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Alarcon NO, Jaramillo M, Mansour HM, Sun B. Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines—Antigen Discovery and Adjuvant Delivery Platforms. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071448. [PMID: 35890342 PMCID: PMC9325128 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, vaccines have played a significant role in protecting public and personal health against infectious diseases and proved their great potential in battling cancers as well. This review focused on the current progress of therapeutic subunit vaccines for cancer immunotherapy. Antigens and adjuvants are key components of vaccine formulations. We summarized several classes of tumor antigens and bioinformatic approaches of identification of tumor neoantigens. Pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-targeting adjuvants and their targeted delivery platforms have been extensively discussed. In addition, we emphasized the interplay between multiple adjuvants and their combined delivery for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neftali Ortega Alarcon
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (N.O.A.); (M.J.); (H.M.M.)
| | - Maddy Jaramillo
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (N.O.A.); (M.J.); (H.M.M.)
| | - Heidi M. Mansour
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (N.O.A.); (M.J.); (H.M.M.)
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Bo Sun
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (N.O.A.); (M.J.); (H.M.M.)
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-520-621-6420
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Zhang L, Zhou X, Sha H, Xie L, Liu B. Recent Progress on Therapeutic Vaccines for Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:905832. [PMID: 35734599 PMCID: PMC9207208 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.905832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains the most frequently diagnosed malignancy worldwide. Advanced breast cancer is still an incurable disease mainly because of its heterogeneity and limited immunogenicity. The great success of cancer immunotherapy is paving the way for a new era in cancer treatment, and therapeutic cancer vaccination is an area of interest. Vaccine targets include tumor-associated antigens and tumor-specific antigens. Immune responses differ in different vaccine delivery platforms. Next-generation sequencing technologies and computational analysis have recently made personalized vaccination possible. However, only a few cases benefiting from neoantigen-based treatment have been reported in breast cancer, and more attention has been given to overexpressed antigen-based treatment, especially human epidermal growth factor 2-derived peptide vaccines. Here, we discuss recent advancements in therapeutic vaccines for breast cancer and highlight near-term opportunities for moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianru Zhang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xipeng Zhou
- Department of oncology, Yizheng People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Huizi Sha
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Xie
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baorui Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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3
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Rezaei M, Danilova ND, Soltani M, Savvateeva LV, V Tarasov V, Ganjalikhani-Hakemi M, V Bazhinf A, A Zamyatnin A. Cancer Vaccine in Cold Tumors: Clinical Landscape, Challenges, and Opportunities. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2022; 22:437-453. [PMID: 35156572 DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666220214103533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The idea of cancer immunotherapy is to stimulate the immune system to fight tumors without destroying normal cells. One of the anticancer therapy methods, among many, is based on the use of cancer vaccines that contain tumor antigens in order to induce immune responses against tumors. However, clinical trials have shown that the use of such vaccines as a monotherapy is ineffective in many cases, since they do not cause a strong immune response. Particular tumors are resistant to immunotherapy due to the absence or insufficient infiltration of tumors with CD8+ T cells, and hence, they are called cold or non-inflamed tumors. Cold tumors are characterized by a lack of CD8+ T cell infiltration, the presence of anti-inflammatory myeloid cells, tumor-associated M2 macrophages, and regulatory T cells. It is very important to understand which stage of the antitumor response does not work properly in order to use the right strategy for the treatment of patients. Applying other therapeutic methods alongside cancer vaccines can be more rational for cold tumors which do not provoke the immune system strongly. Herein, we indicate some combinational therapies that have been used or are in progress for cold tumor treatment alongside vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Rezaei
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Mozhdeh Soltani
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Lyudmila V Savvateeva
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim V Tarasov
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mazdak Ganjalikhani-Hakemi
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alexandr V Bazhinf
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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Benvenuto M, Focaccetti C, Izzi V, Masuelli L, Modesti A, Bei R. Tumor antigens heterogeneity and immune response-targeting neoantigens in breast cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 72:65-75. [PMID: 31698088 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is both the most common type of cancer and the most frequent cause of cancer mortality in women, mainly because of its heterogeneity and limited immunogenicity. The aim of specific active cancer immunotherapy is to stimulate the host's immune response against cancer cells directly using a vaccine platform carrying one or more tumor antigens. In particular, the ideal tumor antigen should be able to elicit T cell and B cell responses, be specific for the tumor and be expressed at high levels on cancer cells. Neoantigens are ideal targets for immunotherapy because they are exclusive to individual patient's tumors, are absent in healthy tissues and are not subject to immune tolerance mechanisms. Thus, neoantigens should generate a specific reaction towards tumors since they constitute the largest fraction of targets of tumor-infiltrating T cells. In this review, we describe the technologies used for neoantigen discovery, the heterogeneity of neoantigens in breast cancer and recent studies of breast cancer immunotherapy targeting neoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Benvenuto
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy; Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, via di Sant'Alessandro 8, 00131, Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Focaccetti
- Department of Human Science and Promotion of the Quality of Life, University San Raffaele Rome, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166, Rome, Italy.
| | - Valerio Izzi
- Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7C, FI-90230, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Laura Masuelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza", Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Modesti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Roberto Bei
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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Zhang J, Wang L. The Emerging World of TCR-T Cell Trials Against Cancer: A Systematic Review. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2019; 18:1533033819831068. [PMID: 30798772 PMCID: PMC6391541 DOI: 10.1177/1533033819831068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell receptor-engineered T-cell therapy and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy are 2 types of adoptive T-cell therapy that genetically modify natural T cells to treat cancers. Although chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy has yielded remarkable efficacy for hematological malignancies of the B-cell lineages, most solid tumors fail to respond significantly to chimeric antigen receptor T cells. T-cell receptor-engineered T-cell therapy, on the other hand, has shown unprecedented promise in treating solid tumors and has attracted growing interest. In order to create an unbiased, comprehensive, and scientific report for this fast-moving field, we carefully analyzed all 84 clinical trials using T-cell receptor-engineered T-cell therapy and downloaded from ClinicalTrials.gov updated by June 11, 2018. Informative features and trends were observed in these clinical trials. The number of trials initiated each year is increasing as expected, but an interesting pattern is observed. NY-ESO-1, as the most targeted antigen type, is the target of 31 clinical trials; melanoma is the most targeted cancer type and is the target of 33 clinical trials. Novel antigens and underrepresented cancers remain to be targeted in future studies and clinical trials. Unlike chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, only about 16% of the 84 clinical trials target against hematological malignancies, consistent with T-cell receptor-engineered T-cell therapy's high potential for solid tumors. Six pharma/biotech companies with novel T-cell receptor-engineered T-cell ideas and products were examined in this review. Multiple approaches have been utilized in these companies to increase the T-cell receptor's affinity and efficiency and to minimize cross-reactivity. The major challenges in the development of the T-cell receptor-engineered T-cell therapy due to tumor microenvironment were also discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang Zhang
- The High School Affiliated to Renmin University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingyu Wang
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Abdallah AO, Coleman H, Kamel M, Davis R, Landrum T, Spencer H, Mackintosh S, Mahmoud FA, Milojkovic N, Wicker C, Arnaoutakis K, Nakagawa M. A novel prostate cancer immunotherapy using prostate-specific antigen peptides and Candida skin test reagent as an adjuvant. SAGE Open Med 2018; 6:2050312118800202. [PMID: 30245818 PMCID: PMC6144584 DOI: 10.1177/2050312118800202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our group developed the use of the Candida skin test reagent as an adjuvant of cell-mediated immunity in designing a human papillomavirus therapeutic vaccine. Here, this technology is being applied for designing a prostate cancer immunotherapy. METHODS Peptides based on the prostate-specific antigen amino acid sequences were selected, synthesized, and evaluated in terms of their (1) solubility, (2) maturation effects on Langerhans cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis, and (3) recognition by peripheral immune cells from prostate cancer patients using interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assay. RESULTS The peptides were soluble in 10 mM succinate at pH of 5 with 5% glycine, and they demonstrated no maturation effects on Langerhans cells from healthy donors. On the other hand, peripheral immune cells from 4 of 10 prostate cancer patients examined had positive responses in enzyme-linked immunospot assay to one or more prostate-specific antigen peptides. CONCLUSION In summary, a design and a formulation of a novel prostate cancer immunotherapy are described. The immunogenicity of prostate-specific antigen peptides in some prostate cancer patients supports further development of this immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al-Ola Abdallah
- Department of Internal Medicine, College
of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and
Cellular Therapeutics, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kansas
University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Hannah Coleman
- Department of Pathology, College of
Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Mohamed Kamel
- Department of Urology, College of
Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Urology, Ain Shams
University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rodney Davis
- Department of Urology, College of
Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Teri Landrum
- Division of Hematology and Oncology,
Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical
Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Horace Spencer
- Department of Biostatistics, College of
Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Sam Mackintosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little
Rock, AR, USA
| | - Fade A Mahmoud
- Department of Internal Medicine, College
of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Natasa Milojkovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, College
of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Chester Wicker
- Division of Hematology and Oncology,
Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical
Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Konstantinos Arnaoutakis
- Department of Internal Medicine, College
of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Mayumi Nakagawa
- Department of Pathology, College of
Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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8
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Japp AS, Kursunel MA, Meier S, Mälzer JN, Li X, Rahman NA, Jekabsons W, Krause H, Magheli A, Klopf C, Thiel A, Frentsch M. Dysfunction of PSA-specific CD8+ T cells in prostate cancer patients correlates with CD38 and Tim-3 expression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:1487-94. [PMID: 26289091 PMCID: PMC11028650 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1752-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of immunotherapy in cancer patients is influenced by differences in their immune status. An evaluation of immunocompetence before therapy may help to predict therapeutic success and guide the selection of appropriate regimens. We assessed the preexisting cellular immunity against prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in untreated prostate cancer patients and healthy controls through measurement of the phenotype and function of CD8(+) T cells. Our data show that the majority of healthy men possess functional PSA-specific CD8(+) T cells in contrast to cancer patients, where <50 % showed a CD8(+) T cell response. PSA146-154-specific CD8(+) T cells of these patients had a higher expression of the activation marker CD38 and the exhaustion marker Tim-3, indicating that PSA-specific cells are exhausted. The heterogeneity of the CD8(+) T cell response against PSA in prostate cancer patients may influence their response to therapy and is a factor to be taken into account while designing and selecting treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Sada Japp
- Regenerative Immunology and Aging, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, CVK Charité University Medicine, Föhrerstr. 15, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Alper Kursunel
- Regenerative Immunology and Aging, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, CVK Charité University Medicine, Föhrerstr. 15, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Meier
- Regenerative Immunology and Aging, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, CVK Charité University Medicine, Föhrerstr. 15, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia N Mälzer
- Regenerative Immunology and Aging, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, CVK Charité University Medicine, Föhrerstr. 15, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiangdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology China, Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nafis A Rahman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Waltraut Jekabsons
- Department of Urology, Charité University Medicine, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Krause
- Department of Urology, Charité University Medicine, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ahmed Magheli
- Department of Urology, Charité University Medicine, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Klopf
- Department of Urology, Charité University Medicine, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Thiel
- Regenerative Immunology and Aging, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, CVK Charité University Medicine, Föhrerstr. 15, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Frentsch
- Regenerative Immunology and Aging, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, CVK Charité University Medicine, Föhrerstr. 15, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
DNA vaccination has emerged as an attractive immunotherapeutic approach against cancer
due to its simplicity, stability, and safety. Results from numerous clinical trials have
demonstrated that DNA vaccines are well tolerated by patients and do not trigger major
adverse effects. DNA vaccines are also very cost effective and can be administered
repeatedly for long-term protection. Despite all the practical advantages, DNA vaccines
face challenges in inducing potent antigen specific cellular immune responses as a result
of immune tolerance against endogenous self-antigens in tumors. Strategies to enhance
immunogenicity of DNA vaccines against self-antigens have been investigated including
encoding of xenogeneic versions of antigens, fusion of antigens to molecules that activate
T cells or trigger associative recognition, priming with DNA vectors followed by boosting
with viral vector, and utilization of immunomodulatory molecules. This review will focus
on discussing strategies that circumvent immune tolerance and provide updates on findings
from recent clinical trials.
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Key Words
- APCs, antigen presenting cells
- CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen
- CIN, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
- CT antigens, cancer-testis antigens
- CTLs, cytotoxic lymphocytes
- DNA vaccines
- DOM, fragment c domain
- EP, electroporation
- GITR, glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related genes
- HER2, Her2/neu
- HSP70, heat shock protein 70
- IFNs, interferons
- IRF, interferon regulatory factor
- Id, idiotype
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- Mam-A, Mammaglobin-A
- NHP, non-human primate
- PAP, Prostatic acid phosphatase
- PMED, particle mediated epidermal delivery
- PSMA, prostate-specific membrane antigen
- SCT, single-chain trimer
- STING, stimulator of interferon genes
- TAAs, tumor-associated antigens
- TBK1, Tank-binding kinase 1
- TLRs, Toll-like receptors
- TT, tetanus toxin
- Trp2, tyrosinase related protein 2
- cellular immune response
- hTERT, human telomerase reverse transcriptase
- humoral immune response
- immune tolerance
- phTERT, optimized full-length hTERT
- tumor antigens
- vaccine delivery
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Yang
- a Department of Pathology ; Johns Hopkins University ; Baltimore , MD USA
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Tagliamonte M, Petrizzo A, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM, Buonaguro L. Antigen-specific vaccines for cancer treatment. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3332-46. [PMID: 25483639 DOI: 10.4161/21645515.2014.973317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines targeting pathogens are generally effective and protective because based on foreign non-self antigens which are extremely potent in eliciting an immune response. On the contrary, efficacy of therapeutic cancer vaccines is still disappointing. One of the major reasons for such poor outcome, among others, is the difficulty of identifying tumor-specific target antigens which should be unique to the tumors or, at least, overexpressed on the tumors as compared to normal cells. Indeed, this is the only option to overcome the peripheral immune tolerance and elicit a non toxic immune response. New and more potent strategies are now available to identify specific tumor-associated antigens for development of cancer vaccine approaches aiming at eliciting targeted anti-tumor cellular responses. In the last years this aspect has been addressed and many therapeutic vaccination strategies based on either whole tumor cells or specific antigens have been and are being currently evaluated in clinical trials. This review summarizes the current state of cancer vaccines, mainly focusing on antigen-specific approaches.
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Key Words
- APCs, antigen-presenting cell
- BCG, Bacille Calmette-Guerin
- BCR, B-cell receptor
- CDCA1, cell division cycle associated 1
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- CT, Cancer-testis
- CTL, cytotoxic T-lympocites
- DCs, dendritic cells
- EGT, electro-gene-transfer
- FDA, Food & drug administration
- GB, glioblastoma
- GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor
- HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- HPV, human papillomavirus
- HSPs, stress/heat shock proteins
- IFNg, interferon gamma
- Ig Id, immunoglobulin idiotype
- LPs, long peptides
- MAGE-A1, Melanoma-associated antigen 1
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- MS, mass spectrometry
- MVA, modified vaccinia strain Ankara
- NSCLC, non-small-cell lung carcinoma
- PAP, prostatic acid phosphatase
- PRRs, Pattern Recognition Receptors
- PSA, Prostate-specific antigen
- RCR, renal cell cancer
- SSX-2, Synovial sarcoma X breakpoint 2
- TAAs, tumor-associated antigens
- TACAs, Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens
- TARP, T-cell receptor gamma alternate reading frame protein
- TLRs, Toll-Like Receptors
- TPA, transporter associated with antigen processing
- WES, whole exome sequencing
- WGS, whole genome sequencing
- cancer vaccine
- clinical trials
- epitopes
- hTERT, human Telomerase reverse transcriptase
- immunotherapeutics
- mCRPC, metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer
- tumor-associated antigens
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tagliamonte
- a Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology; Department of Experimental Oncology; Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori; "Fondazione Pascale" - IRCCS ; Naples , Italy
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11
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Westdorp H, Sköld AE, Snijer BA, Franik S, Mulder SF, Major PP, Foley R, Gerritsen WR, de Vries IJM. Immunotherapy for prostate cancer: lessons from responses to tumor-associated antigens. Front Immunol 2014; 5:191. [PMID: 24834066 PMCID: PMC4018526 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer in men and the second most common cause of cancer-related death in men. In recent years, novel therapeutic options for PCa have been developed and studied extensively in clinical trials. Sipuleucel-T is the first cell-based immunotherapeutic vaccine for treatment of cancer. This vaccine consists of autologous mononuclear cells stimulated and loaded with an immunostimulatory fusion protein containing the prostate tumor antigen prostate acid posphatase. The choice of antigen might be key for the efficiency of cell-based immunotherapy. Depending on the treatment strategy, target antigens should be immunogenic, abundantly expressed by tumor cells, and preferably functionally important for the tumor to prevent loss of antigen expression. Autoimmune responses have been reported against several antigens expressed in the prostate, indicating that PCa is a suitable target for immunotherapy. In this review, we will discuss PCa antigens that exhibit immunogenic features and/or have been targeted in immunotherapeutic settings with promising results, and we highlight the hurdles and opportunities for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harm Westdorp
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , Netherlands ; Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| | - Annette E Sköld
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| | - Berit A Snijer
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Franik
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| | - Sasja F Mulder
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| | - Pierre P Major
- Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre , Hamilton, ON , Canada
| | - Ronan Foley
- Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre , Hamilton, ON , Canada
| | - Winald R Gerritsen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| | - I Jolanda M de Vries
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , Netherlands ; Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , Netherlands
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12
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Penna G, Fibbi B, Maggi M, Adorini L. Prostate autoimmunity: from experimental models to clinical counterparts. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 5:577-86. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.09.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Tumour immunogenicity, antigen presentation and immunological barriers in cancer immunotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 2014. [PMID: 24634791 DOI: 10.1155/2014/734515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the beginning of the 20th century, scientists have tried to stimulate the anti-tumour activities of the immune system to fight against cancer. However, the scientific effort devoted on the development of cancer immunotherapy has not been translated into the expected clinical success. On the contrary, classical anti-neoplastic treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the first line of treatment. Nevertheless, there is compelling evidence on the immunogenicity of cancer cells, and the capacity of the immune system to expand cancer-specific effector cytotoxic T cells. However, the effective activation of anti-cancer T cell responses strongly depends on efficient tumour antigen presentation from professional antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs). Several strategies have been used to boost DC antigen presenting functions, but at the end cancer immunotherapy is not as effective as would be expected according to preclinical models. In this review we comment on these discrepancies, focusing our attention on the contribution of regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells to the lack of therapeutic success of DC-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Daniels-Wells TR, Helguera G, Leuchter RK, Quintero R, Kozman M, Rodríguez JA, Ortiz-Sánchez E, Martínez-Maza O, Schultes BC, Nicodemus CF, Penichet ML. A novel IgE antibody targeting the prostate-specific antigen as a potential prostate cancer therapy. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:195. [PMID: 23594731 PMCID: PMC3651304 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in men in the United States. The prostate-specific antigen (PSA), often found at high levels in the serum of PCa patients, has been used as a marker for PCa detection and as a target of immunotherapy. The murine IgG1 monoclonal antibody AR47.47, specific for human PSA, has been shown to enhance antigen presentation by human dendritic cells and induce both CD4 and CD8 T-cell activation when complexed with PSA. In this study, we explored the properties of a novel mouse/human chimeric anti-PSA IgE containing the variable regions of AR47.47 as a potential therapy for PCa. Our goal was to take advantage of the unique properties of IgE in order to trigger immune activation against PCa. METHODS Binding characteristics of the antibody were determined by ELISA and flow cytometry. In vitro degranulation was determined by the release of β-hexosaminidase from effector cells. In vivo degranulation was monitored in human FcεRIα transgenic mice using the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis assay. These mice were also used for a vaccination study to determine the in vivo anti-cancer effects of this antibody. Significant differences in survival were determined using the Log Rank test. In vitro T-cell activation was studied using human dendritic cells and autologous T cells. RESULTS The anti-PSA IgE, expressed in murine myeloma cells, is properly assembled and secreted, and binds the antigen and FcεRI. In addition, this antibody is capable of triggering effector cell degranulation in vitro and in vivo when artificially cross-linked, but not in the presence of the natural soluble antigen, suggesting that such an interaction will not trigger systemic anaphylaxis. Importantly, the anti-PSA IgE combined with PSA also triggers immune activation in vitro and in vivo and significantly prolongs the survival of human FcεRIα transgenic mice challenged with PSA-expressing tumors in a prophylactic vaccination setting. CONCLUSIONS The anti-PSA IgE exhibits the expected biological properties and is capable of triggering immune activation and anti-tumor protection. Further studies on this antibody as a potential PCa therapy are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy R Daniels-Wells
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gustavo Helguera
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Current Affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Richard K Leuchter
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rafaela Quintero
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maggie Kozman
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - José A Rodríguez
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ortiz-Sánchez
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Current Affiliation: Unit of Biomedical Research in Cancer, Basic Research Division, National Institute of Cancerology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Birgit C Schultes
- Advanced Immune Therapeutics, Inc, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Current Affiliation: Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher F Nicodemus
- Advanced Immune Therapeutics, Inc, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Current Affiliation: AIT Strategies, Franconia, NH, USA
| | - Manuel L Penichet
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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15
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The Role of Cholesterol in Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6828-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Tumor-associated antigens for specific immunotherapy of prostate cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2012; 4:193-217. [PMID: 24213236 PMCID: PMC3712678 DOI: 10.3390/cancers4010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common noncutaneous cancer diagnosis and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among men in the United States. Effective treatment modalities for advanced metastatic PCa are limited. Immunotherapeutic strategies based on T cells and antibodies represent interesting approaches to prevent progression from localized to advanced PCa and to improve survival outcomes for patients with advanced disease. CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) efficiently recognize and destroy tumor cells. CD4+ T cells augment the antigen-presenting capacity of dendritic cells and promote the expansion of tumor-reactive CTLs. Antibodies mediate their antitumor effects via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, activation of the complement system, improving the uptake of coated tumor cells by phagocytes, and the functional interference of biological pathways essential for tumor growth. Consequently, several tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) have been identified that represent promising targets for T cell- or antibody-based immunotherapy. These TAAs comprise proteins preferentially expressed in normal and malignant prostate tissues and molecules which are not predominantly restricted to the prostate, but are overexpressed in various tumor entities including PCa. Clinical trials provide evidence that specific immunotherapeutic strategies using such TAAs represent safe and feasible concepts for the induction of immunological and clinical responses in PCa patients. However, further improvement of the current approaches is required which may be achieved by combining T cell- and/or antibody-based strategies with radio-, hormone-, chemo- or antiangiogenic therapy.
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Maverakis E. Sercarzian immunology--In memoriam. Eli E. Sercarz, 1934-2009. Cell Immunol 2012; 273:99-108. [PMID: 22285103 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
During his long career as a principal investigator and educator, Eli Sercarz trained over 100 scientists. He is best known for developing hen egg white lysozyme (HEL) as a model antigen for immunologic studies. Working in his model system Eli furthered our understanding of antigen processing and immunologic tolerance. His work established important concepts of how the immune system recognizes antigenic determinants processed from whole protein antigens; specifically he developed the concepts of immunodominance and crypticity. Later in his career he focused more on autoimmunity using a variety of established animal models to develop theories on how T cells can circumvent tolerance induction and how an autoreactive immune response can evolve over time. His theory of "determinant spreading" is one of the cornerstones of our modern understanding of autoimmunity. This review covers Eli's entire scientific career outlining his many seminal discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanual Maverakis
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, 95817, United States.
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18
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Zhang ZY, Schluesener HJ. HDAC inhibitor MS-275 attenuates the inflammatory reaction in rat experimental autoimmune prostatitis. Prostate 2012; 72:90-9. [PMID: 21538420 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease of male sex accessory glands and is characterized by a cellular and humoral prostate-specific autoimmune response. EAP shares important clinical and immunological features with human chronic prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome. MS-275, a potent histone deacetylase inhibitor, has promising anti-inflammatory activities and might be a new agent in the therapy of prostate inflammation. METHODS EAP rats were treated with MS-275 (5 mg/kg, i.p.) once daily. Using immunohistochemistry and PCR assay, we determined immune cellular responses and infiltration into the prostate glands, and changes of mRNA levels of representative inflammatory molecules in prostate tissue. Changes in Foxp3(+) CD4(+) cell populations of lymph nodes and peripheral blood were analyzed by flow cytometry. Additionally, direct anti-inflammatory effects of MS-275 were investigated in vitro with a macrophage cell line. RESULTS MS-275 treatment significantly reduced the local accumulation of immune cells and mRNA levels of representative pro-inflammatory molecules in prostate tissue. Furthermore, MS-275 treatment increased percentage of Foxp3(+) CD4(+) Treg cells in lymph nodes and their proportion to CD4(+) cells in peripheral blood, and induced a relative increase of ED2(+) macrophage numbers in EAP prostate. Additional in vitro study showed that MS-275 induced a switch of macrophages from classic M1 to anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our data demonstrated that MS-275 could effectively suppress inflammatory reaction in EAP, through suppressing immune cells and pro-inflammatory molecules, and inducing anti-inflammatory immune cells and molecules, which may suggest MS-275 as a potential candidate for treatment of inflammatory prostatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yuan Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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19
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Freeman MR, Solomon KR. Cholesterol and benign prostate disease. Differentiation 2011; 82:244-52. [PMID: 21862201 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The origins of benign prostatic diseases, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS), are poorly understood. Patients suffering from benign prostatic symptoms report a substantially reduced quality of life, and the relationship between benign prostate conditions and prostate cancer is uncertain. Epidemiologic data for BPH and CP/CPPS are limited, however an apparent association between BPH symptoms and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been consistently reported. The prostate synthesizes and stores large amounts of cholesterol and prostate tissues may be particularly sensitive to perturbations in cholesterol metabolism. Hypercholesterolemia, a major risk factor for CVD, is also a risk factor for BPH. Animal model and clinical trial findings suggest that agents that inhibit cholesterol absorption from the intestine, such as the class of compounds known as polyene macrolides, can reduce prostate gland size and improve lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Observational studies indicate that cholesterol-lowering drugs reduce the risk of aggressive prostate cancer, while prostate cancer cell growth and survival pathways depend in part on cholesterol-sensitive biochemical mechanisms. Here we review the evidence that cholesterol metabolism plays a role in the incidence of benign prostate disease and we highlight possible therapeutic approaches based on this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Freeman
- The Urological Diseases Research Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Enders Research Laboratories, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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20
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Zhang ZY, Zug C, Schluesener HJ. Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor Modulator FTY720 Suppresses Rat Experimental Autoimmune Prostatitis. Scand J Immunol 2011; 73:546-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02528.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Linley AJ, Ahmad M, Rees RC. Tumour-associated antigens: considerations for their use in tumour immunotherapy. Int J Hematol 2011; 93:263-273. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-011-0783-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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Translating tumor antigens into cancer vaccines. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 18:23-34. [PMID: 21048000 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00286-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines represent a strategic successful tool used to prevent or contain diseases with high morbidity and/or mortality. However, while vaccines have proven to be effective in combating pathogenic microorganisms, based on the immune recognition of these foreign antigens, vaccines aimed at inducing effective antitumor activity are still unsatisfactory. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of the two licensed cancer-preventive vaccines targeting tumor-associated viral agents (anti-HBV [hepatitis B virus], to prevent HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma, and anti-HPV [human papillomavirus], to prevent HPV-associated cervical carcinoma), along with the recent FDA approval of sipuleucel-T (for the therapeutic treatment of prostate cancer), represents a significant advancement in the field of cancer vaccines and a boost for new studies in the field. Specific active immunotherapies based on anticancer vaccines represent, indeed, a field in continuous evolution and expansion. Significant improvements may result from the selection of the appropriate tumor-specific target antigen (to overcome the peripheral immune tolerance) and/or the development of immunization strategies effective at inducing a protective immune response. This review aims to describe the vast spectrum of tumor antigens and strategies to develop cancer vaccines.
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23
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Bremel RD, Homan EJ. An integrated approach to epitope analysis II: A system for proteomic-scale prediction of immunological characteristics. Immunome Res 2010; 6:8. [PMID: 21044290 PMCID: PMC2991286 DOI: 10.1186/1745-7580-6-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Improving our understanding of the immune response is fundamental to developing strategies to combat a wide range of diseases. We describe an integrated epitope analysis system which is based on principal component analysis of sequences of amino acids, using a multilayer perceptron neural net to conduct QSAR regression predictions for peptide binding affinities to 35 MHC-I and 14 MHC-II alleles. Results The approach described allows rapid processing of single proteins, entire proteomes or subsets thereof, as well as multiple strains of the same organism. It enables consideration of the interface of diversity of both microorganisms and of host immunogenetics. Patterns of binding affinity are linked to topological features, such as extracellular or intramembrane location, and integrated into a graphical display which facilitates conceptual understanding of the interplay of B-cell and T-cell mediated immunity. Patterns which emerge from application of this approach include the correlations between peptides showing high affinity binding to MHC-I and to MHC-II, and also with predicted B-cell epitopes. These are characterized as coincident epitope groups (CEGs). Also evident are long range patterns across proteins which identify regions of high affinity binding for a permuted population of diverse and heterozygous HLA alleles, as well as subtle differences in reactions with MHCs of individual HLA alleles, which may be important in disease susceptibility, and in vaccine and clinical trial design. Comparisons are shown of predicted epitope mapping derived from application of the QSAR approach with experimentally derived epitope maps from a diverse multi-species dataset, from Staphylococcus aureus, and from vaccinia virus. Conclusions A desktop application with interactive graphic capability is shown to be a useful platform for development of prediction and visualization tools for epitope mapping at scales ranging from individual proteins to proteomes from multiple strains of an organism. The possible functional implications of the patterns of peptide epitopes observed are discussed, including their implications for B-cell and T-cell cooperation and cross presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Bremel
- 1ioGenetics LLC, 3591 Anderson Street, Madison, WI 53704, USA.
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24
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Doonan BP, Haque A. HLA Class II Antigen Presentation in Prostate Cancer Cells: A Novel Approach to Prostate Tumor Immunotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 3:1-7. [PMID: 24163711 DOI: 10.2174/1876401001003010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a deadly disease that is in drastic need of new treatment strategies for late stage and metastatic prostate cancer. Immunotherapy has emerged as a viable option to fill this void. Clinical trials have been conducted that induce tumor clearance through cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activation, these studies have had mixed outcomes with the overlying problem being the lack of a complete immune response with sustained killing and the formation of tumor specific memory cells. To overcome this, we have outlined the need for activating the HLA class II pathway in inducing a sustained CD8+ T cell response and the development of effective memory. We have also discussed the ability of prostate cancer cells to express stable HLA class II molecules that can be manipulated for tumor antigen (Ag) processing and presentation. This review also sets to outline new directions that exist for the use of class II-restricted Ags/peptides in devising cancer vaccines as well as combined chemoimmunotherapy. A better understanding of these concepts will improve future cancer vaccine studies and further the field of cancer immunobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bently Patrick Doonan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Charles Darby Children's Research Institute, and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425
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25
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Djavan B, Eckersberger E, Espinosa G, Kramer G, Handisurya A, Lee C, Marberger M, Lepor H, Steiner GE. Complex Mechanisms in Prostatic Inflammatory Response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eursup.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Matera L. The choice of the antigen in the dendritic cell-based vaccine therapy for prostate cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2009; 36:131-41. [PMID: 19954892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Tumor antigens (TA) are promising candidates for targeted treatment of prostate cancer (PCa). Critical issues in the preparation of dendritic cell (DC)-based TA vaccines are the DC maturation state and the appropriateness of the TA. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate acide pshosphatase (PAP) presented by DC have produced encouraging results and PAP-loaded DCs are at late-stage development for PCa patients. TAs indispensable for tumor survival and propagation are now emerging as first choice TAs for future vaccines. The increased expression and enzymatic activity of prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) by aggressive prostate tumors is indicative of a unique, selective advantage on the part of cells expressing them. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and survivin are both involved in tumor cell survival and considered universal TAs. The T cell epitope potential of peptides derived from these TAs has been defined by computer-assisted prediction programs and has been tested in vitro and in vivo in terms of their ability to recruit cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and to be recognised as CTL targets. Results, reviewed here, show that anti-tumor immunity can be induced in vivo by DC loaded with both whole TAs and TA peptides. The promising, but still limited clinical success suggests further exploration of this immune therapy in the more appropriate setting of minimal disease. In advanced stages, vaccine can still be effective when combined with systemic or local cytoreductive therapies, which may overcome antigen specific tolerance and subvert the tumor immunosuppressive environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Matera
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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Kouiavskaia DV, Southwood S, Berard CA, Klyushnenkova EN, Alexander RB. T-cell recognition of prostatic peptides in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. J Urol 2009; 182:2483-9. [PMID: 19765754 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2009.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A potential etiology of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome is autoimmunity. We determined whether T cells from men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome would recognize peptides derived from the normal self-prostatic proteins prostate specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase. MATERIALS AND METHODS CD4 T cells purified from peripheral blood of 31 patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and from the buffy coat preparation of 27 normal male blood donors were stimulated in vitro with a panel of immunogenic peptides from prostate specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase, and assayed for reactivity with the peptides by interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay. Intermediate resolution HLA typing was done by polymerase chain reaction. Peptides were also tested by binding assay against different class II alleles. RESULTS Peptide PAP(173-192) was recognized more frequently by CD4 T cells from patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome than from healthy donors. The recognition of prostate specific antigen peptides was not statistically different when comparing cases to normal male blood donors individually. Peptide reactivity was more common in patients than in normal male blood donors for any prostate specific antigen peptide or any tested peptide. All peptides showed high promiscuity on binding assays. There was no association of cases with any specific HLA class II phenotype at intermediate resolution. CONCLUSIONS CD4 T cells from patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome have a higher rate of recognizing the self-prostatic proteins prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate specific antigen compared to those from normal male blood donors. Data provide further evidence to support the role of autoimmunity in some men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana V Kouiavskaia
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Essand
- Clinical Immunology Division, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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29
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Fibbi B, Penna G, Morelli A, Adorini L, Maggi M. Chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 33:475-88. [PMID: 19508330 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2009.00972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common disorder affecting 50-80% of the aged male population. Androgens and age have been traditionally considered the main determinants of prostate enlargement, but in the last years a potentially important role of chronic inflammation in BPH pathogenesis has emerged. Bacterial and non-infectious chronic prostatitis could represent inciting factors leading to tissue hyperproliferation, possibly via the recently demonstrated antigen-presenting capacity of prostatic stromal cells, enabling them to induce and sustain intraglandular immune responses. The prostate growth-promoting chemokine IL-8 could represent a direct link between chronic prostate inflammation and autocrine/paracrine stromal cell proliferation, in agreement with its marked secretion induced in BPH stromal cells by a combination of Th1 and Th17 cell-derived inflammatory cytokines. BPH stromal cells express the vitamin D receptor (VDR), which is up-regulated by exposure to inflammatory stimuli. The non-hypercalcaemic VDR agonist elocalcitol, shown to arrest BPH development by decreasing the intra-prostatic androgen signalling without directly interfering with systemic androgen action, exerts immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory properties in different prostatic pathology characterized by growth and inflammation. The mechanism of action of VDR agonists supports an important role of chronic inflammation in BPH pathogenesis and strengthens the concept of these agents as a therapeutic option for pharmacological treatment of BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fibbi
- Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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30
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Penna G, Fibbi B, Amuchastegui S, Cossetti C, Aquilano F, Laverny G, Gacci M, Crescioli C, Maggi M, Adorini L. Human benign prostatic hyperplasia stromal cells as inducers and targets of chronic immuno-mediated inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:4056-64. [PMID: 19299703 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0801875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a highly prevalent prostatic condition, could involve an inflammatory component in disease pathogenesis. In this study, we show that human stromal prostate cells obtained from BPH tissue can actively contribute to the inflammatory process by secreting proinflammatory cytokines as well as chemokines able to recruit lymphomonuclear cells and by acting as APCs. BPH cells express all of the TLRs and their ligation leads to the secretion of CXCL8/IL-8, CXCL10, and IL-6. In addition, BPH cells express costimulatory as well as class I and class II MHC molecules, which activate alloreactive CD4(+) cells that in turn markedly up-regulate IL-12/IL-23p40 and IL-12p75 secretion by BPH cells. Alloreactive CD4(+) cells activated by BPH cells secrete IFN-gamma and IL-17. These cytokines up-regulate IL-6, IL-8, and CXCL10 production by BPH cells, creating a positive feedback loop that can amplify inflammation. IL-8 induces autocrine/paracrine proliferation of BPH cells, indicating also a growth-promoting activity of this chemokine in disease pathogenesis. These results show that human BPH cells represent nonprofessional APCs able to induce and sustain chronic inflammatory processes, supporting the relevance of inflammation in BPH pathogenesis.
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Knight D, Peterson AC, Rini BI, Harlin H, Gajewski TF, Stadler WM. The HLA-A2-restricted PSMA peptide LLHETDSAV is poorly immunogenic in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Prostate 2009; 69:142-8. [PMID: 18942640 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that prostate cancer is visible to the immune system and is potentially responsive to immunotherapeutic interventions. Previous work has identified prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) as a potential antigen for T-cell recognition, and specific PSMA epitopes presented by HLA-A2 have been described. One vaccination strategy that is being pursued in the clinic utilizes peptide-pulsed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) + IL-12. METHODS HLA-A2(+) patients with castrate-resistant prostate cancer and normal organ function were considered. Vaccines were prepared using autologous PBMC loaded with a PSMA peptide previously reported to be immunogenic (LLHETDSAV) administered subcutaneously every 3 weeks. T-cell responses and tumor activity were assessed. RESULTS Although the vaccine was well tolerated, no clinical responses were observed in 12 enrolled patients and no immune responses were detected based on an ex vivo IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay. To examine immunogenicity of this PSMA peptide in more detail, an in vitro priming assay was utilized with normal donor PBMC, and no detectable reactivity was observed. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the PSMA peptide LLHETDSAV is poorly immunogenic in humans and that alternative prostate cancer antigens should be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Knight
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Kiessling A, Füssel S, Wehner R, Bachmann M, Wirth MP, Rieber EP, Schmitz M. Advances in specific immunotherapy for prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2007; 53:694-708. [PMID: 18061335 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2007.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The absence of effective therapies for advanced prostate cancer has entailed an intensive search for novel treatments. This review presents an overview of specific immunotherapeutic strategies for prostate cancer. METHODS Current literature was reviewed regarding the identification of tumor antigens and the design of T-cell- and antibody-based immunotherapy for prostate cancer. The PubMed database was searched using the key words antibodies, clinical trials, dendritic cells, immunotherapy, prostate cancer, and T cells. RESULTS T cells and antibodies are powerful components of the specific antitumor immune response. CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) efficiently destroy tumor cells. CD4+ T cells improve the antigen-presenting capacity of dendritic cells (DCs) and support the stimulation of tumor-reactive CTLs. Monoclonal antibodies exhibit their antitumor effects via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement activation. Consequently, much attention has been given to the identification of tumor antigens that represent attractive targets for specific immunotherapy. Several prostate cancer-related antigens were described and used in clinical trials. Such studies were based on the administration of peptides, proteins, or DNA. Furthermore, men with prostate cancer were vaccinated with peptide-, protein-, or RNA-loaded DCs, which display an extraordinary capacity to induce tumor-reactive T cells. Monoclonal antibodies directed against surface antigens were also used. Clinical trials revealed that immunotherapeutic strategies represent safe and feasible concepts for the induction of immunologic and clinical responses in men with prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS Specific immunotherapy represents a promising treatment modality for prostate cancer. Further improvement of the current approaches is required and may be achieved by combining T-cell- and antibody-based vaccination strategies with radio-, hormone-, chemo-, or antiangiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kiessling
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Penna G, Amuchastegui S, Cossetti C, Aquilano F, Mariani R, Giarratana N, De Carli E, Fibbi B, Adorini L. Spontaneous and Prostatic Steroid Binding Protein Peptide-Induced Autoimmune Prostatitis in the Nonobese Diabetic Mouse. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:1559-67. [PMID: 17641022 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.3.1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic nonbacterial prostatitis is a poorly defined syndrome of putative autoimmune origin. To further understand its pathogenesis, we have analyzed autoimmune prostatitis in the NOD mouse, a strain genetically prone to develop different organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Spontaneous development of autoimmune prostatitis in the NOD male, defined by lymphomonuclear cell infiltration in the prostate gland, is well-established by approximately 20 wk of age and is stably maintained afterward. Disease development is indistinguishable in NOD and NOR mice, but is markedly delayed in IFN-gamma-deficient NOD mice. A T cell response to the prostate-specific autoantigen prostatic steroid-binding protein (PSBP) can be detected in NOD males before development of prostate infiltration, indicating lack of tolerance to this self Ag. The intraprostatic inflammatory infiltrate is characterized by Th1-type CD4(+) T cells, which are able to transfer autoimmune prostatitis into NOD.SCID recipients. We characterize here experimental autoimmune prostatitis, detected by intraprostatic infiltrate and PSBP-specific T cell responses, induced in 6- to 8-wk-old NOD males by immunization with synthetic peptides corresponding to the C1 subunit of PSBP. Three PSBP peptides induce in NOD mice vigorous T and B cell responses, paralleled by a marked lymphomononuclear cell infiltration in the prostate. Two of these peptides, PSBP(21-40) and PSBP(61-80), correspond to immunodominant self epitopes naturally processed in NOD mice after immunization with PSBP, whereas peptide PSBP(91-111) represents a cryptic epitope. These model systems address pathogenetic mechanisms in autoimmune prostatitis and will facilitate testing and mechanistic analysis of therapeutic approaches in this condition.
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Marrari A, Iero M, Pilla L, Villa S, Salvioni R, Valdagni R, Parmiani G, Rivoltini L. Vaccination therapy in prostate cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:429-45. [PMID: 17031640 PMCID: PMC11030671 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Radical prostatectomy and radiation therapy provide excellent localized prostate cancer (PC) control. Although the majority of prostate carcinoma is nowadays diagnosed at early stages with favourable risk features, in patients up to 30-40% it recurs within 10 years. Furthermore, the lack of effective therapies, once prostate carcinoma becomes refractory to androgen deprivation, mandates the development of alternative therapeutic options. There is a growing interest in harnessing the potency and specificity of anti-tumour immunity through the generation of fully competent dendritic cells and tumour reactive effector lymphocytes. Several strategies to treat or prevent the development of metastatic PC have been explored in clinical trials and are summarized in this review, considering also the feasibility and safety of these approaches. In some cases clinical responses were achieved showing that vaccine-primed T cells induced anti-tumour activity in vivo. The present findings and perspectives of the immunologic interventions in PC patients will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Marrari
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Hildenbrand B, Sauer B, Kalis O, Stoll C, Freudenberg MA, Niedermann G, Giesler JM, Jüttner E, Peters JH, Häring B, Leo R, Unger C, Azemar M. Immunotherapy of patients with hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma pre-treated with interferon-gamma and vaccinated with autologous PSA-peptide loaded dendritic cells--a pilot study. Prostate 2007; 67:500-8. [PMID: 17262804 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We conducted a pilot trial to assess the feasibility and tolerability of a prime/boost vaccine strategy using interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with HLA-A2-specific prostate-specific antigen (PSA) peptides (PSA-1 [141-150]; PSA-2 [146-156]; PSA-3 [154-163]) for the treatment of 12 patients with hormone refractory prostate carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS All patients were vaccinated four times with intracutaneously injected PSA-peptide loaded DCs after subcutaneous administration of IFN-gamma 2 hr before DC administration (50 microg/m(2) body surface). Objectives were safety, clinical benefit, clinical and biochemical response, quality of life, and immunological parameters. RESULTS The vaccination was well tolerated without any vaccination-associated adverse events. One partial and one mixed responder were identified, four patients showed stable diseases. Two patients had a decrease and four a slow-down velocity slope in the PSA serum level. All responders showed a positive DTH-response, but only two a slight increase in PSA-peptide specific T-lymphocytes. CONCLUSION The immunotherapy with IFN-gamma and PSA-peptide loaded DCs was feasible and well tolerated. The observed responses imply a potential antitumor activity.
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Penna G, Amuchastegui S, Cossetti C, Aquilano F, Mariani R, Sanvito F, Doglioni C, Adorini L. Treatment of experimental autoimmune prostatitis in nonobese diabetic mice by the vitamin D receptor agonist elocalcitol. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:8504-11. [PMID: 17142748 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.12.8504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of on the marked inhibitory activity of the vitamin D receptor agonist Elocalcitol on basal and growth factor-induced proliferation of human prostate cells and on its potent anti-inflammatory properties, we have tested its capacity to treat experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP) induced by injection of prostate homogenate-CFA in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Administration of Elocalcitol, at normocalcemic doses, for 2 wk in already established EAP significantly inhibits the intraprostatic cell infiltrate, leading to a profound reduction in the number of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and I-A(g7)-positive cells. Immunohistological analysis demonstrates reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis of resident and infiltrating cells. Significantly decreased production of the proinflammatory cytokines IFN-gamma and IL-17 is observed in prostate-draining lymph node T cells from Elocalcitol-treated NOD mice stimulated by TCR ligation. In addition, Elocalcitol treatment reduces IFN-gamma production by prostate-infiltrating CD4(+) T cells and draining lymph node T cells specific for an immunodominant peptide naturally processed from prostate steroid-binding protein, a prostate-specific autoantigen. Finally, CD4(+) splenic T cells from Elocalcitol-treated NOD mice show decreased ability, upon adoptive transfer into NOD.SCID recipients, to induce autoimmune prostatitis, paralleled by a reduced capacity to produce IFN-gamma in response to prostate steroid-binding protein. The results indicate that Elocalcitol is able to interfere with key pathogenic events in already established EAP in the NOD mouse. These data show a novel indication for vitamin D receptor agonists and indicate that treatment with Elocalcitol may inhibit the intraprostatic inflammatory response in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome patients.
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Nanda NK, Birch L, Greenberg NM, Prins GS. MHC class I and class II molecules are expressed in both human and mouse prostate tumor microenvironment. Prostate 2006; 66:1275-84. [PMID: 16741922 PMCID: PMC2276872 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a determined search for therapies specifically aimed at eradicating tumor cells while leaving normal host cells unaffected. This goal can potentially be accomplished by engaging tumor antigen-specific T-cell repertoire to attack the tumor. A pre-requisite for a successful T-cell-mediated attack against tumors or pathogens is that the target tissues express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Using newer anti-MHC class I and MHC class II antibody reagents, we re-examined the expression of MHC in both human and mouse prostate tumors and their microenvironments. METHODS Using immunocytochemistry, we examined the expression of MHC class I, class II, and CD3 molecules on cryopreserved human and mouse prostate tumor samples. RESULTS MHC class I molecules are expressed by the entire spectrum of different stages of both human and mouse prostate tumor cells. Additionally, cells of the hematopoietic lineage, dispersed in the tumor microenvironment, showed significant expression of MHC class II molecules. Human prostate tumors also show a significant infiltrate of CD3+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS Expression of MHC class I and class II molecules within the prostate tumor microenvironment are consequential for T-cell-mediated immunotherapeutic approaches against prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navreet K Nanda
- Department of Microbiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
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38
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New approaches to identification of antigenic candidates for future prostate cancer immunotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.uct.2006.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Webster WS, Small EJ, Rini BI, Kwon ED. Prostate Cancer Immunology: Biology, Therapeutics, and Challenges. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:8262-9. [PMID: 16278482 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.03.4595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of recently developed and promising approaches to antitumoral immunotherapy are being investigated as potential treatments for advanced prostate cancer. These approaches largely revolve around strategies to increase antigen-specific T-cell activation against prostate tumors as well as precise manipulations of critical co-regulatory receptors that help to maintain and prolong the activity of antigen-presenting cells and T cells that are capable of mediating tumor regression. Herein, we describe the experience with the most recent and promising approaches pertaining to prostate cancer immunotherapy. Additionally, we discuss the mechanistic basis for these approaches as well as current limitations that must still be addressed in order to propel immunotherapy into the forefront of prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Scott Webster
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Medical School, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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40
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Elkord E, Williams PE, Kynaston H, Rowbottom AW. Differential CTLs specific for prostate-specific antigen in healthy donors and patients with prostate cancer. Int Immunol 2005; 17:1315-25. [PMID: 16141246 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of CTL responses specific for prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-derived peptides in healthy individuals and patients with prostate cancer (PC) was investigated. Eight PSA-derived peptides that have the potential to bind HLA-A2 molecules were examined. Peripheral blood lymphocytes isolated from HLA-A2-positive volunteers were expanded using autologous mature, PSA-derived peptide-pulsed dendritic cells. The expansion of IFN-gamma-secreting CD8+ T cells specific for three of the eight PSA-derived peptides (PSA-2(108-117), PSA-4(141-150) and PSA-6(146-154)) was detected in healthy individuals, but not in patients with PC. Using HLA-A2/peptide tetramers, the PSA-specific CD8+ T cells were detectable at low frequency both in healthy individuals and patients with PC. Using flow cytometric cytotoxicity assays, the expanded effectors from healthy individuals were able to kill the PSA-expressing epithelial cell line LNCaP and the peptide-pulsed T2 cells in a MHC class I-restricted manner without involving NK activity. However, such killing by effectors expanded from prostatectomized patients involved a complete or a significant NK activity. Specific recognition of PSA-derived peptides in healthy individuals may occur by an adaptive CTL immune response, while such recognition in PC patients may additionally or alternatively be mediated by an innate NK immune response. In conclusion, our work indicates that the PSA-specific CD8+ T cells exist in both healthy individuals and PC patients, but they have impaired function in patients as they failed to release IFN-gamma and to kill targets without involving NK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyad Elkord
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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41
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McNeel DG, Malkovsky M. Immune-based therapies for prostate cancer. Immunol Lett 2005; 96:3-9. [PMID: 15585302 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2004] [Accepted: 06/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality in the United States. Animal and clinical studies performed four decades ago suggested that immunological approaches might be useful for the treatment of prostate cancer. The wealth of information that has been learned over the last two decades has suggested many new directions to the immune-based therapy of prostate cancer, including passive and active immunotherapy approaches. The findings from current trials, and the likely combination of current immunotherapy approaches with conventional therapies, portends a hopeful future for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G McNeel
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Medical School, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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Klyushnenkova EN, Link J, Oberle WT, Kodak J, Rich C, Vandenbark AA, Alexander RB. Identification of HLA-DRB1*1501–Restricted T-cell Epitopes from Prostate-Specific Antigen. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:2853-61. [PMID: 15837732 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of immunotherapy for prostate cancer based on the induction of autoimmunity to prostate tissue is very attractive because prostate is not a vital organ beyond the reproductive years. CD4 T cells play an important role in the development of antitumor immune responses, yet the identification of naturally processed MHC Class II-restricted epitopes derived from prostate differentiation antigens has not been described. To facilitate the search for prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-derived MHC class II-restricted peptides, we immunized mice transgenic for HLA-DRB1*1501 with human PSA and showed a robust dose-dependent immune response to the antigen. Screening a library of overlapping 20-mer peptides that span the entire PSA sequence identified two 20-mer peptides, PSA(171-190) and PSA(221-240), which were responsible for this reactivity. Immunization of DR2b transgenic mice with these peptides induced specific responses to the peptide and whole PSA. Identified peptides were used to stimulate CD4 T cells from HLA-DRB1*1501+ patients with a rare condition, granulomatous prostatitis, and who seem to have a preexisting immune response directed against the prostate gland. We previously showed a linkage of granulomatous prostatitis to HLA-DRB1*1501, suggesting that this disease may have an autoimmune etiology. Peptide-specific CD4 T-cell lines were generated from the peripheral blood of these patients as well as one patient with prostate cancer. These lines also recognized whole, processed PSA in the context of HLA-DRB1*1501. This study will be instrumental in understanding the interaction between circulating self-reactive T cells, organ-specific autoimmunity, and antitumor immune response. The use of these peptides for the immunotherapy of prostate cancer is under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N Klyushnenkova
- Urology Section, VA Maryland Health Care System, and Division of Urology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA.
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Novellino L, Castelli C, Parmiani G. A listing of human tumor antigens recognized by T cells: March 2004 update. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:187-207. [PMID: 15309328 PMCID: PMC11032843 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2004] [Accepted: 04/21/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The technological advances occurred in the last few years have led to a great increase in the number of tumor associated antigens (TAA) that are currently available for clinical applications. In this review we provide a comprehensive list of human tumor antigens as reported in the literature updated at February 2004. The list includes all T cell-defined epitopes, while excluding analogs or artificially modified epitopes, as well as virus-encoded and antibodies-recognized antigens. TAAs are listed in alphabetical order along with the epitope sequence and the HLA allele which restricts recognition by T cells. Data on the tissue distribution of each antigen are also provided together with an extensive bibliography that allows a rapid search for any additional information may be needed on each single antigen or epitope. Overall, the updated list is a database tool for clinicians, scientists and students who have an interest in the field of tumor immunology and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Novellino
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Castelli
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Parmiani
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
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44
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McNeel DG. Prostate cancer antigens and vaccines, preclinical developments. CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY AND BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE MODIFIERS ANNUAL 2005; 22:247-61. [PMID: 16110615 DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4410(04)22011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G McNeel
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, K4/518 Clinical Science Center, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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Klyushnenkova EN, Ponniah S, Rodriguez A, Kodak J, Mann DL, Langerman A, Nishimura MI, Alexander RB. CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocyte recognition of prostate specific antigen in granulomatous prostatitis. J Immunother 2004; 27:136-46. [PMID: 14770085 DOI: 10.1097/00002371-200403000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to develop immunotherapies for prostate cancer, many groups are exploring vaccination strategies to induce an immune response against prostate specific antigen (PSA). To determine if T-cell recognition of PSA might be a feature of a naturally occurring human disease, we have studied patients with prostatitis, a poorly understood clinical syndrome of men in which there is evidence that an immune response directed against the prostate may be occurring. We wished to determine if a T-cell response to PSA might be occurring in these patients. We generated long-term T-cell lines from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of one patient with granulomatous prostatitis using purified PSA as an antigen. Several CD4+ and CD8+ TcR alpha/beta+ T-cell lines were selected for PSA reactivity as measured by at least a threefold increase in IFN-gamma secretion in response to PSA presented by irradiated autologous PBMC. CD4 and CD8 T-cell lines recognized PSA in the context of HLA-DRbeta1*1501 and HLA-B*0702, respectively. The specificity and HLA restriction of the lines was confirmed using EBV-B cell lines infected with a recombinant PSA-expressing vaccinia virus and also engineered to express PSA by retroviral transfection. HLA-matched targets infected by control vector as well as HLA-mismatched PSA-expressing targets did not induce the response. The data demonstrate that PSA-specific T cells are present in the PBMC of this patient with granulomatous prostatitis, who may be manifesting naturally the type of immune response directed at the prostate that is the goal of prostate cancer immunotherapy. However, the Class I-restricted epitope has not yet been demonstrated to be expressed on the surface of prostate cancer cells. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of HLA-DRB1*1501- or HLA-B*0702-restricted responses to PSA and extends the number of HLA molecules accommodating the use of PSA antigen as a candidate vaccine for prostate cancer immunotherapy.
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Kaufman HL, Wang W, Manola J, DiPaola RS, Ko YJ, Sweeney C, Whiteside TL, Schlom J, Wilding G, Weiner LM. Phase II Randomized Study of Vaccine Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer (E7897): A Trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:2122-32. [PMID: 15169798 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose A phase II clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the feasibility and tolerability of a prime/boost vaccine strategy using vaccinia virus and fowlpox virus expressing human prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in patients with biochemical progression after local therapy for prostate cancer. The induction of PSA-specific immunity was also evaluated. Patients and Methods A randomized clinical trial was conducted by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology group and 64 eligible patients were randomly assigned to receive four vaccinations with fowlpox-PSA (rF-PSA), three rF-PSA vaccines followed by one vaccinia-PSA (rV-PSA) vaccine, or one rV-PSA vaccine followed by three rF-PSA vaccines. The major end point was PSA response at 6 months, and immune monitoring included measurements of anti-PSA and anti-vaccinia antibody titers and PSA-specific T-cell responses. Results The prime/boost schedule was well tolerated with few adverse events. Of the eligible patients, 45.3% of men remained free of PSA progression at 19.1 months and 78.1% demonstrated clinical progression-free survival. There was a trend favoring the treatment group that received a priming dose of rV-PSA. Although no significant increases in anti-PSA antibody titers were detected, 46% of patients demonstrated an increase in PSA-reactive T-cells. Conclusion Therapy with poxviruses expressing PSA and delivered in a prime/boost regimen was feasible and associated with minimal toxicity in the cooperative group setting. A significant proportion of men remained free of PSA and clinical progression after 19 months follow-up, and nearly half demonstrated an increase in PSA-specific T-cell responses. Phase III studies are needed to define the role of vaccination in men with prostate cancer or those who are at risk for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard L Kaufman
- Columbia University Medical Center, 177 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Todryk SM, Eaton J, Birchall L, Greenhalgh R, Soars D, Dalgleish AG, Melcher AA, Pandha HS. Heated tumour cells of autologous and allogeneic origin elicit anti-tumour immunity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004; 53:323-30. [PMID: 14648067 PMCID: PMC11034186 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-003-0452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2003] [Accepted: 09/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination with established tumour cell lines may circumvent the problem of obtaining autologous tumour cells from patients, but may also need immunological adjuvants. Up-regulation of heat shock proteins within tumour cell vaccines has resulted in increased immunogenicity in some models, but this has yet to be demonstrated for allogeneic (MHC-disparate) cell vaccines. This was investigated here using a rat model for prostate tumour cell vaccination. Heating of tumour cells (42 degrees C, 1 h) elicited significant increases in HSP70 expression. Vaccination with heated autologous PAIII cells elicited protection against PAIII challenge in 60% of rats >50 days compared to 0% with unheated vaccine and was associated with an increased Th1 (IFNgamma) immune response. Heated allogeneic MLL cells elicited significant protection against PAIII challenge, in contrast to unheated cells. The principle was confirmed in two mouse models, although the allogeneic melanoma vaccine K1735 elicited the best protection when heated and administered mixed with autologous dendritic cells. Thus, while heating of vaccine cells in some models is highly beneficial, and is a means of enhancing immunogenicity without genetic modification or inclusion of potentially toxic adjuvants, additional immune enhancement may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Todryk
- Division of Oncology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK.
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Chakraborty NG, Stevens RL, Mehrotra S, Laska E, Taxel P, Sporn JR, Schauer P, Albertsen PC. Recognition of PSA-derived peptide antigens by T cells from prostate cancer patients without any prior stimulation. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2003; 52:497-505. [PMID: 12783216 PMCID: PMC11032962 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-003-0377-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2002] [Accepted: 12/18/2002] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a valuable marker antigen for prostate cancer. Lately considerable interest has been generated in the prospect of developing a vaccine for prostate cancer with PSA-derived peptide epitopes to induce cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response. We report here that T cells capable of exhibiting PSA epitope-specific effector function-in their native state, i.e, without having to be further stimulated, in vitro-are detectable in more than half of the prostate cancer patients we studied. Ex vivo cultured autologous dendritic cells (DC) were used to present four HLA-A2-binding PSA peptide epitopes to freshly isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from patients and healthy volunteers. Ten out of 14 patients' PBL recognized at least one of the four peptides and 6 out of 10 patients' PBL recognized more than one peptide antigen as measured by IFN-gamma secretion upon stimulation of the PBL with the peptide antigen. Intracytoplasmic cytokine analysis for IFN-gamma in purified CD8(+) cells after stimulation with peptide antigens was tested in 6 patients and this technique demonstrated a similar response. Freshly isolated and purified CD8(+) cells when tested, also recognized the epitopes, as measured by IFN assay, when presented by transporter associated with antigen-processing (TAP) deficient T2 cells in an MHC-I restricted fashion. PBL from 9 normal donors when tested in identical fashion did not show any IFN-gamma production in recognition to the peptide antigens. Interestingly, neither of these CD8(+) T cells having IFN-gamma-producing ability did show any cytolytic activity in their native state against peptide loaded target cells or tumor cells when tested in cytotoxicity assay. In long term cocultures stimulation of purified CD8(+) T cells with matured DC pulsed with PSA peptides generated a PSA-specific CTL response in 4 of 6 patients studied and in 2 of 9 normal donors. While our observations of CTL generation are consistent with the prior reports that have demonstrated that specific CD8(+) CTL could be generated which recognize PSA-derived epitopes by in vitro stimulation by one means or another, this observation that IFN-gamma-producing CD8(+) T cells are present in patients which are antigen experienced, and do not require in vitro stimulation, is novel and has major implications for prostate cancer vaccine preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya G Chakraborty
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-1315, USA.
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Vissers JLM, De Vries IJM, Engelen LPH, Scharenborg NM, Molkenboer J, Figdor CG, Oosterwijk E, Adema GJ. Renal cell carcinoma-associated antigen G250 encodes a naturally processed epitope presented by human leukocyte antigen-DR molecules to CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Int J Cancer 2002; 100:441-4. [PMID: 12115527 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified an HLA-A2.1-restricted epitope within the RCC-associated antigen G250 that is recognized by CTLs. Using DCs of healthy individuals, which were loaded with overlapping 20 mer G250-derived peptides, we here report the induction of CD4(+) T cells that recognize the G250 peptide of amino acids 249-268. Moreover, naturally processed G250 protein is readily recognized by these G250-specific CD4(+) T cells in the context of HLA-DR molecules. Interestingly, peptide G250:249-268 overlaps the previously identified HLA-A2.1-restricted G250 epitope recognized by CTLs. These data and the high prevalence of G250 in RCC patients make peptide G250:249-268 a potential target in peptide-based vaccines to induce both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost L M Vissers
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, University Medical Center Nijmegen St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common malignant tumour in men and there are few treatment options available once the tumour becomes refractory to hormonal manipulation. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a secretory glycoprotein that is commonly expressed by prostatic epithelial cells and is found in elevated levels in the serum of men with prostate cancer. The identification of T cell specific epitopes within the coding sequence of PSA has led to the development of various vaccine strategies that target PSA in an attempt to treat established prostate cancer. These strategies have included human leukocyte antigen-restricted PSA peptides, dendritic cells pulsed with PSA, recombinant viruses expressing PSA and combinations of different vectors. In addition to PSA, several other antigens have been described that may be useful for targeting prostate tumours by vaccines. Animal studies have established the feasibility and safety for many of these agents and clinical trials are now in progress to evaluate the immunological and clinical responses of PSA vaccines. Further research in manipulating anti-PSA immunity with cytokines, costimulatory molecules and other immune modulating agents will likely improve the therapeutic effectiveness of PSA vaccines. Clinical trials designed to evaluate the effects of vaccination in different stages of disease and through different routes of administration need to be performed to define the optimal schedule for PSA vaccines in patients with prostate cancer, or for those at high risk of developing the disease.
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