the first time a 3D-printed electrochemical device using a lab-made conductive filament based on graphite (Gr) and polylactic acid (PLA) polymer matrix for the simultaneous detection of amoxicillin (AMX) and paracetamol (PAR). The sensor was properly characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Compared to the commercial glassy carbon electrode (GCE), the superior performance of the 3D-Gr/PLA electrode was verified with a 3.8-fold more favored charge transfer. A differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method was proposed providing a linear working range of 4 to 12 μmol L-1 for both analytes and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.80 and 0.51 μmol L-1 for AMX and PAR, respectively. Additionally, repeatability studies (n = 5, RSD < 5.7%) indicated excellent precision, and recovery percentages ranging from 89 to 109% when applied to synthetic human urine, saliva, and plasma samples, attested to the accuracy of the method. The studies also indicate that the sensor does not suffer significant interference from common substances (antibiotics and biomarkers) present in the biological fluids, which makes it a promising analytical tool considering its low-cost, ease of manufacturing, robustness, and electrochemical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalles Pedrosa Lisboa
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Brazil.
- FACET, Great Dourados Federal University, Dourados, 79804-970, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Raylla Santos Oliveira
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Renato Camargo Matos
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Brazil.
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7
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Hernández-Rodríguez JF, Rojas D, Escarpa A. Print-Pause-Print Fabrication of Tailored Electrochemical Microfluidic Devices. Anal Chem 2023; 95:18679-18684. [PMID: 38095628 PMCID: PMC10753525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has emerged as a powerful technology for the fabrication of low-cost microfluidics. Nevertheless, the fabrication of microfluidic devices integrating high-performance electrochemical sensors in practical applications is still an open challenge. Although automatic fabrication of the microfluidic device and the electrodes can be successfully carried out using a one-step multimaterial fused filament fabrication (FFF) approach, the as-printed electrochemical performance of these electrodes is not good enough for chemical (bio)sensing and their surface modification is challenging because after closing the channel there is no physical access to the electrode. Thus, here a pause-print-pause (PPP) microfabrication approach was implemented. The fabrication was paused before printing the microfluidics, and the filament-based electrodes were directly modified on the printing bed via stencil printing, drop casting, and electrodeposition. To exemplify this versatile workflow, the design of a microfluidic glucose sensor was proposed. To this end, first, the working and counter electrodes were stencil printed with graphite ink while the reference electrode was stencil printed with Ag|AgCl ink. Then, Prussian blue was formed on the working electrode either by drop casting or by electrodeposition, and glucose oxidase was drop cast on top. At this point, the microfabrication process was resumed, and the microfluidics were printed on top of the modified electrodes to complete the construction of hybrid electrochemical fluidic fused filament fabricated devices (h-eF4Ds). This print-pause-print approach is not limited to ink-based electrodes or glucose oxidase, and we envisage these results will pave the way for the effective integration of electrodes in microfluidic devices in a simple and clean-room-free approach, allowing the development of highly customized eF4Ds for a plethora of analytes with high significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Hernández-Rodríguez
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Rojas
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
- Chemical
Research Institute “Andres M. Del Rio”, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Cadete MS, Gomes TE, Gonçalves I, Neto V. Controlling Morphing Behavior in 4D Printing: A Review About Microstructure and Macrostructure Changes in Polylactic Acid. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2023; 10:1455-1466. [PMID: 38116230 PMCID: PMC10726180 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2022.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Four-dimensional (4D) printing combines stimulus-responsive materials with additive manufacturing (AM) technologies. This new concept of printing three-dimensional (3D) objects opens the possibility for solving processing issues, through the production of complex geometries that can undergo programmed temporal changes in response to external stimuli. However, as 4D technology emerges from AM, various challenges still need to be explored, such as the controlled morphing effect. Understanding the aspects related to this behavior, both at the macroscopic level of the structure and at the microscopic level of the polymeric chain, is fundamental. Focused on thermoplastic poly(lactic acid) (PLA) printed by fused deposition modeling, this review addressed the influence of molecular weight, polymeric chain modifications, and 3D printing parameters on the shape change effect of a PLA-based material. The glass transition temperature proved to be a highly important parameter, which can be modified by molecular weight changes. Nozzle temperature, fill density, print patterns, and raster angle are 3D printing parameters that influence the material shape change. Shape recovery is highly dependent on the recovery temperature. Potential applications for shape memory structures are also addressed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylene S. Cadete
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tiago E.P. Gomes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Idalina Gonçalves
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, Aveiro Institute of Materials (CICECO), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Victor Neto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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9
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Dos Santos VW, Martins G, Gogola JL, Kalinke C, Agustini D, Bergamini MF, Marcolino-Junior LH. Simultaneous detection of dopamine and ascorbic acid by using a thread-based microfluidic device and multiple pulse amperometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:4862-4869. [PMID: 37702326 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00693j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a novel approach for the simultaneous detection of ascorbic acid (AA) and dopamine (DA) using an affordable and user-friendly microfluidic device. Microfluidic devices, when combined with electrochemical detectors like screen-printed electrodes (SPEs), offer numerous advantages such as portability, high sample throughput, and low reagent consumption. In this study, a 3D-printed microfluidic device called a μTED was developed, utilizing textile threads as microfluidic channels and an unmodified SPE as the amperometric detector. The method employed multiple pulse amperometry (MPA) with carefully selected potential values (+0.65 V and -0.10 V). The reduction current signals generated by dopamine o-quinone were used to calculate a correction factor for the oxidation signals of ascorbic acid, enabling simultaneous quantification. The developed microfluidic device ensured a stable flow rate of the carrier solution at 1.19 μL s-1, minimizing the consumption of samples and reagents (injection volume of 2.0 μL). Under the optimized experimental conditions, a linear range from 50 to 900 μmol L-1 was achieved for both DA and AA. The obtained sensitivities were 2.24 μA L mmol-1 for AA and 5.09 μA L mmol-1 for DA, with corresponding limits of detection (LOD) of 2.60 μmol L-1 and 1.54 μmol L-1, respectively. To confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method, it was successfully applied to analyze AA and DA in a commercial blood serum sample spiked at three different concentration levels, with a medium recovery rate of 70%. Furthermore, the MPA technique demonstrated its simplicity by enabling the simultaneous determination of AA and DA without the need for prior separation steps or the use of chemically modified electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa W Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Sensors (LabSensE), Chemistry Department, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), CEP 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Martins
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Sensors (LabSensE), Chemistry Department, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), CEP 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Jeferson L Gogola
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Sensors (LabSensE), Chemistry Department, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), CEP 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Cristiane Kalinke
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Sensors (LabSensE), Chemistry Department, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), CEP 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CEP 13083-859, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Deonir Agustini
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Sensors (LabSensE), Chemistry Department, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), CEP 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Márcio F Bergamini
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Sensors (LabSensE), Chemistry Department, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), CEP 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Luiz H Marcolino-Junior
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Sensors (LabSensE), Chemistry Department, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), CEP 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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10
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Faustino LC, Cunha JPC, Cantanhêde W, Kubota LT, Gerôncio ETS. 3D-printed holder for drawing highly reproducible pencil-on-paper electrochemical devices. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:338. [PMID: 37522993 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05920-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Pencil drawing is one of the simplest and most cost-effective ways of fabricating miniaturized electrodes on a paper substrate. However, it is limited by the lack of reproducibility regarding the electrode drawing process. A 3D-printed pencil holder (3DPH) is proposed here for simple, reproducible, and low-cost hand-drawn fabrication of paper-based electrochemical devices. 3DPH was designed to keep pressure and angulation of the graphite mine constant on the paper substrate using a micromechanical pencil regardless of the user/operator. This approach significantly improved the reproducibility and cost of making reliable pencil-drawn electrodes. The results showed high reproducibility and accuracy of the 3DPH-assisted electrodes prepared by 4 different operators in terms of sheet resistance and electrochemical behavior. Cyclic voltammetric (CV) curves in the presence of [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- redox probe showed only 3.9% variation for the anodic peak currents of different electrodes prepared by different operators when compared with electrodes prepared without the 3D-printed support. SEM analyses revealed a more uniform graphite deposition/design of the electrodes prepared with 3DPH, which corroborates the results obtained by CV. As a proof of concept, 3DPH-assisted pencil-drawn graphite electrodes were employed for dopamine detection in synthetic saliva, showing a proportional increase in anodic peak current at 0.12 V vs. carbon pRE with increasing dopamine (DA) concentration, with a detection limit of 0.39μmol L-1. Moreover recovery was in the range 93-104% of DA (4-7% RSD) in synthetic saliva for three different concentrations, demonstrating the reliability of the approach. Finally, we believe this approach can make pencil-drawn technology more robust, accessible, reliable, and inexpensive for real on-site applications, especially in hard-to-reach locations or research centers with little investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas C Faustino
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí - UFPI, Teresina, PI, 64049-550, Brazil
| | - João P C Cunha
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Piauí - UESPI, Teresina, PI, 64002-150, Brazil
| | - Welter Cantanhêde
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí - UFPI, Teresina, PI, 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Lauro T Kubota
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Everson T S Gerôncio
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí - UFPI, Teresina, PI, 64049-550, Brazil.
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Piauí - UESPI, Teresina, PI, 64002-150, Brazil.
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11
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de Faria LV, do Nascimento SFL, Villafuerte LM, Semaan FS, Pacheco WF, Dornellas RM. 3D printed graphite-based electrode coupled with batch injection analysis: An affordable high-throughput strategy for atorvastatin determination. Talanta 2023; 265:124873. [PMID: 37390670 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
This work integrated a lab-made conductive graphite/polylactic acid (Grp/PLA, 40:60% w/w) filament into a 3D pen to print customized electrodes (cylindrical design). Thermogravimetric analysis validated the incorporation of graphite into the PLA matrix, while Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy images indicated a graphitic structure with the presence of defects and highly porous, respectively. The electrochemical features of the 3D-printed Gpt/PLA electrode were systematically compared to that achieved using commercial carbon black/polylactic acid (CB/PLA, from Protopasta®) filament. The 3D printed Gpt/PLA electrode "in the native form" provided lower charge transfer resistance (Rct = 880 Ω) and a more kinetically favored reaction (K0 = 1.48 × 10-3 cm s-1) compared to the 3D printed CB/PLA electrode (chemically/electrochemically treated). Moreover, a method by batch injection analysis with amperometric detection (BIA-AD) was developed to determine atorvastatin (ATR) in pharmaceutical and water samples. Using the 3D printed Gpt/PLA electrode, a wider linear range (1-200 μmol L-1), sensitivity (3-times higher), and lower detection limit (LOD = 0.13 μmol L-1) were achieved when compared to the CB/PLA electrode. Repeatability studies (n = 15, RSD <7.3%) attested to the precision of the electrochemical measurements, and recovery percentages between 83 and 108% confirmed the accuracy of the method. Remarkably, this is the first time that ATR has been determined by the BIA-AD system and a low-cost 3D-printed device. This approach is promising to be implemented in research laboratories for quality control of pharmaceuticals and can also be useful for on-site environmental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas V de Faria
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Suéllen F L do Nascimento
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luana M Villafuerte
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Felipe S Semaan
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Wagner F Pacheco
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafael M Dornellas
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
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12
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Janegitz BC, Crapnell RD, Roberto de Oliveira P, Kalinke C, Whittingham MJ, Garcia-Miranda Ferrari A, Banks CE. Novel Additive Manufactured Multielectrode Electrochemical Cell with Honeycomb Inspired Design for the Detection of Methyl Parathion in Honey Samples. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2023; 3:217-225. [PMID: 37360039 PMCID: PMC10288609 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The development and increase in the number of crops recently have led to the requirement for greater efficiency in world food production and greater consumption of pesticides. In this context, the widespread use of pesticides has affected the decrease in the population of pollinating insects and has caused food contamination. Therefore, simple, low-cost, and quick analytical methods can be interesting alternatives for checking the quality of foods such as honey. In this work, we propose a new additively manufactured (3D-printed) device inspired by a honeycomb cell, with 6 working electrodes for the direct electrochemical analysis of methyl parathion by reduction process monitoring in food and environmental samples. Under optimized parameters, the proposed sensor presented a linear range between 0.85 and 19.6 μmol L-1, with a limit of detection of 0.20 μmol L-1. The sensors were successfully applied in honey and tap water samples by using the standard addition method. The proposed honeycomb cell made of polylactic acid and commercial conductive filament is easy to construct, and there is no need for chemical treatments to be used. These devices based on 6 working electrodes array are versatile platforms for rapid, highly repeatable analysis in food and environment, capable of performing detection in low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno C. Janegitz
- Department
of Nature Sciences, Mathematics, and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, 13600-970 Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robert D. Crapnell
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Paulo Roberto de Oliveira
- Department
of Nature Sciences, Mathematics, and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, 13600-970 Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Kalinke
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas (Unicamp), 13083-859 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matthew J. Whittingham
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Craig E. Banks
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
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13
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Crapnell R, Sigley E, Williams RJ, Brine T, Garcia-Miranda Ferrari A, Kalinke C, Janegitz BC, Bonacin JA, Banks CE. Circular Economy Electrochemistry: Recycling Old Mixed Material Additively Manufactured Sensors into New Electroanalytical Sensing Platforms. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:9183-9193. [PMID: 37351461 PMCID: PMC10284352 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c02052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Recycling used mixed material additively manufactured electroanalytical sensors into new 3D-printing filaments (both conductive and non-conductive) for the production of new sensors is reported herein. Additively manufactured (3D-printed) sensing platforms were transformed into a non-conductive filament for fused filament fabrication through four different methodologies (granulation, ball-milling, solvent mixing, and thermal mixing) with thermal mixing producing the best quality filament, as evidenced by the improved dispersion of fillers throughout the composite. Utilizing this thermal mixing methodology, and without supplementation with the virgin polymer, the filament was able to be cycled twice before failure. This was then used to process old sensors into an electrically conductive filament through the addition of carbon black into the thermal mixing process. Both recycled filaments (conductive and non-conductive) were utilized to produce a new electroanalytical sensing platform, which was tested for the cell's original application of acetaminophen determination. The fully recycled cell matched the electrochemical and electroanalytical performance of the original sensing platform, achieving a sensitivity of 22.4 ± 0.2 μA μM-1, a limit of detection of 3.2 ± 0.8 μM, and a recovery value of 95 ± 5% when tested using a real pharmaceutical sample. This study represents a paradigm shift in how sustainability and recycling can be utilized within additively manufactured electrochemistry toward promoting circular economy electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert
D. Crapnell
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
| | - Evelyn Sigley
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
| | - Rhys J. Williams
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
| | - Tom Brine
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
| | | | - Cristiane Kalinke
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas (Unicamp), 13083-859 São
Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno C. Janegitz
- Department
of Nature Sciences, Mathematics, and Education, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), 13600-970 Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliano A. Bonacin
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas (Unicamp), 13083-859 São
Paulo, Brazil
| | - Craig E. Banks
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
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14
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Veloso WB, Paixão TR, Meloni GN. 3D printed electrodes design and voltammetric response. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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15
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Bikiaris ND, Koumentakou I, Samiotaki C, Meimaroglou D, Varytimidou D, Karatza A, Kalantzis Z, Roussou M, Bikiaris RD, Papageorgiou GZ. Recent Advances in the Investigation of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) Nanocomposites: Incorporation of Various Nanofillers and their Properties and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051196. [PMID: 36904437 PMCID: PMC10007491 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is considered the most promising biobased substitute for fossil-derived polymers due to its compostability, biocompatibility, renewability, and good thermomechanical properties. However, PLA suffers from several shortcomings, such as low heat distortion temperature, thermal resistance, and rate of crystallization, whereas some other specific properties, i.e., flame retardancy, anti-UV, antibacterial or barrier properties, antistatic to conductive electrical characteristics, etc., are required by different end-use sectors. The addition of different nanofillers represents an attractive way to develop and enhance the properties of neat PLA. Numerous nanofillers with different architectures and properties have been investigated, with satisfactory achievements, in the design of PLA nanocomposites. This review paper overviews the current advances in the synthetic routes of PLA nanocomposites, the imparted properties of each nano-additive, as well as the numerous applications of PLA nanocomposites in various industrial fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos D. Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioanna Koumentakou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Samiotaki
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Despoina Meimaroglou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Despoina Varytimidou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Karatza
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zisimos Kalantzis
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Magdalini Roussou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Rizos D. Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Z. Papageorgiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Correspondence:
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16
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Sigley E, Kalinke C, Crapnell RD, Whittingham MJ, Williams RJ, Keefe EM, Janegitz BC, Bonacin JA, Banks CE. Circular Economy Electrochemistry: Creating Additive Manufacturing Feedstocks for Caffeine Detection from Post-Industrial Coffee Pod Waste. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:2978-2988. [PMID: 36844748 PMCID: PMC9945317 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c06514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The recycling of post-industrial waste poly(lactic acid) (PI-PLA) from coffee machine pods into electroanalytical sensors for the detection of caffeine in real tea and coffee samples is reported herein. The PI-PLA is transformed into both nonconductive and conductive filaments to produce full electroanalytical cells, including additively manufactured electrodes (AMEs). The electroanalytical cell was designed utilizing separate prints for the cell body and electrodes to increase the recyclability of the system. The cell body made from nonconductive filament was able to be recycled three times before the feedstock-induced print failure. Three bespoke formulations of conductive filament were produced, with the PI-PLA (61.62 wt %), carbon black (CB, 29.60 wt %), and poly(ethylene succinate) (PES, 8.78 wt %) chosen as the most suitable for use due to its equivalent electrochemical performance, lower material cost, and improved thermal stability compared to the filaments with higher PES loading and ability to be printable. It was shown that this system could detect caffeine with a sensitivity of 0.055 ± 0.001 μA μM-1, a limit of detection of 0.23 μM, a limit of quantification of 0.76 μM, and a relative standard deviation of 3.14% after activation. Interestingly, the nonactivated 8.78% PES electrodes produced significantly better results in this regard than the activated commercial filament toward the detection of caffeine. The activated 8.78% PES electrode was shown to be able to detect the caffeine content in real and spiked Earl Grey tea and Arabica coffee samples with excellent recoveries (96.7-102%). This work reports a paradigm shift in the way AM, electrochemical research, and sustainability can synergize and feed into part of a circular economy, akin to a circular economy electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Sigley
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Cristiane Kalinke
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas (Unicamp), 13083-859 Campinas, Säo Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robert D. Crapnell
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Whittingham
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Rhys J. Williams
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Edmund M. Keefe
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Campos Janegitz
- Department
of Nature Sciences, Mathematics, and Education, Federal University of Säo Carlos (UFSCar), 13600-970 Araras, Säo Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliano Alves Bonacin
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas (Unicamp), 13083-859 Campinas, Säo Paulo, Brazil
| | - Craig E. Banks
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
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17
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Rocha RG, de Faria LV, Silva VF, Muñoz RAA, Richter EM. Carbon Black Integrated Polylactic Acid Electrodes Obtained by Fused Deposition Modeling: A Powerful Tool for Sensing of Sulfanilamide Residues in Honey Samples. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:3060-3067. [PMID: 36720110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sulfanilamide (SFL) is used to prevent infections in honeybees. However, many regulatory agencies prohibit or establish maximum levels of SFL residues in honey samples. Hence, we developed a low-cost and portable electrochemical method for SFL detection using a disposable device produced through 3D printing technology. In the proposed approach, the working electrode was printed using a conductive filament based on carbon black and polylactic acid and it was associated with square wave voltammetry (SWV). Under optimized SWV parameters, linear concentration ranges (1-10 μmol L-1 and 12.5-35.0 μmol L-1), a detection limit of 0.26 μmol L-1 (0.05 mg L-1), and suitable RSD values (2.4% for inter-electrode; n = 3) were achieved. The developed method was selective in relation to other antibiotics applied in honey samples, requiring only dilution in the electrolyte. The recovery values (85-120%) obtained by SWV were statistically similar (95% confidence level) to those obtained by HPLC, attesting to the accuracy of the analysis and the absence of matrix interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel G Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida João Naves de Avila, 2121, 38408-100 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas V de Faria
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida João Naves de Avila, 2121, 38408-100 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vanessa F Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida João Naves de Avila, 2121, 38408-100 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Muñoz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida João Naves de Avila, 2121, 38408-100 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalysis-INCTBio, 13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Richter
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida João Naves de Avila, 2121, 38408-100 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalysis-INCTBio, 13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Spherical covalent organic framework and gold nanoparticles modified 3D-printed nanocarbon electrode for the sensor of acetaminophen. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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19
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Veloso WB, Ataide VN, Rocha DP, Nogueira HP, de Siervo A, Angnes L, Muñoz RAA, Paixão TRLC. 3D-printed sensor decorated with nanomaterials by CO 2 laser ablation and electrochemical treatment for non-enzymatic tyrosine detection. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:63. [PMID: 36670263 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05648-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The combination of CO2 laser ablation and electrochemical surface treatments is demonstrated to improve the electrochemical performance of carbon black/polylactic acid (CB/PLA) 3D-printed electrodes through the growth of flower-like Na2O nanostructures on their surface. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the combination of treatments ablated the electrode's polymeric layer, exposing a porous surface where Na2O flower-like nanostructures were formed. The electrochemical performance of the fabricated electrodes was measured by the reversibility of the ferri/ferrocyanide redox couple presenting a significantly improved performance compared with electrodes treated by only one of the steps. Electrodes treated by the combined method also showed a better electrochemical response for tyrosine oxidation. These electrodes were used as a non-enzymatic tyrosine sensor for quantification in human urine samples. Two fortified urine samples were analyzed, and the recovery values were 106 and 109%. The LOD and LOQ for tyrosine determination were 0.25 and 0.83 μmol L-1, respectively, demonstrating that the proposed devices are suitable sensors for analyses of biological samples, even at low analyte concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Veloso
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Vanessa N Ataide
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Diego P Rocha
- Federal Institute of Paraná, Pitanga, PR, 85200-000, Brazil
| | - Helton P Nogueira
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.,Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Abner de Siervo
- Institute of Physics "Gleb Wataghin," Applied Physics Department, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Lucio Angnes
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Muñoz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Thiago R L C Paixão
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
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20
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Palacios-Corella M, Ghosh K, Redondo E, Pumera M. Polyoxometalate-Enhanced 3D-Printed Supercapacitors. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201490. [PMID: 36333103 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The contemporary critical energy crisis demands the fast and cost-effective preparation of supercapacitors to replace old-fashioned batteries. 3D-printing has been established as a fast, cheap, and reliable new manufacturing technique that enables the preparation of such devices.. Unfortunately, carbon-based filaments used in 3D printing lack the necessary electrical properties to build supercapacitors by themselves and have to be combined with other materials to reach their full potential. In this study, carbon-based 3D-printed carbon electrodes (3D-PCE) have been combined with two polyoxometalates (that share the same redox cluster) by drop casting of the inorganic cluster mixed with a conducting slurry. The modified electrodes show higher capacitances than reference carbon electrodes showing the exceptional properties of the polyoxometalates. Moreover, the different nature of the polyoxometalate counter ions allows for their distinct deposition, giving rise to a different coverage of the surface of the 3D-PCE. The different coverage and the nature of the interaction of the counter ion with the electrolyte significantly modify the capacitance and resistance of the materials, playing a key role that should not be overlooked during their preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Palacios-Corella
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kalyan Ghosh
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Edurne Redondo
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 70800, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, 40402, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 03722, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
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21
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Hernández-Rodríguez JF, López MÁ, Rojas D, Escarpa A. Digital manufacturing for accelerating organ-on-a-chip dissemination and electrochemical biosensing integration. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:4805-4821. [PMID: 36342332 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00499b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Organ on-a-chip (OoC) is a promising technology that aims to recapitulate human body pathophysiology in a more precise way to advance in drug development and complex disease understanding. However, the presence of OoC in biological laboratories is still limited and mainly restricted to laboratories with access to cleanroom facilities. Besides, the current analytical methods employed to extract information from the organ models are endpoint and post facto assays which makes it difficult to ensure that during the biological experiment the cell microenvironment, cellular functionality and behaviour are controlled. Hence, the integration of real-time biosensors is highly needed and requested by the OoC end-user community to provide insight into organ function and responses to stimuli. In this context, electrochemical sensors stand out due to their advantageous features like miniaturization capabilities, ease of use, automatization and high sensitivity and selectivity. Electrochemical sensors have been already successfully miniaturized and employed in other fields such as wearables and point-of-care devices. We have identified that the explanation for this issue may be, to a large extent, the accessibility to microfabrication technologies. These fields employ preferably digital manufacturing (DM), which is a more accessible microfabrication approach regardless of funding and facilities. Therefore, we envision that a paradigm shift in microfabrication that adopts DM instead of the dominating soft lithography for the in-lab microfabrication of OoC devices will contribute to the dissemination of the field and integration of the promising real-time sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Hernández-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ángel López
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.
- Chemical Engineering and Chemical Research Institute "Andres M. Del Río", University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Rojas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.
- Chemical Engineering and Chemical Research Institute "Andres M. Del Río", University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Crapnell RD, Garcia-Miranda Ferrari A, Whittingham MJ, Sigley E, Hurst NJ, Keefe EM, Banks CE. Adjusting the Connection Length of Additively Manufactured Electrodes Changes the Electrochemical and Electroanalytical Performance. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22239521. [PMID: 36502222 PMCID: PMC9736051 DOI: 10.3390/s22239521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Changing the connection length of an additively manufactured electrode (AME) has a significant impact on the electrochemical and electroanalytical response of the system. In the literature, many electrochemical platforms have been produced using additive manufacturing with great variations in how the AME itself is described. It is seen that when measuring the near-ideal outer-sphere redox probe hexaamineruthenium (III) chloride (RuHex), decreasing the AME connection length enhances the heterogeneous electrochemical transfer (HET) rate constant (k0) for the system. At slow scan rates, there is a clear change in the peak-to-peak separation (ΔEp) observed in the RuHex voltammograms, with the ΔEp shifting from 118 ± 5 mV to 291 ± 27 mV for the 10 and 100 mm electrodes, respectively. For the electroanalytical determination of dopamine, no significant difference is noticed at low concentrations between 10- and 100-mm connection length AMEs. However, at concentrations of 1 mM dopamine, the peak oxidation is shifted to significantly higher potentials as the AME connection length is increased, with a shift of 150 mV measured. It is recommended that in future work, all AME dimensions, not just the working electrode head size, is reported along with the resistance measured through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to allow for appropriate comparisons with other reports in the literature. To produce the best additively manufactured electrochemical systems in the future, researchers should endeavor to use the shortest AME connection lengths that are viable for their designs.
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Mutz YS, do Rosario D, Silva LR, Galvan D, Stefano JS, Janegitz BC, Weitz DA, Bernardes PC, Conte-Junior CA. Lab-made 3D printed electrochemical sensors coupled with chemometrics for Brazilian coffee authentication. Food Chem 2022; 403:134411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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de Oliveira FM, Mendonça MZM, de Moraes NC, Petroni JM, Neves MM, de Melo EI, Lucca BG, Bezerra da Silva RA. Exploring the coating of 3D-printed insulating substrates with conductive composites: a simple, cheap and versatile strategy to prepare customized high-performance electrochemical sensors. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:3345-3354. [PMID: 35979860 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00803c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of 3D-printed electrochemical sensors by fused deposition modeling (FDM) has been increasing exponentially in the last five years. In this context, commercial conductive filaments composed of a blend of carbon particles (e.g., graphene or carbon black (CB)) and insulating thermoplastic polymers (e.g., polylactic acid (PLA) or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)) have been widely used for electrode fabrication. However, such materials may be expensive and the electrodes when used "as-printed" exhibit poor electrochemical performance as a function of the low content of conductive particles in the composition (∼10 to 20 wt%), which requires one or more post-treatment steps (e.g. polishing, chemical, electrochemical, and photochemical) to reach good electrochemical performance. In this technical note a less used approach to produce "ready-to-use" electrochemical platforms based on 3D printing is explored, which consists of the coating of 3D-printed insulating substrates with homemade conductive composites. To demonstrate the potentiality of this alternative protocol, 3D-printed ABS insulating substrates at two geometries were coated in a highly loaded graphite (55 wt%) homemade composite (G-ABS) and evaluated for the detection of the ferri/ferrocyanide redox probe and model analytes in stationary and hydrodynamic 3D-printed systems (nitrite in micro-flow injection analysis/μFIA and paracetamol in batch injection analysis/BIA, respectively). The analytical parameters acquired with the coated electrodes were comparable to those obtained using conventional electrodes (glassy carbon, boron-doped diamond and carbon screen-printed) and 3D-printed sensors fabricated with commercial filaments. Moreover, the inclusion of carbon black in the fluid conductive composite was demonstrated as a perspective to obtain modified coated 3D-printed surfaces easily for the first time. This alternative "do it yourself" strategy is promising for the large-scale production of very cheap (US$ 0.08) and high-performance electrodes based on FDM 3D printing. Moreover, this approach dispenses the acquisition of commercial conductive filaments and the laborious development of homemade filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Matheus Meneguel Neves
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil
| | - Edmar Isaias de Melo
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Monte Carmelo, MG, 38500-000, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Gabriel Lucca
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil
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Hashemi Sanatgar R, Cayla A, Guan J, Chen G, Nierstrasz V, Campagne C. Piezoresistive Properties of 3D-Printed Polylactic Acid (PLA) Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14152981. [PMID: 35893945 PMCID: PMC9331926 DOI: 10.3390/polym14152981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing interest is focused on the application of 3D printing for sensor manufacturing. Using 3D printing technology offers a new approach to the fabrication of sensors that are both geometrically and functionally complex. This work presents the analysis of the 3D-printed thermoplastic nanocomposites compress under the applied force. The response for the corresponding resistance changes versus applied load is obtained to evaluate the effectiveness of the printed layer as a pressure/force sensor. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) and high-structured carbon black (Ketjenblack) (KB) in the polylactic acid (PLA) matrix were extruded to develop 3D-printable filaments. The electrical and piezoresistive behaviors of the created 3D-printed layers were investigated. The percolation threshold of MWNT and KB 3D-printed layers are 1 wt.% and 4 wt.%, respectively. The PLA/1 wt.% MWNT 3D-printed layers with 1 mm thickness exhibit a negative pressure coefficient (NPC) characterized by a decrease of about one decade in resistance with increasing compressive loadings up to 18 N with a maximum strain up to about 16%. In the cyclic mode with a 1 N/min force rate, the PLA/1 wt.% MWNT 3D-printed layers showed good performance with the piezoresistive coefficient or gauge factor (G) of 7.6 obtained with the amplitude of the piezoresistive response (Ar) of about -0.8. KB composites could not show stable piezoresistive responses in a cyclic mode. However, under high force rate compression, the PLA/4 wt.% KB 3D-printed layers led to responses of large sensitivity (Ar = −0.90) and were exempt from noise with a high value of G = 47.6 in the first cycle, which is a highly efficient piezoresistive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Hashemi Sanatgar
- Textile Materials Technology, Department of Textile Technology, Faculty of Textiles, Engineering and Business, University of Borås, SE-501 90 Borås, Sweden;
- ENSAIT, ULR 2461—GEMTEX—Génie et Matériaux Textiles, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.C.); (C.C.)
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; (J.G.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Aurélie Cayla
- ENSAIT, ULR 2461—GEMTEX—Génie et Matériaux Textiles, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Jinping Guan
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; (J.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Guoqiang Chen
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; (J.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Vincent Nierstrasz
- Textile Materials Technology, Department of Textile Technology, Faculty of Textiles, Engineering and Business, University of Borås, SE-501 90 Borås, Sweden;
| | - Christine Campagne
- ENSAIT, ULR 2461—GEMTEX—Génie et Matériaux Textiles, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.C.); (C.C.)
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Dettlaff A, Rycewicz M, Ficek M, Wieloszyńska A, Szala M, Ryl J, Bogdanowicz R. Conductive printable electrodes tuned by boron-doped nanodiamond foil additives for nitroexplosive detection. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:270. [PMID: 35789434 PMCID: PMC9255478 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05371-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient additive manufacturing-based composite material fabrication for electrochemical applications is reported. The composite is composed of commercially available graphene-doped polylactide acid (G-PLA) 3D printouts and surface-functionalized with nanocrystalline boron-doped diamond foil (NDF) additives. The NDFs were synthesized on a tantalum substrate and transferred to the 3D-printout surface at 200 °C. No other electrode activation treatment was necessary. Different configurations of low- and heavy-boron doping NDFs were evaluated. The electrode kinetics was analyzed using electrochemical procedures: cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The quasi-reversible electrochemical process was reported in each studied case. The studies allowed confirmation of the CV peak-to-peak separation of 63 mV and remarkably high heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant reaching 6.1 × 10−2 cm s−1 for 10 k ppm [B]/[C] thin NDF fitted topside at the G-PLA electrode. Differential pulse voltammetry was used for effective 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) detection at the studied electrodes with a 87 ppb limit of detection, and wide linearity range between peak current density and the analyte concentration (0.064 to 64 ppm of TNT). The reported electrode kinetic differences originate primarily from the boron-dopant concentration in the diamond and the various contents of the non-diamond carbon phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dettlaff
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland. .,Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Michał Rycewicz
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mateusz Ficek
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wieloszyńska
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mateusz Szala
- Military University of Technology, S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Ryl
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering and Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Robert Bogdanowicz
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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27
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Reddy YVM, Shin JH, Palakollu VN, Sravani B, Choi CH, Park K, Kim SK, Madhavi G, Park JP, Shetti NP. Strategies, advances, and challenges associated with the use of graphene-based nanocomposites for electrochemical biosensors. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 304:102664. [PMID: 35413509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Graphene is an intriguing two-dimensional honeycomb-like carbon material with a unique basal plane structure, charge carrier mobility, thermal conductivity, wide electrochemical spectrum, and unusual physicochemical properties. Therefore, it has attracted considerable scientific interest in the field of nanoscience and bionanotechnology. The high specific surface area of graphene allows it to support high biomolecule loading for good detection sensitivity. As such, graphene, graphene oxide (GO), and reduced GO are excellent materials for the fabrication of new nanocomposites and electrochemical sensors. Graphene has been widely used as a chemical building block and/or scaffold with various materials to create highly sensitive and selective electrochemical sensing microdevices. Over the past decade, significant advancements have been made by utilizing graphene and graphene-based nanocomposites to design electrochemical sensors with enhanced analytical performance. This review focus on the synthetic strategies, as well as the structure-to-function studies of graphene, electrochemistry, novel multi nanocomposites combining graphene, limit of detection, stability, sensitivity, assay time. Finally, the review describes the challenges, strategies and outlook on the future development of graphene sensors technology that would be usable for the internet of things are also highlighted.
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28
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Innovation in potentiometry: 3D-printed polylactic acid-based ion-selective bulk electrode membranes. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-022-01706-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAlthough ion-selective membrane-based potentiometric sensors have already proved their analytical performance in several fields of life, their applicability is still limited in practice. Biodegradable, ionic additive-free, polylactic acid-based bulk electrode membrane matrix containing various environmentally friendly polyethylene glycol derivatives as plasticizer was developed for the first time to replace the conventional PVC-based ones. Moreover, the first introduction of 3D printing in potentiometric chemosensing was also reported. It was demonstrated that a thoroughly optimized and generalizable procedure for filament extrusion combined with 3D printing technology provides a unique tool for series production of the redesigned ion-selective bulk electrochemical membranes. Finally, the potentiometric detection of Hg2+ in water was carried out as a proof-of-concept study on sensing. Results showed an unexpected improvement in electrochemical characteristics of the novel membranes compared to their conventional analogues. The present work expanded the practical applicability of conventional potentiometric cation-selective electrode membranes enabling their green, decentralized, and automated state-of-the-art manufacturing using a novel matrix composition.
Graphical abstract
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29
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Choińska M, Hrdlička V, Dejmková H, Fischer J, Míka L, Vaněčková E, Kolivoška V, Navrátil T. Applicability of Selected 3D Printing Materials in Electrochemistry. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12050308. [PMID: 35624610 PMCID: PMC9138249 DOI: 10.3390/bios12050308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript investigates the chemical and structural stability of 3D printing materials (3DPMs) frequently used in electrochemistry. Four 3D printing materials were studied: Clear photopolymer, Elastic photopolymer, PET filament, and PLA filament. Their stability, solubility, structural changes, flexibility, hardness, and color changes were investigated after exposure to selected organic solvents and supporting electrolytes. Furthermore, the available potential windows and behavior of redox probes in selected supporting electrolytes were investigated before and after the exposure of the 3D-printed objects to the electrolytes at various working electrodes. Possible electrochemically active interferences with an origin from the 3DPMs were also monitored to provide a comprehensive outline for the use of 3DPMs in electrochemical platform manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Choińska
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.C.); (V.H.); (E.V.); (V.K.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.D.); (J.F.)
| | - Vojtěch Hrdlička
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.C.); (V.H.); (E.V.); (V.K.)
| | - Hana Dejmková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.D.); (J.F.)
| | - Jan Fischer
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.D.); (J.F.)
| | - Luděk Míka
- Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Eva Vaněčková
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.C.); (V.H.); (E.V.); (V.K.)
| | - Viliam Kolivoška
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.C.); (V.H.); (E.V.); (V.K.)
| | - Tomáš Navrátil
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.C.); (V.H.); (E.V.); (V.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-266-051-111
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30
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Stefano JS, Kalinke C, da Rocha RG, Rocha DP, da Silva VAOP, Bonacin JA, Angnes L, Richter EM, Janegitz BC, Muñoz RAA. Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors Enabled by Fused Deposition Modeling-Based 3D Printing: A Guide to Selecting Designs, Printing Parameters, and Post-Treatment Protocols. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6417-6429. [PMID: 35348329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The 3D printing (or additive manufacturing, AM) technology is capable to provide a quick and easy production of objects with freedom of design, reducing waste generation. Among the AM techniques, fused deposition modeling (FDM) has been highlighted due to its affordability, scalability, and possibility of processing an extensive range of materials (thermoplastics, composites, biobased materials, etc.). The possibility of obtaining electrochemical cells, arrays, pieces, and more recently, electrodes, exactly according to the demand, in varied shapes and sizes, and employing the desired materials has made from 3D printing technology an indispensable tool in electroanalysis. In this regard, the obtention of an FDM 3D printer has great advantages for electroanalytical laboratories, and its use is relatively simple. Some care has to be taken to aid the user to take advantage of the great potential of this technology, avoiding problems such as solution leakages, very common in 3D printed cells, providing well-sealed objects, with high quality. In this sense, herein, we present a complete protocol regarding the use of FDM 3D printers for the fabrication of complete electrochemical systems, including (bio)sensors, and how to improve the quality of the obtained systems. A guide from the initial printing stages, regarding the design and structure obtention, to the final application, including the improvement of obtained 3D printed electrodes for different purposes, is provided here. Thus, this protocol can provide great perspectives and alternatives for 3D printing in electroanalysis and aid the user to understand and solve several problems with the use of this technology in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Santos Stefano
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, 13600-970, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Kalinke
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 13083-859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Gomes da Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diego Pessoa Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, Federal Institute of Paraná, 85200-000, Pitanga, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Juliano Alves Bonacin
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 13083-859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lúcio Angnes
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Mathias Richter
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno Campos Janegitz
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, 13600-970, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
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31
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Wang C, Lv Y, Hu X, Chen Z, Li J, Zhang M. A “two-step” assay based on electro-activation for rapid determination of methylglyoxal in honey and beer. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1203:339688. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Poulladofonou G, Freris C, Economou A, Kokkinos C. Wearable Electronic Finger for Date Rape Drugs Screening: From "Do-It-Yourself" Fabrication to Self-Testing. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4087-4094. [PMID: 35195989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In-house digital fabrication of low-cost sensors that can on-site and rapidly detect adulteration of alcoholic beverages with sedation drugs (known as date rape drugs, (DRDs)) and analgesics is of great importance for everyday consumers and supervisory authorities. DRDs and analgesics are administrated in spirits for "drug-facilitated sexual assault" crimes and for the reduction of the following day hangover caused by low-quality spirits, respectively. This work describes, a novel "do-it-yourself" wearable 3D printed electrochemical finger (e-finger), which enables direct, rapid, and multianalyte self-testing of the main DRDs (flunitrazepam, scopolamine, ketamine) and paracetamol via direct immersing into a spirit shot. The oxygen interference on flunitrazepam detection was alleviated by dissolving an effervescent tablet of vitamin C in the spirit shot, as ascorbic acid serves as a scavenger for dissolved oxygen. The e-finger can be printed in-house at any size by anyone with access to a low-cost domestic 3D printer using a simple, fast, and low-cost printing procedure. The e-finger is addressed by a smartphone-based miniature potentiostat and allows on-the-spot self-checking of the quality and safety of alcoholic spirits, via a single calibration-free voltammetric measurement, readily performed even by untrained end users. The e-finger is a new powerful screening tool in the hands of supervisory authorities to conduct on-site forensic investigations. More importantly, it paves the way toward in-house e-production of "ready-to-use" reliable self-testing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Poulladofonou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 157 71, Greece
| | - Christiforos Freris
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 157 71, Greece
| | - Anastasios Economou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 157 71, Greece
| | - Christos Kokkinos
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 157 71, Greece
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33
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Vivaldi F, Sebechlebská T, Vaněčková E, Biagini D, Bonini A, Kolivoška V. Electric conductivity measurements employing 3D printed electrodes and cells. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1203:339600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Hong G, Cheng H, Zhang S, Rojas OJ. Polydopamine-treated hierarchical cellulosic fibers as versatile reinforcement of polybutylene succinate biocomposites for electromagnetic shielding. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 277:118818. [PMID: 34893235 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for scalable technologies to reduce electromagnetic pollution with materials of low density and low carbon footprint. Unfortunately, environmental adaptability, economic feasibility and lightweight are factors that are still far from optimal in most electromagnetic shielding materials. Herein, we address these challenges with polybutylene succinate (PBS) reinforced with bamboo fibers functionalized with Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4-NPs) and polypyrrole (PPy). Such hybrid system was compatibilized via polydopamine (PDA) coupling, demonstrating magnetic, dielectric and interfacial polarization losses as well as distributed reflection, yielding a shielding effectiveness of ~36.9 dB. Simultaneously, the composite displayed gains in tensile strength and modulus (by 18 and 38%, respectively) combined with improved flexural strength and modulus (by 33% and 15%, respectively). Overall, this work demonstrates a new pathway toward low cost and lightweight bio-based materials for high-performance electromagnetic shielding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonghua Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, Espoo, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Haitao Cheng
- Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology Key Laboratory of the State Forestry Administration, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Shuangbao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, Espoo, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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35
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Stefano JS, Guterres E Silva LR, Rocha RG, Brazaca LC, Richter EM, Abarza Muñoz RA, Janegitz BC. New conductive filament ready-to-use for 3D-printing electrochemical (bio)sensors: Towards the detection of SARS-CoV-2. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1191:339372. [PMID: 35033268 PMCID: PMC9381826 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The 3D printing technology has gained ground due to its wide range of applicability. The development of new conductive filaments contributes significantly to the production of improved electrochemical devices. In this context, we report a simple method to producing an efficient conductive filament, containing graphite within the polymer matrix of PLA, and applied in conjunction with 3D printing technology to generate (bio)sensors without the need for surface activation. The proposed method for producing the conductive filament consists of four steps: (i) mixing graphite and PLA in a heated reflux system; (ii) recrystallization of the composite; (iii) drying and; (iv) extrusion. The produced filament was used for the manufacture of electrochemical 3D printed sensors. The filament and sensor were characterized by physicochemical techniques, such as SEM, TGA, Raman, FTIR as well as electrochemical techniques (EIS and CV). Finally, as a proof-of-concept, the fabricated 3D-printed sensor was applied for the determination of uric acid and dopamine in synthetic urine and used as a platform for the development of a biosensor for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. The developed sensors, without pre-treatment, provided linear ranges of 0.5-150.0 and 5.0-50.0 μmol L-1, with low LOD values (0.07 and 0.11 μmol L-1), for uric acid and dopamine, respectively. The developed biosensor successfully detected SARS-CoV-2 S protein, with a linear range from 5.0 to 75.0 nmol L-1 (0.38 μg mL-1 to 5.74 μg mL-1) and LOD of 1.36 nmol L-1 (0.10 μg mL-1) and sensitivity of 0.17 μA nmol-1 L (0.01 μA μg-1 mL). Therefore, the lab-made produced and the ready-to-use conductive filament is promising and can become an alternative route for the production of different 3D electrochemical (bio)sensors and other types of conductive devices by 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Santos Stefano
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, 13600-970, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Ricardo Guterres E Silva
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, 13600-970, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Gomes Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Laís Canniatti Brazaca
- Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology Group, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13560-970, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalysis-INCTBio, 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Mathias Richter
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalysis-INCTBio, 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Alejandro Abarza Muñoz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalysis-INCTBio, 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Campos Janegitz
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, 13600-970, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Kalinke C, de Oliveira PR, Neumsteir NV, Henriques BF, de Oliveira Aparecido G, Loureiro HC, Janegitz BC, Bonacin JA. Influence of filament aging and conductive additive in 3D printed sensors. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1191:339228. [PMID: 35033250 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
3D printing technology combined with electrochemical techniques have allowed the development of versatile and low-cost devices. However, some aspects need to be considered for the good quality and useful life of the sensors. In this work, we have demonstrated herein that the filament aging, the conductive material, and the activation processes (post-treatments) can influence the surface characteristics and the electrochemical performance of the 3D printed sensors. Commercial filaments and 3D printed sensors were morphologically, thermally, and electrochemically analyzed. The activated graphene-based (Black Magic®) sensor showed the best electrochemical response, compared to the carbon black-filament (Proto-Pasta®). In addition, we have proven that filament aging harms the performance of the sensors since the electrodes produced with three years old filament had a considerably lower intra-days reproducibility. Finally, the activated graphene-based sensor has shown the best performance for the electrochemical detection of bisphenol A, demonstrating the importance of evaluating and control the characteristics and quality of filaments to improve the mechanical, conductive, and electrochemical performance of 3D printed sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Kalinke
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Roberto de Oliveira
- Department of Nature Science, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), 13600-970, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Brunna Ferri Henriques
- Department of Nature Science, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), 13600-970, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Hugo Campos Loureiro
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Campos Janegitz
- Department of Nature Science, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), 13600-970, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliano Alves Bonacin
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Comparing electrochemical pre-treated 3D printed native and mechanically polished electrode surfaces for analytical sensing. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Garcia-Miranda Ferrari A, Hurst NJ, Bernalte E, Crapnell RD, Whittingham MJ, Brownson DAC, Banks CE. Exploration of defined 2-dimensional working electrode shapes through additive manufacturing. Analyst 2022; 147:5121-5129. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an01412b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the electrochemical response of different morphologies (shapes) and dimensions of additively manufactured (3D-printing) carbon black(CB)/poly-lactic acid (PLA) electrodes are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas J. Hurst
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Elena Bernalte
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Robert D. Crapnell
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Matthew J. Whittingham
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Dale A. C. Brownson
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Craig E. Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, UK
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Whittingham MJ, Crapnell RD, Rothwell EJ, Hurst NJ, Banks CE. Additive manufacturing for electrochemical labs: An overview and tutorial note on the production of cells, electrodes and accessories. TALANTA OPEN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2021.100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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40
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Ataide VN, Rocha DP, de Siervo A, Paixão TRLC, Muñoz RAA, Angnes L. Additively manufactured carbon/black-integrated polylactic acid 3Dprintedsensor for simultaneous quantification of uric acid and zinc in sweat. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:388. [PMID: 34668076 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For the first time the development of an electrochemical method for simultaneous quantification of Zn2+ and uric acid (UA) in sweat is described using an electrochemically treated 3D-printed working electrode. Sweat analysis can provide important information about metabolites that are valuable indicators of biological processes. Improved performance of the 3D-printed electrode was achieved after electrochemical treatment of its surface in an alkaline medium. This treatment promotes the PLA removal (insulating layer) and exposes carbon black (CB) conductive sites. The pH and the square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry technique were carefully adjusted to optimize the method. The peaks for Zn2+ and UA were well-defined at around - 1.1 V and + 0.45 V (vs. CB/PLA pseudo-reference), respectively, using the treated surface under optimized conditions. The calibration curve showed a linear range of 1 to 70 µg L-1 and 1 to 70 µmol L-1 for Zn2+ and UA, respectively. Relative standard deviation values were estimated as 4.8% (n = 10, 30 µg L-1) and 6.1% (n = 10, 30 µmol L-1) for Zn2+ and UA, respectively. The detection limits for Zn2+ and UA were 0.10 µg L-1 and 0.28 µmol L-1, respectively. Both species were determined simultaneously in real sweat samples, and the achieved recovery percentages were between 95 and 106% for Zn2+ and 82 and 108% for UA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa N Ataide
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Diego P Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Abner de Siervo
- Institute of Physics "Gleb Wataghin", Applied Physics Department, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Thiago R L C Paixão
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Muñoz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Lucio Angnes
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
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41
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Rocha DP, Rocha RG, Castro SVF, Trindade MAG, Munoz RAA, Richter EM, Angnes L. Posttreatment of 3D‐printed surfaces for electrochemical applications: A critical review on proposed protocols. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diego P. Rocha
- Instituto de Química Universidade de São Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Raquel G. Rocha
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Uberlândia berlândia Brazil
| | | | - Magno A. G. Trindade
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados Dourados Brazil
- UNESP Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT‐DATREM) National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection Institute of Chemistry Araraquara Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo M. Richter
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Uberlândia berlândia Brazil
| | - Lucio Angnes
- Instituto de Química Universidade de São Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
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42
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Additive Manufacturing as a Means of Gas Sensor Development for Battery Health Monitoring. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9090252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) still need continuous safety monitoring based on their intrinsic properties, as well as due to the increase in their sizes and device requirements. The main causes of fires and explosions in LIBs are heat leakage and the presence of highly inflammable components. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the safety of the batteries by preventing the generation of these gases and/or their early detection with sensors. The improvement of such safety sensors requires new approaches in their manufacturing. There is a growing role for research of nanostructured sensor’s durability in the field of ionizing radiation that also can induce structural changes in the LIB’s component materials, thus contributing to the elucidation of fundamental physicochemical processes; catalytic reactions or inhibitions of the chemical reactions on which the work of the sensors is based. A current method widely used in various fields, Direct Ink Writing (DIW), has been used to manufacture heterostructures of Al2O3/CuO and CuO:Fe2O3, followed by an additional ALD and thermal annealing step. The detection properties of these 3D-DIW printed heterostructures showed responses to 1,3-dioxolan (DOL), 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) vapors, as well as to typically used LIB electrolytes containing LiTFSI and LiNO3 salts in a mixture of DOL:DME, as well also to LiPF6 salts in a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) at operating temperatures of 200 °C–350 °C with relatively high responses. The combination of the possibility to detect electrolyte vapors used in LIBs and size control by the 3D-DIW printing method makes these heterostructures extremely attractive in controlling the safety of batteries.
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43
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3D-printed hybrid-carbon-based electrodes for electroanalytical sensing applications. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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44
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João AF, Rocha RG, Matias TA, Richter EM, Flávio S. Petruci J, Muñoz RA. 3D-printing in forensic electrochemistry: Atropine determination in beverages using an additively manufactured graphene-polylactic acid electrode. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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45
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Abdalla A, Patel BA. 3D Printed Electrochemical Sensors. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2021; 14:47-63. [PMID: 33974807 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091120-093659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has recently emerged as a novel approach in the development of electrochemical sensors. This approach to fabrication has provided a tremendous opportunity to make complex geometries of electrodes at high precision. The most widely used approach for fabrication is fused deposition modeling; however, other approaches facilitate making smaller geometries or expanding the range of materials that can be printed. The generation of complete analytical devices, such as electrochemical flow cells, provides an example of the array of analytical tools that can be developed. This review highlights the fabrication, design, preparation, and applications of 3D printed electrochemical sensors. Such developments have begun to highlight the vast potential that 3D printed electrochemical sensors can have compared to other strategies in sensor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Abdalla
- Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom; ,
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Bhavik Anil Patel
- Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom; ,
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
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46
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Iffelsberger C, Jellett CW, Pumera M. 3D Printing Temperature Tailors Electrical and Electrochemical Properties through Changing Inner Distribution of Graphite/Polymer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2101233. [PMID: 33938128 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202101233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The rise of 3D printing technology, with fused deposition modeling as one of the simplest and most widely used techniques, has empowered an increasing interest for composite filaments, providing additional functionality to 3D-printed components. For future applications, like electrochemical energy storage, energy conversion, and sensing, the tuning of the electrochemical properties of the filament and its characterization is of eminent importance to improve the performance of 3D-printed devices. In this work, customized conductive graphite/poly(lactic acid) filament with a percentage of graphite filler close to the conductivity percolation limit is fabricated and 3D-printed into electrochemical devices. Detailed scanning electrochemical microscopy investigations demonstrate that 3D-printing temperature has a dramatic effect on the conductivity and electrochemical performance due to a changed conducive filler/polymer distribution. This may allow, e.g., 3D printing of active/inactive parts of the same structure from the same filament when changing the 3D printing nozzle temperature. These tailored properties can have profound influence on the application of these 3D-printed composites, which can lead to a dramatically different functionality of the final electrical, electrochemical, and energy storage device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Iffelsberger
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Cameron W Jellett
- Center of Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
- Center of Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 16628, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- 3D Printing & Innovation Hub, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, CZ-613 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
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Omar MH, Razak KA, Ab Wahab MN, Hamzah HH. Recent progress of conductive 3D-printed electrodes based upon polymers/carbon nanomaterials using a fused deposition modelling (FDM) method as emerging electrochemical sensing devices. RSC Adv 2021; 11:16557-16571. [PMID: 35479129 PMCID: PMC9031910 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01987b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
3D-printing or additive manufacturing is presently an emerging technology in the fourth industrial revolution that promises to reshape traditional manufacturing processes. The electrochemistry field can undoubtedly take advantage of this technology to fabricate electrodes to create a new generation of electrode sensor devices that could replace conventionally manufactured electrodes; glassy carbon, screen-printed carbon and carbon composite electrodes. In the electrochemistry research area, studies to date show that there is a demand for electrically 3D printable conductive polymer/carbon nanomaterial filaments where these materials can be printed out through an extrusion process based upon the fused deposition modelling (FDM) method. FDM could be used to manufacture novel electrochemical 3D printed electrode sensing devices for electrochemical sensor and biosensor applications. This is due to the FDM method being the most affordable 3D printing technique since conductive and non-conductive thermoplastic filaments are commercially available. Therefore, in this minireview, we focus on only the most outstanding studies that have been published since 2018. We believe this to be a highly-valuable research area to the scientific community, both in academia and industry, to enable novel ideas, materials, designs and methods relating to electroanalytical sensing devices to be generated. This approach has the potential to create a new generation of electrochemical sensing devices based upon additive manufacturing. This minireview also provides insight into how the research community could improve the electrochemical performance of 3D-printed electrodes to significantly increase the sensitivity of the 3D-printed electrodes as electrode sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Huzaifah Omar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) 11800 Gelugor Penang Malaysia
| | - Khairunisak Abdul Razak
- Nanobiotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Gelugor Penang Malaysia
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia 14300 Nibong Tebal Penang Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nadhir Ab Wahab
- School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Gelugor Penang Malaysia
| | - Hairul Hisham Hamzah
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) 11800 Gelugor Penang Malaysia
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48
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Rocha RG, Ribeiro JS, Santana MHP, Richter EM, Muñoz RAA. 3D-printing for forensic chemistry: voltammetric determination of cocaine on additively manufactured graphene-polylactic acid electrodes. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1788-1794. [PMID: 33885677 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00181g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine is probably one of the most trafficked illicit drugs in the world. For this reason, police forces require fast, selective, and sensitive methods for cocaine detection at crime scenes. Taking benefit of additive manufacturing, we demonstrate that 3D-printed graphene-polylactic acid (G-PLA) electrodes using the affordable fused deposition modelling technique can identify and quantify cocaine in seized drugs. The detection of cocaine based on its electrochemical oxidation on such electrodes was dramatically improved after an electrochemical surface treatment that generates reduced graphene oxide (anodic followed by a cathodic treatment). Square-wave voltammetric determination of cocaine was achieved in the concentration range between 20 and 100 μmol L-1, with a detection limit of 6 μmol L-1, and free from the interference of paracetamol, caffeine, phenacetin, lidocaine, benzocaine and levamisole, which are common adulterants found in seized drugs. The analytical characteristics obtained using 3D-printed G-PLA electrodes were comparable with those of previously reported electrochemical sensors, but presented the inherent advantages of the 3D-printing technology that enables low-cost, reproducible, and large-scale production of such electrodes in remote areas combined with the use of an environmentally-friendly biopolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel G Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
| | - Julia S Ribeiro
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
| | - Mário H P Santana
- Unidade Técnico-Científica, Superintendência Regional da Polícia Federal em MG, 38408-680, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Richter
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo A A Muñoz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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49
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Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is the most widely used raw material in extrusion-based three-dimensional (3D) printing (fused deposition modeling, FDM approach) in many areas since it is biodegradable and environmentally friendly, however its utilization is limited due to some of its disadvantages such as mechanical weakness, water solubility rate, etc. FDM is a simple and more cost-effective fabrication process compared to other 3D printing techniques. Unfortunately, there are deficiencies of the FDM approach, such as mechanical weakness of the FDM parts compared to the parts produced by the conventional injection and compression molding methods. Preparation of PLA composites with suitable additives is the most useful technique to improve the properties of the 3D-printed PLA parts obtained by the FDM method. In the last decade, newly developed PLA composites find large usage areas both in academic and industrial circles. This review focuses on the chemistry and properties of pure PLA and also the preparation methods of the PLA composites which will be used as a raw material in 3D printers. The main drawbacks of the pure PLA filaments and the necessity for the preparation of PLA composites which will be employed in the FDM-based 3D printing applications is also discussed in the first part. The current methods to obtain PLA composites as raw materials to be used as filaments in the extrusion-based 3D printing are given in the second part. The applications of the novel PLA composites by utilizing the FDM-based 3D printing technology in the fields of biomedical, tissue engineering, human bone repair, antibacterial, bioprinting, electrical conductivity, electromagnetic, sensor, battery, automotive, aviation, four-dimensional (4D) printing, smart textile, environmental, and luminescence applications are presented and critically discussed in the third part of this review.
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Sibug-Torres SM, Go LP, Castillo VCG, Pauco JLR, Enriquez EP. Fully integrated 3D-printed electrochemical cell with a modified inkjet-printed Ag electrode for voltammetric nitrate analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1160:338430. [PMID: 33894964 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
To address the need for low-cost analytical tools for on-site aquaculture water quality monitoring, miniaturized electrochemical sensor systems can be readily fabricated using additive manufacturing technologies such as 3D printing and inkjet printing. In this work, we report the design and fabrication of an additively manufactured electrochemical platform featuring a reusable 3D-printed electrochemical cell with integrated reference and counter electrodes, and a replaceable inkjet-printed Ag (IJP-Ag) working electrode. The electrochemical cell was 3D-printed with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filament and features a 3D-printed ABS-carbon counter electrode and a Ag|AgCl|gel-KCl reference electrode with a 3D-printed porous junction directly integrated along the sides of the sample compartment. The application of the integrated cell is demonstrated with the analysis of nitrate ions on the IJP-Ag electrode, which was modified with electrodeposited nanostructured Ag to enhance sensitivity to nitrate reduction. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) was successfully applied to detect nitrate with a LOD of 1.40 ppm and a sensitivity of 0.2086 μA ppm-1 in a background of artificial brackish aquaculture water (pH 8.0). The sensor response showed intra- and inter-electrode reproducibility and no significant interferences to most of the commonly encountered cations and anions in brackish water. The electrochemical sensor system was also applied to nitrate determination in real aquaculture water samples and demonstrated no significant differences with the results obtained using the standard spectrophotometric method at a 95% confidence level. Our results show how additive manufacturing is a promising approach to readily fabricate fit-for-purpose, low-cost miniaturized electrochemical sensor systems for point-of-use applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lance P Go
- Department of Chemistry, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
| | | | - Jiena Lynne R Pauco
- Department of Chemistry, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
| | - Erwin P Enriquez
- Department of Chemistry, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines.
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