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Li C, Yang P, Wang X, Li H, Jing H, Zheng Y, Hou Y. The role of cornulin (CRNN) in the progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma involving AKT activation in SCL-1. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0308243. [PMID: 39292704 PMCID: PMC11410236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common non-melanoma skin cancer that has been on the rise in recent times, particularly among older individuals. Cornulin (CRNN) is increasingly recognized as an oncogene involved in developing various types of tumors. However, the precise contribution to cSCC remains unclear. Our study observed a significant increase in CRNN expression in cSCC samples compared to healthy skin. CRNN expression in the SCL-1 cell line derived from cSCC was reduced, leading to a halt in cell growth during the transition from the G1 phase to the S phase. This reduction inhibits cell division, promotes cell death, and decreases cell invasion and migration. CRNN overexpression has been found to enhance cell growth and prevent cells from undergoing natural cell death, and the cancer-promoting effects of CRNN are linked to AKT activation. Using a mouse xenograft model, we demonstrated that the inhibition of CRNN led to a decline in cSCC tumor growth in a living organism, providing evidence of CRNN's involvement in cSCC occurrence and development. This study establishes a foundation for evaluating the effectiveness of CRNN in treating cSCC, enabling further investigation in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changji Li
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai General Hospital Jiuquan Hospital (Jiuquan City People's Hospital), Jiuquan, Gansu, China
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peiwen Yang
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongbao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Huiling Jing
- Department of Dermatology, Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuzhu Hou
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Zdrojewski J, Nowak M, Nijakowski K, Jankowski J, Scribante A, Gallo S, Pascadopoli M, Surdacka A. Potential Immunohistochemical Biomarkers for Grading Oral Dysplasia: A Literature Review. Biomedicines 2024; 12:577. [PMID: 38540190 PMCID: PMC10967812 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12030577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is a prevalent global health issue, with significant morbidity and mortality rates. Despite available preventive measures, it remains one of the most common cancers, emphasising the need for improved diagnostic and prognostic tools. This review focuses on oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), precursors to oral cancer, specifically emphasising oral epithelial dysplasia (OED). The World Health Organisation (WHO) provides a three-tier grading system for OED, and recent updates have expanded the criteria to enhance diagnostic precision. In the prognostic evaluation of OED, histological grading is presently regarded as the gold standard; however, its subjectivity and unreliability in anticipating malignant transformation or recurrence pose notable limitations. The primary objective is to investigate whether specific immunohistochemical biomarkers can enhance OED grading assessment according to the WHO classification. Biomarkers exhibit significant potential for comprehensive cancer risk evaluation, early detection, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment optimisation. Technological advancements, including sequencing and nanotechnology, have expanded detection capabilities. Some analysed biomarkers are most frequently chosen, such as p53, Ki-67, cadherins/catenins, and other proteins used to differentiate OED grades. However, further research is needed to confirm these findings and discover new potential biomarkers for precise dysplasia grading and minimally invasive assessment of the risk of malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Zdrojewski
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland; (J.Z.); (M.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Monika Nowak
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland; (J.Z.); (M.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Kacper Nijakowski
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland; (J.Z.); (M.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Jakub Jankowski
- Student’s Scientific Group, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Andrea Scribante
- Unit of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.G.)
- Unit of Dental Hygiene, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Simone Gallo
- Unit of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.G.)
| | - Maurizio Pascadopoli
- Unit of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.G.)
| | - Anna Surdacka
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland; (J.Z.); (M.N.); (A.S.)
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Arnouk H. Cornulin as a Prognosticator for Lymph Node Involvement in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cureus 2022; 14:e33130. [PMID: 36721574 PMCID: PMC9884428 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cornulin is an epidermal differentiation marker and a stress-related protein. Its expression patterns are likely to reflect the multi-step tumorigenesis process of cSCC, given its role as a tumor suppressor. The aim of this study is to evaluate the utility of Cornulin as a prognosticator for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Specifically, the correlation between Cornulin expression and the clinicopathological parameter of lymph node involvement (nodal status), which plays a major role in determining cSCC prognosis and recurrence. We predicted that Cornulin expression declines as cSCC tumors metastasize to regional lymph nodes. Methodology Tissue samples of cSCC lesions of variable nodal involvement status were stained using immunohistochemistry, and high-resolution images were acquired. Aperio ImageScope software (Leica Biosystems) equipped with a positive-pixel-counting algorithm was used to quantify the staining intensity. Subsequently, Cornulin immunoreactivity was calculated as a Histo-score (H-score) value, which is based on the staining intensity and the percentage of positively stained cells. Mean H-scores were compared between groups using an unpaired t-test. Results A significant inverse correlation was found between Cornulin expression levels and metastasis to the lymph nodes. Specifically, primary tumors with metastasis to regional lymph nodes (N1) exhibited 9.5-fold decrease in Cornulin immunoreactivity compared to the primary tumor samples without lymph node involvement (N0). Conclusion Cornulin was found to be significantly downregulated in primary tumors with lymph node metastases. Detection assays to measure Cornulin expression in cSCC primary tumors might aid in determining the nodal status in these patients and possibly help determine cases of occult lymph node metastasis or micrometastasis. Future clinical studies are needed to help establish Cornulin's role in enhancing the predictive power of histopathological examination and improving survival rates for patients suffering from this type of skin cancer.
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Kaur R, Chauhan A, Bhat SA, Chatterjee D, Ghoshal S, Pal A. Gene of the month: Cornulin. J Clin Pathol 2021; 75:289-291. [PMID: 34969781 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2021-208011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Cornulin (CRNN) gene encodes a 495 amino acid long protein and is located on chromosome 1q21.3. Primarily, it functions as the marker of differentiation. Initially, it was found to be specific for the squamous cells of oesophagus. However, later on, several studies have revealed the presence of Cornulin downregulation in various epithelial squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, oesophagus and cervix and clinically associated it with worsening of cancer and the poor prognosis. Cornulin levels also showed dysregulation in other diseases such as Eczema and Psoriasis. Besides the differentiation marker, it was identified to be involved in the stress response. The studies, in psoriasis and oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, has elucidated that the dysregulation in the Cornulin is associated with the cell cycle events such as G1/S transition. However, the actual function of Cornulin is still yet to be explored in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajandeep Kaur
- Biochemistry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anshika Chauhan
- Biochemistry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shabir Ahmad Bhat
- Biochemistry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Debajyoti Chatterjee
- Histopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sushmita Ghoshal
- Radiotherapy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arnab Pal
- Biochemistry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Castanotto D, Zhang X, Rüger J, Alluin J, Sharma R, Pirrotte P, Joenson L, Ioannou S, Nelson MS, Vikeså J, Hansen BR, Koch T, Jensen MA, Rossi JJ, Stein CA. A Multifunctional LNA Oligonucleotide-Based Strategy Blocks AR Expression and Transactivation Activity in PCa Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 23:63-75. [PMID: 33335793 PMCID: PMC7723773 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a critical role in the development of prostate cancer (PCa) through the activation of androgen-induced cellular proliferation genes. Thus, blocking AR-mediated transcriptional activation is expected to inhibit the growth and spread of PCa. Using tailor-made splice-switching locked nucleic acid (LNA) oligonucleotides (SSOs), we successfully redirected splicing of the AR precursor (pre-)mRNA and destabilized the transcripts via the introduction of premature stop codons. Furthermore, the SSOs simultaneously favored production of the AR45 mRNA in lieu of the full-length AR. AR45 is an AR isoform that can attenuate the activity of both full-length and oncogenic forms of AR by binding to their common N-terminal domain (NTD), thereby blocking their transactivation potential. A large screen was subsequently used to identify individual SSOs that could best perform this dual function. The selected SSOs powerfully silence AR expression and modulate the expression of AR-responsive cellular genes. This bi-functional strategy that uses a single therapeutic molecule can be the basis for novel PCa treatments. It might also be customized to other types of therapies that require the silencing of one gene and the simultaneous expression of a different isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Castanotto
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jacqueline Rüger
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jessica Alluin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Ritin Sharma
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick Pirrotte
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Lars Joenson
- Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen A/S, Fremtidsvej 3, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Silvia Ioannou
- Science Department, Flintridge Preparatory School, 4543 Crown Avenue, La Cañada Flintridge, CA 91011, USA
| | - Michael S Nelson
- The Light Microscopy and Digital Imaging Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte CA 91010
| | - Jonas Vikeså
- Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen A/S, Fremtidsvej 3, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Bo Rode Hansen
- Genevant Sciences, 245 Main Street, Floor 2, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Troels Koch
- Frederikskaj 10B, 2nd floor, 2450 Copenhagen SV, Denmark
| | - Mads Aaboe Jensen
- Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen A/S, Fremtidsvej 3, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - John J Rossi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Cy A Stein
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Mass spectrometry-based proteomics for the forensic identification of vomit traces. J Proteomics 2019; 209:103524. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Hoppo T, Zaidi AH, Matsui D, Martin SA, Komatsu Y, Lloyd EJ, Kosovec JE, Civitarese AA, Boyd NH, Shetty A, Omstead AN, Smith E, Jobe BA. Sep70/Pepsin expression in hypopharynx combined with hypopharyngeal multichannel intraluminal impedance increases diagnostic sensitivity of laryngopharyngeal reflux. Surg Endosc 2017; 32:2434-2441. [PMID: 29264754 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-017-5943-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improved methods of diagnosis of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) would enable surgeons to better identify patients who may benefit from antireflux surgery (ARS). The objective of the present study was to assess if hypopharyngeal Pepsin and Sep70 expression combined with hypopharyngeal multichannel intraluminal impedance (HMII) has the potential to increase diagnostic sensitivity of LPR. METHODS This study was performed on patients who underwent unsedated transnasal endoscopy with hypopharyngeal biopsy and 24-h HMII to determine abnormal proximal exposure (APE) and DeMeester score (DMS) from 2013 to 2016. Pepsin and Sep70 protein expression was assessed by Western blots of biopsy specimens. The outcomes of ARS were assessed using reflux symptom index (RSI). HMII APE classification, Sep 70, and Pepsin protein levels were compared in normative and symptomatic LPR patients and further analyzed alongside quality of life changes following ARS. RESULTS Of 30 subjects enrolled, 23 were excluded for abnormal HMII results or endoscopic evidence of esophagitis. Seven subjects and 105 patients were included in the normative and symptomatic groups, respectively. Compared to the normative group, only Pepsin expression was significantly higher in the symptomatic group [APE+/LPR+ (p = 0.000), APE+/LPR- (p = 0.001), and APE- (p = 0.047)]. Further, the ratio of Sep70/Pepsin was significantly lower in the symptomatic group [APE+/LPR+ (p = 0.008), APE+/LPR- (p = 0.000), and APE- (p = 0.050)], and a cutoff ratio for a diagnosis of LPR was established as < 158. Of 105 symptomatic patients, 48 patients underwent ARS. Of these, 17 patients had complete pre- and post-RSI questionnaires. LPR symptoms improved in 15 (88%), of whom 2 were APE- but met criteria for a diagnosis of LPR based on the Sep70/Pepsin cutoff. CONCLUSIONS The identified Sep70/Pepsin ratio may serve as a reliable biomarker for the diagnosis of LPR. As a result, this may help identify additional patients who have a false-negative HMII result due to the 24-h testing window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshitaka Hoppo
- Esophageal and Lung Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ali H Zaidi
- Esophageal and Lung Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daisuke Matsui
- Esophageal and Lung Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Samantha A Martin
- Esophageal and Lung Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Komatsu
- Esophageal and Lung Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Emily J Lloyd
- Esophageal and Lung Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Juliann E Kosovec
- Esophageal and Lung Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Albert A Civitarese
- Esophageal and Lung Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Natalie H Boyd
- Esophageal and Lung Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amit Shetty
- Esophageal and Lung Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ashten N Omstead
- Esophageal and Lung Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Emily Smith
- Esophageal and Lung Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Blair A Jobe
- Esophageal and Lung Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Clarke DJ, Murray E, Faktor J, Mohtar A, Vojtesek B, MacKay CL, Smith PL, Hupp TR. Mass spectrometry analysis of the oxidation states of the pro-oncogenic protein anterior gradient-2 reveals covalent dimerization via an intermolecular disulphide bond. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:551-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Dutta SK, Agrawal K, Girotra M, Fleisher AS, Motevalli M, Mah'moud MA, Nair PP. Barrett's esophagus and β-carotene therapy: symptomatic improvement in GERD and enhanced HSP70 expression in esophageal mucosa. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 13:6011-6. [PMID: 23464395 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.12.6011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epidemiological studies suggest a protective role for β-carotene with several malignancies. Esophageal adenocarcinoma frequently arises from Barrett's esophagus (BE). We postulated that β-carotene therapy maybe protective in BE. MATERIALS AND METHOD We conducted a prospective study in which 25 mg of β-carotene was administered daily for six-months to six patients. Each patient underwent upper endoscopy before and after therapy and multiple mucosal biopsies were obtained. Additionally, patients completed a gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms questionnaire before and after therapy and severity score was calculated. To study the effect of β-carotene at molecular level, tissue extracts of the esophageal mucosal biopsy were subjected to assessment of heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70). RESULTS A significant (p<0.05) reduction in mean GERD symptoms severity score from 7.0±2.4 to 2.7±1.7 following β-carotene therapy was noted. Measurement of Barrett's segment also revealed a significant reduction in mean length after therapy. In fact, two patients had complete disappearance of intestinal metaplasia. Furthermore, marked enhancement of HSP70 expression was demonstrated in biopsy specimens from Barrett's epithelium in four cases that were tested. CONCLUSIONS Long- term β-carotene therapy realizes amelioration of GERD symptoms along with restitution of the histological and molecular changes in esophageal mucosa of patients with BE, associated with concurrent increase in mucosal HSP70 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir K Dutta
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Division Director of Gastroenterology, USA.
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Utheim TP, Islam R, Fostad IG, Eidet JR, Sehic A, Olstad OK, Dartt DA, Messelt EB, Griffith M, Pasovic L. Storage Temperature Alters the Expression of Differentiation-Related Genes in Cultured Oral Keratinocytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152526. [PMID: 27023475 PMCID: PMC4811429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Storage of cultured human oral keratinocytes (HOK) allows for transportation of cultured transplants to eye clinics worldwide. In a previous study, one-week storage of cultured HOK was found to be superior with regard to viability and morphology at 12°C compared to 4°C and 37°C. To understand more of how storage temperature affects cell phenotype, gene expression of HOK before and after storage at 4°C, 12°C, and 37°C was assessed. Materials and Methods Cultured HOK were stored in HEPES- and sodium bicarbonate-buffered Minimum Essential Medium at 4°C, 12°C, and 37°C for one week. Total RNA was isolated and the gene expression profile was determined using DNA microarrays and analyzed with Partek Genomics Suite software and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Differentially expressed genes (fold change > 1.5 and P < 0.05) were identified by one-way ANOVA. Key genes were validated using qPCR. Results Gene expression of cultures stored at 4°C and 12°C clustered close to the unstored control cultures. Cultures stored at 37°C displayed substantial change in gene expression compared to the other groups. In comparison with 12°C, 2,981 genes were differentially expressed at 37°C. In contrast, only 67 genes were differentially expressed between the unstored control and the cells stored at 12°C. The 12°C and 37°C culture groups differed most significantly with regard to the expression of differentiation markers. The Hedgehog signaling pathway was significantly downregulated at 37°C compared to 12°C. Conclusion HOK cultures stored at 37°C showed considerably larger changes in gene expression compared to unstored cells than cultured HOK stored at 4°C and 12°C. The changes observed at 37°C consisted of differentiation of the cells towards a squamous epithelium-specific phenotype. Storing cultured ocular surface transplants at 37°C is therefore not recommended. This is particularly interesting as 37°C is the standard incubation temperature used for cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tor Paaske Utheim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vestre Viken HF Trust, Drammen, Norway
- Faculty of Health Sciences, National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, Buskerud and Vestfold University College, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Rakibul Islam
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida G. Fostad
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon R. Eidet
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amer Sehic
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole K. Olstad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Darlene A. Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Edward B. Messelt
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - May Griffith
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lara Pasovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Min HJ, Hong SC, Yang HS, Mun SK, Lee SY. Expression of CAIII and Hsp70 Is Increased the Mucous Membrane of the Posterior Commissure in Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease. Yonsei Med J 2016; 57:469-74. [PMID: 26847302 PMCID: PMC4740542 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2016.57.2.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We tried to evaluate the difference in the expression of carbonic anhydrase (CA) III and heat shock protein (Hsp) 70 between laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD) and non-LPRD patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study involved 28 patients who underwent laryngeal microsurgery due to benign laryngeal disease from March to August 2008. Reflux symptom index (RSI) and reflux finding score (RFS) were measured for each person, and they were assigned either to the LPRD group (n=10) or non-LPRD group (n=18). Tissue samples were obtained from the mucosa of posterior commissure, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining of CAIII and Hsp70 was performed. The IHC scores were measured and compared with clinical features including RSI and RFS. RESULTS Total 10 patients were assigned as LPRD group, and 18 patients were as control group. The mean IHC score of CAIII and Hsp70 was 1.70 ± 1.06 and 1.90 ± 0.88, respectively, in LPRD patients, whereas the mean IHC score of CAIII and Hsp70 was 0.78 ± 0.73 and 0.94 ± 0.87, respectively, in non-LPRD patients. The difference between two groups was statistically significant (p<0.05). CONCLUSION CAIII and Hsp70 expressions were higher in LPRD patients that in non-LPRD patients, suggesting the possibility as one of biomomarker in LPRD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jin Min
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Chan Hong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoon Shik Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seog Kyun Mun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sei Young Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Kwak JH, Pyo JS. Characterization of Apoptosis Induced by Ginsenosides in Human Lung Cancer Cells. ANAL LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2015.1079208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Vaswani K, Ashman K, Reed S, Salomon C, Sarker S, Arraztoa JA, Pérez-Sepúlveda A, Illanes SE, Kvaskoff D, Mitchell MD, Rice GE. Applying SWATH Mass Spectrometry to Investigate Human Cervicovaginal Fluid During the Menstrual Cycle1. Biol Reprod 2015; 93:39. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.128231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Komatsu Y, Kelly LA, Zaidi AH, Rotoloni CL, Kosovec JE, Lloyd EJ, Waheed A, Hoppo T, Jobe BA. Hypopharyngeal pepsin and Sep70 as diagnostic markers of laryngopharyngeal reflux: preliminary study. Surg Endosc 2014; 29:1080-7. [PMID: 25159637 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-014-3789-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The management of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) has been challenging. Hypopharyngeal multichannel intraluminal impedance (HMII) has shown to increase the sensitivity in diagnosing LPR. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential use of pepsin and Sep70 as diagnostic tools for detection of LPR in combination with HMII. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissue samples of hypopharynx, distal esophagus, and gastric cardia were collected from patients with LPR symptoms regardless of gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) diagnosis and underwent HMII to detect LPR and high esophageal reflux (HER: reflux 2 cm distal to upper esophageal sphincter) events. Patients were classified into two groups based on the presence of abnormal proximal exposure (APE), which was defined as LPR ≥1/day and/or HER ≥5/day: (1) positive-APE and (2) negative-APE. Patients with typical GERD symptoms without LPR symptoms who did not undergo HMII were used as a "control" GERD group. Protein was isolated from tissue samples and Western blot analysis of pepsin and Sep70 was performed. Pepsinogen was used as a control to differentiate pepsin from pepsinogen. Relative quantitation was performed using Image Studio Lite Software with normalization against the internal actin of each blot. RESULTS From October 2012 to September 2013, 55 patients underwent HMII. Of 55, 20 patients underwent biopsies from hypopharynx (17 positive-APE and 3 negative-APE). Ten patients with typical GERD symptoms were identified from tissue bank as a "control" GERD group. Pepsin was detected in distal esophagus and hypopharynx in all groups without significant difference among groups. However, Sep70 in distal esophagus and hypopharynx was significantly depleted in the positive-APE group compared to the other groups (p = 0.032 and 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSION Depletion of Sep70 with the presence of pepsin in the hypopharynx may indicate cellular injury in laryngopharynx due to constant proximal reflux. However, the normative data for these markers have to be validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Komatsu
- Institute for the Treatment of Esophageal and Thoracic Disease, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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15
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Hsu PK, Kao HL, Chen HY, Yen CC, Wu YC, Hsu WH, Chou TY. Loss of CRNN expression is associated with advanced tumor stage and poor survival in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013; 147:1612-1618.e4. [PMID: 24263008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CRNN gene expression is downregulated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), although its clinical implications in esophageal cancer remain unclear. METHODS We performed integrated microarray analysis and identified the CRNN gene as 1 of the major downregulated genes in ESCC. CRNN downregulation was validated at the nucleic acid level in 16 ESCC cases using complementary DNA microarray and at the protein level by immunohistochemical stains in an additional 220 ESCC cases. The clinicopathologic relevance and prognostic significance of CRNN expression in ESCC were explored. RESULTS Downregulated CRNN expression was noted at the messenger RNA and protein levels. Immunohistochemical staining revealed negative and positive CRNN expression in 171 (77.7%) and 49 (22.3%) patients with ESCC, respectively. Patients with negative CRNN protein expression had an advanced tumor invasion depth (P = .002), advanced nodal involvement (P = .014), and longer tumor length (P = .037). Patients with negative CRNN expression (median survival, 14.0 months; 5-year survival rate, 20.5%) had poorer overall survival than those with positive expression (30.0 months and 40.3%, respectively; P = .006). On multivariate analysis, negative CRNN expression, nodal involvement, and distant metastasis remained significant prognostic factors for poor overall survival (negative vs positive CRNN, hazard ratio, 1.464; P = .047). CONCLUSIONS Our analysis has highlighted the clinical implications of CRNN expression in ESCC. Loss of CRNN expression correlated with advanced tumor length, greater tumor invasion depth, lymph node metastasis, and poor survival in patients with ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Kuei Hsu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan; National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei City, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Ling Kao
- National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Yu Chen
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chueh-Chuan Yen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chung Wu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan; National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hu Hsu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Teh-Ying Chou
- National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei City, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan.
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16
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Chen K, Li Y, Dai Y, Li J, Qin Y, Zhu Y, Zeng T, Ban X, Fu L, Guan XY. Characterization of tumor suppressive function of cornulin in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68838. [PMID: 23894350 PMCID: PMC3722219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
By using cDNA microarray analysis, we identified cornulin (CRNN) gene was frequently downregulated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). In the present study, we investigated the role of CRNN in ESCC development. The results showed that CRNN was frequently downregulated in primary ESCCs in both mRNA level (26/56, 46.4%) and protein level (137/249, 55%), which was significantly associated with lymph node metastases (P=0.027), advanced clinical stage (P=0.039), and overall survival rate (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis indicated that the CRNN downregulation was an independent prognostic factor for ESCC. Functional studies with both in vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated that CRNN had strong tumor suppressive ability in ESCC cells. The tumor-suppressive mechanism of CRNN was associated with its role in cell cycle arrest at G1/S checkpoint by upregulating expressions of P21WAF1/CIP1 and Rb. Silencing CRNN expression by RNA interference could effectively inhibit its tumor suppressive effect. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that CRNN is a tumor suppressor gene that plays a critical tumor suppressive role in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XG); (YL)
| | - Yongdong Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanru Qin
- Department of Clinical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yinghui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojiao Ban
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail: (XG); (YL)
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Pawar H, Maharudraiah J, Kashyap MK, Sharma J, Srikanth SM, Choudhary R, Chavan S, Sathe G, Manju HC, Kumar KVV, Vijayakumar M, Sirdeshmukh R, Harsha HC, Prasad TSK, Pandey A, Kumar RV. Downregulation of cornulin in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Acta Histochem 2013; 115:89-99. [PMID: 22560086 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Early events in the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) are poorly understood and many of the key molecules involved have not yet been identified. We previously used isobaric tags for a relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based quantitative proteomics approach to identify differentially expressed proteins in ESCC tissue as compared to the adjacent normal mucosa. Cornulin was identified as one of the major downregulated molecules in ESCC. Cornulin is a member of the S100 fused-type protein family, which has an EF-hand calcium binding motif and multiple tandem repeats of specific peptide motifs. Cornulin was 5-fold downregulated in ESCC as compared to normal epithelium mirroring our previous findings in a gene expression study of ESCC. In the present study, we performed immunohistochemical validation of cornulin (CRNN) in a larger set of patients with ESCC. Downregulation of cornulin was observed in 89% (n=239) of 266 different ESCC tissues arrayed on tissue microarrays (TMAs). Expression of cornulin was observed in the prickle and functional cell layers of normal esophageal mucosa, localized predominantly in the cytoplasm and perinuclear region. The large majority of ESCC cases had little or no expression of cornulin in the carcinoma or stroma. These findings suggest that cornulin is an important molecule in normal esophageal pathology and is likely lost during the conversion of normal to neoplastic epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Pawar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India
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18
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Gray TA, MacLaine NJ, Michie CO, Bouchalova P, Murray E, Howie J, Hrstka R, Maslon MM, Nenutil R, Vojtesek B, Langdon S, Hayward L, Gourley C, Hupp TR. Anterior Gradient-3: a novel biomarker for ovarian cancer that mediates cisplatin resistance in xenograft models. J Immunol Methods 2012; 378:20-32. [PMID: 22361111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The Anterior Gradient (AGR) genes AGR2 and AGR3 are part of the Protein Disulfide Isomerase (PDI) family and harbour core thioredoxin folds (CxxS motifs) that have the potential to regulate protein folding and maturation. A number of proteomics and transcriptomics screens in the fields of limb regeneration, cancer cell metastasis, pro-oncogenic oestrogen-signalling, and p53 regulation have identified AGR2 as a novel component of these signalling pathways. Curiously, despite the fact that the AGR2 and AGR3 genes are contiguous on chromosome 7p21.1-3, the AGR3 protein has rarely been identified in such OMICs screens along with AGR2 protein. Therefore there is little information on how AGR3 protein is expressed in normal and diseased states. A panel of three monoclonal antibodies was generated towards AGR3 protein for identifying novel clinical models that can be used to define whether AGR3 protein could play a positive or negative role in human cancer development. One monoclonal antibody was AGR3-specific and bound a linear epitope that could be defined using both pep-scan and phage-peptide library screening. Using this monoclonal antibody, endogenous AGR3 protein expression was shown to be cytosolic in four human ovarian cancer subtypes; serous, endometrioid, clear cell, and mucinous. Mucinous ovarian cancers produced the highest number of AGR3 positive cells. AGR3 expression is coupled to AGR2 expression only in mucinous ovarian cancers, whereas AGR3 and AGR2 expressions are uncoupled in the other three types of ovarian cancer. AGR3 expression in ovarian cancer is independent of oestrogen-receptor expression, which is distinct from the oestrogen-receptor dependent expression of AGR3 in breast cancers. Isogenic cancer cell models were created that over-express AGR3 and these demonstrated that AGR3 mediates cisplatin-resistance in mouse xenografts. These data indicate that AGR3 is over-expressed by a hormone (oestrogen-receptor α)-independent mechanism and identify a novel protein-folding associated pathway that could mediate resistance to DNA-damaging agents in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry A Gray
- p53 Signal Transduction Group, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, Scotland, UK
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19
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Scieglinska D, Piglowski W, Chekan M, Mazurek A, Krawczyk Z. Differential expression of HSPA1 and HSPA2 proteins in human tissues; tissue microarray-based immunohistochemical study. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 135:337-50. [PMID: 21373891 PMCID: PMC3063884 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0791-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we determined the expression pattern of HSPA1 and HSPA2 proteins in various normal human tissues by tissue-microarray based immunohistochemical analysis. Both proteins belong to the HSPA (HSP70) family of heat shock proteins. The HSPA2 is encoded by the gene originally defined as testis-specific, while HSPA1 is encoded by the stress-inducible genes (HSPA1A and HSPA1B). Our study revealed that both proteins are expressed only in some tissues from the 24 ones examined. HSPA2 was detected in adrenal gland, bronchus, cerebellum, cerebrum, colon, esophagus, kidney, skin, small intestine, stomach and testis, but not in adipose tissue, bladder, breast, cardiac muscle, diaphragm, liver, lung, lymph node, pancreas, prostate, skeletal muscle, spleen, thyroid. Expression of HSPA1 was detected in adrenal gland, bladder, breast, bronchus, cardiac muscle, esophagus, kidney, prostate, skin, but not in other tissues examined. Moreover, HSPA2 and HSPA1 proteins were found to be expressed in a cell-type-specific manner. The most pronounced cell-type expression pattern was found for HSPA2 protein. In the case of stratified squamous epithelia of the skin and esophagus, as well as in ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining respiratory tract, the HSPA2 positive cells were located in the basal layer. In the colon, small intestine and bronchus epithelia HSPA2 was detected in goblet cells. In adrenal gland cortex HSPA2 expression was limited to cells of zona reticularis. The presented results clearly show that certain human tissues constitutively express varying levels of HSPA1 and HSPA2 proteins in a highly differentiated way. Thus, our study can help designing experimental models suitable for cell- and tissue-type-specific functional differences between HSPA2 and HSPA1 proteins in human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Scieglinska
- Center For Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, Gliwice, Poland.
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20
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Rantanen T, Honkanen T, Paavonen T, Rantanen L, Oksala N. Altered expression of HSP27 and HSP70 in distal oesophageal mucosa in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease subjected to fundoplication. Eur J Surg Oncol 2010; 37:168-74. [PMID: 21095095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a risk factor for oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Although fundoplication cures reflux symptoms and oesophagitis, it remains controversial whether it is capable of preventing the development of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Hsp27 and Hsp70 are associated with the development of cancer, whereas the effect of fundoplication on them is not known. METHODS The expression of Hsp27 and Hsp70 was assessed semiquantitatively from biopsies of oesophageal mucosa for a prospective cohort of 19 patients with GERD treated with fundoplication and 7 controls without GERD. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with biopsies from the oesophagogastric junction (EGJ) and the distal and proximal oesophagus were performed preoperatively (19 patients) and after recovery from GERD at 6 (19 patients) and 48 months (16 patients) postoperatively. RESULTS The expressions of both Hsp27 (p = 0.001) and Hsp70 (p = 0.002) in the distal oesophagus were lower in patients preoperatively and at 48 months postoperatively (p < 0.001 for both) than in controls. The patients' Hsp27 and Hsp70 levels were lower preoperatively in the proximal oesophagus (p = 0.048 for both) than in controls. Both Hsp27 (p = 0.002) and Hsp70 (p = 0.003) were lower in the distal oesophagus preoperatively and at 48 months postoperatively (p = 0.003 for Hsp27, p = 0.004 for Hsp70) than in the proximal oesophagus. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that there may be some factor interfering with the mucosal defence system of the distal oesophagus in GERD that is uninfluenced by fundoplication and not associated with the acid-reflux-normalizing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rantanen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Alimentary Tract Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
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21
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Evaluation of cornulin, keratin 4, keratin 13 expression and grade of dysplasia for predicting malignant progression of oral leukoplakia. Oral Oncol 2009; 46:123-7. [PMID: 20036603 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oral leukoplakia is defined as a white patch in the oral cavity that cannot be diagnosed as any other known disorder. These lesions carry an increased risk of malignant progression, and approximately 2-3% per year do progress to cancer. At present biopsies are histopathologically graded for dysplasia to assess the risk of progression, but this grading is somewhat subjective and of limited use for the individual patient. In a previous study we discovered by a comprehensive proteomics approach that compared to normal mucosa, protein expression of cornulin, keratin 4 and keratin 13 is decreased in tumors and severe dysplasia, preneoplastic tissue with a high risk of malignant progression. Here, we studied whether loss of expression of these proteins can predict malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia. Biopsies of 12 progressing and 36 non-progressing leukoplakia lesions were analyzed for cornulin, keratin 4 and keratin 13 expression by immunohistochemistry, and graded for dysplasia. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that loss of expression of neither cornulin (p=0.075), keratin 4 (p=0.789) nor keratin 13 (p=0.732) was significantly associated with malignant transformation of leukoplakia lesions. However, decreased expression of these proteins was significantly associated with the presence of hyperkeratosis. Only dysplasia grading correlated significantly with malignant progression of leukoplakia (p=0.024). Despite the promising outlook that decreased cornulin, keratin 4 and keratin 13 expression in the oral mucosa is associated with a premalignant state, these markers do not predict malignant transformation of leukoplakia lesions. The most likely explanation is that the aberrant differentiation state of hyperkeratotic leukoplakia lesions already causes a decreased expression, obscuring the putative association with malignant transformation. Our results support the significance of dysplasia grading for the prediction of malignant transformation.
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Schaaij-Visser TBM, Graveland AP, Gauci S, Braakhuis BJM, Buijze M, Heck AJR, Kuik DJ, Bloemena E, Leemans CR, Slijper M, Brakenhoff RH. Differential Proteomics Identifies Protein Biomarkers That Predict Local Relapse of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:7666-7675. [PMID: 19996216 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-2134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE: The 5-year survival rates of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) remain disappointing. HNSCCs develop in precursor fields of genetically altered cells that are often not completely resected when the tumor is excised, causing local relapse. These precursor fields are mostly recognized as dysplasia, but histologic grading cannot reliably predict malignant transformation. Our aim was to discover and validate protein biomarkers that can detect precursor fields and predict local relapse in HNSCC using immunostaining of surgical margins. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We compared paired and genetically characterized normal, precursor, and tumor tissues of eight patients by proteome analysis to identify differentially expressed proteins. The prognostic value of candidate protein biomarkers was evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis of 222 surgical margins of 46 HNSCC patients who developed local relapse or remained disease free. Significant associations were determined by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox-proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Forty proteins showed significant differential expression (false discovery rate-corrected P < 0.05). Most discriminative markers suited for immunostaining were keratin 4 and cornulin. Low expression in the surgical margins of keratin 4 (hazard ratio, 3.8; P = 0.002), cornulin (hazard ratio, 2.7; P = 0.025), and their combination (hazard ratio, 8.8; P = 0.0005) showed a highly significant association with the development of local relapse. Dysplasia grading had no prognostic relevance. CONCLUSIONS: Immunohistochemical assessment of keratin 4 and cornulin expression in surgical margins of HNSCC patients outperforms histopathologic grading in predicting the risk for local relapse. These markers can be used to initiate more frequent and lifelong surveillance of patients at high risk of local relapse, and enable selection for adjuvant treatment or tertiary prevention trials. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(24):7666-75).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieneke B M Schaaij-Visser
- Authors' Affiliations: Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, and Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Departments of Otolaryngology/Head-Neck Surgery, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Pathology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Merkley MA, Weinberger PM, Jackson LL, Podolsky RH, Lee JR, Dynan WS. 2D-DIGE proteomic characterization of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 141:626-32. [PMID: 19861202 DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identify proteins that are differentially expressed between head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) and patient-matched normal adjacent tissue, and validate findings in a separate patient cohort. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study of surgical specimens. SETTING Tertiary care academic medical center. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Laser capture microdissection and two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis were used previously to establish proteomic profiles for tumor and normal adjacent tissue from 14 patients. Here, significance analysis of microarray was used to rank candidate biomarkers. Spots meeting statistical and biological criteria of significance were analyzed by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry to obtain protein identifications. The expression pattern of the highest-ranked candidate biomarker (cornulin) was validated in a larger, independent patient cohort (n = 68) by immunohistochemical staining of a tissue microarray. RESULTS Of 732 spots, 117 (15.9%) met criteria for significance. Identities were obtained for 39 spots, representing 17 different proteins. Four proteins were novel in the context of HNSCC: glutathione synthetase, which was upregulated; and cornulin (squamous epithelial heat shock protein 53), guanylate binding protein 6, and heat shock 70 kDa protein 5 (glucose-regulated protein, 78 kDa), which were downregulated. Cornulin functions in the stress response in normal squamous epithelium, and reduced expression has been proposed as a marker of susceptibility to laryngopharyngeal reflux and other stressors. Loss of cornulin expression was confirmed in an independent HNSCC patient cohort (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Downregulation of cornulin is a prominent feature of the molecular signature of HNSCC identified by comparative proteomics. Cornulin may represent a link between HNSCC and other pathologies arising in stratified squamous epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Merkley
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Zhang W, Chen X, Luo A, Lin D, Tan W, Liu Z. Genetic variants of C1orf10 and risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a Chinese population. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:1695-700. [PMID: 19558548 PMCID: PMC11159228 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome 1 open reading frame 10 (C1orf10) is either down-regulated or absent in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissues compared to its corresponding normal counterparts, and it is involved in heat shock and ethanol response and is expected to protect esophageal epithelium from damage. In the present study, we sequenced DNA samples from 32 individuals to search for genetic variants in the promoter region, coding region, and the untranslated region of C1orf10. Genotypes were analyzed in 991 patients and 984 controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by logistic regression. Luciferase assays were carried out to find the functional SNPs. Six strongly linked single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning a region of 7 kb, -1747G/T, -1139G/C, -1079G/A, -900G/T, Gly480Ser, and 4666G/A were identified (D'= 1, r(2 )= 1). Only one SNP -1139G/C was selected to analyze the association between C1orf10 genotypes and risk of ESCC. Subjects with the -1139CC genotype had a greater risk of developing ESCC compared with those with the -1139GG genotype (adjusted OR = 1.34; 95% CI, 1.02-1.76). There appears to be an interaction between the -1139G/C polymorphism and tobacco smoking that contributes to the risk for ESCC. However, we did not detect any obvious difference in reporter gene assay driven by each allele of C1orf10 promoter or 3' UTR. These data showed that C1orf10 haplotypes containing -1747G/T, -1139G/C, -1079G/A, -900G/T, Gly480Ser, and 4666G/A are significantly associated with susceptibility to ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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25
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Liedén A, Ekelund E, Kuo IC, Kockum I, Huang CH, Mallbris L, Lee SP, Seng LK, Chin GY, Wahlgren CF, Palmer CNA, Björkstén B, Ståhle M, Nordenskjöld M, Bradley M, Chua KY, D'Amato M. Cornulin, a marker of late epidermal differentiation, is down-regulated in eczema. Allergy 2009; 64:304-11. [PMID: 19133922 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eczema is a common chronic inflammatory skin disorder which shows strong genetic predisposition. To identify new potential molecular determinants of the disease pathogenesis, we performed a gene expression study in an eczema mouse model. This analysis identified a marked down regulation of the cornulin gene (CRNN), a member of the epidermal differentiation complex, in the eczema-like skin. We then investigated CRNN as an eczema candidate gene and studied its polymorphism and the expression in the skin of eczema patients. METHODS An eczema-like phenotype was induced in mice by allergen (Der p2) patching. Gene expression analysis was performed with the subtractive suppression hybridization method and validated by real time PCR and the transmission disequilibrium test was used to test for genetic associations in 406 multiplex eczema families. RESULTS Der p 2 patched mice developed a localized eczema and a Th 2 skewed systemic response. Real time PCR analysis confirmed a down regulation of CRNN mRNA in eczema-like skin in the mouse model and in human eczema. The CRNN polymorphism rs941934 was significantly associated with atopic eczema in the genetic analysis (P = 0.006), though only as part of an extended haplotype including a known associated variant (2282del4) in the filaggrin gene. CONCLUSIONS CRNN mRNA expression is decreased in eczematous skin. Further studies are needed to verify whether the associated cornulin polymorphism contribute to the genetic susceptibility in eczema.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Liedén
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Johnston N, Dettmar PW, Bishwokarma B, Lively MO, Koufman JA. Activity/Stability of Human Pepsin: Implications for Reflux Attributed Laryngeal Disease. Laryngoscope 2009; 117:1036-9. [PMID: 17417109 DOI: 10.1097/mlg.0b013e31804154c3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Exposure of laryngeal epithelia to pepsin during extra-esophageal reflux causes depletion of laryngeal protective proteins, carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme III (CAIII), and squamous epithelial stress protein Sep70. The first objective of this study was to determine whether pepsin has to be enzymatically active to deplete these proteins. The second objective was to investigate the effect of pH on the activity and stability of human pepsin 3b under conditions that might be found in the human esophagus and larynx. STUDY DESIGN Prospective translational research study. METHODS An established porcine in vitro model was used to examine the effect of active/inactive pepsin on laryngeal CAIII and Sep70 protein levels. The activity and stability of pepsin was determined by kinetic assay, measuring the rate of hydrolysis of a synthetic pepsin-specific substrate after incubation at various pH values for increasing duration. RESULTS Active pepsin is required to deplete laryngeal CAIII and Sep70. Pepsin has maximum activity at pH 2.0 and is inactive at pH 6.5 or higher. Although pepsin is inactive at pH 6.5 and above, it remains stable until pH 8.0 and can be reactivated when the pH is reduced. Pepsin is stable for at least 24 hours at pH 7.0, 37 degrees C and retains 79% +/- 11% of its original activity after re-acidification at pH 3.0. CONCLUSIONS Detectable levels of pepsin remain in laryngeal epithelia after a reflux event. Pepsin bound there would be enzymatically inactive because the mean pH of the laryngopharynx is pH 6.8. Significantly, pepsin could remain in a form that would be reactivated by a subsequent decrease in pH, such as would occur during an acidic reflux event or possibly after uptake into intracellular compartments of lower pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Johnston
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA.
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Use of oesophageal stress response proteins as potential biomarkers in the screening for Barrett's oesophagus. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 20:961-5. [PMID: 18787461 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0b013e3282ffd9bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oesophageal adenocarcinoma is an increasingly common diagnosis and cause of death; risk factors include 'Barrett's epithelium' (BE). Endoscopic surveillance is most commonly used but is expensive. Other methods of surveillance have been suggested including nonendoscopic balloon cytology, but are handicapped by relying on cytological techniques; hence the need for a partner technology such as a biomarker. From earlier work we know the most commonly expressed oesophageal stress response proteins are SEP 53, SEP70 and anterior gradient-2 (AG-2). We set out to map the expression of these stress response proteins and explore their potential as prototype biomarkers of BE. METHODS Patients (n=192) presenting to the endoscopy unit of a large teaching hospital with symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease or a known BE were recruited, endoscopically examined and the biopsies obtained were examined for heat shock protein expression. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Normal controls and those with oesophagitis predominantly expressed SEP 53 (76.9/91.95%) and SEP 70 (79.48/89.65%). Although those with BE expressed AG-2; using this expression as a marker for BE, gives a sensitivity of 65.15% and specificity of 89.68% (positive predictive value of 76.78% and negative predictive value of 84.9%) and in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease a sensitivity of 65.15% and specificity of 90.80% (positive predictive value of 84.31% and negative predictive value of 77.45%). We confirmed that AG-2 is preferentially expressed in BE; suggesting its use would allow a screening tool with specificity of around 90%.
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Nelson L, Anderson S, Archibald AL, Rhind S, Lu ZH, Condie A, McIntyre N, Thompson J, Nenutil R, Vojtesek B, Whitelaw CBA, Little TJ, Hupp T. An animal model to evaluate the function and regulation of the adaptively evolving stress protein SEP53 in oesophageal bile damage responses. Cell Stress Chaperones 2008; 13:375-85. [PMID: 18465210 PMCID: PMC2673944 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-008-0037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamous epithelium in mammals has evolved an atypical stress response involving down-regulation of the classic HSP70 protein and induction of sets of proteins including one named SEP53. This atypical stress response might be due to the unusual environmental pressures placed on squamous tissue. In fact, SEP53 plays a role as an anti-apoptotic factor in response to DNA damage induced by deoxycholic acid stresses implicated in oesophageal reflux disease. SEP53 also has a genetic signature characteristic of an adaptively and rapidly evolving gene, and this observation has been used to imply a role for SEP53 in immunity. Physiological models of squamous tissue are required to further define the regulation and function of SEP53. We examined whether porcine squamous epithelium would be a good model to study SEP53, since this animal suffers from a bile-reflux disease in squamous oesophageal tissue. We have (1) cloned and sequenced the porcine SEP53 locus from porcine bacterial artificial chromosome genomic DNA, (2) confirmed the strikingly divergent nature of the C-terminal portion of the SEP53 gene amongst mammals, (3) discovered that a function of the conserved N-terminal domain of the gene is to maintain cytoplasmic localisation, and (4) examined SEP53 expression in normal and diseased porcine pars oesophagea. SEP53 expression in porcine tissue was relatively confined to gastric squamous epithelium, consistent with its expression in normal human squamous epithelium. Immunohistochemical staining for SEP53 protein in normal and damaged pars oesophagea demonstrated significant stabilisation of SEP53 protein in the injured tissue. These results suggest that porcine squamous epithelium would be a robust physiological model to examine the evolution and function of the SEP53 stress pathway in modulating stress-induced responses in squamous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenny Nelson
- CRUK p53 Signal Transduction Group, University of Edinburgh, South Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR UK
| | - Susan Anderson
- Division of Genomics and Genetics, Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9PS UK
| | - Alan L. Archibald
- Division of Genomics and Genetics, Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9PS UK
| | - Susan Rhind
- Division of Animal Health and Welfare, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Zen H. Lu
- Division of Genomics and Genetics, Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9PS UK
| | - Alison Condie
- Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, South Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Neal McIntyre
- Division of Animal Health and Welfare, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Jill Thompson
- SAC Veterinary Services (Edinburgh), Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QE UK
| | | | | | - C. Bruce A. Whitelaw
- Division of Genomics and Genetics, Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9PS UK
| | - Tom J. Little
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, School of Biology, Kings Buildings, EH9 3JT Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ted Hupp
- CRUK p53 Signal Transduction Group, University of Edinburgh, South Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR UK
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Murray E, McKenna EO, Burch LR, Dillon J, Langridge-Smith P, Kolch W, Pitt A, Hupp TR. Microarray-Formatted Clinical Biomarker Assay Development Using Peptide Aptamers to Anterior Gradient-2. Biochemistry 2007; 46:13742-51. [DOI: 10.1021/bi7008739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Euan Murray
- CRUK p53 Signal Transduction Group, Cell Signalling Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Ninewells Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ekaterina O. McKenna
- CRUK p53 Signal Transduction Group, Cell Signalling Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Ninewells Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay R. Burch
- CRUK p53 Signal Transduction Group, Cell Signalling Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Ninewells Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - John Dillon
- CRUK p53 Signal Transduction Group, Cell Signalling Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Ninewells Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Pat Langridge-Smith
- CRUK p53 Signal Transduction Group, Cell Signalling Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Ninewells Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Walter Kolch
- CRUK p53 Signal Transduction Group, Cell Signalling Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Ninewells Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Pitt
- CRUK p53 Signal Transduction Group, Cell Signalling Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Ninewells Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ted R. Hupp
- CRUK p53 Signal Transduction Group, Cell Signalling Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Ninewells Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Little TJ, Nelson L, Hupp T. Adaptive evolution of a stress response protein. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1003. [PMID: 17925851 PMCID: PMC1994589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some cancers are mediated by an interplay between tissue damage, pathogens and localised innate immune responses, but the mechanisms that underlie these linkages are only beginning to be unravelled. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we identify a strong signature of adaptive evolution on the DNA sequence of the mammalian stress response gene SEP53, a member of the epidermal differentiation complex fused-gene family known for its role in suppressing cancers. The SEP53 gene appears to have been subject to adaptive evolution of a type that is commonly (though not exclusively) associated with coevolutionary arms races. A similar pattern of molecular evolution was not evident in the p53 cancer-suppressing gene. CONCLUSIONS Our data thus raises the possibility that SEP53 is a component of the mucosal/epithelial innate immune response engaged in an ongoing interaction with a pathogen. Although the pathogenic stress mediating adaptive evolution of SEP53 is not known, there are a number of well-known candidates, in particular viruses with established links to carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J Little
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Imai Y, Sakurai M, Horinouchi T, Lee YS, Yamada A. Epithelial cells and adipose cells both have their own temporal profile in 72-kd heat-shock protein expression determining their tolerance for ischaemia. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2006; 59:230-8. [PMID: 16676429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Seventy-two-kd heat-shock protein (HSP72) is one of the stress markers induced in cells under stress, such as in the case of ischaemia. Recent studies have suggested that HSP72 is a 'molecular chaperone' to protect cells from various kinds of stress, and that the temporal profile of HSP72 induction is related to ischaemic vulnerability. In this study, we attempted to analyse the temporal profiles of HSP72 induction in epithelial and adipose cells in skin flaps after various periods of transient ischaemia, and we investigated the reason why there were differences in ischaemic tolerance between these cells. We used the abdominal skin flap of Wister rats, which were divided into three groups: the sham control group (n=27), the 2-h ischaemia group (n=25), and the 8-h ischaemia group (n=25). At periods of 8, 24, 48, 96 h, and 7 days after reperfusion, we examined them for any histological changes and performed immunostaining for HSP72 (n=5, each time point). Two animals in the sham control group were sacrificed to harvest the samples immediately after the skin flaps were elevated. As a result, the epithelial cells in all groups revealed positive for HSP72 through the time course, regardless of the ischaemic stresses, and they were alive at 7 days. In the adipose cells, the cells in the sham control group revealed no immunoreactivity after the reperfusion, and they had no change at 7 days. In the 2-h ischaemia group, the adipose cells gradually increased the reactivity for HSP72; consequently they survived beyond 7 days. In the 8-h ischaemia group, the reactivity for HSP72 gradually decreased; consequently they played out a delayed cell death at 7 days. We concluded that these differences of HSP72 expression were related to the cellular vulnerability to ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimichi Imai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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Darragh J, Hunter M, Pohler E, Nelson L, Dillon JF, Nenutil R, Vojtesek B, Ross PE, Kernohan N, Hupp TR. The calcium-binding domain of the stress protein SEP53 is required for survival in response to deoxycholic acid-mediated injury. FEBS J 2006; 273:1930-47. [PMID: 16640557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Stress protein responses have evolved in part as a mechanism to protect cells from the toxic effects of environmental damaging agents. Oesophageal squamous epithelial cells have evolved an atypical stress response that results in the synthesis of a 53 kDa protein of undefined function named squamous epithelial-induced stress protein of 53 kDa (SEP53). Given the role of deoxycholic acid (DCA) as a potential damaging agent in squamous epithelium, we developed assays measuring the effects of DCA on SEP53-mediated responses to damage. To achieve this, we cloned the human SEP53 gene, developed a panel of monoclonal antibodies to the protein, and showed that SEP53 expression is predominantly confined to squamous epithelium. Clonogenic assays were used to show that SEP53 can function as a survival factor in mammalian cell lines, can attenuate DCA-induced apoptotic cell death, and can attenuate DCA-mediated increases in intracellular free calcium. Deletion of the highly conserved EF-hand calcium-binding domain in SEP53 neutralizes the colony survival activity of the protein, neutralizes the protective effects of SEP53 after DCA exposure, and permits calcium elevation in response to DCA challenge. These data indicate that the squamous cell-stress protein SEP53 can function as a modifier of the DCA-mediated calcium influx and identify a novel survival pathway whose study may shed light on mechanisms relating to squamous cell injury and associated cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Darragh
- Division of Pathology and Neurosciences, University of Dundee, UK
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Johnston N, Dettmar PW, Lively MO, Postma GN, Belafsky PC, Birchall M, Koufman JA. Effect of pepsin on laryngeal stress protein (Sep70, Sep53, and Hsp70) response: role in laryngopharyngeal reflux disease. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2006; 115:47-58. [PMID: 16466100 DOI: 10.1177/000348940611500108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to define the conditions that give rise to a stress protein response in laryngeal epithelium and to investigate whether and how stress protein dysfunction contributes to reflux-related laryngeal disease. METHODS Western analysis was used to measure stress protein (squamous epithelial proteins Sep70 and Sep53 and heat shock protein Hsp70) and pepsin levels in esophageal and laryngeal tissue specimens taken from both normal control subjects and patients with pH-documented laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) who had documented lesions, some of whom had laryngeal cancer. A porcine organ culture model was used to examine the effects of low pH and pepsin (0.1% porcine pepsin A) on stress protein levels. A laryngeal squamous carcinoma (FaDu) cell line was used to examine uptake of human pepsin 3b-tetramethyl-5 and -6 isothiocyanate. RESULTS Sep70, Sep53, and Hsp70 were found to be expressed at high levels, and pepsin was not detected, in esophageal and laryngeal specimens taken from normal control subjects and in esophageal specimens taken from LPR patients. The patients with LPR were found to have significantly less laryngeal Sep70 (p = .027) and marginally less laryngeal Sep53 (p = .056) than the normal control subjects. Laryngeal Hsp70 was expressed at high levels in the LPR patients. The patients with laryngeal cancer had significantly lower levels of Sep70, Sep53 (p < .01), and Hsp70 (p < .05) than the normal control subjects. A significant association was found between the presence of pepsin in laryngeal epithelium from LPR patients and depletion of laryngeal Sep70 (p < .001). Using the organ culture model, we demonstrated that laryngeal Sep70 and Sep53 proteins are induced after exposure to low pH. However, in the presence of pepsin, Sep70 and Sep53 levels are depleted. Confocal microscopy analysis of cultured cells exposed to labeled pepsin revealed that uptake is by receptor-mediated endocytosis. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that receptor-mediated uptake of pepsin by laryngeal epithelial cells, as may occur in LPR, causes a change in the normal acid-mediated stress protein response. This altered stress protein response may lead to cellular injury and thus play a role in the development of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Johnston
- Center for Voice and Swallowing Disorders, Dept of Otolaryngology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1034, USA
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Imai FL, Uzawa K, Nimura Y, Moriya T, Imai MA, Shiiba M, Bukawa H, Yokoe H, Tanzawa H. Chromosome 1 open reading frame 10 (C1orf10) gene is frequently down-regulated and inhibits cell proliferation in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 37:1641-55. [PMID: 15896671 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2005.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Revised: 02/04/2005] [Accepted: 02/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 1 open reading frame 10 (C1orf10) is a recently identified gene encoding a protein with an S100 EF-hand calcium-binding motif, and its expression is known to be down-regulated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. In this study, to determine whether the loss of C1orf10 gene function could contribute to the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), we have evaluated the expression status of this gene by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis and quantitative real-time PCR analysis. A high frequency of decrease in C1orf10 gene was detected not only in OSCC-derived cell lines but also in tumor tissues. Next, to define biological function of this gene in oral carcinogenesis, we transfected Clorf10 with an Ecdysone-inducible system in OSCC cell lines and analyzed the effects of its overexpression. Induction of C1orf10 expression resulted in a significant decline in the rate of cell proliferation, and in an arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, with a down-regulation of Cyclin D1 expression. However, we could not detect significant difference in the percentage of apoptotic cells. Thus, our results suggest that the down-regulation of C1orf10 gene plays a role in oral carcinogenesis, and that its expression may negatively regulate OSCC cell proliferation by arresting the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana L Imai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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Pohler E, Craig AL, Cotton J, Lawrie L, Dillon JF, Ross P, Kernohan N, Hupp TR. The Barrett's antigen anterior gradient-2 silences the p53 transcriptional response to DNA damage. Mol Cell Proteomics 2004; 3:534-47. [PMID: 14967811 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m300089-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The esophageal epithelium is subject to damage from bile acid reflux that promotes normal tissue injury resulting in the development of Barrett's epithelium. There is a selection pressure for mutating p53 in this preneoplastic epithelium, thus identifying a physiologically relevant model for discovering novel regulators of the p53 pathway. Proteomic technologies were used to identify such p53 regulatory factors by identifying proteins that were overexpressed in Barrett's epithelium. A very abundant polypeptide selectively expressed in Barrett's epithelium was identified as anterior gradient-2. Immunochemical methods confirmed that anterior gradient-2 is universally up-regulated in Barrett's epithelium, relative to normal squamous tissue derived from the same patient. Transfection of the anterior gradient-2 gene into cells enhances colony formation, similar to mutant oncogenic p53 encoded by the HIS175 allele, suggesting that anterior gradient-2 can function as a survival factor. Deletion of the C-terminal 10 amino acids of anterior gradient-2 neutralizes the colony enhancing activity of the gene, suggesting a key role for this domain in enhancing cell survival. Constitutive overexpression of anterior gradient-2 does not alter cell-cycle parameters in unstressed cells, suggesting that this gene is not directly modifying the cell cycle. However, cells overexpressing anterior gradient-2 attenuate p53 phosphorylation at both Ser(15) and Ser(392) and silence p53 transactivation function in ultraviolet (UV)-damaged cells. Deletion of the C-terminal 10 amino acids of anterior gradient-2 permits phosphorylation at Ser(15) in UV-damaged cells, suggesting that the C-terminal motif promoting colony survival also contributes to suppression of the Ser(15) kinase pathway. These data identify anterior gradient-2 as a novel survival factor whose study may shed light on cellular pathways that attenuate the tumor suppressor p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Pohler
- Cancer Research UK Laboratories, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
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