1
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Öster L, Castaldo M, de Vries E, Edfeldt F, Pemberton N, Gordon E, Cederblad L, Käck H. The structures of salt-inducible kinase 3 in complex with inhibitors reveal determinants for binding and selectivity. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107201. [PMID: 38508313 PMCID: PMC11061224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) 1 to 3, belonging to the AMPK-related kinase family, serve as master regulators orchestrating a diverse set of physiological processes such as metabolism, bone formation, immune response, oncogenesis, and cardiac rhythm. Owing to its key regulatory role, the SIK kinases have emerged as compelling targets for pharmacological intervention across a diverse set of indications. Therefore, there is interest in developing SIK inhibitors with defined selectivity profiles both to further dissect the downstream biology and for treating disease. However, despite a large pharmaceutical interest in the SIKs, experimental structures of SIK kinases are scarce. This is likely due to the challenges associated with the generation of proteins suitable for structural studies. By adopting a rational approach to construct design and protein purification, we successfully crystallized and subsequently solved the structure of SIK3 in complex with HG-9-91-01, a potent SIK inhibitor. To enable further SIK3-inhibitor complex structures we identified an antibody fragment that facilitated crystallization and enabled a robust protocol suitable for structure-based drug design. The structures reveal SIK3 in an active conformation, where the ubiquitin-associated domain is shown to provide further stabilization to this active conformation. We present four pharmacologically relevant and distinct SIK3-inhibitor complexes. These detail the key interaction for each ligand and reveal how different regions of the ATP site are engaged by the different inhibitors to achieve high affinity. Notably, the structure of SIK3 in complex with a SIK3 specific inhibitor offers insights into isoform selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Öster
- Mechanistic and Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Marie Castaldo
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma de Vries
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fredrik Edfeldt
- Mechanistic and Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nils Pemberton
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research & Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Euan Gordon
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linda Cederblad
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helena Käck
- Mechanistic and Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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2
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Balasooriya ER, Madhusanka D, López-Palacios TP, Eastmond RJ, Jayatunge D, Owen JJ, Gashler JS, Egbert CM, Bulathsinghalage C, Liu L, Piccolo SR, Andersen JL. Integrating Clinical Cancer and PTM Proteomics Data Identifies a Mechanism of ACK1 Kinase Activation. Mol Cancer Res 2024; 22:137-151. [PMID: 37847650 PMCID: PMC10831333 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-23-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Beyond the most common oncogenes activated by mutation (mut-drivers), there likely exists a variety of low-frequency mut-drivers, each of which is a possible frontier for targeted therapy. To identify new and understudied mut-drivers, we developed a machine learning (ML) model that integrates curated clinical cancer data and posttranslational modification (PTM) proteomics databases. We applied the approach to 62,746 patient cancers spanning 84 cancer types and predicted 3,964 oncogenic mutations across 1,148 genes, many of which disrupt PTMs of known and unknown function. The list of putative mut-drivers includes established drivers and others with poorly understood roles in cancer. This ML model is available as a web application. As a case study, we focused the approach on nonreceptor tyrosine kinases (NRTK) and found a recurrent mutation in activated CDC42 kinase-1 (ACK1) that disrupts the Mig6 homology region (MHR) and ubiquitin-association (UBA) domains on the ACK1 C-terminus. By studying these domains in cultured cells, we found that disruption of the MHR domain helps activate the kinase while disruption of the UBA increases kinase stability by blocking its lysosomal degradation. This ACK1 mutation is analogous to lymphoma-associated mutations in its sister kinase, TNK1, which also disrupt a C-terminal inhibitory motif and UBA domain. This study establishes a mut-driver discovery tool for the research community and identifies a mechanism of ACK1 hyperactivation shared among ACK family kinases. IMPLICATIONS This research identifies a potentially targetable activating mutation in ACK1 and other possible oncogenic mutations, including PTM-disrupting mutations, for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eranga R. Balasooriya
- The Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Dept. of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deshan Madhusanka
- The Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Tania P. López-Palacios
- The Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Riley J. Eastmond
- The Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Dasun Jayatunge
- The Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jake J. Owen
- The Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Jack S. Gashler
- The Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Christina M. Egbert
- The Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | | | - Lu Liu
- Department of Computer Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | | | - Joshua L. Andersen
- The Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
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3
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Nawarathnage S, Tseng YJ, Soleimani S, Smith T, Pedroza Romo MJ, Abiodun WO, Egbert CM, Madhusanka D, Bunn D, Woods B, Tsubaki E, Stewart C, Brown S, Doukov T, Andersen JL, Moody JD. Fusion crystallization reveals the behavior of both the 1TEL crystallization chaperone and the TNK1 UBA domain. Structure 2023; 31:1589-1603.e6. [PMID: 37776857 PMCID: PMC10843481 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Human thirty-eight-negative kinase-1 (TNK1) is implicated in cancer progression. The TNK1 ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain binds polyubiquitin and plays a regulatory role in TNK1 activity and stability. No experimentally determined molecular structure of this unusual UBA domain is available. We fused the UBA domain to the 1TEL variant of the translocation ETS leukemia protein sterile alpha motif (TELSAM) crystallization chaperone and obtained crystals diffracting as far as 1.53 Å. GG and GSGG linkers allowed the UBA to reproducibly find a productive binding mode against its host 1TEL polymer and crystallize at protein concentrations as low as 0.2 mg/mL. Our studies support a mechanism of 1TEL fusion crystallization and show that 1TEL fusion crystals require fewer crystal contacts than traditional protein crystals. Modeling and experimental validation suggest the UBA domain may be selective for both the length and linkages of polyubiquitin chains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Jie Tseng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Sara Soleimani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Tobin Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Maria J Pedroza Romo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Wisdom O Abiodun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Christina M Egbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA; Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Deshan Madhusanka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA; Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Derick Bunn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Bridger Woods
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Evan Tsubaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Cameron Stewart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Seth Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Tzanko Doukov
- Macromolecular Crystallography Group, Structural Molecular Biology Resource, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Joshua L Andersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA; Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
| | - James D Moody
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
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Feng S, Wei F, Shi H, Chen S, Wang B, Huang D, Luo L. Roles of salt‑inducible kinases in cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2023; 63:118. [PMID: 37654200 PMCID: PMC10546379 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2023.5566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt inducible kinases (SIKs) with three subtypes SIK1, SIK2 and SIK3, belong to the AMP‑activated protein kinase family. They are expressed ubiquitously in humans. Under normal circumstances, SIK1 regulates adrenocortical function in response to high salt or adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation, SIK2 is involved in cell metabolism, controlling insulin signaling and gluconeogenesis and SIK3 coordinates with the mTOR complex, promoting cancer. The dysregulation of SIKs has been widely detected in various types of cancers. Based on most of the existing studies, SIK1 is mostly considered a tumor inhibitor, SIK2 and SIK3 are usually associated with tumor promotion. However, the functions of SIKs have shown contradictory in certain tumors, suggesting that SIKs cannot be simply classified as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. The present review provided a comprehensive summary of the roles of SIKs in the initiation and progression of different cancers, aiming to elucidate their clinical value and discuss potential strategies for targeting SIKs in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghui Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Research Institute of Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Fangyi Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Research Institute of Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Haoran Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Research Institute of Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Shen Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Research Institute of Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Bangqi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Research Institute of Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Deqiang Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Research Institute of Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Lingyu Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Research Institute of Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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5
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Nawarathnage S, Tseng YJ, Soleimani S, Smith T, Romo MJP, Abiodun WO, Egbert CM, Madhusanka D, Bunn D, Woods B, Tsubaki E, Stewart C, Brown S, Doukov T, Andersen JL, Moody JD. Fusion crystallization reveals the behavior of both the 1TEL crystallization chaperone and the TNK1 UBA domain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.14.544429. [PMID: 37398013 PMCID: PMC10312729 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.14.544429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Human thirty-eight-negative kinase-1 (TNK1) is implicated in cancer progression. The TNK1-UBA domain binds polyubiquitin and plays a regulatory role in TNK1 activity and stability. Sequence analysis suggests an unusual architecture for the TNK1 UBA domain, but an experimentally-validated molecular structure is undetermined. To gain insight into TNK1 regulation, we fused the UBA domain to the 1TEL crystallization chaperone and obtained crystals diffracting as far as 1.53 Å. A 1TEL search model enabled solution of the X-ray phases. GG and GSGG linkers allowed the UBA to reproducibly find a productive binding mode against its host 1TEL polymer and to crystallize at protein concentrations as low as 0.1 mg/mL. Our studies support a mechanism of TELSAM fusion crystallization and show that TELSAM fusion crystals require fewer crystal contacts than traditional protein crystals. Modeling and experimental validation suggest the UBA domain may be selective for both the length and linkages of polyubiquitin chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supeshala Nawarathnage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yi Jie Tseng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Sara Soleimani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Tobin Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Maria J Pedroza Romo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Wisdom Oshireku Abiodun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Christina M. Egbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Deshan Madhusanka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Derick Bunn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Bridger Woods
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Evan Tsubaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Cameron Stewart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Seth Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Tzanko Doukov
- Macromolecular Crystallography Group, Structural Molecular Biology Resource, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | - Joshua L. Andersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - James D. Moody
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
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6
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Tang BF, Yan RC, Wang SW, Zeng ZC, Du SS. Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase in tumor cell and tumor microenvironment: Emerging player and promising therapeutic opportunities. Cancer Lett 2023; 560:216126. [PMID: 36933780 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) is a member of the AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) protein family, which is widely and highly expressed in multiple cancer types. Through direct and indirect interactions with other proteins, it mediates various cascades of signal transduction processes and plays an important role in regulating tumor cell survival, growth, invasion and migration and other biological functions. Interestingly, MELK also plays an important role in the regulation of the tumor microenvironment, which can not only predict the responsiveness of immunotherapy, but also affect the function of immune cells to regulate tumor progression. In addition, more and more small molecule inhibitors have been developed for the target of MELK, which exert important anti-tumor effects and have achieved excellent results in a number of clinical trials. In this review, we outline the structural features, molecular biological functions, potential regulatory mechanisms and important roles of MELK in tumors and tumor microenvironment, as well as substances targeting MELK. Although many molecular mechanisms of MELK in the process of tumor regulation are still unknown, it is worth affirming that MELK is a potential tumor molecular therapeutic target, and its unique superiority and important role provide clues and confidence for subsequent basic research and scientific transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu-Fu Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Fenglin Road 188, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruo-Chen Yan
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Si-Wei Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Fenglin Road 188, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Chong Zeng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Fenglin Road 188, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Suo Du
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Fenglin Road 188, 200030, Shanghai, China.
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7
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Kan Y, Paung Y, Seeliger MA, Miller WT. Domain Architecture of the Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinase Ack1. Cells 2023; 12:900. [PMID: 36980241 PMCID: PMC10047419 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase (NRTK) Ack1 comprises a distinct arrangement of non-catalytic modules. Its SH3 domain has a C-terminal to the kinase domain (SH1), in contrast to the typical SH3-SH2-SH1 layout in NRTKs. The Ack1 is the only protein that shares a region of high homology to the tumor suppressor protein Mig6, a modulator of EGFR. The vertebrate Acks make up the only tyrosine kinase (TK) family known to carry a UBA domain. The GTPase binding and SAM domains are also uncommon in the NRTKs. In addition to being a downstream effector of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and integrins, Ack1 can act as an epigenetic regulator, modulate the degradation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), confer drug resistance, and mediate the progression of hormone-sensitive tumors. In this review, we discuss the domain architecture of Ack1 in relation to other protein kinases that possess such defined regulatory domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagmur Kan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8661, USA
| | - YiTing Paung
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8661, USA
| | - Markus A. Seeliger
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8661, USA
| | - W. Todd Miller
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8661, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768-2200, USA
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8
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Mingione VR, Paung Y, Outhwaite IR, Seeliger MA. Allosteric regulation and inhibition of protein kinases. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:373-385. [PMID: 36794774 PMCID: PMC10089111 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The human genome encodes more than 500 different protein kinases: signaling enzymes with tightly regulated activity. Enzymatic activity within the conserved kinase domain is influenced by numerous regulatory inputs including the binding of regulatory domains, substrates, and the effect of post-translational modifications such as autophosphorylation. Integration of these diverse inputs occurs via allosteric sites that relate signals via networks of amino acid residues to the active site and ensures controlled phosphorylation of kinase substrates. Here, we review mechanisms of allosteric regulation of protein kinases and recent advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria R. Mingione
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - YiTing Paung
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Ian R. Outhwaite
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Markus A. Seeliger
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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9
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Baumgartner C, Yadav AK, Chefetz I. AMPK-like proteins and their function in female reproduction and gynecologic cancer. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 134:245-270. [PMID: 36858738 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Serine-threonine kinase (STK11), also known as liver kinase B1 (LKB1), is a regulator of cellular homeostasis through regulating the cellular ATP-to-ADP ratio. LKB1 is classified as a tumor suppressor and functions as the key activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and a family of serine-threonine kinases called AMPK-like proteins. These proteins include novel (nua) kinase family 1 (NUAK1 and 2), salt inducible kinase (SIK1), QIK (known as SIK2), QSK (known as SIK3 kinase), and maternal embryonic leuzine zipper kinase (MELK) on tightly controlled and specific residual sites. LKB1 also regulates brain selective kinases 1 and 2 (BRSK1 and 2), additional members of AMPK-like protein family, which functions are probably less studied. AMPK-like proteins play a role in variety of reproductive physiology functions such as follicular maturation, menopause, embryogenesis, oocyte maturation, and preimplantation development. In addition, dysfunctional activity of AMPK-like proteins contributes to apoptosis blockade in cancer cells and induction of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition required for metastasis. Dysregulation of these proteins occurs in ovarian, endometrial, and cervical cancers. AMPK-like proteins are still undergoing further classification and may represent novel targets for targeted gynecologic cancer therapies. In this chapter, we describe the AMPK-like family of proteins and their roles in reproductive physiology and gynecologic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anil Kumar Yadav
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, United States
| | - Ilana Chefetz
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, United States; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
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10
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Shi M, Zhou Y, Wei H, Zhang X, Du M, Zhou Y, Yin Y, Li X, Tang X, Sun L, Xu D, Li X. Interactions between curcumin and human salt-induced kinase 3 elucidated from computational tools and experimental methods. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1116098. [PMID: 37124223 PMCID: PMC10133576 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1116098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products are widely used for treating mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases and cancers. Curcumin, a well-known natural product, can be potentially used to treat cancer. Human salt-induced kinase 3 (SIK3) is one of the target proteins for curcumin. However, the interactions between curcumin and human SIK3 have not yet been investigated in detail. In this study, we studied the binding models for the interactions between curcumin and human SIK3 using computational tools such as homology modeling, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and binding free energy calculations. The open activity loop conformation of SIK3 with the ketoenol form of curcumin was the optimal binding model. The I72, V80, A93, Y144, A145, and L195 residues played a key role for curcumin binding with human SIK3. The interactions between curcumin and human SIK3 were also investigated using the kinase assay. Moreover, curcumin exhibited an IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) value of 131 nM, and it showed significant antiproliferative activities of 9.62 ± 0.33 µM and 72.37 ± 0.37 µM against the MCF-7 and MDA-MB-23 cell lines, respectively. This study provides detailed information on the binding of curcumin with human SIK3 and may facilitate the design of novel salt-inducible kinases inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsong Shi
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Haoche Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Meng Du
- College of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanting Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuan Yin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinghui Li
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinyi Tang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Shenzhen Shuli Tech Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Dingguo Xu
- College of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Research Center for Material Genome Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Dingguo Xu, ; Xiaoan Li,
| | - Xiaoan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Dingguo Xu, ; Xiaoan Li,
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11
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López-Palacios TP, Andersen JL. Kinase regulation by liquid–liquid phase separation. Trends Cell Biol 2022:S0962-8924(22)00260-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Xu W, Zhang W, Cui L, Shi L, Zhu B, Lyu TJ, Ma W. Novel mutation of SIK1 gene causing a mild form of pediatric epilepsy in a Chinese patient. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1207-1219. [PMID: 35267137 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy (DEE) is a group of disorders affecting children at early stages of infancy, which is characterized by frequent seizures, epileptiform activity on EEG, and developmental delayor regression. Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy-30 (DEE30) is a severe neurologic disorder characterized by onset of refractory seizures soon after birth or in the first months of life. Which was recently found to be caused by heterozygous mutations in the salt-inducible kinase SIK1. In this study, we investigated a patient with early onset epilepsy. DNA sequencing of the whole coding region revealed a de novel heterozygous nucleotide substitution (c.880G > A) causing a missense mutation (p.A294T). This mutation was classified as variant of unknown significance (VUS) by American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). To further investigate the pathogenicity and pathogenesis of this mutation, we established a human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) stably-expressing wild type SIK1 and A294T mutant, and compared the transcriptome and metabolomics profiles. We presented a pediatric patient suffering from infantile onset epilepsy. Early EEG showed a boundary dysfunction of activity and MRI scan of the brain was normal. The patient responded well to single anti-epileptic drug treatment. Whole-exome sequencing found a missense mutation of SIK1 gene (c.880G > A chr21: 43,420,326 p. A294T). Dysregulated transcriptome and metabolome in cell models expressing WT and MUT SIK1 confirmed the pathogenicity of the mutation. Specifically, we found MEF2C target genes, certain epilepsy causing genes and metabolites are dysregulated by SIK1 mutation. We found MEF2C target genes, certain epilepsy causing genes and metabolites are dysregulated by SIK1 mutation. Our finding further expanded the disease spectrum and provided novel mechanistic insights of DEE30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangshu Xu
- Neuroinfection and Neuroimmunology Center, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, No. 119 South Fourth Ring Road West, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Wenqun Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chongqing Youyoubaobei Women and Children's Hospital, Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Lili Cui
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Laboratory, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119 South Fourth Ring Road West, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China.
| | - Tina-Jie Lyu
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, No. 119 South Fourth Ring Road West, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China.
| | - Wenping Ma
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, No. 119 South Fourth Ring Road West, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China.
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13
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Molina E, Hong L, Chefetz I. NUAK Kinases: Brain-Ovary Axis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102760. [PMID: 34685740 PMCID: PMC8535158 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver kinase B (LKB1) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are two major kinases that regulate cellular metabolism by acting as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) sensors. During starvation conditions, LKB1 and AMPK activate different downstream pathways to increase ATP production, while decreasing ATP consumption, which abrogates cellular proliferation and cell death. Initially, LKB1 was considered to be a tumor suppressor due to its loss of expression in various tumor types. Additional studies revealed amplifications in LKB1 and AMPK kinases in several cancers, suggesting a role in tumor progression. The AMPK-related proteins were described almost 20 years ago as a group of key kinases involved in the regulation of cellular metabolism. As LKB1-downstream targets, AMPK-related proteins were also initially considered to function as tumor suppressors. However, further research demonstrated that AMPK-related kinases play a major role not only in cellular physiology but also in tumor development. Furthermore, aside from their role as regulators of metabolism, additional functions have been described for these proteins, including roles in the cell cycle, cell migration, and cell death. In this review, we aim to highlight the major role of AMPK-related proteins beyond their functions in cellular metabolism, focusing on cancer progression based on their role in cell migration, invasion, and cell survival. Additionally, we describe two main AMPK-related kinases, Novel (nua) kinase family 1 (NUAK1) and 2 (NUAK2), which have been understudied, but play a major role in cellular physiology and tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Molina
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA;
| | - Linda Hong
- School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
| | - Ilana Chefetz
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA;
- Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-507-437-9624
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14
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TNK1 is a ubiquitin-binding and 14-3-3-regulated kinase that can be targeted to block tumor growth. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5337. [PMID: 34504101 PMCID: PMC8429728 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25622-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
TNK1 is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase with poorly understood biological function and regulation. Here, we identify TNK1 dependencies in primary human cancers. We also discover a MARK-mediated phosphorylation on TNK1 at S502 that promotes an interaction between TNK1 and 14-3-3, which sequesters TNK1 and inhibits its kinase activity. Conversely, the release of TNK1 from 14-3-3 allows TNK1 to cluster in ubiquitin-rich puncta and become active. Active TNK1 induces growth factor-independent proliferation of lymphoid cells in cell culture and mouse models. One unusual feature of TNK1 is a ubiquitin-association domain (UBA) on its C-terminus. Here, we characterize the TNK1 UBA, which has high affinity for poly-ubiquitin. Point mutations that disrupt ubiquitin binding inhibit TNK1 activity. These data suggest a mechanism in which TNK1 toggles between 14-3-3-bound (inactive) and ubiquitin-bound (active) states. Finally, we identify a TNK1 inhibitor, TP-5801, which shows nanomolar potency against TNK1-transformed cells and suppresses tumor growth in vivo.
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15
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Nuts and bolts of the salt-inducible kinases (SIKs). Biochem J 2021; 478:1377-1397. [PMID: 33861845 PMCID: PMC8057676 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The salt-inducible kinases, SIK1, SIK2 and SIK3, most closely resemble the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and other AMPK-related kinases, and like these family members they require phosphorylation by LKB1 to be catalytically active. However, unlike other AMPK-related kinases they are phosphorylated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), which promotes their binding to 14-3-3 proteins and inactivation. The most well-established substrates of the SIKs are the CREB-regulated transcriptional co-activators (CRTCs), and the Class 2a histone deacetylases (HDAC4/5/7/9). Phosphorylation by SIKs promotes the translocation of CRTCs and Class 2a HDACs to the cytoplasm and their binding to 14-3-3s, preventing them from regulating their nuclear binding partners, the transcription factors CREB and MEF2. This process is reversed by PKA-dependent inactivation of the SIKs leading to dephosphorylation of CRTCs and Class 2a HDACs and their re-entry into the nucleus. Through the reversible regulation of these substrates and others that have not yet been identified, the SIKs regulate many physiological processes ranging from innate immunity, circadian rhythms and bone formation, to skin pigmentation and metabolism. This review summarises current knowledge of the SIKs and the evidence underpinning these findings, and discusses the therapeutic potential of SIK inhibitors for the treatment of disease.
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16
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AMPKα-like proteins as LKB1 downstream targets in cell physiology and cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:651-662. [PMID: 33661342 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
One of the key events in cancer development is the ability of tumor cells to overcome nutrient deprivation and hypoxia. Among proteins performing metabolic adaptation to the various cellular nutrient conditions, liver kinase B 1 (LKB1) and its main downstream target adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) are important sensors of energy requirements within the cell. Although LKB1 was originally described as a tumor suppressor, given its role in metabolism, it potentially acts as a double-edged sword. AMPKα, a master regulator of cell energy demands, is activated when ATP level drops under a certain threshold, responding accordingly through its downstream targets. Twelve downstream kinase targets of LKB1 have been described as AMPKα-like proteins. This group is comprised of novel (nua) kinase family (NUAK) kinases (NUAK1 and 2) linked to cell cycle progression and ultraviolet (UV)-damage; microtubule affinity regulating kinases (MARKs) (MARK1, MARK2, MARK3, and MARK4) that are involved in cell polarity; salt inducible kinases (SIK) (SIK1, SIK2, also known as Qin-induced kinase or QIK and SIK3) that are implicated in cell metabolism and adipose tissue development and mitotic regulation; maternal embryonic leuzine zipper kinase (MELK) that regulate oocyte maturation; and finally brain selective kinases (BRSKs) (BRSK1 and 2), which have been mainly characterized in the brain due to their role in neuronal polarization. Thus, many efforts have been made in order to harness LKB1 kinase and its downstream targets as a possible therapeutic hub in tumor development and propagation. In this review, we describe LKB1 and its downstream target AMPK summarize major functions of various AMPK-like proteins, while focusing on biological functions of BRSK1 and 2 in different models.
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17
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Sun Z, Jiang Q, Li J, Guo J. The potent roles of salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) in metabolic homeostasis and tumorigenesis. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:150. [PMID: 32788639 PMCID: PMC7423983 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00265-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) belong to AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family, and functions mainly involve in regulating energy response-related physiological processes, such as gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism. However, compared with another well-established energy-response kinase AMPK, SIK roles in human diseases, especially in diabetes and tumorigenesis, are rarely investigated. Recently, the pilot roles of SIKs in tumorigenesis have begun to attract more attention due to the finding that the tumor suppressor role of LKB1 in non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) is unexpectedly mediated by the SIK but not AMPK kinases. Thus, here we tend to comprehensively summarize the emerging upstream regulators, downstream substrates, mouse models, clinical relevance, and candidate inhibitors for SIKs, and shed light on SIKs as the potential therapeutic targets for cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Sun
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China.,Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Qiwei Jiang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China.
| | - Jianping Guo
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China.
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18
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Orlandella FM, Mariniello RM, Mirabelli P, De Stefano AE, Iervolino PLC, Lasorsa VA, Capasso M, Giannatiempo R, Rongo M, Incoronato M, Messina F, Salvatore M, Soricelli A, Salvatore G. miR-622 is a novel potential biomarker of breast carcinoma and impairs motility of breast cancer cells through targeting NUAK1 kinase. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:426-437. [PMID: 32418991 PMCID: PMC7403386 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0884-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant expression of microRNAs (miR) has been proposed as non-invasive biomarkers for breast cancers. The aim of this study was to analyse the miR-622 level in the plasma and in tissues of breast cancer patients and to explore the role of miR-622 and its target, the NUAK1 kinase, in this context. METHODS miR-622 expression was analysed in plasma and in tissues samples of breast cancer patients by q-RT-PCR. Bioinformatics programs, luciferase assay, public dataset analysis and functional experiments were used to uncover the role of miR-622 and its target in breast cancer cells. RESULTS miR-622 is downregulated in plasma and in tissues of breast cancer patients respect to healthy controls and its downregulation is significantly associated with advanced grade and high Ki67 level. Modulation of miR-622 affects the motility phenotype of breast cancer cells. NUAK1 kinase is a functional target of miR-622, it is associated with poor clinical outcomes of breast cancer patients and is inversely correlated with miR-622 level. CONCLUSIONS miR-622/NUAK1 axis is deregulated in breast cancer patients and affects the motility phenotype of breast cancer cells. Importantly, miR-622 and NUAK1 hold promises as biomarkers and as targets for breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raffaela Mariarosaria Mariniello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Universita' degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Via Medina 40, 80133, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.a.r.l., Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Anna Elisa De Stefano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Universita' degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Via Medina 40, 80133, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.a.r.l., Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Lucia Chiara Iervolino
- CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.a.r.l., Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Universita' "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Vito Alessandro Lasorsa
- CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.a.r.l., Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Capasso
- IRCCS SDN, Via Emanuele Gianturco 113, 80143, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.a.r.l., Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Maria Rongo
- IRCCS SDN, Via Emanuele Gianturco 113, 80143, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Andrea Soricelli
- IRCCS SDN, Via Emanuele Gianturco 113, 80143, Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Universita' degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Via Medina 40, 80133, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Salvatore
- IRCCS SDN, Via Emanuele Gianturco 113, 80143, Naples, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Universita' degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Via Medina 40, 80133, Naples, Italy. .,CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.a.r.l., Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy.
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19
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Li R, He M, Wu B, Zhang P, Zhang Q, Chen Y. SAD-B modulates epileptic seizure by regulating AMPA receptors in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and in the PTZ-induced epileptic model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 53:e9175. [PMID: 32267308 PMCID: PMC7162585 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20199175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors are the predominant mediators of glutamate-induced excitatory neurotransmission. It is widely accepted that AMPA receptors are critical for the generation and spread of epileptic seizure activity. Dysfunction of AMPA receptors as a causal factor in patients with intractable epilepsy results in neurotransmission failure. Brain-specific serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (SAD-B), a serine-threonine kinase specifically expressed in the brain, has been shown to regulate AMPA receptor-mediated neurotransmission through a presynaptic mechanism. In cultured rat hippocampal neurons, the overexpression of SAD-B significantly increases the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). Here, we showed that SAD-B downregulation exerted antiepileptic activity by regulating AMPA receptors in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and in the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced epileptic model. We first used immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry analysis to demonstrate that SAD-B expression was increased in the epileptic rat brain. Subsequently, to explore the function of SAD-B in epilepsy, we used siRNA to knock down SAD-B protein and observed behavior after PTZ-induced seizures. We found that SAD-B downregulation attenuated seizure severity and susceptibility in the PTZ-induced epileptic model. Furthermore, we showed that the antiepileptic effect of SAD-B downregulation on PTZ-induced seizure was abolished by CNQX (an AMPA receptor inhibitor), suggesting that SAD-B modulated epileptic seizure by regulating AMPA receptors in the brain. Taken together, these findings suggest that SAD-B may be a potential and novel therapeutic target to limit epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Miaoqing He
- Center for Brain Disorders Research, Capital Medical University, Feng Tai District, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Feng Tai District, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Wu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qinbin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yangmei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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20
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Sonntag T, Moresco JJ, Yates JR, Montminy M. The KLDpT activation loop motif is critical for MARK kinase activity. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225727. [PMID: 31794565 PMCID: PMC6890249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MAP/microtubule-affinity regulating kinases (MARK1-4) are members of the AMPK family of Ser/Thr-specific kinases, which phosphorylate substrates at consensus LXRXXSXXXL motifs. Within microtubule-associated proteins, MARKs also mediate phosphorylation of variant KXGS or ζXKXGSXXNΨ motifs, interfering with the ability of tau and MAP2/4 to bind to microtubules. Here we show that, although MARKs and the closely related salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) phosphorylate substrates with consensus AMPK motifs comparably, MARKs are more potent in recognizing variant ζXKXGSXXNΨ motifs on cellular tau. In studies to identify regions of MARKs that confer catalytic activity towards variant sites, we found that the C-terminal kinase associated-1 (KA1) domain in MARK1-3 mediates binding to microtubule-associated proteins CLASP1/2; but this interaction is dispensable for ζXKXGSXXNΨ phosphorylation. Mutational analysis of MARK2 revealed that the N-terminal kinase domain of MARK2 is sufficient for phosphorylation of both consensus and variant ζXKXGSXXNΨ sites. Within this domain, the KLDpT activation loop motif promotes MARK2 activity both intracellularly and in vitro, but has no effect on SIK2 activity. As KLDpT is conserved in all vertebrates MARKs, we conclude that this sequence is crucial for MARK-dependent regulation of cellular polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Sonntag
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - James J. Moresco
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - John R. Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Marc Montminy
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Palma M, Riffo EN, Suganuma T, Washburn MP, Workman JL, Pincheira R, Castro AF. Identification of a nuclear localization signal and importin beta members mediating NUAK1 nuclear import inhibited by oxidative stress. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:16088-16107. [PMID: 31090959 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NUAK1 is a serine/threonine kinase member of the AMPK-α family. NUAK1 regulates several processes in tumorigenesis; however, its regulation and molecular targets are still poorly understood. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that the majority of NUAK1 localizes in the nucleus. However, there are no studies about the regulation of NUAK1 subcellular distribution. Here, we analyzed NUAK1 localization in several human cell lines, mouse embryo fibroblasts, and normal mouse tissues. We found that NUAK1 is located in the nucleus and also in the cytoplasm. Through bioinformatics analysis and studies comparing subcellular localization of wild type and NUAK1 mutants, we identified a conserved bipartite nuclear localization signal at the N-terminal domain of NUAK1. Based on mass spectrometry analysis, we found that NUAK1 interacts with importin-β members including importin-β1 (KPNB1), importin-7 (IPO7), and importin-9 (IPO9). We confirmed that importin-β members are responsible for NUAK1 nuclear import through the inhibition of importin-β by Importazole and the knockdown of either IPO7 or IPO9. In addition, we found that oxidative stress induces NUAK1 cytoplasmic accumulation, indicating that oxidative stress affects NUAK1 nuclear transport. Thus, our study is the first evidence of an active nuclear transport mechanism regulating NUAK1 subcellular localization. These data will lead to investigations of the molecular targets of NUAK1 according to its subcellular distribution, which could be new biomarkers or targets for cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Palma
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer, Facultad Cs. Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Elizabeth N Riffo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer, Facultad Cs. Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Tamaki Suganuma
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Michael P Washburn
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Jerry L Workman
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Roxana Pincheira
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer, Facultad Cs. Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ariel F Castro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer, Facultad Cs. Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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22
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Rembacz KP, Zrubek KM, Golik P, Michalik K, Bogusz J, Wladyka B, Romanowska M, Dubin G. Crystal structure of Maternal Embryonic Leucine Zipper Kinase (MELK) in complex with dorsomorphin (Compound C). Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 671:1-7. [PMID: 31108049 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Maternal Embryonic Leucine Zipper Kinase (MELK) is overexpressed in various tumors which has been convincingly linked to tumor cell survival. As such, MELK became an interesting target for pharmacological intervention. In this study we present the crystal structure of MELK in complex with dorsomorphin, an inhibitor of VEGFR and AMPK. By defining the mechanistic details of ligand recognition we identify a key residue (Cys89) at the hinge region of MELK responsible for positioning of the ligand at the catalytic pocket. This conclusion is supported by kinetic characterization of Cys89 mutants which show decreased affinity towards both ATP and dorsomorphin. The detailed binding mode of dorsomorphin characterized in this study defines a minimal requirement for MELK ligands, a valuable information for future rational design of inhibitors based on entirely new scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof P Rembacz
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387, Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karol M Zrubek
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387, Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Golik
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387, Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Jozefina Bogusz
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387, Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Benedykt Wladyka
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland; Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Romanowska
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387, Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Dubin
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387, Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
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The UBA domain of SnRK1 promotes activation and maintains catalytic activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:127-132. [PMID: 29428737 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) is a central metabolic regulator and the plant orthologue of the mammalian AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK); both are energy-sensing heterotrimeric enzymes comprising a catalytic α- and regulatory β- and γ-subunits. α-Subunits contain a serine/threonine kinase domain (KD) at their N-terminus that is immediately followed by a small regulatory domain termed the auto-inhibitory domain (AID) in AMPK and the ubiquitin-associated domain (UBA) in SnRK1. Association of the AID with the AMPK KD inhibits activating phosphorylation of the KD by upstream kinases and promotes dephosphorylation, as well as inhibiting AMPK catalytic activity. Despite these mechanistic insights regarding the AMPK AID, the SnRK1 UBA regulatory implications have not been investigated. Using recombinant protein comprising either the KD-only or KD-AID/KD-UBA, we found that the UBA of SnRK1 acts in a distinct regulatory manner to its orthologous AID of AMPK. Firstly, the plant upstream kinase GRIK2 preferentially phosphorylates the SnRK1 KD-UBA. Secondly, the SnRK1 KD in the absence of the UBA shows near identical initial catalytic activity to the KD-UBA, but in comparison a rapid loss of catalytic activity is observed. Our findings indicate that the role of the UBA in SnRK1 regulation may be more akin to that of the UBA in the mammalian AMPK-related kinases rather than its immediate functional orthologue, AMPK. This study adds to a growing body of work demonstrating the divergent regulatory mechanisms of the orthologous plant SnRK1 and mammalian AMPK.
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Vanlandewijck M, Dadras MS, Lomnytska M, Mahzabin T, Lee Miller M, Busch C, Brunak S, Heldin CH, Moustakas A. The protein kinase SIK downregulates the polarity protein Par3. Oncotarget 2018; 9:5716-5735. [PMID: 29464029 PMCID: PMC5814169 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional cytokine transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) controls homeostasis and disease during embryonic and adult life. TGFβ alters epithelial cell differentiation by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which involves downregulation of several cell-cell junctional constituents. Little is understood about the mechanism of tight junction disassembly by TGFβ. We found that one of the newly identified gene targets of TGFβ, encoding the serine/threonine kinase salt-inducible kinase 1 (SIK), controls tight junction dynamics. We provide bioinformatic and biochemical evidence that SIK can potentially phosphorylate the polarity complex protein Par3, an established regulator of tight junction assembly. SIK associates with Par3, and induces degradation of Par3 that can be prevented by proteasomal and lysosomal inhibition or by mutation of Ser885, a putative phosphorylation site on Par3. Functionally, this mechanism impacts on tight junction downregulation. Furthermore, SIK contributes to the loss of epithelial polarity and examination of advanced and invasive human cancers of diverse origin displayed high levels of SIK expression and a corresponding low expression of Par3 protein. High SIK mRNA expression also correlates with lower chance for survival in various carcinomas. In specific human breast cancer samples, aneuploidy of tumor cells best correlated with cytoplasmic SIK distribution, and SIK expression correlated with TGFβ/Smad signaling activity and low or undetectable expression of Par3. Our model suggests that SIK can act directly on the polarity protein Par3 to regulate tight junction assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vanlandewijck
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center, Novum, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mahsa Shahidi Dadras
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marta Lomnytska
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Biomics Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Academic Uppsala Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tanzila Mahzabin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Martin Lee Miller
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Center, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christer Busch
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Søren Brunak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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25
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Wang YL, Wang J, Chen X, Wang ZX, Wu JW. Crystal structure of the kinase and UBA domains of SNRK reveals a distinct UBA binding mode in the AMPK family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:1-6. [PMID: 29061304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose non-fermenting (Snf1)-related kinase (SNRK) is a novel member of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family and is involved in many metabolic processes. Here we report the crystal structure of an N-terminal SNRK fragment containing kinase and adjacent ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domains. This structure shows that the UBA domain binds between the N- and C-lobes of the kinase domain. The mode of UBA binding in SNRK largely resembles that in AMPK and brain specific kinase (BRSK), however, unique interactions play vital roles in stabilizing the KD-UBA interface of SNRK. We further propose a potential role of the UBA domain in the regulation of SNRK kinase activity. This study provides new insights into the structural diversities of the AMPK kinase family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jue Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jia-Wei Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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26
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Ross FA, Hawley SA, Auciello FR, Gowans GJ, Atrih A, Lamont DJ, Hardie DG. Mechanisms of Paradoxical Activation of AMPK by the Kinase Inhibitors SU6656 and Sorafenib. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:813-824.e4. [PMID: 28625738 PMCID: PMC5522529 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SU6656, a Src kinase inhibitor, was reported to increase fat oxidation and reduce body weight in mice, with proposed mechanisms involving AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation via inhibition of phosphorylation of either LKB1 or AMPK by the Src kinase, Fyn. However, we report that AMPK activation by SU6656 is independent of Src kinases or tyrosine phosphorylation of LKB1 or AMPK and is not due to decreased cellular energy status or binding at the ADaM site on AMPK. SU6656 is a potent AMPK inhibitor, yet binding at the catalytic site paradoxically promotes phosphorylation of Thr172 by LKB1. This would enhance phosphorylation of downstream targets provided the lifetime of Thr172 phosphorylation was sufficient to allow dissociation of the inhibitor and subsequent catalysis prior to its dephosphorylation. By contrast, sorafenib, a kinase inhibitor in clinical use, activates AMPK indirectly by inhibiting mitochondrial metabolism and increasing cellular AMP:ADP and/or ADP:ATP ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona A Ross
- Division of Cell Signalling & Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Simon A Hawley
- Division of Cell Signalling & Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - F Romana Auciello
- Division of Cell Signalling & Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Graeme J Gowans
- Division of Cell Signalling & Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Abdelmadjid Atrih
- Fingerprints Proteomics Facility, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Douglas J Lamont
- Fingerprints Proteomics Facility, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - D Grahame Hardie
- Division of Cell Signalling & Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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27
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Lan F, Weikel KA, Cacicedo JM, Ido Y. Resveratrol-Induced AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Activation Is Cell-Type Dependent: Lessons from Basic Research for Clinical Application. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070751. [PMID: 28708087 PMCID: PMC5537865 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the promising effects of resveratrol, its efficacy in the clinic remains controversial. We were the first group to report that the SIRT1 activator resveratrol activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) (Diabetes 2005; 54: A383), and we think that the variability of this cascade may be responsible for the inconsistency of resveratrol's effects. Our current studies suggest that the effect of SIRT1 activators such as resveratrol may not be solely through activation of SIRT1, but also through an integrated effect of SIRT1-liver kinase B1 (LKB1)-AMPK. In this context, resveratrol activates SIRT1 (1) by directly binding to SIRT1; and (2) by increasing NAD⁺ levels by upregulating the salvage pathway through Nampt activation, an effect mediated by AMPK. The first mechanism promotes deacetylation of a limited number of SIRT1 substrate proteins (e.g., PGC-1). The second mechanism (which may be more important than the first) activates other sirtuins in addition to SIRT1, which affects a broad spectrum of substrates. Despite these findings, detailed mechanisms of how resveratrol activates AMPK have not been reported. Here, we show that (1) resveratrol-induced activation of AMPK requires the presence of functional LKB1; (2) Resveratrol increases LKB1 activity, which involves translocation and phosphorylation at T336 and S428; (3) Activation of LKB1 causes proteasomal degradation of LKB1; (4) At high concentrations (50-100 µM), resveratrol also activates AMPK through increasing AMP levels; and (5) The above-mentioned activation mechanisms vary among cell types, and in some cell types, resveratrol fails to activate AMPK. These results suggest that resveratrol-induced activation of AMPK is not a ubiquitous phenomenon. In addition, AMPK-mediated increases in NAD⁺ in the second mechanism require several ATPs, which may not be available in many pathological conditions. These phenomena may explain why resveratrol is not always consistently beneficial in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Lan
- The First People's Hospital of Chongqing Liang Jiang New Area, Chongqing 401122, China.
| | - Karen A Weikel
- Division of Natural Sciences & Mathematics, Boston University College of General Studies, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Jose M Cacicedo
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Yasuo Ido
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Ahrari S, Mogharrab N, Navapour L. Interconversion of inactive to active conformation of MARK2: Insights from molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 630:66-80. [PMID: 28711359 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Ser/Thr protein kinase MARK2, also known as Par1b, belongs to the highly-conserved family of PAR proteins which regulate cell polarity and partitioning through the animal kingdom. In the current study, inactive and active structures of human MARK2 were constructed by modeling and molecular dynamics simulation, based on available incomplete crystal structures in Protein Data Bank, to investigate local structural changes through which MARK2 switches from inactive to active state. None of the MARK2 wild type inactive crystal structures represent the position of activation segment. So, the contribution of this loop to the formation of inactive state is not clear. In the modeled structure of inactive MARK2, activation segment occludes the enzyme active site and assumes a relatively stable position. We also presented a detailed description of the major structural changes occur through the activation process and proposed a framework on how these deviations might be affected by the phosphorylation of Thr208 or existence of the UBA domain. Inspection of protein active state in the presence of Mg-ATP, demonstrated the precise arrangement of the various parts of enzyme around Mg-ATP and the importance of their stability in localization of the resulting complex. The results also confirmed the alleged mild auto-inhibitory role of the UBA domain and suggested a reason for the necessity of this role, based on structural similarities to other related kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Ahrari
- Biophysics and Computational Biology Laboratory (BCBL), Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Mogharrab
- Biophysics and Computational Biology Laboratory (BCBL), Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Leila Navapour
- Biophysics and Computational Biology Laboratory (BCBL), Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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29
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Hormonally up-regulated neu-associated kinase: A novel target for breast cancer progression. Pharmacol Res 2017; 119:188-194. [PMID: 28189783 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hormonally up-regulated neu-associated Kinase (Hunk) is a protein kinase that was originally identified in the murine mammary gland and has been shown to be highly expressed in Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 positive (HER2+/ErbB2+) breast cancer cell lines as well as MMTV-neu derived mammary tumor cell lines. However, the physiological role of Hunk has been largely elusive since its identification. Though Hunk is predicted to be a Serine/Threonine (Ser/Thr) protein kinase with homology to the SNF1/AMPK family of protein kinases, there are no known Hunk substrates that have been identified to date. Recent work demonstrates a role for Hunk in HER2+/ErbB2+ breast cancer progression, including drug resistance to HER2/ErbB2 inhibitors, with Hunk potentially acting downstream of HER2/ErbB2 and the PI3K/Akt pathway. These studies have collectively shown that Hunk plays a vital role in promoting mammary tumorigenesis, as Hunk knockdown via shRNA in xenograft tumor models or crossing MMTV-neu or Pten-deficient genetically engineered mouse models into a Hunk knockout (Hunk-/-) background impairs mammary tumor growth in vivo. Because the majority of HER2+/ErbB2+ breast cancer patients acquire drug resistance to HER2/ErbB2 inhibitors, the characterization of novel drug targets like Hunk that have the potential to simultaneously suppress tumorigenesis and potentially enhance efficacy of current therapeutics is an important facet of drug development. Therefore, work aimed at uncovering specific regulatory functions for Hunk that could contribute to this protein kinase's role in both tumorigenesis and drug resistance will be informative. This review focuses on what is currently known about this under-studied protein kinase, and how targeting Hunk may prove to be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of breast cancer.
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30
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Abstract
PAR-1/MARK kinases are conserved serine/threonine kinases that are essential regulators of cell polarity. PAR-1/MARK kinases localize and function in opposition to the anterior PAR proteins to control the asymmetric distribution of factors in a wide variety polarized cells. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms that control the localization and activity of PAR-1/MARK kinases, including their antagonistic interactions with the anterior PAR proteins. We focus on the role PAR-1 plays in the asymmetric division of the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote, in the establishment of the anterior/posterior axis in the Drosophila oocyte and in the control of microtubule dynamics in mammalian neurons. In addition to conserved aspects of PAR-1 biology, we highlight the unique ways in which PAR-1 acts in these distinct cell types to orchestrate their polarization. Finally, we review the connections between disruptions in PAR-1/MARK function and Alzheimer's disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Wu
- Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
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31
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Broeckx T, Hulsmans S, Rolland F. The plant energy sensor: evolutionary conservation and divergence of SnRK1 structure, regulation, and function. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:6215-6252. [PMID: 27856705 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The SnRK1 (SNF1-related kinase 1) kinases are the plant cellular fuel gauges, activated in response to energy-depleting stress conditions to maintain energy homeostasis while also gatekeeping important developmental transitions for optimal growth and survival. Similar to their opisthokont counterparts (animal AMP-activated kinase, AMPK, and yeast Sucrose Non-Fermenting 1, SNF), they function as heterotrimeric complexes with a catalytic (kinase) α subunit and regulatory β and γ subunits. Although the overall configuration of the kinase complexes is well conserved, plant-specific structural modifications (including a unique hybrid βγ subunit) and associated differences in regulation reflect evolutionary divergence in response to fundamentally different lifestyles. While AMP is the key metabolic signal activating AMPK in animals, the plant kinases appear to be allosterically inhibited by sugar-phosphates. Their function is further fine-tuned by differential subunit expression, localization, and diverse post-translational modifications. The SnRK1 kinases act by direct phosphorylation of key metabolic enzymes and regulatory proteins, extensive transcriptional regulation (e.g. through bZIP transcription factors), and down-regulation of TOR (target of rapamycin) kinase signaling. Significant progress has been made in recent years. New tools and more directed approaches will help answer important fundamental questions regarding their structure, regulation, and function, as well as explore their potential as targets for selection and modification for improved plant performance in a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Broeckx
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Biology, Biology Department, University of Leuven-KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sander Hulsmans
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Biology, Biology Department, University of Leuven-KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Rolland
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Biology, Biology Department, University of Leuven-KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee-Leuven, Belgium
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32
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Ma H, Wu JX, Wang J, Wang ZX, Wu JW. Structure and inhibition analysis of the mouse SAD-B C-terminal fragment. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:1939-46. [PMID: 27251228 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1191331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The SAD (synapses of amphids defective) kinases, including SAD-A and SAD-B, play important roles in the regulation of neuronal development, cell cycle, and energy metabolism. Our recent study of mouse SAD-A identified a unique autoinhibitory sequence (AIS), which binds at the junction of the kinase domain (KD) and the ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain and exerts autoregulation in cooperation with UBA. Here, we report the crystal structure of the mouse SAD-B C-terminal fragment including the AIS and the kinase-associated domain 1 (KA1) at 2.8 Å resolution. The KA1 domain is structurally conserved, while the isolated AIS sequence is highly flexible and solvent-accessible. Our biochemical studies indicated that the SAD-B AIS exerts the same autoinhibitory role as that in SAD-A. We believe that the flexible isolated AIS sequence is readily available for interaction with KD-UBA and thus inhibits SAD-B activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ma
- a MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences , School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
| | - Jing-Xiang Wu
- a MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences , School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
| | - Jue Wang
- a MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences , School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
| | - Zhi-Xin Wang
- a MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences , School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
| | - Jia-Wei Wu
- a MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences , School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
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33
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Emanuelle S, Doblin MS, Stapleton DI, Bacic A, Gooley PR. Molecular Insights into the Enigmatic Metabolic Regulator, SnRK1. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:341-353. [PMID: 26642889 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose non-fermenting-1 (SNF1)-related kinase 1 (SnRK1) lies at the heart of metabolic homeostasis in plants and is crucial for normal development and response to stress. Evolutionarily related to SNF1 in yeast and AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) in mammals, SnRK1 acts protectively to maintain homeostasis in the face of fluctuations in energy status. Despite a conserved function, the structure and regulation of the plant kinase differ considerably from its relatively well-understood opisthokont orthologues. In this review, we highlight the known plant-specific modes of regulation involving SnRK1 together with new insights based on a 3D molecular model of the kinase. We also summarise how these differences from other orthologues may be specific adaptations to plant metabolism, and offer insights into possible avenues of future inquiry into this enigmatic enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Emanuelle
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Monika S Doblin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - David I Stapleton
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Paul R Gooley
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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34
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Structural insight into the mechanism of synergistic autoinhibition of SAD kinases. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8953. [PMID: 26626945 PMCID: PMC4686854 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The SAD/BRSK kinases participate in various important life processes, including neural development, cell cycle and energy metabolism. Like other members of the AMPK family, SAD contains an N-terminal kinase domain followed by the characteristic UBA and KA1 domains. Here we identify a unique autoinhibitory sequence (AIS) in SAD kinases, which exerts autoregulation in cooperation with UBA. Structural studies of mouse SAD-A revealed that UBA binds to the kinase domain in a distinct mode and, more importantly, AIS nestles specifically into the KD-UBA junction. The cooperative action of AIS and UBA results in an ‘αC-out' inactive kinase, which is conserved across species and essential for presynaptic vesicle clustering in C. elegans. In addition, the AIS, along with the KA1 domain, is indispensable for phospholipid binding. Taken together, these data suggest a model for synergistic autoinhibition and membrane activation of SAD kinases. The SAD kinases contain a UBA domain that binds to the kinase domain and has a role in autoinhibition and allosteric activation of the AMPK homoenzyme. Here, the authors identify an autoinhibitory sequence in SAD and show that the UBA domain synergistically functions as an autoinhibitory domain.
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35
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Du WQ, Zheng JN, Pei DS. The diverse oncogenic and tumor suppressor roles of salt-inducible kinase (SIK) in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 20:477-85. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1101452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qi Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Jun-Nian Zheng
- Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Pei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
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Differential regulation by AMP and ADP of AMPK complexes containing different γ subunit isoforms. Biochem J 2015; 473:189-99. [PMID: 26542978 PMCID: PMC4700476 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AMPK complexes containing γ1, γ2 or γ3 subunit isoforms were generated by expression in human cells. They displayed differences in all three effects by which adenine nucleotides cause regulation, i.e. in allosteric activation, promotion of phosphorylation and inhibition of dephosphorylation The γ subunits of heterotrimeric AMPK complexes contain the binding sites for the regulatory adenine nucleotides AMP, ADP and ATP. We addressed whether complexes containing different γ isoforms display different responses to adenine nucleotides by generating cells stably expressing FLAG-tagged versions of the γ1, γ2 or γ3 isoform. When assayed at a physiological ATP concentration (5 mM), γ1- and γ2-containing complexes were allosterically activated almost 10-fold by AMP, with EC50 values one to two orders of magnitude lower than the ATP concentration. By contrast, γ3 complexes were barely activated by AMP under these conditions, although we did observe some activation at lower ATP concentrations. Despite this, all three complexes were activated, due to increased Thr172 phosphorylation, when cells were incubated with mitochondrial inhibitors that increase cellular AMP. With γ1 complexes, activation and Thr172 phosphorylation induced by the upstream kinase LKB1 [liver kinase B1; but not calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase (CaMKKβ)] in cell-free assays was markedly promoted by AMP and, to a smaller extent and less potently, by ADP. However, effects of AMP or ADP on activation and phosphorylation of the γ2 and γ3 complexes were small or insignificant. Binding of AMP or ADP protected all three γ subunit complexes against inactivation by Thr172 dephosphorylation; with γ2 complexes, ADP had similar potency to AMP, but with γ1 and γ3 complexes, ADP was less potent than AMP. Thus, AMPK complexes containing different γ subunit isoforms respond differently to changes in AMP, ADP or ATP. These differences may tune the responses of the isoforms to fit their differing physiological roles.
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Guzmán-Vendrell M, Rincon SA, Dingli F, Loew D, Paoletti A. Molecular control of the Wee1 regulatory pathway by the SAD kinase Cdr2. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2842-53. [PMID: 26071525 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.173146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell growth and division are tightly coordinated to maintain cell size constant during successive cell cycles. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the SAD kinase Cdr2 regulates the cell size at division and the positioning of the division plane. Cdr2 forms nodes on the medial cortex containing factors that constitute an inhibitory pathway for Wee1. This pathway is regulated by polar gradients of the DYRK kinase Pom1, and involves a direct inhibitor of Wee1, the SAD kinase Cdr1. Cdr2 also interacts with the anillin Mid1, which defines the division plane, and with additional components of the medial cortical nodes, including Blt1, which participate in the mitotic-promoting and cytokinetic functions of nodes. Here, we show that the interaction of Cdr2 with Wee1 and Mid1 requires the UBA domain of Cdr2, which is necessary for its kinase activity. In contrast, Cdr1 associates with the C-terminus of Cdr2, which is composed of basic and KA-1 lipid-binding domains. Mid1 also interacts with the C-terminus of Cdr2 and might bridge the N- and C-terminal domains, whereas Blt1 associates with the central spacer region. We propose that the association of Cdr2 effectors with different domains might constrain Cdr1 and Wee1 spatially to promote Wee1 inhibition upon Cdr2 kinase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercè Guzmán-Vendrell
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris F-75248, France CNRS UMR144, Paris F-75248, France
| | - Sergio A Rincon
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris F-75248, France CNRS UMR144, Paris F-75248, France
| | - Florent Dingli
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris F-75248, France Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Paris F-75248, France
| | - Damarys Loew
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris F-75248, France Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Paris F-75248, France
| | - Anne Paoletti
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris F-75248, France CNRS UMR144, Paris F-75248, France
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McDonald JA. Canonical and noncanonical roles of Par-1/MARK kinases in cell migration. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 312:169-99. [PMID: 25262242 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800178-3.00006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The partitioning defective gene 1 (Par-1)/microtubule affinity-regulating kinase (MARK) family of serine-threonine kinases have diverse cellular roles. Primary among these roles are the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity and the promotion of microtubule dynamics. Par-1/MARK kinases also regulate a growing number of cellular functions via noncanonical protein targets. Recent studies have demonstrated that Par-1/MARK proteins are required for the migration of multiple cell types. This review outlines the current evidence for regulation of cell migration by Par-1/MARK through both canonical and noncanonical roles. Par-1/MARK canonical control of microtubules during nonneuronal and neuronal migration is described. Next, regulation of cell polarity by Par-1/MARK and its dynamic effect on the movement of migrating cells are discussed. As examples of recent research that have expanded, the roles of the Par-1/MARK in cell migration, noncanonical functions of Par-1/MARK in Wnt signaling and actomyosin dynamics are described. This review also highlights questions and current challenges to further understanding how the versatile Par-1/MARK proteins function in cell migration during development, homeostatic processes, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn A McDonald
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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Jiao R, Postnikoff S, Harkness TA, Arnason TG. The SNF1 Kinase Ubiquitin-associated Domain Restrains Its Activation, Activity, and the Yeast Life Span. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15393-15404. [PMID: 25869125 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.647032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzyme family of heterotrimeric AMP-dependent protein kinases is activated upon low energy states, conferring a switch toward energy-conserving metabolic pathways through immediate kinase actions on enzyme targets and delayed alterations in gene expression through its nuclear relocalization. This family is evolutionarily conserved, including the presence of a ubiquitin-associated (UBA) motif in most catalytic subunits. The potential for the UBA domain to promote protein associations or direct subcellular location, as seen in other UBA-containing proteins, led us to query whether the UBA domain within the yeast AMP-dependent protein kinase ortholog, SNF1 kinase, was important in these aspects of its regulation. Here, we demonstrate that conserved UBA motif mutations significantly alter SNF1 kinase activation and biological activity, including enhanced allosteric subunit associations and increased oxidative stress resistance and life span. Significantly, the enhanced UBA-dependent longevity and oxidative stress response are at least partially dependent on the Fkh1 and Fkh2 stress response transcription factors, which in turn are shown to influence Snf1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubin Jiao
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Spike Postnikoff
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Troy A Harkness
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Terra G Arnason
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada; Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada.
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MELK-a conserved kinase: functions, signaling, cancer, and controversy. Clin Transl Med 2015; 4:11. [PMID: 25852826 PMCID: PMC4385133 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-014-0045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase initially found to be expressed in a wide range of early embryonic cellular stages, and as a result has been implicated in embryogenesis and cell cycle control. Recent evidence has identified a broader spectrum of tissue expression pattern for this kinase than previously appreciated. MELK is expressed in several human cancers and stem cell populations. Unique spatial and temporal patterns of expression within these tissues suggest that MELK plays a prominent role in cell cycle control, cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration, cell renewal, embryogenesis, oncogenesis, and cancer treatment resistance and recurrence. These findings have important implications for our understanding of development, disease, and cancer therapeutics. Furthermore understanding MELK signaling may elucidate an added dimension of stem cell control.
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41
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Rakshambikai R, Manoharan M, Gnanavel M, Srinivasan N. Typical and atypical domain combinations in human protein kinases: functions, disease causing mutations and conservation in other primates. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11685b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A twist in the evolution of human kinases resulting in kinases with hybrid and rogue properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malini Manoharan
- Molecular Biophysics Unit
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore 560012
- India
| | - Mutharasu Gnanavel
- Molecular Biophysics Unit
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore 560012
- India
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42
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Dammer EB, Lee AK, Duong DM, Gearing M, Lah JJ, Levey AI, Seyfried NT. Quantitative phosphoproteomics of Alzheimer's disease reveals cross-talk between kinases and small heat shock proteins. Proteomics 2014; 15:508-519. [PMID: 25332170 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal phosphorylation contributes to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but may play other signaling roles during AD pathogenesis. In this study, we employed IMAC followed by LC-MS/MS to identify phosphopeptides from eight individual AD and eight age-matched control postmortem human brain tissues. Using this approach, we identified 5569 phosphopeptides in frontal cortex across all 16 cases in which phosphopeptides represented 80% of all peptide spectral counts collected following IMAC enrichment. Marker selection identified 253 significantly altered phosphopeptides by precursor intensity, changed by at least 1.75-fold relative to controls, with an empirical false discovery rate below 7%. Approximately 21% of all significantly altered phosphopeptides in AD tissue were derived from tau. Of the other 142 proteins hyperphosphorylated in AD, membrane, synapse, cell junction, and alternatively spliced proteins were overrepresented. Of these, we validated differential phosphorylation of HSP 27 (HSPB1) and crystallin-alpha-B (CRYAB) as hyperphosphorylated by Western blotting. We further identified a network of phosphorylated kinases, which coenriched with phosphorylated small HSPs. This supports a hypothesis that a number of kinases are regulating and/or regulated by the small HSP folding network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B Dammer
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Andrew K Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Duc M Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Marla Gearing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - James J Lah
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Nicholas T Seyfried
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.,Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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Recent progress on liver kinase B1 (LKB1): expression, regulation, downstream signaling and cancer suppressive function. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:16698-718. [PMID: 25244018 PMCID: PMC4200829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150916698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver kinase B1 (LKB1), known as a serine/threonine kinase, has been identified as a critical cancer suppressor in many cancer cells. It is a master upstream kinase of 13 AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-related protein kinases, and possesses versatile biological functions. LKB1 gene is mutated in many cancers, and its protein can form different protein complexes with different cellular localizations in various cell types. The expression of LKB1 can be regulated through epigenetic modification, transcriptional regulation and post-translational modification. LKB1 dowcnstream pathways mainly include AMPK, microtubule affinity regulating kinase (MARK), salt-inducible kinase (SIK), sucrose non-fermenting protein-related kinase (SNRK) and brain selective kinase (BRSK) signalings, etc. This review, therefore, mainly discusses recent studies about the expression, regulation, downstream signaling and cancer suppressive function of LKB1, which can be helpful for better understanding of this molecular and its significance in cancers.
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44
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Ahrari S, Mogharrab N. Effects of T208E activating mutation on MARK2 protein structure and dynamics: Modeling and simulation. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2014; 3:149-164. [PMID: 27843979 PMCID: PMC5019223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule Affinity-Regulating Kinase 2 (MARK2) protein has a substantial role in regulation of vital cellular processes like induction of polarity, regulation of cell junctions, cytoskeleton structure and cell differentiation. The abnormal function of this protein has been associated with a number of pathological conditions like Alzheimer disease, autism, several carcinomas and development of virulent effects of Helicobacter pyloriββαβββ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Ahrari
- Biophysics and Computational Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Mogharrab
- Biophysics and Computational Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran,Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran,Address for correspondence: Biophysics and Computational Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, Tel: +98 711 228 0916, Fax: +98 711 228 0916, E-mail:
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45
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Cho YS, Yoo J, Park S, Cho HS. The structures of the kinase domain and UBA domain of MPK38 suggest the activation mechanism for kinase activity. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2014; 70:514-21. [PMID: 24531485 PMCID: PMC3940201 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004713027806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Murine protein serine/threonine kinase 38 (MPK38) is the murine orthologue of human maternal embryonic leucine-zipper kinase (MELK), which belongs to the SNF1/AMPK family. MELK is considered to be a promising drug target for anticancer therapy because overexpression and hyperactivation of MELK is correlated with several human cancers. Activation of MPK38 requires the extended sequence (ExS) containing the ubiquitin-associated (UBA) linker and UBA domain and phosphorylation of the activation loop. However, the activation mechanism of MPK38 is unknown. This paper reports the crystal structure of MPK38 (T167E), which mimics a phosphorylated state of the activation loop, in complex with AMP-PNP. In the MPK38 structure, the UBA linker forces an inward movement of the αC helix. Phosphorylation of the activation loop then induces movement of the activation loop towards the C-lobe and results in interlobar cleft closure. These processes generate a fully active state of MPK38. This structure suggests that MPK38 has a similar molecular mechanism regulating activation as in other kinases of the SNF1/AMPK family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Soon Cho
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiho Yoo
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Soomin Park
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Cho
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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46
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Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a critical regulator of cellular and whole-body energy homeostasis. Twelve AMPK-related kinases (ARKs; BRSK1, BRSK2, NUAK1, NUAK2, QIK, QSK, SIK, MARK1, MARK2, MARK3, MARK4, and MELK) have been identified recently. These kinases show a similar structural organization, including an N-terminal catalytic domain, followed by a ubiquitin-associated domain and a C-terminal spacer sequence, which in some cases also contains a kinase-associated domain 1. Eleven of the ARKs are phosphorylated and activated by the master upstream kinase liver kinase B1. However, most of these ARKs are largely unknown, and the NUAK family seems to have different regulations and functions. This review contains a brief discussion of the NUAK family including the specific characteristics of NUAK1 and NUAK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglan Sun
- Department of Endocrinology Central Laboratory, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Taipei City Hospital, Ren-Ai Branch, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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47
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Ruiz A, Xu X, Carlson M. Ptc1 protein phosphatase 2C contributes to glucose regulation of SNF1/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:31052-8. [PMID: 24019512 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.503763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The SNF1/AMP-activated protein kinases (AMPKs) function in energy regulation in eukaryotic cells. SNF1/AMPKs are αβγ heterotrimers that are activated by phosphorylation of the activation loop Thr on the catalytic subunit. Protein kinases that activate SNF1/AMPK have been identified, but the protein phosphatases responsible for dephosphorylation of the activation loop are less well defined. For Saccharomyces cerevisiae SNF1/AMPK, Reg1-Glc7 protein phosphatase 1 and Sit4 type 2A-related phosphatase function together to dephosphorylate Thr-210 on the Snf1 catalytic subunit during growth on high concentrations of glucose; reg1Δ and sit4Δ single mutations do not impair dephosphorylation when inappropriate glycogen synthesis, also caused by these mutations, is blocked. We here present evidence that Ptc1 protein phosphatase 2C also has a role in dephosphorylation of Snf1 Thr-210 in vivo. The sit4Δ ptc1Δ mutant exhibited partial defects in regulation of the phosphorylation state of Snf1. The reg1Δ ptc1Δ mutant was viable only when expressing mutant Snf1 proteins with reduced kinase activity, and Thr-210 phosphorylation of the mutant SNF1 heterotrimers was substantially elevated during growth on high glucose. This evidence, together with findings on the reg1Δ sit4Δ mutant, indicates that although Reg1-Glc7 plays the major role, all three phosphatases contribute to maintenance of the Snf1 activation loop in the dephosphorylated state during growth on high glucose. Ptc1 has overlapping functions with Reg1-Glc7 and Sit4 in glucose regulation of SNF1/AMPK and cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Ruiz
- From the Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
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48
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Canevari G, Re Depaolini S, Cucchi U, Bertrand JA, Casale E, Perrera C, Forte B, Carpinelli P, Felder ER. Structural insight into maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) conformation and inhibition toward structure-based drug design. Biochemistry 2013; 52:6380-7. [PMID: 23914841 DOI: 10.1021/bi4005864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) is upregulated in several types of tumor, including breast, prostate, and brain tumors. Its expression is generally associated with cell survival, cell proliferation, and resistance to apoptosis. Therefore, the potential of MELK inhibitors as therapeutic agents is recently attracting considerable interest. Here we report the first structures of MELK in complex with AMP-PNP and with nanomolar inhibitors. Our studies shed light on the role of the MELK UBA domain, provide a characterization of the kinase active site, and identify key residues for achieving high potency, laying the groundwork for structure-based drug design efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Canevari
- Nerviano Medical Sciences , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
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49
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Cao LS, Wang J, Chen Y, Deng H, Wang ZX, Wu JW. Structural basis for the regulation of maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70031. [PMID: 23922895 PMCID: PMC3724675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
MELK (maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase), which is a member of the AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase)-related kinase family, plays important roles in diverse cellular processes and has become a promising drug target for certain cancers. However, the regulatory mechanism of MELK remains elusive. Here, we report the crystal structure of a fragment of human MELK that contains the kinase domain and ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain. The UBA domain tightly binds to the back of the kinase domain, which may contribute to the proper conformation and activity of the kinase domain. Interestingly, the activation segment in the kinase domain displays a unique conformation that contains an intramolecular disulfide bond. The structural and biochemical analyses unravel the molecular mechanisms for the autophosphorylation/activation of MELK and the dependence of its catalytic activity on reducing agents. Thus, our results may provide the basis for designing specific MELK inhibitors for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Sha Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jue Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuling Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Wei Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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50
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Schisler JC, Rubel CE, Zhang C, Lockyer P, Cyr DM, Patterson C. CHIP protects against cardiac pressure overload through regulation of AMPK. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3588-99. [PMID: 23863712 DOI: 10.1172/jci69080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein quality control and metabolic homeostasis are integral to maintaining cardiac function during stress; however, little is known about if or how these systems interact. Here we demonstrate that C terminus of HSC70-interacting protein (CHIP), a regulator of protein quality control, influences the metabolic response to pressure overload by direct regulation of the catalytic α subunit of AMPK. Induction of cardiac pressure overload in Chip-/- mice resulted in robust hypertrophy and decreased cardiac function and energy generation stemming from a failure to activate AMPK. Mechanistically, CHIP promoted LKB1-mediated phosphorylation of AMPK, increased the specific activity of AMPK, and was necessary and sufficient for stress-dependent activation of AMPK. CHIP-dependent effects on AMPK activity were accompanied by conformational changes specific to the α subunit, both in vitro and in vivo, identifying AMPK as the first physiological substrate for CHIP chaperone activity and establishing a link between cardiac proteolytic and metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Schisler
- McAllister Heart Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7126, USA
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