1
|
Çakir S. Effect of Boric Acid on Metabolic Peptides and Some Biochemical Parameters in Experimental Diabetic Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:1001-1008. [PMID: 37872360 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03910-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) is an element that has recently been wondered and researched in many fields, especially due to its effects on energy metabolism. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of boric acid (BA) on newly discovered energy metabolism peptides that have not been studied before. In this study, the effects of 15 mg/kg of BA were evaluated in 24 Wistar rats. Groups were named as control group, 15 mg/kg BA group, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced experimental diabetic group, and STZ-induced experimental diabetic + 15 mg/kg BA administered group (STZ+15 mg/kg BA). Serum asprosin, nesfatin-1, preptin, insulin, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and glucose analyses were performed. In this study, the increase in glucose, TG, TC, LDL-C levels, and AST, ALT activities in STZ-induced groups were reduced with BA administration. While HDL-C level significantly decreased in the STZ group, the level approached the control group values after BA administration (p<0.001). As for peptides, although there was a statistically significant increase after 15 mg/kg BA administration, these levels did not approach the control group values (p<0.001). According to the findings, STZ-induced diabetes mellitus and the biochemical processes that develop accordingly change correlatively. This study showed that BA is effective in energy metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selcen Çakir
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Medical Laboratory Techniques Program, Vocational School of Health Services, Çanakkale, Turkey.
- Vocational School of Health Services, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Terzioğlu Campus, SHMYO Z-9. PK:17000, Çanakkale, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sobhan Bahreiny S, Harooni E, Reza Dabbagh M, Ebrahimi R. Circulating serum preptin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Reprod Biomed 2023; 21:367-378. [PMID: 37362092 PMCID: PMC10285194 DOI: 10.18502/ijrm.v21i5.13470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder with complex pathogenesis and metabolic complications, such as insulin resistance. Among the new markers, preptin seems to play a significant role in metabolic disorders. Objective This meta-analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between circulating preptin levels and PCOS. Materials and Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to identify relevant articles in electronic databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, EMBASE, and the Google Scholar search engine, using a predefined search strategy. A random-effects model was used to combine standard mean difference (SMD) and 95% CI to compare results between groups. Meta-regression and subgroup analysis were also performed to reveal the sources of heterogeneity. Results The meta-analysis encompassed a total of 8 studies and 582 participants. The results indicate a statistically significant association between PCOS and serum preptin levels, with a pooled standardized mean difference (SMD = 1.35; 95% CI]: 0.63-2.08; p < 0.001). Further analysis suggested a significant difference in serum preptin levels between women with PCOS and higher homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance ratio (SMD = 2.40; 95% CI: 1.17-3.63; p < 0.001) within the subgroup. Conclusion Our meta-analysis shows that increased serum preptin levels are associated with PCOS, suggesting that preptin may be related to the pathogenesis of PCOS and may be recognized as a novel diagnostic biomarker for PCOS. However, further studies are needed to confirm our results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Sobhan Bahreiny
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Elnaz Harooni
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Dabbagh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Ebrahimi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee KL, Aitken JF, Li X, Montgomery K, Hsu HL, Williams GM, Brimble MA, Cooper GJ. Vesiculin derived from IGF-II drives increased islet cell mass in a mouse model of pre-diabetes. Islets 2022; 14:14-22. [PMID: 34632959 PMCID: PMC8632304 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2021.1982326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islet-cell function and volume are both key determinants of the maintenance of metabolic health. Insulin resistance and islet-cell dysfunction often occur in the earlier stages of type 2 diabetes (T2D) progression. The ability of the islet cells to respond to insulin resistance by increasing hormone output accompanied by increased islet-cell volume is key to maintaining blood glucose control and preventing further disease progression. Eventual β-cell loss is the main driver of full-blown T2D and insulin-dependency. Researchers are targeting T2D with approaches that include those aimed at enhancing the function of the patient's existing β-cell population, or replacing islet β-cells. Another approach is to look for agents that enhance the natural capacity of the β-cell population to expand. Here we aimed to study the effects of a new putative β-cell growth factor on a mouse model of pre-diabetes. We asked whether: 1) 4-week's treatment with vesiculin, a two-chain peptide derived by processing from IGF-II, had any measurable effect on pre-diabetic mice vs vehicle; and 2) whether the effects were the same in non-diabetic littermate controls. Although treatment with vesiculin did not alter blood glucose levels over this time period, there was a doubling of the Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) detectable in the islets of treated pre-diabetic but not control mice and this was accompanied by increased insulin- and glucagon-positive stained areas in the pancreatic islets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate L. Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- CONTACT Kate L. Lee Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jacqueline F. Aitken
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Xun Li
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kirsten Montgomery
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Huai-L. Hsu
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey M. Williams
- School of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics, Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust, and the School of Biomedicine, the Medical School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics, Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust, and the School of Biomedicine, the Medical School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Garth J.S. Cooper
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics, Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust, and the School of Biomedicine, the Medical School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Czerwińska M, Czarzasta K, Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska A. New Peptides as Potential Players in the Crosstalk Between the Brain and Obesity, Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Physiol 2021; 12:692642. [PMID: 34497533 PMCID: PMC8419452 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.692642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization report published in 2016, 650 million people worldwide suffer from obesity, almost three times more than in 1975. Obesity is defined as excessive fat accumulation which may impair health with non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke), and some cancers. Despite medical advances, cardiovascular complications are still the leading causes of death arising from obesity. Excessive fat accumulation is caused by the imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. The pathogenesis of this process is complex and not fully understood, but current research is focused on the role of the complex crosstalk between the central nervous system (CNS), neuroendocrine and immune system including the autonomic nervous system, adipose tissue, digestive and cardiovascular systems. Additionally, special attention has been paid to newly discovered substances: neuropeptide 26RFa, preptin, and adropin. It was shown that the above peptides are synthesized both in numerous structures of the CNS and in many peripheral organs and tissues, such as the heart, adipose tissue, and the gastrointestinal tract. Recently, particular attention has been paid to the role of the presented peptides in the pathogenesis of obesity, metabolic and cardiovascular system diseases. This review summarizes the role of newly investigated peptides in the crosstalk between brain and peripheral organs in the pathogenesis of obesity, metabolic, and cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kałużna M, Pawlaczyk K, Schwermer K, Hoppe K, Yusuf Ibrahim A, Czlapka-Matyasik M, Wrotkowska E, Ziemnicka K, Oko A, Ruchała M. Is Preptin a New Bone Metabolism Parameter in Hemodialysis Patients? Life (Basel) 2021; 11:341. [PMID: 33921361 PMCID: PMC8069327 DOI: 10.3390/life11040341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preptin is a bone-anabolic pancreatic peptide hormone. Its role in bone metabolism has been studied in rats and in patients with diabetes, but its levels and significance in bone metabolism in hemodialyzed (HD) patients is unknown. METHODS The relationships between preptin and anthropometric and biochemical parameters related to bone metabolism were studied in 73 patients on chronic hemodialysis (48 males, 25 females; mean age of 57 years; HD vintage of 69.7 months). Of these subjects, 36 patients had diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (DM/IGT), and 37 patients had normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry of the femoral neck and lumbar spine were also performed. RESULTS No differences were observed in preptin levels between DM/IGT and NGT HD patients. Preptin was positively correlated with HD vintage (r = 0.312, p = 0.007). Negative correlations between preptin and bone mineral density (BMD), T-score, and Z-score in the lumbar spine (L2-L4) were observed (r = -0.319, p = 0.009; r = -0.341, p = 0.005; r = -0.375, p = 0.002). Preptin was positively correlated with parathormone (PTH) levels (r = 0.379, p < 0.001) and osteocalcin levels (r = 0.262, p = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that preptin may reflect on bone and mineral metabolism disturbances seen in HD patients. The significant correlation of preptin with PTH and osteocalcin suggests that preptin may be important in indirect measurement of bone turnover in HD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kałużna
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznań, Poland; (M.K.); (E.W.); (K.Z.); (M.R.)
| | - Krzysztof Pawlaczyk
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznań, Poland; (K.S.); (K.H.); (A.Y.I.); (A.O.)
| | - Krzysztof Schwermer
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznań, Poland; (K.S.); (K.H.); (A.Y.I.); (A.O.)
| | - Krzysztof Hoppe
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznań, Poland; (K.S.); (K.H.); (A.Y.I.); (A.O.)
| | - Aisha Yusuf Ibrahim
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznań, Poland; (K.S.); (K.H.); (A.Y.I.); (A.O.)
| | | | - Elżbieta Wrotkowska
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznań, Poland; (M.K.); (E.W.); (K.Z.); (M.R.)
| | - Katarzyna Ziemnicka
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznań, Poland; (M.K.); (E.W.); (K.Z.); (M.R.)
| | - Andrzej Oko
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznań, Poland; (K.S.); (K.H.); (A.Y.I.); (A.O.)
| | - Marek Ruchała
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznań, Poland; (M.K.); (E.W.); (K.Z.); (M.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kingshott G, Biernacka K, Sewell A, Gwiti P, Barker R, Zielinska H, Gilkes A, McCarthy K, Martin RM, Lane JA, McGeagh L, Koupparis A, Rowe E, Oxley J, Holly JMP, Perks CM. Alteration of Metabolic Conditions Impacts the Regulation of IGF-II/H19 Imprinting Status in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:825. [PMID: 33669311 PMCID: PMC7920081 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second major cause of male cancer deaths. Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cancer risk are linked. Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is involved in numerous cellular events, including proliferation and survival. The IGF-II gene shares its locus with the lncRNA, H19. IGF-II/H19 was the first gene to be identified as being "imprinted"-where the paternal copy is not transcribed-a silencing phenomenon lost in many cancer types. We disrupted imprinting behaviour in vitro by altering metabolic conditions and quantified it using RFLP, qPCR and pyrosequencing; changes to peptide were measured using RIA. Prostate tissue samples were analysed using ddPCR, pyrosequencing and IHC. We compared with in silico data, provided by TGCA on the cBIO Portal. We observed disruption of imprinting behaviour, in vitro, with a significant increase in IGF-II and a reciprocal decrease in H19 mRNA; the increased mRNA was not translated into peptides. In vivo, most specimens retained imprinting status apart from a small subset which showed reduced imprinting. A positive correlation was seen between IGF-II and H19 mRNA expression, which concurred with findings of larger Cancer Genome Atlas (TGCA) cohorts. This positive correlation did not affect IGF-II peptide. Our findings show that type 2 diabetes and/or obesity, can directly affect regulation growth factors involved in carcinogenesis, indirectly suggesting a modification of lifestyle habits may reduce cancer risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Kingshott
- IGF & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (K.B.); (R.B.); (H.Z.); (J.M.P.H.); (C.M.P.)
| | - Kalina Biernacka
- IGF & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (K.B.); (R.B.); (H.Z.); (J.M.P.H.); (C.M.P.)
| | - Alex Sewell
- Department of Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (A.S.); (P.G.); (J.O.)
| | - Paida Gwiti
- Department of Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (A.S.); (P.G.); (J.O.)
- Department of Pathology, North West Anglia NHS Foundation Trust, Peterborough PE3 9GZ, UK
| | - Rachel Barker
- IGF & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (K.B.); (R.B.); (H.Z.); (J.M.P.H.); (C.M.P.)
| | - Hanna Zielinska
- IGF & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (K.B.); (R.B.); (H.Z.); (J.M.P.H.); (C.M.P.)
| | - Amanda Gilkes
- Department of Haematology, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK;
| | - Kathryn McCarthy
- Department of Surgery, Department of Medicine, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK;
| | - Richard M. Martin
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK;
- National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Biomedical Research Unit Offices, University Hospitals Bristol Education Centre, Dental Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - J. Athene Lane
- Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK;
| | - Lucy McGeagh
- Supportive Cancer Care Research Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Institute of Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Research, Oxford Brookes University, Jack Straws Lane, Marston, Oxford OX3 0FL, UK;
| | - Anthony Koupparis
- Department of Urology, Bristol Urological Institute, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (A.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Edward Rowe
- Department of Urology, Bristol Urological Institute, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (A.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Jon Oxley
- Department of Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (A.S.); (P.G.); (J.O.)
| | - Jeff M. P. Holly
- IGF & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (K.B.); (R.B.); (H.Z.); (J.M.P.H.); (C.M.P.)
| | - Claire M. Perks
- IGF & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (K.B.); (R.B.); (H.Z.); (J.M.P.H.); (C.M.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guerra-Cantera S, Frago LM, Jiménez-Hernaiz M, Ros P, Freire-Regatillo A, Barrios V, Argente J, Chowen JA. Impact of Long-Term HFD Intake on the Peripheral and Central IGF System in Male and Female Mice. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10110462. [PMID: 33202914 PMCID: PMC7698111 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10110462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system is responsible for growth, but also affects metabolism and brain function throughout life. New IGF family members (i.e., pappalysins and stanniocalcins) control the availability/activity of IGFs and are implicated in growth. However, how diet and obesity modify this system has been poorly studied. We explored how intake of a high-fat diet (HFD) or commercial control diet (CCD) affects the IGF system in the circulation, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and hypothalamus. Male and female C57/BL6J mice received HFD (60% fat, 5.1 kcal/g), CCD (10% fat, 3.7 kcal/g) or chow (3.1 % fat, 3.4 kcal/g) for 8 weeks. After 7 weeks of HFD intake, males had decreased glucose tolerance (p < 0.01) and at sacrifice increased plasma insulin (p < 0.05) and leptin (p < 0.01). Circulating free IGF1 (p < 0.001), total IGF1 (p < 0.001), IGF2 (p < 0.05) and IGFBP3 (p < 0.01) were higher after HFD in both sexes, with CCD increasing IGFBP2 in males (p < 0.001). In VAT, HFD reduced mRNA levels of IGF2 (p < 0.05), PAPP-A (p < 0.001) and stanniocalcin (STC)-1 (p < 0.001) in males. HFD increased hypothalamic IGF1 (p < 0.01), IGF2 (p < 0.05) and IGFBP5 (p < 0.01) mRNA levels, with these changes more apparent in females. Our results show that diet-induced changes in the IGF system are tissue-, sex- and diet-dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Guerra-Cantera
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (S.G.-C.); (L.M.F.); (M.J.-H.); (A.F.-R.); (V.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura M. Frago
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (S.G.-C.); (L.M.F.); (M.J.-H.); (A.F.-R.); (V.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jiménez-Hernaiz
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (S.G.-C.); (L.M.F.); (M.J.-H.); (A.F.-R.); (V.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Purificación Ros
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, E-28222 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Freire-Regatillo
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (S.G.-C.); (L.M.F.); (M.J.-H.); (A.F.-R.); (V.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (S.G.-C.); (L.M.F.); (M.J.-H.); (A.F.-R.); (V.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (S.G.-C.); (L.M.F.); (M.J.-H.); (A.F.-R.); (V.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Carretera de Cantoblanco 8, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.A.); (J.A.C.)
| | - Julie A. Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (S.G.-C.); (L.M.F.); (M.J.-H.); (A.F.-R.); (V.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Carretera de Cantoblanco 8, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.A.); (J.A.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
van Doorn J. Insulin-like growth factor-II and bioactive proteins containing a part of the E-domain of pro-insulin-like growth factor-II. Biofactors 2020; 46:563-578. [PMID: 32026557 PMCID: PMC7497164 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II is considered to function as an important fetal growth factor, which is structurally and functionally related to IGF-I and proinsulin. At least in vitro, IGF-II actions are mediated through the IGF-I receptor and to a lesser extent the insulin receptor. After birth, the function of IGF-II is less clear although in adults the serum level of IGF-II exceeds that of IGF-I several fold. The IGF-II gene is maternally imprinted, with exception of the liver and several parts of the brain, where it is expressed from both alleles. The regulation, organization, and translation of the IGF-II gene is complex, with five different putative promotors leading to a range of noncoding and coding mRNAs. The 180-amino acid pre-pro-IGF-II translation product can be divided into five domains and include a N-terminal signal peptide of 24 amino acid residues, the 67 amino acid long mature protein, and an 89 residues extension at the COOH terminus, designated as the E-domain. After removal of the signal peptide, the processing of pro-IGF-II into mature IGF-II requires various steps including glycosylation of the E-domain followed by the action of endo-proteases. Several of these processing intermediates can be found in the human circulation. There is increasing evidence that, besides IGF-II, several incompletely processed precursor forms of the protein, and even a 34-amino acid peptide (preptin) derived from the E-domain of pro-IGF-II, exhibit distinct biological activities. This review will focus on the current insights regarding the specific roles of the latter proteins in cancer, glucose homeostasis, and bone physiology. To address this topic clearly in the right context, a concise overview of the biological and biochemical properties of IGF-II and several relevant aspects of the IGF system will be provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaap van Doorn
- Department of Genetics, Section Metabolic DiagnosticsUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Guerra-Cantera S, Frago LM, Díaz F, Ros P, Jiménez-Hernaiz M, Freire-Regatillo A, Barrios V, Argente J, Chowen JA. Short-Term Diet Induced Changes in the Central and Circulating IGF Systems Are Sex Specific. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:513. [PMID: 32849298 PMCID: PMC7431666 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1 exerts a wide range of functions in mammalians participating not only in the control of growth and metabolism, but also in other actions such as neuroprotection. Nutritional status modifies the IGF system, although little is known regarding how diet affects the newest members of this system including pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and PAPP-A2, proteases that liberate IGF from the IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), and stanniocalcins (STCs) that inhibit PAPP-A and PAPP-A2 activity. Here we explored if a 1-week dietary change to either a high-fat diet (HFD) or a low-fat diet (LFD) modifies the central and peripheral IGF systems in both male and female Wistar rats. The circulating IGF system showed sex differences in most of its members at baseline. Males had higher levels of both free (p < 0.001) and total IGF1 (p < 0.001), as well as IGFBP3 (p < 0.001), IGFBP5 (p < 0.001), and insulin (p < 0.01). In contrast, females had higher serum levels of PAPP-A2 (p < 0.05) and IGFBP2 (p < 0.001). The responses to a short-term dietary change were both diet and sex specific. Circulating levels of IGF2 increased in response to LFD intake in females (p < 0.001) and decreased in response to HFD intake in males (p < 0.001). In females, LFD intake also decreased circulating IGFBP2 levels (p < 0.001). In the hypothalamus LFD intake increased IGF2 (p < 0.01) and IGFBP2 mRNA (p < 0.001) levels, as well as the expression of NPY (p < 0.001) and AgRP (p < 0.01), but only in males. In conclusion, short-term LFD intake induced more changes in the peripheral and central IGF system than did short-term HFD intake. Moreover, these changes were sex-specific, with IGF2 and IGFBP2 being more highly affected than the other members of the IGF system. One of the main differences between the commercial LFD employed and the HFD or normal rodent chow is that the LFD has a significantly higher sucrose content, suggesting that this nutrient could be involved in the observed responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Guerra-Cantera
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura M. Frago
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Díaz
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Purificacion Ros
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jiménez-Hernaiz
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Freire-Regatillo
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Jesús Argente
| | - Julie A. Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Julie A. Chowen
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Holly JMP, Biernacka K, Perks CM. The Neglected Insulin: IGF-II, a Metabolic Regulator with Implications for Diabetes, Obesity, and Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101207. [PMID: 31590432 PMCID: PMC6829378 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
When originally discovered, one of the initial observations was that, when all of the insulin peptide was depleted from serum, the vast majority of the insulin activity remained and this was due to a single additional peptide, IGF-II. The IGF-II gene is adjacent to the insulin gene, which is a result of gene duplication, but has evolved to be considerably more complicated. It was one of the first genes recognised to be imprinted and expressed in a parent-of-origin specific manner. The gene codes for IGF-II mRNA, but, in addition, also codes for antisense RNA, long non-coding RNA, and several micro RNA. Recent evidence suggests that each of these have important independent roles in metabolic regulation. It has also become clear that an alternatively spliced form of the insulin receptor may be the principle IGF-II receptor. These recent discoveries have important implications for metabolic disorders and also for cancer, for which there is renewed acknowledgement of the importance of metabolic reprogramming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff M P Holly
- Department of Translational Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Kalina Biernacka
- Department of Translational Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Claire M Perks
- Department of Translational Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nazari Soltan Aahmad S, Nourollahi S, Kazerouni F, Kianmehr N, Hajipour H, Sanajou D, Hosseini V. Investigation of the relation between bone mass density and serum preptin levels in pre- and postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Metab 2018; 36:710-715. [PMID: 29134283 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-017-0882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Preptin is a peptide hormone co-secreted with insulin and amylin from pancreatic β cells. It has been demonstrated to have osteogenic effects both in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, serum preptin levels were measured in pre- and postmenopausal women with similar body mass indexes (BMIs) to elucidate its link with bone mineral density (BMD). Sixty women (30 premenopausal and 30 postmenopausal) with low bone mineral density were studied. The BMD scores, serum preptin levels and serum estradiol levels were measured. The correlation between serum preptin and estradiol levels with BMD was assessed. Serum preptin and estradiol levels were significantly lower in the postmenopausal women than the premenopausal subjects [2102.27 ± 918.66 vs. 2667.30 ± 940.41 ng/L (P < 0.05) and 39.32 ± 31.74 vs. 99.24 ± 49.24 pg/ml (P < 0.001), respectively]. The serum preptin levels had weak positive (albeit statistically significant) correlations with estradiol (r = 0.271, P = 0.036), femur neck BMD (r = 0.233, P = 0.035) and total hip BMD (r = 0.287, P = 0.031), but no correlation was observed between serum preptin levels and L1-4 lumbar spine BMD (r = 0.136, P = 0.474). The findings of the present study suggest that serum preptin levels in women decrease after menopause and have a positive correlation with estradiol, femoral and total hip BMDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Nazari Soltan Aahmad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajjad Nourollahi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faranak Kazerouni
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nahid Kianmehr
- Department of Rheumatology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Hajipour
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Davoud Sanajou
- Department of Biochemistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Hosseini
- Department of Biochemistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Valdés A, Lewitt M, Wiss E, Ramström M, Strage EM. Development of a Parallel Reaction Monitoring-MS Method To Quantify IGF Proteins in Dogs and a Case of Nonislet Cell Tumor Hypoglycemia. J Proteome Res 2018; 18:18-29. [PMID: 30376339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Nonislet-cell tumor hypoglycemia (NICTH) is a rare paraneoplastic phenomenon well described in dogs and humans. Tumors associated with NICTH secrete incompletely processed forms of insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II), commonly named big IGF-II. These forms have increased bioavailability and interact with the insulin and IGF-I receptor causing hypoglycemia and growth-promoting effects. Immunoassays designed for human samples have been used to measure canine IGF-I and -II, but they possess some limitations. In addition, there are no validated methods for measurement of big IGF-II in dogs. In the present study, a targeted parallel reaction monitoring MS-based method previously developed for cats has been optimized and applied to simultaneously quantify the serum levels of IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGFBP-3, and for the first time, the levels of big IGF-II in dogs. This method allows the absolute quantification of IGF proteins using a mixture of QPrEST proteins previously designed for humans. The method possesses good linearity and repeatability and has been used to evaluate the IGF-system in a dog with NICTH syndrome. In this dog, the levels of big IGF-II decreased by 80% and the levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 increased approximately 20- and 4-times, respectively, after removal of the tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Valdés
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry , Uppsala University , 75123 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Moira Lewitt
- School of Health and Life Sciences , University of the West of Scotland , PA1 2BE Paisley , United Kingdom
| | - Erica Wiss
- Albano Animal Hospital , 182 36 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Margareta Ramström
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry , Uppsala University , 75123 Uppsala , Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Şentürk Ş, Hatirnaz S, Kanat-Pektaş M. Serum Preptin and Amylin Levels with Respect to Body Mass Index in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:7517-7523. [PMID: 30343311 PMCID: PMC6206814 DOI: 10.12659/msm.912957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preptin and amylin are pancreatic hormones which participate in glucose homeostasis. This study aimed to evaluate how serum preptin and amylin levels are altered in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients and healthy women based on BMI groups (<25 kg/m2 and ≥25 kg/m2). Material/Methods This was a prospective randomized control study of 40 PCOS patients and 40 healthy women who were matched with respect to BMI (<25 kg/m2 and ≥25 kg/m2). Results When compared to the healthy women, PCOS patients had significantly higher ovarian volumes, Ferriman-Gallwey scores, and free and total testosterone levels, but significantly lower amylin concentrations (p=0.001, p=0.001, p=0.049, p=0.021, and p<0.001, respectively). Both the normal-weight and overweight PCOS patients had significantly lower amylin levels than the normal-weight and overweight controls (p<0.001, p=0.009, p=0.001, and p=0.001, respectively). Amylin levels were negatively and significantly correlated with the Ferriman-Gallwey scores (r=−0.272, p=0.001) and ovarian volume (r=−0.206, p=0.007). Serum preptin levels were not elevated in either group. Conclusions Serum preptin levels are statistically similar in PCOS patients and BMI-matched healthy controls. Serum amylin levels are significantly higher in healthy controls than PCOS patients whether they are slim or overweight. These findings suggest the presence of mechanisms that can prevent the elevation in serum amylin concentrations that can occur in response to the impaired glucose metabolism in PCOS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Şenol Şentürk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, School of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Safak Hatirnaz
- In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Center, Medicana Samsun International Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Mine Kanat-Pektaş
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kocatepe University, Afyon, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The tobacco-specific carcinogen-operated calcium channel promotes lung tumorigenesis via IGF2 exocytosis in lung epithelial cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12961. [PMID: 27666821 PMCID: PMC5052689 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) binding to the tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) induces Ca2+ signalling, a mechanism that is implicated in various human cancers. In this study, we investigated the role of NNK-mediated Ca2+ signalling in lung cancer formation. We show significant overexpression of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in association with IGF-1R activation in human preneoplastic lung lesions in smokers. NNK induces voltage-dependent calcium channel (VDCC)-intervened calcium influx in airway epithelial cells, resulting in a rapid IGF2 secretion via the regulated pathway and thus IGF-1R activation. Silencing nAChR, α1 subunit of L-type VDCC, or various vesicular trafficking curators, including synaptotagmins and Rabs, or blockade of nAChR/VDCC-mediated Ca2+ influx significantly suppresses NNK-induced IGF2 exocytosis, transformation and tumorigenesis of lung epithelial cells. Publicly available database reveals inverse correlation between use of calcium channel blockers and lung cancer diagnosis. Our data indicate that NNK disrupts the regulated pathway of IGF2 exocytosis and promotes lung tumorigenesis. The binding of tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) induces calcium signalling. Here the authors show that NKK-induced calcium influx in airway epithelial cells triggers IGF2 secretion and tumourigenesis.
Collapse
|
15
|
Whiting L, Stewart KW, Hay DL, Harris PW, Choong YS, Phillips ARJ, Brimble MA, Cooper GJS. Glicentin-related pancreatic polypeptide inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from the isolated pancreas of adult male rats. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/12/e12638. [PMID: 26634904 PMCID: PMC4760439 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides derived from the glucagon gene Gcg, for example, glucagon and glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1), act as physiological regulators of fuel metabolism and are thus of major interest in the pathogenesis of diseases, such as type‐2 diabetes and obesity, and their therapeutic management. Glicentin‐related pancreatic polypeptide (GRPP) is a further, 30 amino acid Gcg‐derived peptide identified in human, mouse, rat, and pig. However, the potential glucoregulatory function of this peptide is largely unknown. Here, we synthesized rat GRPP (rGRPP) and a closely related peptide, rat GRPP‐like peptide (rGRPP‐LP), and investigated their actions in the liver and pancreas of adult male rats by employing isolated‐perfused organ preparations. Rat GRPP and rGRPP‐LP did not affect glucose output from the liver, but both elicited potent inhibition of glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from the rat pancreas. This action is unlikely to be mediated by glucagon or GLP‐1 receptors, as rGRPP and rGRPP‐LP did not stimulate cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production from the glucagon or GLP‐1 receptors, nor did they antagonize glucagon‐ or GLP‐1‐stimulated cAMP‐production at either receptor. GRPP and GRPP‐LP may be novel regulators of insulin secretion, acting through an as‐yet undefined receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Whiting
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, New Zealand
| | - Kevin W Stewart
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Deborah L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, New Zealand
| | - Paul W Harris
- The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, New Zealand School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yee S Choong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anthony R J Phillips
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, New Zealand Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, New Zealand School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Garth J S Cooper
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, New Zealand Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK The Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Department of Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
El-Eshmawy M, Abdel Aal I. Relationships between preptin and osteocalcin in obese, overweight, and normal weight adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:218-22. [PMID: 25675353 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Preptin is an endocrine peptide secreted from pancreatic β cells; it acts as a physiological amplifier of glucose-mediated insulin secretion. Osteocalcin, secreted by osteoblasts, is also involved in the regulation of body energy in that it modulates fat and glucose metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate circulating preptin and osteocalcin levels and the possible association between them in obese and overweight adults. A total of 100 obese-overweight adults and 50 healthy controls matched for age and sex were enrolled in this study. Anthropometric measurements were taken and fasting glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profile, preptin, and osteocalcin were assessed. Preptin was significantly higher in obese and overweight subjects than in controls, whereas osteocalcin was significantly lower. In multiple regression analysis, preptin was independently influenced by waist circumference (WC) (β = 3.75, P = 0.03), fasting insulin (β = 4.77, P = 0.01), HOMA-IR (β = 8.21, P = 0.003), and osteocalcin (β = -28.41, P = 0.04). Osteocalcin was independently influenced by body mass index (β = -1.46, P = 0.05), WC (β = -2.04, P = 0.03), fasting insulin (β = -2.69, P = 0.02), HOMA-IR (β = -0.19, P = 0.006), and triglyceride (β = -4.54, P = 0.001). In conclusion, elevated serum preptin and decreased osteocalcin concentrations, together with insulin resistance, are associated with obesity and overweight. Serum preptin is also independently associated with osteocalcin, which may explain, at least in part, the crosstalk between bone and the β cells of the pancreas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mervat El-Eshmawy
- Internal Medicine Department, Mansoura Specialized Medical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Radhakrishnan VK, Hernandez LC, Anderson K, Tan Q, De León M, De León DD. Expression of Intratumoral IGF-II Is Regulated by the Gene Imprinting Status in Triple Negative Breast Cancer from Vietnamese Patients. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:401851. [PMID: 26448747 PMCID: PMC4581569 DOI: 10.1155/2015/401851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
African American women suffer higher incidence and mortality of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) than Caucasian women. TNBC is very aggressive, causing the worst clinical outcome. We previously demonstrated that tumors from these patients express high IGF-II and exhibit high activation of the IGF signaling pathways. IGF-II gene expression is imprinted (monoallelic), promotes tumor progression, and metastasis and regulates Survivin, a TNBC prognostic marker. Since BC mortality has increased among young Vietnamese women, we analyzed 48 (paired) TNBC samples from Vietnamese patients to assess IGF-II expression. We analyzed all samples by qrtPCR for identification of IGF-II heterozygosity and to determine allelic expression of the IGF-II gene. We also analyzed the tissues for proIGF-II and Survivin by RT-PCR and Western blotting. A total of 28 samples displayed IGF-II heterozygosity of which 78% were biallelic. Tumors with biallelic IGF-II gene expression exhibited the highest levels of proIGF-II and Survivin. Although 100% of these tissues corresponding normal samples were biallelic, they expressed significantly lower levels of or no proIGF-II and Survivin. Thus, IGF-II biallelic gene expression is differentially regulated in normal versus tumor tissues. We propose that intratumoral proIGF-II is dependent on the IGF-II gene imprinting status and it will promote a more aggressive TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinodh Kumar Radhakrishnan
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Lorraine Christine Hernandez
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Kendra Anderson
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Qianwei Tan
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Marino De León
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Daisy D. De León
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- *Daisy D. De León:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dogan FB, Cicek D, Aydin S, Dertlioglu SB, Halisdemir N, Ucak H, Demir B, Erden I. Serum Preptin and Amylin Values in Psoriasis Vulgaris and Behçet's Patients. J Clin Lab Anal 2014; 30:165-8. [PMID: 25545917 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin resistance is found in both psoriasis and Behçet's disease. No study has yet explored whether preptin and amylin, two hormones associated with insulin resistance, are involved in the insulin resistance observed in patients with psoriasis and Behçet's disease. OBJECTIVES We aimed to explore how the amounts of preptin and amylin change in psoriasis and Behçet's disease and whether they are involved in the etiopathology of these two diseases, by comparing hormone levels in patients and healthy controls. METHODS The study registered 30 patients with psoriasis, 30 patients with Behçet's disease, and 30 healthy volunteers (as a control group). Fasting blood sugar, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL, HDL, total cholesterol, HbA1c, C-peptide, insulin, and serum preptin and amylin levels were measured in all subjects. RESULTS Serum preptin and amylin levels were significantly lower in the patients with psoriasis and Behçet's disease than in the control group (P < 0.001, P = 0.004, and P = 0.008, respectively). A comparison of the serum preptin and amylin levels between the patients with psoriasis and Behçet's disease did not reveal a statistically significant difference. Serum insulin level and The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index were significantly lower in the psoriasis patient group relative to the control group (P = 0.02 and P = 0.03, respectively), while the values for the Behçet's disease group did not differ significantly from those for the control group CONCLUSIONS Serum levels of preptin and amylin were significantly lower in patients with psoriasis and Behçet's disease, indicating that these hormones may be a factor for development of metabolic syndrome in these two diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Baskaya Dogan
- Department of Dermatology, Mehmet Akif Inan Education and Research Hospital, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Demet Cicek
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Aydin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | | | - Nurhan Halisdemir
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Haydar Ucak
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Betul Demir
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Ilker Erden
- Department of Dermatology, Elazig Education and Research Hospital, Elazig, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Modi H, Cornu M, Thorens B. Glutamine stimulates biosynthesis and secretion of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), an autocrine regulator of beta cell mass and function. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:31972-31982. [PMID: 25271169 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.587733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
IGF2 is an autocrine ligand for the beta cell IGF1R receptor and GLP-1 increases the activity of this autocrine loop by enhancing IGF1R expression, a mechanism that mediates the trophic effects of GLP-1 on beta cell mass and function. Here, we investigated the regulation of IGF2 biosynthesis and secretion. We showed that glutamine rapidly and strongly induced IGF2 mRNA translation using reporter constructs transduced in MIN6 cells and primary islet cells. This was followed by rapid secretion of IGF2 via the regulated pathway, as revealed by the presence of mature IGF2 in insulin granule fractions and by inhibition of secretion by nimodipine and diazoxide. When maximally stimulated by glutamine, the amount of secreted IGF2 rapidly exceeded its initial intracellular pool and tolbutamide, and high K(+) increased IGF2 secretion only marginally. This indicates that the intracellular pool of IGF2 is small and that sustained secretion requires de novo synthesis. The stimulatory effect of glutamine necessitates its metabolism but not mTOR activation. Finally, exposure of insulinomas or beta cells to glutamine induced Akt phosphorylation, an effect that was dependent on IGF2 secretion, and reduced cytokine-induced apoptosis. Thus, glutamine controls the activity of the beta cell IGF2/IGF1R autocrine loop by increasing the biosynthesis and secretion of IGF2. This autocrine loop can thus integrate changes in feeding and metabolic state to adapt beta cell mass and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Honey Modi
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marion Cornu
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Synthesis of truncated analogues of preptin-(1–16), and investigation of their ability to stimulate osteoblast proliferation. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:3565-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
21
|
Livingstone C, Borai A. Insulin-like growth factor-II: its role in metabolic and endocrine disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014; 80:773-81. [PMID: 24593700 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) is a widely expressed 7·5 kDa mitogenic peptide hormone. Although it is abundant in serum, understanding of its physiological role is limited compared with that of IGF-I. IGF-II regulates foetal development and differentiation, but its role in adults is less well understood. Evidence suggests roles in a number of tissues including skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, bone and ovary. Altered IGF-II expression has been observed in metabolic conditions, notably obesity, diabetes and the polycystic ovary syndrome. This article summarizes what is known about the actions of IGF-II and its dysregulation in metabolic and endocrine diseases. The possible causes and consequences of dysregulation are discussed along with the implications for diagnostic tests and future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Callum Livingstone
- Peptide Hormones Supraregional Assay Service (SAS), Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Trust, Guildford, UK; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Aydin S. Three new players in energy regulation: preptin, adropin and irisin. Peptides 2014; 56:94-110. [PMID: 24721335 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis of energy is regulated by genetic factors, food intake, and energy expenditure. When energy input is greater than expenditure, the balance is positive, which can lead to weight gain and obesity. When the balance is negative, weight is lost. Regulation of this homeostasis is multi-factorial, involving many orexigenic (appetite-stimulating) and anorexigenic (appetite-suppressing) peptide hormones. Peripheral tissues are now known to be involved in weight regulation and research on its endocrine characteristics proceeds apace. Preptin with 34 amino acids (MW 3948 Da), adropin with 43 amino acids and a molecular weight of (4999 Da), and irisin with 112 amino acids (12587 Da), are three newly discovered peptides critical for regulating energy metabolism. Preptin is synthesized primarily in pancreatic beta cells, and adropin mainly in the liver and brain, and many peripheral tissues. Irisin, however, is synthesized principally in the heart muscle, along with peripheral tissues, including salivary glands, kidney and liver. The prime functions of preptin and adropin include regulating carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolisms by moderating glucose-mediated insulin release. Irisin is an anti-obesitic and anti-diabetic hormone regulating adipose tissue metabolism and glucose homeostasis by converting white to brown adipose tissue. This review offers a historical account of these discovery and function of these peptides, including their structure, and physiological and biochemical properties. Their roles in energy regulation will be discussed. Their measurement in biological fluids will be considered, which will lead to further discussion of their possible clinical value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suleyman Aydin
- Firat University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry (Firat Hormones Research Group), Elazig 23119, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Naot D, Cornish J. Cytokines and Hormones That Contribute to the Positive Association between Fat and Bone. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:70. [PMID: 24847313 PMCID: PMC4023068 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The positive association between body weight and bone density has been established in numerous laboratory and clinical studies. Apart from the direct effect of soft tissue mass on bone through skeletal loading, a number of cytokines and hormones contribute to the positive association between adipose and bone tissue, acting either locally in sites where cells of the two tissues are adjacent to each other or systemically through the circulation. The current review describes the effects of such local and systemic factors on bone physiology. One class of factors are the adipocyte-secreted peptides (adipokines), which affect bone turnover through a combination of direct effects in bone cells and indirect mechanisms mediated by the central nervous system. Another source of hormones that contribute to the coupling between fat and bone tissue are beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin, amylin, and preptin are co-secreted from pancreatic beta cells in response to increased glucose levels after feeding, and are also found in high circulating levels in obesity. A number of peptide hormones secreted from the gastrointestinal tract in response to feeding affect both fat and bone cells and thus can also act as mediators of the association between the two tissues. The current review focuses on results of laboratory studies investigating possible mechanism involved in the positive association between fat mass and bone mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Naot
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Dorit Naot, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand e-mail:
| | - Jillian Cornish
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Aydin S, Celik O, Gurates B, Sahin I, Ulas M, Yilmaz M, Kalayci M, Kuloglu T, Catak Z, Aksoy A, Ozercan IH, Kumru S. Concentrations of preptin, salusins and hepcidins in plasma and milk of lactating women with or without gestational diabetes mellitus. Peptides 2013; 49:123-30. [PMID: 24060315 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to ascertain whether human milk contains preptin, salusin-alpha (salusin-α) and -beta (salusin-β) and pro-hepcidin and hepcidin-25, and whether there are relationships between plasma and milk preptin, salusin-α and -β and pro-hepcidin and hepcidin-25 concentrations in lactating mothers with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Blood was obtained from non-lactating women (n = 12), non-diabetic lactating women (n = 12), and GDM lactating women (n = 12). Colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk samples were collected just before suckling from healthy and GDM lactating women. Peptides concentrations were determined by ELISA and EIA. Mammary gland tissues were screened immunohistochemically for these peptides. Women with GDM had significantly higher plasma and colostum preptin concentrations than healthy lactating women during the colostral and transitional milk period. Salusin-alpha and -beta levels in milk and plasma were lower in women with GDM. Salusin-α and -β were significantly lower in both plasma and colostrums of GDM than of healthy lactating women. Women with GDM had significantly higher colostum prohepcidin and hepcidin-25 concentrations than healthy lactating women during the colostral period. Plasma prohepcidin was also higher in women with GDM than in healthy lactating women during the colostral period, but plasma prohepcidin and hepcidin-25 levels decreased during mature milk period. Transitional milk pro-hepcidin and hepcidin-25 levels in women with GDM were higher than in healthy lactating women. All these results revealed that the mammary gland produces those peptides, which were present in milk at levels correlating with plasma concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suleyman Aydin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry (Firat Hormones Research Group), Medical School, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li N, Zheng YB, Han J, Liang W, Wang JY, Zhou JR, Shen Y, Zhang J. Lower circulating preptin levels in male patients with osteoporosis are correlated with bone mineral density and bone formation. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2013; 14:49. [PMID: 23363476 PMCID: PMC3570288 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-14-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Serum preptin levels among subjects with different bone mineral densities (BMD) were measured and investigated to determine the correlation between BMD and bone-metabolic markers. Methods Approximately 52 elderly male patients with osteoporosis, 50 elderly men with osteopaenia, and 31 age-matched normal bone mass controls participated in the study. The serum preptin levels and bone metabolic markers were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The relationships between preptin levels, BMD, and metabolic parameters were also assessed. Results The serum preptin level was the lowest in the osteoporosis group and positively correlated with BMD. All the bone formation markers in the osteoporosis and osteopaenia groups were significantly reduced compared with those in the normal group. Serum preptin level was positively correlated with all the bone formation markers, whereas no correlation was observed with the bone resorption marker TRACP-5b. Conclusions Serum preptin levels are decreased in osteoporosis and osteopaenia patients and positively correlated with BMD. Therefore, preptin is involved in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, probably through bone formation rather than bone resorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tong Ji University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ozkan Y, Timurkan ES, Aydin S, Sahin İ, Timurkan M, Citil C, Kalayci M, Yilmaz M, Aksoy A, Catak Z. Acylated and desacylated ghrelin, preptin, leptin, and nesfatin-1 Peptide changes related to the body mass index. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:236085. [PMID: 24371438 PMCID: PMC3858877 DOI: 10.1155/2013/236085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines the levels of acylated and desacylated ghrelin, preptin, leptin, and nesfatin-1 peptide changes related to the body mass index (BMI). The subjects were allocated to 5 groups depending on their BMIs as follows: Group I (BMI <18.5 kg/m(2)); Group II (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)); Group III (BMI 25-29.9 kg/m(2)); Group IV (BMI 30-39.9 kg/m(2)); Group V (BMI >40 kg/m(2)). Serum acylated and desacylated ghrelin, preptin, and leptin levels were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and nesfatin-1 was measured by the enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Desacylated ghrelin levels showed a gradual and statistically significant drop from Group I to Group V, while preptin and leptin levels exhibited a gradual and significant increase from Group I to Group IV. Serum nesfatin-1 levels gradually, but not significantly, increased from Group I to Group III and showed a significant decrease in Groups IV and V. In conclusion, leptin, preptin, and acylated ghrelin (AG) levels increased with higher BMI, whereas desacylated ghrelin (DAG) decreased and nesfatin-1 showed no clear relationship to BMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Ozkan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Firat University Hospital, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Esra Suay Timurkan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Firat University Hospital, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Aydin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Firat Hormones Research Group, Firat University Hospital, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
- *Suleyman Aydin:
| | - İbrahim Sahin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Firat Hormones Research Group, Firat University Hospital, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, Erzincan University, 24100 Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Timurkan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Firat University Hospital, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Cihan Citil
- Atatürk Vocational School of Health Science, Kafkas University, 36040 Kars, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kalayci
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Firat Hormones Research Group, Firat University Hospital, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Musa Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Firat Hormones Research Group, Firat University Hospital, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Aziz Aksoy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Firat Hormones Research Group, Firat University Hospital, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetic, Bitlis Eren University, 13000 Bitlis, Turkey
| | - Zekiye Catak
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Firat Hormones Research Group, Firat University Hospital, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Impaired insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells is a major factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. The main regulator of insulin secretion is the plasma glucose concentration. Insulin secretion is modified by other nutrients, circulating hormones and the autonomic nervous system, as well as local paracrine and autocrine signals. Autocrine signalling involves diffusible molecules that bind to receptors on the same cell from which they have been released. The first transmitter to be implicated in the autocrine regulation of β-cell function was insulin itself. The importance of autocrine insulin signalling is underscored by the finding that mice lacking insulin receptors in β-cells are glucose intolerant. In addition to insulin, β-cells secrete a variety of additional substances, including peptides (e.g. amylin, chromogranin A and B and their cleavage products), neurotransmitters (ATP and γ-aminobutyric acid) and ions (e.g. zinc). Here we review the autocrine effects of substances secreted from β-cells, with a focus on acute effects in stimulus-secretion coupling, present some novel data and discuss the general significance of autocrine signals for the regulation of insulin secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Braun
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cheng KC, Li YX, Asakawa A, Ushikai M, Kato I, Sato Y, Cheng JT, Inui A. Characterization of preptin-induced insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells. J Endocrinol 2012; 215:43-9. [PMID: 22787110 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to characterize the effects of preptin on insulin secretion at the single-cell level, as well as the mechanisms underlying these changes, with respect to regulation by intracellular Ca(2+) [Ca(2+)](i) mobilization. This study assessed the effect of preptin on insulin secretion and investigated the link between preptin and the phospholipase C (PLC)/protein kinase C (PKC) pathway at the cellular level using fura-2 pentakis(acetoxymethyl) ester-loaded insulin-producing cells (Min 6 cells). Our results demonstrate that preptin promotes insulin secretion in a concentration-dependent manner. Using a PLC inhibitor (chelerythrine) or a PKC inhibitor (U73122) resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease in insulin secretion. Also, preptin mixed with IGF2 receptor (IGF2R) antibodies suppressed insulin secretion in a dose-dependent manner, which indicates that activation of IGF2R is mediated probably because preptin is a type of proIGF2. In addition, preptin stimulated insulin secretion to a similar level as did glibenclamide. The activation of PKC/PLC by preptin stimulation is highly relevant to the potential mechanisms for increase in insulin secretion. Our results provide new insight into the insulin secretion of preptin, a secreted proIGF2-derived peptide that can induce greater efficacy of signal transduction resulting from PLC and PKC activation through the IGF2R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chun Cheng
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bu Z, Kuok K, Meng J, Wang R, Xu B, Zhang H. The relationship between polycystic ovary syndrome, glucose tolerance status and serum preptin level. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2012; 10:10. [PMID: 22309801 PMCID: PMC3395817 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-10-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is linked to obesity, impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes. Recently, studies have found that preptin enhances insulin secretion in rats and might play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and PCOS in humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between PCOS, glucose tolerance status, and serum preptin level. METHODS This study was conducted in a university-affiliated hospital from October 2010 to August 2011. Anthropometric parameters, sex hormone concentrations, blood pressure, lipid profiles, fasting glucose and insulin, 2-h blood glucose after glucose overloaded (2hOGTT), glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), and serum preptin of the samples were analyzed. RESULTS Sixty-three PCOS patients, including 33 women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and 30 women with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and 63 patients without PCOS, including 35 women with NGT and 28 women with IGT were recruited in this study. For patients with and without PCOS, women with IGT had higher serum preptin levels compared with women with NGT. Preptin levels in PCOS patients were higher compared with patients without PCOS, but the difference was not significant. Fasting serum preptin levels correlated positively with TG, SBP, DBP, FBG, 2hOGTT, and HOMA-IR in simple regression analysis of the pooled data. While in multiple stepwise regression analysis, preptin levels were independently related with glucose tolerance, but not with PCOS. CONCLUSIONS Irrespective of PCOS status, women with IGT had higher serum preptin levels compared with women with NGT. Preptin levels are related with glucose tolerance status, but not with PCOS status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqin Bu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kakei Kuok
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Meng
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Xu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanwang Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Baykus Y, Gurates B, Aydin S, Celik H, Kavak B, Aksoy A, Sahin İ, Deniz R, Gungor S, Guzel SP, Minareci Y. Changes in serum obestatin, preptin and ghrelins in patients with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Clin Biochem 2012; 45:198-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.08.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
31
|
Kalla Singh S, Brito C, Tan QW, De León M, De León D. Differential expression and signaling activation of insulin receptor isoforms A and B: A link between breast cancer and diabetes. Growth Factors 2011; 29:278-89. [PMID: 21913804 PMCID: PMC3205219 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2011.616200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We showed that when insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is highly expressed in breast tissues and cell lines, the IGF-I receptor signaling pathway is highly activated. Since IGF-II activates the insulin receptor (INSR), we propose that the INSR signaling is also activated in this system. We examined the expression of both INSR isoforms, insulin receptor A (INSR-A) and insulin receptor B (INSR-B), and the downstream signaling pathways in breast cancer (BC) cells and in paired (normal/tumor) breast tissues from 100 patients. Analysis was performed by real-time PCR, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and phospho-ELISA techniques. Tumor tissues and cell lines from African-American patients expressed higher levels of INSR-A, but lower levels of INSR-B. Accordingly, insulin receptor substrate 1 and focal adhesion kinase activation were significantly increased in these women. We conclude that higher INSR-A and lower INSR-B contribute to higher proliferation and lower metabolic response. Thus, differential expression of INSR isoforms represents a potential biological link between BC and diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kalla Singh
- Breast Cancer Laboratory, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA 92350, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Brosch M, Saunders GI, Frankish A, Collins MO, Yu L, Wright J, Verstraten R, Adams DJ, Harrow J, Choudhary JS, Hubbard T. Shotgun proteomics aids discovery of novel protein-coding genes, alternative splicing, and "resurrected" pseudogenes in the mouse genome. Genome Res 2011; 21:756-67. [PMID: 21460061 DOI: 10.1101/gr.114272.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in proteomic mass spectrometry (MS) offer the chance to marry high-throughput peptide sequencing to transcript models, allowing the validation, refinement, and identification of new protein-coding loci. We present a novel pipeline that integrates highly sensitive and statistically robust peptide spectrum matching with genome-wide protein-coding predictions to perform large-scale gene validation and discovery in the mouse genome for the first time. In searching an excess of 10 million spectra, we have been able to validate 32%, 17%, and 7% of all protein-coding genes, exons, and splice boundaries, respectively. Moreover, we present strong evidence for the identification of multiple alternatively spliced translations from 53 genes and have uncovered 10 entirely novel protein-coding genes, which are not covered in any mouse annotation data sources. One such novel protein-coding gene is a fusion protein that spans the Ins2 and Igf2 loci to produce a transcript encoding the insulin II and the insulin-like growth factor 2-derived peptides. We also report nine processed pseudogenes that have unique peptide hits, demonstrating, for the first time, that they are not just transcribed but are translated and are therefore resurrected into new coding loci. This work not only highlights an important utility for MS data in genome annotation but also provides unique insights into the gene structure and propagation in the mouse genome. All these data have been subsequently used to improve the publicly available mouse annotation available in both the Vega and Ensembl genome browsers (http://vega.sanger.ac.uk).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Brosch
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Celik O, Celik N, Hascalik S, Sahin I, Aydin S, Ozerol E. An appraisal of serum preptin levels in PCOS. Fertil Steril 2011; 95:314-6. [PMID: 20883990 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Plasma preptin levels were higher in women with PCOS compared with the control group (mean±SD, 823.2±140.7 vs. 324.9±147.3 pg/mL). This article suggests a potential role of preptin in the pathogenesis of PCOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Onder Celik
- Department of Obstetrics, Inonu University, Medical Faculty, and Beydagi State Hospital Biochemistry, Malatya, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Buchanan CM, Phillips ARJ, Cooper GJS. A novel two-chain IGF-II-derived peptide from purified β-cell granules. Growth Horm IGF Res 2010; 20:360-366. [PMID: 20656537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is a potent mitogen that regulates prenatal growth and development in both humans and rodents. Its role in post-natal life is less clear although immunohistochemical studies have observed IGF-II-like immunoreactivity (IGF-II-LI) associated with insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. Here we isolated secretory granules from a β-cell line, βTC6-F7, and characterized the nature of the IGF-II-LI located therein. DESIGN Secretory granules were isolated from cultured mouse βTC6-F7 cells by ultracentrifugation. Granule protein content was separated by reversed-phase HPLC, and assayed for IGF-II (radioimmunoassay) prior to identification by gas-phase NH(2)-terminal sequencing and MALDI-TOF MS. Effects of glucose incorporation into muscle glycogen were determined by incubating with isolated rat soleus muscle strips. RESULTS βTC6-F7 cells contained 60 ± 8 pmol of IGF-II-LI per 10⁶ cells compared to 340 ± 44 pmol insulin-LI per 10⁶ cells. IGF-II immunoreactive fractions were found to contain an IGF-II-like molecule with a molecular mass of 6847.6 Da. The protein was found to be a two-chain insulin-like product of Igf2 that corresponds to mouse des(37-40)IGF-II, which we termed 'vesiculin'. This molecule was also detectable in βTC6-F7 cells by intact-cell mass spectrometry. Mouse vesiculin evoked concentration-dependent stimulation of muscle glycogen synthesis ex vivo with an EC(50) value of 131 nM ± 1.35. CONCLUSIONS Vesiculin, des(37-40)IGF-II, is a novel two-chain insulin-like hormone and the major "IGF-II-like" peptide found in purified mouse βTC6-F7 secretory granules. It stimulated ex vivo muscle glycogen synthesis with an efficacy greater than or equal to the intrinsic potency of IGF-II when compared to insulin derived from the same species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Buchanan
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kalla Singh S, Tan QW, Brito C, De León M, Garberoglio C, De León D. Differential insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) expression: A potential role for breast cancer survival disparity. Growth Horm IGF Res 2010; 20:162-170. [PMID: 20089431 PMCID: PMC2885869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased risk of cancer and other adult diseases have been associated with perinatal exposure to adverse conditions such as stress and famine. Recently, Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) was identified as the first gene associated with altered expression caused by fetal exposure to poor nutrition. IGF-II regulates fetal development and breast cancer cell survival, in part, by regulating anti-apoptotic proteins through activation of the IGF-I and insulin receptors. African-American (AA) women have a lower overall breast cancer (BC) incidence, however, they present with advanced disease at diagnosis, poorer prognosis and lower survival than Caucasian (CA) women. The reasons for the BC survival disparity are not well understood. We hypothesize that IGF-II plays a role in the survival disparity observed among AA breast cancer patients by stimulating rapid tumor growth, inhibiting apoptosis, and promoting metastasis. DESIGN This study examines IGF-II expression and regulation of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L), and survivin in Hs578t (ER-), CRL 2335 (ER-), and CRL 2329 (ER+) breast cancer cells and compares with the expression of these proteins in paired breast tissue samples from AA and CA women by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS IGF-II expression was significantly higher in AA cell lines and tissue samples when compared to Caucasians. IGF-II siRNA treatment decreased anti-apoptotic protein levels in all cell lines (regardless of ER status). These effects were blocked by the addition of recombinant IGF-II. Of significance, IGF-II expression and regulation of Bcl-X(L) and survivin in cell lines correlated with their expression in paired breast tissues. CONCLUSIONS IGF-II and the anti-apoptotic proteins differential expression among AA and CA patients may contribute to the breast cancer survival disparities observed between these ethnic groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kalla Singh
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Matheny RW, Nindl BC, Adamo ML. Minireview: Mechano-growth factor: a putative product of IGF-I gene expression involved in tissue repair and regeneration. Endocrinology 2010; 151:865-75. [PMID: 20130113 PMCID: PMC2840678 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The discovery that IGF-I mRNAs encoding isoforms of the pro-IGF-I molecule are differentially regulated in response to mechanical stress in skeletal muscle has been the impetus for a number of studies designed to demonstrate that alternative splicing of IGF-I pre-mRNA involving exons 4, 5, and 6 gives rise to a unique peptide derived from pro-IGF-I that plays a novel role in myoblast proliferation. Research suggests that after injury to skeletal muscle, the IGF-IEb mRNA splice variant is up-regulated initially, followed by up-regulation of the IGF-IEa splice variant at later time points. Up-regulation of IGF-IEb mRNA correlates with markers of satellite cell and myoblast proliferation, whereas up-regulation of IGF-IEa mRNA is correlated with differentiation to mature myofibers. Due to the apparent role of IGF-IEb up-regulation in muscle remodeling, IGF-IEb mRNA was also named mechano-growth factor (MGF). A synthetically manufactured peptide (also termed MGF) corresponding to the 24 most C-terminal residues of IGF-IEb has been shown to promote cellular proliferation and survival. However, no analogous peptide product of the Igf1 gene has been identified in or isolated from cultured cells, their conditioned medium, or in vivo animal tissues or biological fluids. This review will discuss the relationship of the Igf1 gene to MGF and will differentiate actions of synthetic MGF from any known product of Igf1. Additionally, the role of MGF in satellite cell activation, aging, neuroprotection, and signaling will be discussed. A survey of outstanding questions relating to MGF will also be provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald W Matheny
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Performance Division, 15 Kansas Street, Building 42, Natick, Massachusetts 01760, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Cornu M, Modi H, Kawamori D, Kulkarni RN, Joffraud M, Thorens B. Glucagon-like peptide-1 increases beta-cell glucose competence and proliferation by translational induction of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor expression. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:10538-45. [PMID: 20145256 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.091116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) protects beta-cells against apoptosis, increases their glucose competence, and induces their proliferation. We previously demonstrated that the anti-apoptotic effect was mediated by an increase in insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) expression and signaling, which was dependent on autocrine secretion of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2). Here, we further investigated how GLP-1 induces IGF-1R expression and whether the IGF-2/IGF-1R autocrine loop is also involved in mediating GLP-1-increase in glucose competence and proliferation. We show that GLP-1 up-regulated IGF-1R expression by a protein kinase A-dependent translational control mechanism, whereas isobutylmethylxanthine, which led to higher intracellular accumulation of cAMP than GLP-1, increased both IGF-1R transcription and translation. We then demonstrated, using MIN6 cells and primary islets, that the glucose competence of these cells was dependent on the level of IGF-1R expression and on IGF-2 secretion. We showed that GLP-1-induced primary beta-cell proliferation was suppressed by Igf-1r gene inactivation and by IGF-2 immunoneutralization or knockdown. Together our data show that regulation of beta-cell number and function by GLP-1 depends on the cAMP/protein kinase A mediated-induction of IGF-1R expression and the increased activity of an IGF-2/IGF-1R autocrine loop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Cornu
- Department of Physiology and Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cornish J, Costa JL, Naot D. The bone-fat mass relationship: Laboratory studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1138/20090395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
39
|
Paule SG, Nikolovski B, Gray RE, Ludeman JP, Freemantle A, Spark RA, Kerr JB, Ng FM, Zimmet PZ, Myers MA. GHTD-amide: a naturally occurring beta cell-derived peptide with hypoglycemic activity. Peptides 2009; 30:955-61. [PMID: 19162105 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the early 1970s, a peptide fraction with insulin potentiating activity was purified from human urine but the identity and origins of the active constituent remained unknown. Here we identify the active component and characterize its origins. The active peptide was identified as an alpha amidated tetrapeptide with the sequence GHTD-amide. The peptide was synthesized and tested for stimulation of glycogen synthesis and insulin potentiation by insulin tolerance testing in insulin-deficient rats, which confirmed GHTD-amide as the active peptide. Tissue localization using a peptide-specific anti-serum and epifluorescent and confocal microscopy showed decoration of pancreatic islets but not other tissues. Confocal microscopy revealed co-localization with insulin and immunogold and electron microscopy showed localization to dense core secretory granules. Consistent with these observations GHTD-amide was found in media conditioned by MIN6 islet beta cells. Sequence database searching found no annotated protein in the human proteome encoding a potential precursor for GHTD-amide. We conclude that the insulin potentiating activity originally described in human urine is attributable to the tetrapeptide GHTD-amide. GHTD-amide is a novel peptide produced by pancreatic beta cells and no precursor protein is present in the annotated human proteome. Stimulation of glycogen synthesis and co-localization with insulin in beta cells suggest that GHTD-amide may play a role in glucose homeostasis by enhancing insulin action and glucose storage in tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S G Paule
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wallis M. New insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-precursor sequences from mammalian genomes: the molecular evolution of IGFs and associated peptides in primates. Growth Horm IGF Res 2009; 19:12-23. [PMID: 18571449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) and insulin are related proteins that play an important role in regulation of metabolism and growth. In mammals these proteins are generally strongly conserved, though the sequence of insulin underwent periods of rapid change during the evolution of hystricomorph rodents and new-world monkeys (NWM). The availability of genomic sequence information for a number of mammals provides gene sequences for insulin and IGF precursors from several new species, and this has been used here to study the evolution of these proteins in primates. The sequence of insulin is strongly conserved in primates except for the branch leading to NWM - the sequence of marmoset insulin confirms the episode of rapid evolution in this lineage. Strongly conserved sequences are also seen for IGF-I and IGF-II, though for IGF-I (but not IGF-II) the marmoset sequence again shows an episode of fairly rapid evolution, paralleling the changes seen in insulin. Thus in NWM the sequences of insulin and IGF-I show a co-evolution that may reflect a coordinated change in the functional properties of these two molecules. The other components of the insulin and IGF precursors (signal peptides, E-domains of IGFs, insulin C-peptide) are much less strongly conserved, though to a variable extent. Signal peptides are generally quite variable, but the sequence encoding the N-terminal region of the unusually long signal peptide of IGF-I is strongly conserved, suggesting specific function(s), at least partly associated with nucleotide rather than protein sequence. The Ea domain of proIGF-I and the N-terminal end of the E-domain of proIGF-II are quite strongly conserved, which accords with reports of a biologically active peptide (preptin) derived from the latter. However, the C-terminal parts of the Eb and Ec domains of proIGF-I (produced by alternative splicing) are very variable, which is of interest in view of reports of peptides with important biological activities deriving from these regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wallis
- Biochemistry Department, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhao LJ, Jiang H, Papasian CJ, Maulik D, Drees B, Hamilton J, Deng HW. Correlation of obesity and osteoporosis: effect of fat mass on the determination of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 2008; 23:17-29. [PMID: 17784844 PMCID: PMC2663586 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.070813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It was previously believed that obesity and osteoporosis were two unrelated diseases, but recent studies have shown that both diseases share several common genetic and environmental factors. Body fat mass, a component of body weight, is one of the most important indices of obesity, and a substantial body of evidence indicates that fat mass may have beneficial effects on bone. Contrasting studies, however, suggest that excessive fat mass may not protect against osteoporosis or osteoporotic fracture. Differences in experimental design, sample structure, and even the selection of covariates may account for some of these inconsistent or contradictory results. Despite the lack of a clear consensus regarding the impact of effects of fat on bone, a number of mechanistic explanations have been proposed to support the observed epidemiologic and physiologic associations between fat and bone. The common precursor stem cell that leads to the differentiation of both adipocytes and osteoblasts, as well the secretion of adipocyte-derived hormones that affect bone development, may partially explain these associations. Based on our current state of knowledge, it is unclear whether fat has beneficial effects on bone. We anticipate that this will be an active and fruitful focus of research in the coming years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Juan Zhao
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this paper
| | - Hui Jiang
- These authors contributed equally to this paper
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Christopher J Papasian
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Dev Maulik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Betty Drees
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - James Hamilton
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Qiu Q, Basak A, Mbikay M, Tsang BK, Gruslin A. Role of pro-IGF-II processing by proprotein convertase 4 in human placental development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:11047-52. [PMID: 16040806 PMCID: PMC1182422 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0502357102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (intrauterine growth restriction, IUGR) is a leading cause of perinatal mortality. However, the causes of aberrant development of the placenta and, thus, of the fetus, are not currently known. Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) has been shown to be an important regulator of fetoplacental growth. This growth factor must undergo posttranslational processing, and, thus, we hypothesized that aberrant processing of pro-IGF-II to IGF-II may be a cause of IUGR. Here, we have found that the proprotein convertase PC4 is expressed in the human placenta and that it cleaves pro-IGF-II to generate the intermediate processed form, IGF-II (1-102) and, subsequently, mature IGF-II (1-67), which are accounted for by the removal of terminal basic residues by carboxypeptidases. This processing confers the ability of IGF-II to activate invasive trophoblast cells through AKT phosphorylation, whereas inhibition of PC4 by a PC4-specific inhibitor blocks pro-IGF-II processing and reduces trophoblast cell migration, which can be partly restored by addition of mature IGF-II. Consistent with the hypothesis that IGF-II processing is implicated in IUGR, sera of patients carrying IUGR fetuses displayed elevated levels of pro-IGF-II. Thus, abnormal processing of IGF-II by PC4 may represent a previously uncharacterized mechanism involved in the pathophysiology of fetoplacental growth restriction, and elevated pro-IGF-II may be a useful clinical marker for risk of IUGR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Qiu
- Hormones, Growth, and Development and Disease of Aging Program, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4E9
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sheng J, Organ EL, Hao C, Wells KS, Ruley HE, Rubin DH. Mutations in the IGF-II pathway that confer resistance to lytic reovirus infection. BMC Cell Biol 2004; 5:32. [PMID: 15333144 PMCID: PMC517494 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-5-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2004] [Accepted: 08/27/2004] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and rely upon the host cell for different steps in their life cycles. The characterization of cellular genes required for virus infection and/or cell killing will be essential for understanding viral life cycles, and may provide cellular targets for new antiviral therapies. RESULTS A gene entrapment approach was used to identify candidate cellular genes that affect reovirus infection or virus induced cell lysis. Four of the 111 genes disrupted in clones selected for resistance to infection by reovirus type 1 involved the insulin growth factor-2 (IGF-II) pathway, including: the mannose-6-phosphate/IGF2 receptor (Igf2r), a protease associated with insulin growth factor binding protein 5 (Prss11), and the CTCF transcriptional regulator (Ctcf). The disruption of Ctcf, which encodes a repressor of Igf2, was associated with enhanced Igf2 gene expression. Plasmids expressing either the IGF-II pro-hormone or IGF-II without the carboxy terminal extension (E)-peptide sequence independently conferred high levels of cellular resistance to reovirus infection. Forced IGF-II expression results in a block in virus disassembly. In addition, Ctcf disruption and forced Igf2 expression both enabled cells to proliferate in soft agar, a phenotype associated with malignant growth in vivo. CONCLUSION These results indicate that IGF-II, and by inference other components of the IGF-II signalling pathway, can confer resistance to lytic reovirus infection. This report represents the first use of gene entrapment to identify host factors affecting virus infection. Concomitant transformation observed in some virus resistant cells illustrates a potential mechanism of carcinogenesis associated with chronic virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Sheng
- Research Medicine, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Edward L Organ
- Research Medicine, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Chuanming Hao
- Research Medicine, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - K Sam Wells
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - H Earl Ruley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Donald H Rubin
- Research Medicine, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Body weight impacts on both bone turnover and bone density, and is therefore an important risk factor for vertebral and hip fractures, ranking in importance alongside that of age. The effect of body weight is probably contributed to by both fat mass and lean mass, although in postmenopausal women fat mass has been more consistently demonstrated to be important. A number of mechanisms for the fat-bone relationship exist and include the effect of soft tissue mass on skeletal loading, the association of fat mass with the secretion of bone-active hormones from the pancreatic beta cell (including insulin, amylin, and preptin), and the secretion of bone-active hormones (e.g., estrogens and leptin) from the adipocyte. These factors alone probably do not fully explain the observed clinical associations, and further study of the actions on bone of novel hormones related to nutrition is an important area of further research. An understanding of this aspect of bone biology may open the way for new treatments of osteoporosis. More immediately, the role of weight maintenance in the prevention of osteoporosis is an important public health message that needs to be more widely appreciated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I R Reid
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|