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Lin C, Lane KJ, Chomitz VR, Griffiths JK, Brugge D. The Exposure Peaks of Traffic-Related Ultrafine Particles Associated with Inflammatory Biomarkers and Blood Lipid Profiles. TOXICS 2024; 12:147. [PMID: 38393242 PMCID: PMC10893127 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
In this article, we explored the effects of ultrafine particle (UFP) peak exposure on inflammatory biomarkers and blood lipids using two novel metrics-the intensity of peaks and the frequency of peaks. We used data previously collected by the Community Assessment of Freeway Exposure and Health project from participants in the Greater Boston Area. The UFP exposure data were time-activity-adjusted hourly average concentration, estimated using land use regression models based on mobile-monitored ambient concentrations. The outcome data included C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor 2 (TNF-RII), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides and total cholesterol. For each health indicator, multivariate regression models were used to assess their associations with UFP peaks (N = 364-411). After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, smoking status and education level, an increase in UFP peak exposure was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with an increase in TNF-RII and a decrease in HDL and triglycerides. Increases in UFP peaks were also significantly associated with increased IL-6 and decreased total cholesterol, while the same associations were not significant when annual average exposure was used. Our work suggests that analysis using peak exposure metrics could reveal more details about the effect of environmental exposures than the annual average metric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Lin
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (C.L.); (V.R.C.); (J.K.G.)
| | - Kevin J. Lane
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Virginia R. Chomitz
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (C.L.); (V.R.C.); (J.K.G.)
| | - Jeffrey K. Griffiths
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (C.L.); (V.R.C.); (J.K.G.)
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University School of Engineering, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Doug Brugge
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Zhao T, Markevych I, Fuertes E, de Hoogh K, Accordini S, Boudier A, Casas L, Forsberg B, Garcia Aymerich J, Gnesi M, Holm M, Janson C, Jarvis D, Johannessen A, Jörres RA, Karrasch S, Leynaert B, Maldonado Perez JA, Malinovschi A, Martínez-Moratalla J, Modig L, Nowak D, Potts J, Probst-Hensch N, Sánchez-Ramos JL, Siroux V, Urrutia Landa I, Vienneau D, Villani S, Jacquemin B, Heinrich J. Impact of long-term exposure to ambient ozone on lung function over a course of 20 years (The ECRHS study): a prospective cohort study in adults. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. EUROPE 2023; 34:100729. [PMID: 37691742 PMCID: PMC10482740 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Background While the adverse effects of short-term ambient ozone exposure on lung function are well-documented, the impact of long-term exposure remains poorly understood, especially in adults. Methods We aimed to investigate the association between long-term ozone exposure and lung function decline. The 3014 participants were drawn from 17 centers across eight countries, all of which were from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS). Spirometry was conducted to measure pre-bronchodilation forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) at approximately 35, 44, and 55 years of age. We assigned annual mean values of daily maximum running 8-h average ozone concentrations to individual residential addresses. Adjustments were made for PM2.5, NO2, and greenness. To capture the ozone-related change in spirometric parameters, our linear mixed effects regression models included an interaction term between long-term ozone exposure and age. Findings Mean ambient ozone concentrations were approximately 65 μg/m³. A one interquartile range increase of 7 μg/m³ in ozone was associated with a faster decline in FEV1 of -2.08 mL/year (95% confidence interval: -2.79, -1.36) and in FVC of -2.86 mL/year (-3.73, -1.99) mL/year over the study period. Associations were robust after adjusting for PM2.5, NO2, and greenness. The associations were more pronounced in residents of northern Europe and individuals who were older at baseline. No consistent associations were detected with the FEV1/FVC ratio. Interpretation Long-term exposure to elevated ambient ozone concentrations was associated with a faster decline of spirometric lung function among middle-aged European adults over a 20-year period. Funding German Research Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhao
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Iana Markevych
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- “Health and Quality of Life in a Green and Sustainable Environment”, SRIPD, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Elaine Fuertes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Environment & Health, London, UK
| | - Kees de Hoogh
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simone Accordini
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anne Boudier
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to the Development and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
- Pediatric Department, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Lidia Casas
- Social Epidemiology and Health Policy, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute for Environment and Sustainable Development (IMDO), University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bertil Forsberg
- Section of Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Judith Garcia Aymerich
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Gnesi
- Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mathias Holm
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christer Janson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Deborah Jarvis
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Environment & Health, London, UK
| | - Ane Johannessen
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rudolf A. Jörres
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Karrasch
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Benedicte Leynaert
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, University Paris-Sud, Inserm, Center for Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP) - Integrative Respiratory Epidemiology Team, 94807, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Andrei Malinovschi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Lars Modig
- Section of Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Dennis Nowak
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - James Potts
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Probst-Hensch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Valerie Siroux
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to the Development and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Danielle Vienneau
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simona Villani
- Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Bénédicte Jacquemin
- University Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en Santé, Environnement et travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Smirnova N, Shaver AC, Mehta AJ, Philipsborn R, Scovronick N. Climate Change, Air Quality, and Pulmonary Health Disparities. Clin Chest Med 2023; 44:489-499. [PMID: 37517829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Climate change will alter environmental risks that influence pulmonary health, including heat, air pollution, and pollen. These exposures disproportionately burden populations already at risk of ill health, including those at vulnerable life stages, with low socioeconomic status, and systematically targeted by oppressive policies. Climate change can exacerbate existing environmental injustices by affecting future exposure, as well as through differentials in the ability to adapt; this is compounded by disparities in rates of underlying disease and access to health care. Climate change is therefore a dire threat not only to individual and population health but also to health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Smirnova
- Division of Pulmonary, Department of Medicine, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 100 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Adam C Shaver
- Division of Pulmonary, Department of Medicine, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 100 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ashish J Mehta
- Division of Pulmonary, Department of Medicine, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 100 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca Philipsborn
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 49 Jesse Hill Jr Dr Southeast, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Noah Scovronick
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Rosser F, Balmes J. Ozone and childhood respiratory health: A primer for US pediatric providers and a call for a more protective standard. Pediatr Pulmonol 2023; 58:1355-1366. [PMID: 36815617 PMCID: PMC10121852 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.26368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Ground level ozone is a potent respiratory toxicant with decades of accumulated data demonstrating respiratory harms to children. Despite the ubiquity of ozone in the United States, impacting both urban and rural communities, the associated harms of exposure to this important air pollutant are often infrequently or inadequately covered during medical training including pulmonary specialization. Thus, many providers caring for children's respiratory health may have limited knowledge of the harms which may result in reduced discussion of ozone pollution during clinical encounters. Further, the current US air quality standard for ozone does not adequately protect children. In this nonsystematic review, we present basic background information for healthcare providers caring for children's respiratory health, review the US process for setting air quality standards, discuss the respiratory harms of ozone for healthy children and those with underlying respiratory disease, highlight the urgent need for a more protective ozone standard to adequately protect children's respiratory health, review impacts of climate change on ozone levels, and provide information for discussion in clinical encounters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Rosser
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - John Balmes
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
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Würzner P, Jörres RA, Karrasch S, Quartucci C, Böse-O'Reilly S, Nowak D, Rakete S. Effect of experimental exposures to 3-D printer emissions on nasal allergen responses and lung diffusing capacity for inhaled carbon monoxide/nitric oxide in subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13174. [PMID: 36437663 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
3-D printers are widely used. Based on previous findings, we hypothesized that their emissions could enhance allergen responsiveness and reduce lung diffusing capacity. Using a cross-over design, 28 young subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis were exposed to 3-D printer emissions, either from polylactic acid (PLA) or from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer (ABS), for 2 h each. Ninety minutes later, nasal allergen challenges were performed, with secretions sampled after 1.5 h. Besides nasal functional and inflammatory responses, assessments included diffusing capacity. There was also an inclusion day without exposure. The exposures elicited slight reductions in lung diffusing capacity for inhaled nitric oxide (DLNO ) that were similar for PLA and ABS. Rhinomanometry showed the same allergen responses after both exposures. In nasal secretions, concentrations of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor were slightly reduced after ABS exposure versus inclusion day, while that of interleukin 5 was slightly increased after PLA exposure versus inclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Würzner
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rudolf A Jörres
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Karrasch
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Caroline Quartucci
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Institute for Occupational Health and Product Safety, Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Böse-O'Reilly
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Public Health, Health Services Research and Health Technology Assessment, Institute of Public Health, Medical Decision Making and Health Technology Assessment, UMIT - University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | - Dennis Nowak
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Rakete
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Arjomandi M, Wong H, Tenney R, Holland N, Balmes JR. Effect of ozone on allergic airway inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. GLOBAL 2022; 1:273-281. [PMID: 36643820 PMCID: PMC9838882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacig.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Exposure to ozone (O3) is associated with increased risk of exacerbations of asthma, but the underlying mechanisms are not well studied. Objective We sought to determine whether O3 exposure would enhance airway inflammatory responses to allergen and the GSTM1-null genotype would modulate this enhancement. Methods In a crossover design, 10 asthmatic participants (5 with GSTM1-null genotype) who had specific sensitization to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (DP) were exposed to 160 ppb O3 or filtered air (FA) control for 4 hours on 2 separate days at least 3 weeks apart. At 20 hours after exposure, endobronchial challenge with DP allergen, and sham normal saline (NS) instillation, were performed in separate bronchi. Six hours later, a second bronchoscopy was performed to collect bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from the DP- and NS-challenged segments for analyses of inflammatory biomarkers. Linear regression compared cell and cytokine responses across the 4 exposure groups (FA-NS, O3-NS, FA-DP, O3-DP). Effect modification by GSTM1 genotype was assessed in stratified regressions. Results BAL eosinophil counts were increased in segments challenged with DP compared to sham-challenged segments (P < .01). DP challenge compared to sham also caused a significant increase in BAL concentrations of the TH2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 (P < .03 for all comparisons). O3 exposure did not significantly affect BAL cells or cytokine after DP challenge. Compared to GSTM1-present participants, GSTM1-null participants had significantly lower eosinophil (P < .041) and IL-4 (P < .014) responses to DP challenge after O3 exposure. Conclusions While O3 did not cause a clear differential effect on airway inflammatory responses to allergen challenge, those responses did appear to be modulated by the antioxidant enzyme, GSTM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Arjomandi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco;,Medical Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco
| | - Hofer Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Rachel Tenney
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco;,Medical Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco
| | - Nina Holland
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
| | - John R. Balmes
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco;,Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
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Lin C, Lane KJ, Griffiths JK, Brugge D. A new exposure metric for the cumulative effect of short-term exposure peaks of traffic-related ultrafine particles. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 32:615-628. [PMID: 34667309 PMCID: PMC9016093 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The adverse health outcomes of traffic-related ultrafine particles (UFPs) disproportionally impact near-highway neighborhoods. Current studies focus on either short-term health outcomes associated with short-term UFP exposures averaged over days or weeks, or long-term outcomes associated with long-term (yearly or longer) average UFP exposures. We hypothesized that frequent and repeated exposure to short-term UFP peaks that last for just hours could overwhelm or alter physiological defensive responses, resulting in long-term health issues. Herein, we propose a new exposure metric for measuring the cumulative effect of these peak exposures. METHOD We used UFP exposure data estimated by the Community Assessment of Freeway Exposure and Health (CAFEH) project, which recruited 704 participants from three pairs of near-highway/urban background neighborhoods in the Greater Boston Area between 2009 and 2012. CAFEH developed land use regression (LUR) models to estimate hourly averages of ambient UFP levels within the study areas based on mobile-monitored UFP data, and applied time-activity adjustment (TAA) to calculate adjusted final hourly estimates. Our alternative metric assigns cumulative peak exposure, which is determined as either the intensity (a high percentile of an individual's adjusted hourly UFP estimates) or the frequency (the number of hours with adjusted UFP estimates greater than a high percentile of all adjusted hourly UFP estimates of all participants in the study area) of UFP peaks. RESULTS After TAA was applied, for most of the time, our cumulative peak exposure metrics were not strongly correlated with the annual average. However, the level of correlation varied greatly from neighborhood to neighborhood (Spearman's R ranges from 0.39 to 0.97). CONCLUSION There was variation in UFP peak exposure that was not explained by the annual average, suggesting that our proposed peak metric distinct from annual average exposure metric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Lin
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin J Lane
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Griffiths
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Doug Brugge
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA.
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Outdoor Particulate Matter Correlation Analysis and Prediction Based Deep Learning in the Korea. ELECTRONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics9071146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) has become a problem worldwide, with many deleterious health effects such as worsened asthma, affected lungs, and various toxin-induced cancers. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) under the World Health Organization (WHO) has designated PM as a group 1 carcinogen. Although Korea Environment Corporation forecasts the status of outdoor PM four times a day, whichever is higher among PM10 and PM2.5. Korea Environment Corporation forecasts for the stages of PM. It remains difficult to predict the value of PM when going out. We correlate air quality and solar terms, address format, and weather data, and PM in the Korea. We analyzed the correlation between address format, air quality data, and weather data, and PM. We evaluated performance according to the sequence length and batch size and found the best outcome with a sequence length of 7 days, and a batch size of 96. We performed PM prediction using the Long Short-Term Recurrent Unit (LSTM), the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and the Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) models. The CNN model suffered the limitation of only predicting from the training data, not from the test data. The LSTM and GRU models generated similar prediction results. We confirmed that the LSTM model has higher accuracy than the other two models.
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International expert consensus on the management of allergic rhinitis (AR) aggravated by air pollutants: Impact of air pollution on patients with AR: Current knowledge and future strategies. World Allergy Organ J 2020; 13:100106. [PMID: 32256939 PMCID: PMC7132263 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis affects the quality of life of millions of people worldwide. Air pollution not only causes morbidity, but nearly 3 million people per year die from unhealthy indoor air exposure. Furthermore, allergic rhinitis and air pollution interact. This report summarizes the discussion of an International Expert Consensus on the management of allergic rhinitis aggravated by air pollution. The report begins with a review of indoor and outdoor air pollutants followed by epidemiologic evidence showing the impact of air pollution and climate change on the upper airway and allergic rhinitis. Mechanisms, particularly oxidative stress, potentially explaining the interactions between air pollution and allergic rhinitis are discussed. Treatment for the management of allergic rhinitis aggravated by air pollution primarily involves treating allergic rhinitis by guidelines and reducing exposure to pollutants. Fexofenadine a non-sedating oral antihistamine improves AR symptoms aggravated by air pollution. However, more efficacy studies on other pharmacological therapy of coexisting AR and air pollution are currently lacking.
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Key Words
- AER, Allergic eosinophilic rhinitis
- AP, Activator protein
- AR, Allergic rhinitis
- ARE, Antioxidant response element
- Air pollutants
- Air pollution
- Allergic rhinitis
- Antioxidant enzymes
- CFS, Chronic fatigue syndrome
- CO, Carbon monoxide
- COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Climate change
- DAMP, Damage-associated molecular patterns
- DEP, Diesel exhaust particles
- ECAT, Elemental carbon attributable to traffic
- ECP, Eosinophil cationic protein
- GSH-Px, Glutathione peroxidase
- HDM, House dust mites
- HEPA, High efficiency particulate air
- HO, Hemeoxygenase
- HVAC, Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
- IAP, Indoor air pollution
- IAQ, Indoor air quality
- INS, Intranasal steroids
- Indoor air quality
- LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase
- MCP, Monocyte chemotactic protein
- MSQPCR, Mold specific quantitative PCR
- NAR, Non allergic rhinitis
- NF-κβ, Nuclear factor kappa β
- NO2, Nitrogen dioxide
- NOx, Nitric oxides
- Nrf2, Nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor
- O3, Ozone
- OAP, Outdoor air pollution
- Occupational rhinitis
- Oxidative stress
- PAMP, Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PM, Particulate matter
- PON, Paraoxonase
- RNS, Reactive nitrosative species
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- SO2, Sulphur dioxide
- SOD, Superoxide dismutase
- TLR, Toll like receptor
- TNF, Tumor necrosis factor
- TOS, Total oxidative status
- TRAP, Traffic related air pollutants
- UFP, Ultra-fine particles
- VOCs, Volatile organic compound
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Park HK. Air pollution and climate change: Effects on asthmatic patients. ALLERGY ASTHMA & RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2018. [DOI: 10.4168/aard.2018.6.2.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Kyung Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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11
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Characterization of Surface Ozone Behavior at Different Regimes. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7090944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Karrasch S, Simon M, Herbig B, Langner J, Seeger S, Kronseder A, Peters S, Dietrich-Gümperlein G, Schierl R, Nowak D, Jörres RA. Health effects of laser printer emissions: a controlled exposure study. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:753-765. [PMID: 28054389 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles emitted from laser printers are suspected to elicit adverse health effects. We performed 75-minute exposures to emissions of laser printing devices (LPDs) in a standardized, randomized, cross-over manner in 23 healthy subjects, 14 mild, stable asthmatics, and 15 persons reporting symptoms associated with LPD emissions. Low-level exposures (LLE) ranged at the particle background (3000 cm-3 ) and high-level exposures (HLE) at 100 000 cm-3 . Examinations before and after exposures included spirometry, body plethysmography, transfer factors for CO and NO (TLCO, TLNO), bronchial and alveolar NO, cytokines in serum and nasal secretions (IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, IFNγ, TNFα), serum ECP, and IgE. Across all participants, no statistically significant changes occurred for lung mechanics and NO. There was a decrease in volume-related TLNO that was more pronounced in HLE, but the difference to LLE was not significant. ECP and IgE increased in the same way after exposures. Nasal IL-6 showed a higher increase after LLE. There was no coherent pattern regarding the responses in the participant subgroups or single sets of variables. In conclusion, the experimental acute responses to short but very high-level LPD exposures were small and did not indicate clinically relevant effects compared to low particle number concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Karrasch
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - M Simon
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - B Herbig
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - J Langner
- Division Materials and Air Pollutants, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Seeger
- Division Materials and Air Pollutants, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Kronseder
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - S Peters
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - G Dietrich-Gümperlein
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - R Schierl
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - D Nowak
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich/Neuherberg, Germany
| | - R A Jörres
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich/Neuherberg, Germany
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Abstract
Microorganisms and their by-products play a critical role in pulp and periradicular pathosis. Therefore, one of the main purposes of root canal treatment is disinfection of the entire system of the canal. This aim may be obtained using mechanical preparation, chemical irrigation, and temporary medication of the canal. For this purpose, various irrigation solutions have been advocated. Common root canal irrigants, such as sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, and a mixture of tetracycline, acid, and detergent have been extensively reviewed. The aim of this review was to address the less common newer root canal irrigation solutions, such as citric acid, maleic acid, electrochemically activated water, green tea, ozonated water, and SmearClear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahed Mohammadi
- Endodontic Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran; Iran's National Elites Foundation, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Hamid Jafarzadeh
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran, Phone: +985138829501, e-mail: ;
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Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) play a central role in tissue homoeostasis, sensing the local environment through numerous innate cell surface receptors. This enables them to respond rapidly to perceived tissue insults with a view to initiating a co-ordinated programme of inflammation and repair. However, when the tissue insult is chronic, the ongoing release of multiple pro-inflammatory mediators, proteases, cytokines and chemokines leads to tissue damage and remodelling. In asthma, there is strong evidence of ongoing MC activation, and their mediators and cell-cell signals are capable of regulating many facets of asthma pathophysiology. This article reviews the evidence behind this.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bradding
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - G Arthur
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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15
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Ogino H, Sakazaki F, Okuno T, Arakawa T, Ueno H. Oxidized dietary oils enhance immediate- and/or delayed-type allergic reactions in BALB/c mice. Allergol Int 2015; 64:66-72. [PMID: 25605529 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consumption of cooking oils may exacerbate some allergic diseases. In the present study, the effects of naturally oxidized olive oil on immediate- and/or delayed-type allergic reactions were investigated in BALB/c mice. METHODS Mouse models of 3 types of allergic reactions: contact hypersensitivity (CHS), active cutaneous anaphylaxis (ACA), and DNFB-induced hypersensitivity, were orally administered naturally oxidized olive oil that was obtained by keeping the oil at room temperature for more than 3 years. The effects of ultraviolet ray (UV)-irradiated olive oil and other dietary oils as well as their possible oxidation products on CHS were also investigated. RESULTS Naturally oxidized olive oil had a high peroxide value (POV) and exacerbated CHS, ACA, and DNFB-induced hypersensitivity in a POV-dependent manner. UV-irradiated olive oil, corn oil, sesame oil and triolein had high POVs, but almost the same acid value (AV) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) level as fresh oils. Fresh olive oil and the representative oxidation product with a high AV or TBARS level had no effect on CHS, whereas all UV-irradiated oils and naturally oxidized olive oil exacerbated it. CONCLUSIONS Oxidized dietary oils that have high POVs exacerbated immediate- and/or delayed-type allergic reactions regardless of the different oil constituents or oxidation processes.
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16
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Park JH, Mudunkotuwa IA, Kim JS, Stanam A, Thorne PS, Grassian VH, Peters TM. Physicochemical Characterization of Simulated Welding Fume from a Spark Discharge System. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2014; 47:768-776. [PMID: 25097299 PMCID: PMC4119574 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2014.925536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study introduces spark discharge system (SDS) as a way to simulate welding fumes. The SDS was developed using welding rods as electrodes with an optional coagulation chamber. The size, morphology, composition, and concentration of the fume produced and the concentration of ozone (O3) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) were characterized. The number median diameter (NMD) and total number concentration (TNC) of fresh fume particles were ranged 10-23 nm and 3.1×107-6×107 particles/cm3, respectively. For fresh fume particles, the total mass concentration (TMC) measured gravimetrically ranged 85-760 μg/m3. The size distribution was stable over a period of 12 h. The NMD and TNC of aged fume particles were ranged 81-154 nm and 1.5×106-2.7×106 particles/cm3, respectively. The composition of the aged fume particles was dominated by Fe and O with an estimated stoichiometry between that of Fe2O3 and Fe3O4. Concentrations of O3 and NOX were ranged 0.07-2.2 ppm and 1-20 ppm, respectively. These results indicate that the SDS is capable of producing stable fumes over a long-period that are similar to actual welding fumes. This system may be useful in toxicological studies and evaluation of instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hong Park
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Jong Sung Kim
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
| | - Aditya Stanam
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
| | - Peter S. Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
| | - Thomas M. Peters
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
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17
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What makes a difference in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: an 8 year retrospective analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87155. [PMID: 24498034 PMCID: PMC3907485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) was recently classified into EIB alone and EIB with asthma, based on the presence of concurrent asthma. Objective Differences between EIB alone and EIB with asthma have not been fully described. Methods We retrospectively reviewed who visited an allergy clinic for respiratory symptoms after exercise and underwent exercise bronchial provocation testing. More than a 15% decrease of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) from baseline to the end of a 6 min free-running challenge test was interpreted as positive EIB. Results EIB was observed in 66.9% of the study subjects (89/133). EIB-positive subjects showed higher positivity to methacholine provocation testing (61.4% vs. 18.9%, p<0.001) compared with EIB-negative subjects. In addition, sputum eosinophilia was more frequently observed in EIB-positive subjects than in EIB-negative subjects (56% vs. 23.5%, p = 0.037). The temperature and relative humidity on exercise test day were significantly related with the EIB-positive rate. Positive EIB status was correlated with both temperature (p = 0.001) and relative humidity (p = 0.038) in the methacholine-negative EIB group while such a correlation was not observed in the methacholine-positive EIB group. In the methacholine-positive EIB group the time to reach a 15% decrease in FEV1 during exercise was significantly shorter than that in the methacholine-negative EIB group (3.2±0.7 min vs. 8.6±1.6 min, p = 0.004). Conclusions EIB alone may be a distinct clinical entity from EIB with asthma. Conditions such as temperature and humidity should be considered when performing exercise tests, especially in subjects with EIB alone.
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18
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Abidin SZ, Ming HT. Effect of a commercial air ionizer on dust mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) in the laboratory. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012; 2:156-8. [PMID: 23569888 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(11)60212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 08/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the short and long term efficacy of a commercial air ionizer in killing Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (D. pteronyssinus) and Dermatophagoides farinae (D. farinae) mites. METHODS The effect of a commercial ionizer on D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae was evaluated in the laboratory, using a specially designed test. Mortality was assessed after 6, 16 and 24 hours for direct exposure and after 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 hours for exposure in simulated mattress. New batches of mites were used for each exposure time. RESULTS LT50 for direct exposure of ionizer was 10 hours for D. pteronyssinus and 18 hours for D. farinae. The LT50 for exposure in simulated mattress was 132 hours or 5.5 days for D. pteronyssinus and 72 hours or 3 days for D. farinae. LT95 for direct exposure of ionizer was 36 hours for D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae. Meanwhile, the LT95 for exposure in simulated mattress was 956 hours or 39.8 days for D. pteronyssinus and 403 hours or 16.8 days for D. farinae. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the increasing mite mortalities with increasing exposure time of a commercial ionizer and suggests that negative ions produced by an ionizer kill dust mites and can be used to reduce natural mite populations on exposed surfaces such as floors, clothes, curtains, etc. However, there is reduced efficacy on mites inside stuffed materials as in mattresses and furniture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhaili Zainal Abidin
- Acarology Unit, Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, 50588 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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19
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Peden DB. The role of oxidative stress and innate immunity in O(3) and endotoxin-induced human allergic airway disease. Immunol Rev 2011; 242:91-105. [PMID: 21682740 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O(3)) and endotoxin are common environmental contaminants that cause asthma exacerbation. These pollutants have similar phenotype response characteristics, including induction of neutrophilic inflammation, changes in airway macrophage immunophenotypes, and ability to enhance response to inhaled allergen. Evoked phenotyping studies of volunteers exposed to O(3) and endotoxin were used to identify the response characteristics of volunteers to these pollutants. New studies support the hypotheses that similar innate immune and oxidant processes modulate response to these agents. These include TLR4 and inflammasome-mediated signaling and cytokine production. Innate immune responses are also impacted by oxidative stress. It is likely that continued discovery of common molecular processes which modulate response to these pollutants will occur. Understanding the pathways that modulate response to pollutants will also allow for discovery of genetic and epigenetic factors that regulate response to these pollutants and determine risk of disease exacerbation. Additionally, defining the mechanisms of response will allow rational selection of interventions to examine. Interventions focused on inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 and inflammasome represent promising new approaches to preventing pollutant-induced asthma exacerbations. Such interventions include specific inhibitors of innate immunity and antioxidant therapies designed to counter the effects of pollutants on cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Peden
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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20
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Tank J, Biller H, Heusser K, Holz O, Diedrich A, Framke T, Koch A, Grosshennig A, Koch W, Krug N, Jordan J, Hohlfeld JM. Effect of acute ozone induced airway inflammation on human sympathetic nerve traffic: a randomized, placebo controlled, crossover study. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18737. [PMID: 21494635 PMCID: PMC3073001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ozone concentrations in ambient air are related to cardiopulmonary
perturbations in the aging population. Increased central sympathetic nerve
activity induced by local airway inflammation may be one possible
mechanism. Methodology/Principal Findings To elucidate this issue further, we performed a randomized, double-blind,
cross-over study, including 14 healthy subjects (3 females, age 22–47
years), who underwent a 3 h exposure with intermittent exercise to either
ozone (250 ppb) or clean air. Induced sputum was collected 3 h after
exposure. Nineteen to 22 hours after exposure, we recorded ECG, finger blood
pressure, brachial blood pressure, respiration, cardiac output, and muscle
sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) at rest, during deep breathing,
maximum-inspiratory breath hold, and a Valsalva maneuver. While the ozone
exposure induced the expected airway inflammation, as indicated by a
significant increase in sputum neutrophils, we did not detect a significant
estimated treatment effect adjusted for period on cardiovascular
measurements. Resting heart rate (clean air: 59±2, ozone 60±2
bpm), blood pressure (clean air: 121±3/71±2 mmHg; ozone:
121±2/71±2 mmHg), cardiac output (clean air: 7.42±0.29
mmHg; ozone: 7.98±0.60 l/min), and plasma norepinephrine levels
(clean air: 213±21 pg/ml; ozone: 202±16 pg/ml), were similar
on both study days. No difference of resting MSNA was observed between ozone
and air exposure (air: 23±2, ozone: 23±2 bursts/min). Maximum
MSNA obtained at the end of apnea (air: 44±4, ozone: 48±4
bursts/min) and during the phase II of the Valsalva maneuver (air:
64±5, ozone: 57±6 bursts/min) was similar. Conclusions/Significance Our study suggests that acute ozone-induced airway inflammation does not
increase resting sympathetic nerve traffic in healthy subjects, an
observation that is relevant for environmental health. However, we can not
exclude that chronic airway inflammation may contribute to sympathetic
activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Tank
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Jariwala SP, Kurada S, Moday H, Thanjan A, Bastone L, Khananashvili M, Fodeman J, Hudes G, Rosenstreich D. Association between tree pollen counts and asthma ED visits in a high-density urban center. J Asthma 2011; 48:442-8. [PMID: 21453203 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2011.567427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma exacerbation patterns are cyclic in nature and often correlate with air particle concentrations. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between asthma-related emergency department (ED) visits and outdoor air quality for pediatric and adult patients in a high asthma prevalence area, the New York City borough of the Bronx. METHODS Numbers of daily asthma-related adult and pediatric ED visits during one complete year (1999) were obtained from the seven major Bronx hospitals. Daily values of nitrogen oxides (NO(x)), ozone (O(3)), sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), and pollen counts were acquired. RESULTS Asthma-related ED visit numbers were highest in December-January and lowest in July. There were three distinct peaks of increased asthma ED visits: winter (December-January), spring (late April-May), and fall (October). The spring peak was the most striking and coincided with high tree pollen counts (tree pollen: r = 0.90, p = .03). We observed a positive correlation between asthma ED visits in the winter and SO(2) and NO(x) levels. Winter peaks of SO(2) and NO(x) in early December appeared to precede the winter asthma peak. CONCLUSIONS The spring asthma peak is closely associated with increased tree pollen counts, and the asthma increase at this time is likely due to allergic reactions to pollen. No significant associations could be established with the fall peak. The winter peak correlates with elevated SO(2) and NO(x) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunit P Jariwala
- Department of Medicine, Allergy/Immunology Division, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10463, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Soo Jang
- Devision of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
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Peden D, Reed CE. Environmental and occupational allergies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:S150-60. [PMID: 20176257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Airborne allergens are the major cause of allergic rhinitis and asthma. Daily exposure comes from indoor sources, chiefly at home but occasionally at schools or offices. Seasonal exposure to outdoor allergens, pollens, and molds is another important source. Exposure to unusual substances at work causes occupational asthma, accounting for about 5% of asthma in adults. Indoor and outdoor air pollutants trigger airway inflammation and increase the severity of asthma. Diesel exhaust particles increase the production of IgE antibodies. Identification and reduction of exposure to allergens is a very important part of the management of respiratory allergic diseases. The first section of this chapter discusses domestic allergens, arthropods (mites and cockroaches), molds, and mammals (pets and mice). Indoor humidity and water damage are important factors in the production of mite and mold allergens, and discarded human food items are important sources of proliferation of cockroaches and mice. Means of identifying and reducing exposure are presented. The second section discusses outdoor allergens: pollens and molds. The particular plants or molds and the amount of exposure to these allergens is determined by the local climate, and local pollen and mold counts are available to determine the time and amount of exposure. Climate change is already having an important effect on the distribution and amount of outdoor allergens. The third section discusses indoor and outdoor air pollution and methods that individuals can take to reduce indoor pollution in addition to eliminating cigarette smoking. The fourth section discusses the diagnosis and management of occupational asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Peden
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
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McClellan RO, Frampton MW, Koutrakis P, McDonnell WF, Moolgavkar S, North DW, Smith AE, Smith RL, Utell MJ. Critical considerations in evaluating scientific evidence of health effects of ambient ozone: a conference report. Inhal Toxicol 2010; 21 Suppl 2:1-36. [PMID: 19731972 DOI: 10.1080/08958370903176735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), under the authority of the Clean Air Act (CAA), is required to promulgate National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQSs) for criteria air pollutants, including ozone. Each NAAQS includes a primary health-based standard and a secondary or welfare-based standard. This paper considers only the science used for revision of the primary standard for ozone in 2008. This paper summarizes deliberations of a small group of scientists who met in June 2007 to review the scientific information informing the EPA Administrator's proposed revision of the 1997 standard. The Panel recognized that there is no scientific methodology that, in the absence of judgment, can define the precise numerical level, related averaging time, and statistical form of the NAAQS. The selection of these elements of the NAAQS involves policy judgments that should be informed by scientific information and analyses. Thus, the Panel members did not feel it appropriate to offer either their individual or collective judgment on the specific numerical level of the NAAQS for ozone. The Panel deliberations focused on the scientific data available on the health effects of exposure to ambient concentrations of ozone, controlled ozone exposure studies with human volunteers, long-term epidemiological studies, time- series epidemiological studies, human panel studies, and toxicological investigations. The deliberations also dealt with the issue of background levels of ozone of nonanthropogenic origin and issues involved with conducting formal risk assessments of the health impacts of current and prospective levels of ambient ozone. The scientific issues that were central to the EPA Administrator's 2008 revision of the NAAQS for ozone will undoubtedly also be critical to the next review of the ozone standard. That review should begin very soon if it is to be completed within the 5-year cycle specified in the CAA. It is hoped that this Report will stimulate discussion of these scientific issues, conduct of additional research, and conduct of new analyses that will provide an improved scientific basis for the policy judgment that will have to be made by a future EPA Administrator in considering potential revision of the ozone standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger O McClellan
- Toxicology and Human Health Risk Analysis, Albuquerque, NM 87111, USA.
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25
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Kovač-Andrić E, Brana J, Gvozdić V. Impact of meteorological factors on ozone concentrations modelled by time series analysis and multivariate statistical methods. ECOL INFORM 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Parker JD, Akinbami LJ, Woodruff TJ. Air pollution and childhood respiratory allergies in the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:140-7. [PMID: 19165401 PMCID: PMC2627858 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.11497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood respiratory allergies, which contribute to missed school days and other activity limitations, have increased in recent years, possibly due to environmental factors. OBJECTIVE In this study we examined whether air pollutants are associated with childhood respiratory allergies in the United States. METHODS For the approximately 70,000 children from the 1999-2005 National Health Interview Survey eligible for this study, we assigned between 40,000 and 60,000 ambient pollution monitoring data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, depending on the pollutant. We used monitors within 20 miles of the child's residential block group. We used logistic regression models, fit with methods for complex surveys, to examine the associations between the reporting of respiratory allergy or hay fever and annual average exposure to particulate matter < or = 2.5 microm in diameter (PM2.5), PM < or = 10 microm in diameter, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide and summer exposure to ozone, controlling for demographic and geographic factors. RESULTS Increased respiratory allergy/hay fever was associated with increased summer O3 levels [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) per 10 ppb = 1.20; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.15-1.26] and increased PM2.5 (AOR per 10 microg/m3 = 1.23; 95% CI, 1.10-1.38). These associations persisted after stratification by urban-rural status, inclusion of multiple pollutants, and definition of exposures by differing exposure radii. No associations between the other pollutants and the reporting respiratory allergy/hay fever were apparent. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence of adverse health for children living in areas with chronic exposure to higher levels of O3 and PM2.5 compared with children with lower exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Parker
- National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland 20782, USA.
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Shea KM, Truckner RT, Weber RW, Peden DB. Climate change and allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122:443-53; quiz 454-5. [PMID: 18774380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is potentially the largest global threat to human health ever encountered. The earth is warming, the warming is accelerating, and human actions are largely responsible. If current emissions and land use trends continue unchecked, the next generations will face more injury, disease, and death related to natural disasters and heat waves, higher rates of climate-related infections, and wide-spread malnutrition, as well as more allergic and air pollution-related morbidity and mortality. This review highlights links between global climate change and anticipated increases in prevalence and severity of asthma and related allergic disease mediated through worsening ambient air pollution and altered local and regional pollen production. The pattern of change will vary regionally depending on latitude, altitude, rainfall and storms, land-use patterns, urbanization, transportation, and energy production. The magnitude of climate change and related increases in allergic disease will be affected by how aggressively greenhouse gas mitigation strategies are pursued, but at best an average warming of 1 to 2 degrees C is certain this century. Thus, anticipation of a higher allergic disease burden will affect clinical practice as well as public health planning. A number of practical primary and secondary prevention strategies are suggested at the end of the review to assist in meeting this unprecedented public health challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Shea
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-1105, USA.
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Kim DH, Kim YS, Park JS, Kwon HJ, Lee KY, Lee SR, Jee YK. The effects of on-site measured ozone concentration on pulmonary function and symptoms of asthmatics. J Korean Med Sci 2007; 22:30-6. [PMID: 17297248 PMCID: PMC2693565 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2007.22.1.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies on the effects of ambient ozone on asthmatics have been based on ozone concentration measurements taken by air monitors in downtown areas. Using a passive ozone sampler, we investigated the effects of on-site ozone concentrations on the pulmonary function and symptoms of asthmatics. Twenty moderate to severe asthmatics who had been managed for at least 2 months without changes of their medication were enrolled from 3 June to 18 July 2005. Respiratory, nasal and ocular symptoms, peak expiratory flow (PEF), which was measured twice a day, and medication use were recorded on a daily basis during the study period. Data for 17 subjects were analyzed. The average ozone exposure level was 28.2+/-23.6 ppb (3.4-315.3 ppb). There was no significant correlation between PEF and ozone concentration (p>0.05) on the same day or 1-, 2-, or 3-day lags. Interestingly, the degree of asthma symptoms was influenced by the ozone concentration (rho=0.303, p<0.001), even at concentrations less than 80 ppb (p=0.298, p<0.001), but the correlation between ozone exposure and the frequency of reliever medication use was not statistically significant (p=0.99). Our results suggest that exposure to relatively low concentrations of ozone influences the symptoms of moderate to severe asthmatics regardless of changes in pulmonary function or medication use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doh Hyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Youn Seup Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jae Seuk Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Ho Jang Kwon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Kye Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Young Koo Jee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
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Kajekar R, Pieczarka EM, Smiley-Jewell SM, Schelegle ES, Fanucchi MV, Plopper CG. Early postnatal exposure to allergen and ozone leads to hyperinnervation of the pulmonary epithelium. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2006; 155:55-63. [PMID: 16616710 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2006.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Revised: 03/01/2006] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Airway injury in infant monkeys exposed to ozone and/or house dust mite allergen (HDMA) is associated with a loss of epithelial innervation. In this study, we evaluated for persistence/recovery of the altered epithelial innervation. Thirty-day-old rhesus monkeys were exposed to repeated episodes of HDMA and/or ozone from 1 to 6 months of age and subsequently allowed to recover for 6 months in the absence of further ozone exposure and/or minimal HDMA challenge (sufficient to maintain allergen sensitization). At 1 year of age, nerve density in intrapulmonary airways was immunohistochemically evaluated using antibodies directed against protein gene product 9.5. Hyperinnervation and irregular epithelial nerve distribution was observed in both HDMA- and ozone-exposed groups; most prominent alterations were observed in animals exposed to HDMA plus ozone. Therefore, while adaptive mechanisms exist that re-establish epithelial innervation following cessation or diminution of exposure to HDMA and/or ozone, the recovery is associated with persistent proliferative mechanisms that result in hyperinnervation of the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Kajekar
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Arjomandi M, Schmidlin I, Girling P, Boylen K, Ferrando R, Balmes J. Sputum induction and bronchoscopy for assessment of ozone-induced airway inflammation in asthma. Chest 2005; 128:416-23. [PMID: 16002965 DOI: 10.1378/chest.128.1.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophilic airway inflammation, as defined by cell counts in respiratory tract lining fluid (RTLF), is a key end point in many studies of respiratory toxicity in both healthy and asthmatic subjects. BAL and sputum induction (SI) are the most common methods of sampling RTLF in such studies. However, the comparability of these methods (BAL and SI) after experimental treatment has not been investigated in a head-to-head controlled trial. METHODS To determine whether BAL and SI are comparable and can be used in place of each other in the assessment of neutrophilic airway inflammation after ozone (O(3)) exposure, we exposed 13 asthmatic subjects to either 0.2 ppm of O(3) or filtered air (FA) followed by either BAL or SI. Subjects then underwent the alternate (O(3) or FA) exposure followed by the same method of RTLF sampling. Next, subjects repeated the same exposure protocol with the alternate method of RTLF sampling. Differences in inflammatory indexes including the percentage of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (%PMNs) between the exposures were then correlated by regression analysis. RESULTS The %PMNs in sputum was poorly correlated with that in BAL fluid (R = 0.12). The correlation between the %PMNs in sputum and in the bronchial fraction of BAL (BFx) fluid, however, was somewhat higher (R = 0.50). Furthermore, the uncertainty of the estimate of %PMN values in BFx fluid and BAL fluid based on those of sputum values, using regression models, was almost as great as the magnitude of the O(3) effect itself (ie, 9.7% and 5.5% estimate errors for O(3) effects of 17.0% and 7.5%, respectively). CONCLUSION We concluded that SI and BAL indexes are not directly interchangeable in the assessment of O(3)-induced airway inflammation in asthmatic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Arjomandi
- Lung Biology Center, Northern California Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, and San Francisco General Hospital, University of California-San Francisco, Box 0843, San Francisco, CA 94143-0843, USA
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Tatum AJ, Shapiro GG. The effects of outdoor air pollution and tobacco smoke on asthma. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2005; 25:15-30. [PMID: 15579362 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2004.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Outdoor air pollution and environmental tobacco smoke adversely affect health in persons with asthma. Increased levels of ozone, particulate matter, and environmental tobacco smoke have been associated with increased asthma symptoms and health care use and with reduced lung function. These air contaminants have proinflammatory actions that can magnify existing lower airway inflammation in patients with asthma. Exposure to air contaminants can increase the risk of developing asthma in susceptible persons. Outdoor air pollution and environmental tobacco smoke may affect allergen-induced inflammation by initiating TH(2) responses to antigens or by exacerbating such inflammation in persons already sensitized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Jerath Tatum
- Northwest Asthma and Allergy Center, 4540 Sand Point Way NE, #200, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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Li RWK, Leung KWC, Sun FCS, Samaranayake LP. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the GDP. Part II: implications for GDPs. Br Dent J 2004; 197:130-4. [PMID: 15311240 PMCID: PMC7091810 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4811522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2003] [Accepted: 10/09/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The transmission modes of SARS-coronavirus appear to be through droplet spread, close contact and fomites although air borne transmission has not been ruled out. This clearly places dental personnel at risks as they work in close proximity to their patients employing droplet and aerosol generating procedures. Although the principle of universal precautions is widely advocated and followed throughout the dental community, additional precautionary measures - termed standard precaution may be necessary to help control the spread of this highly contagious disease. Patient assessment should include questions on recent travel to SARS infected areas and, contacts of patients, fever and symptoms of respiratory infections. Special management protocols and modified measures that regulate droplet and aerosol contamination in a dental setting have to be introduced and may include the reduction or avoidance of droplet/aerosol generation, the disinfection of the treatment field, application of rubber dam, pre-procedural antiseptic mouthrinse and the dilution and efficient removal of contaminated ambient air. The gag, cough or vomiting reflexes that lead to the generation of aerosols should also be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W K Li
- GDP, Room M15, Medical Floor, Hennessy Centre, 500 Hennessy Road, Causeway Bay, Hong Kong
| | - K W C Leung
- GDP, Shop 129, L1, Kwai Fong Shopping Centre, Kwai Fong Estate, Hong Kong
| | - F C S Sun
- GDP, Unit 1305, Golden Dragon Centre, 38-40 Cameron Road, Hong Kong
| | - L P Samaranayake
- Dean and Chair Professor of Oral Microbiology, Oral Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong
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Yang IA, Holz O, Jörres RA, Magnussen H, Barton SJ, Rodríguez S, Cakebread JA, Holloway JW, Holgate ST. Association of tumor necrosis factor-alpha polymorphisms and ozone-induced change in lung function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 171:171-6. [PMID: 15486341 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200402-194oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone is a major air pollutant with adverse health effects which exhibit marked inter-individual variability. In mice, regions of genetic linkage with ozone-induced lung injury include the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), lymphotoxin-alpha (LTA), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), superoxide dismutase (SOD2), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) genes. We genotyped polymorphisms in these genes in 51 individuals who had undergone ozone challenge. Mean change in FEV1 with ozone challenge, as a percentage of baseline, was -3% in TNF -308G/A or A/A individuals, compared with -9% in G/G individuals (p = 0.024). When considering TNF haplotypes, the smallest change in FEV1 with ozone exposure was associated with the TNF haplotype comprising LTA +252G/TNF -1031T/TNF -308A/TNF -238G. This association remained statistically significant after correction for age, sex, disease, and ozone concentration (p = 0.047). SOD2 or GPX1 genotypes were not associated with lung function, and the TLR4 polymorphism was too infrequent to analyze. The results of this study support TNF as a genetic factor for susceptibility to ozone-induced changes in lung function in humans, and has potential implications for stratifying health risks of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Yang
- Asthma Genetics Laboratory, Human Genetics Division, University of Southampton, United Kingdom.
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