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Gut immune cell trafficking: inter-organ communication and immune-mediated inflammation. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:50-64. [PMID: 35945456 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-022-00663-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Immune cell trafficking is a complex and tightly regulated process that is indispensable for the body's fight against pathogens. However, it is also increasingly acknowledged that dysregulation of cell trafficking contributes to the pathogenesis of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) in gastroenterology and hepatology, such as inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Moreover, altered cell trafficking has also been implicated as a crucial step in the immunopathogenesis of other IMIDs, such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Over the past few years, a central role of the gut in mediating these disorders has progressively emerged, and the partly microbiota-driven imprinting of particular cell trafficking phenotypes in the intestine seems to be crucially involved. Therefore, this Review highlights achievements in understanding immune cell trafficking to, within and from the intestine and delineates its consequences for immune-mediated pathology along the gut-liver, gut-joint and gut-brain axes. We also discuss implications for current and future therapeutic approaches that specifically interfere with homing, retention, egress and recirculation of immune cells.
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2
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Xu W, Bergsbaken T, Edelblum KL. The multifunctional nature of CD103 (αEβ7 integrin) signaling in tissue-resident lymphocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1161-C1167. [PMID: 36036450 PMCID: PMC9576162 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00338.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal tissue-resident lymphocytes are critical for maintenance of the mucosal barrier and to prevent enteric infections. The activation of these lymphocytes must be tightly regulated to prevent aberrant inflammation and epithelial damage observed in autoimmune diseases, yet also ensure that antimicrobial host defense remains uncompromised. Tissue-resident lymphocytes express CD103, or αE integrin, which dimerizes with the β7 subunit to bind to E-cadherin expressed on epithelial cells. Although the role of CD103 in homing and retention of lymphocytes to and within peripheral tissues has been well characterized, the molecular signals activated following CD103 engagement remain understudied. Here, we highlight recent studies that elucidate the functional contribution of CD103 in various lymphocyte subpopulations, either as an independent signaling molecule or in the context of TCR co-stimulation. Finally, we will discuss the gaps in our understanding of CD103 biology and the therapeutic potential of targeting CD103 on tissue-resident lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Xu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Tessa Bergsbaken
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Karen L Edelblum
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
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3
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Li JB, Li JJ, Li M, Gao C, Zhang L, Li M, Zhu Q. Oral immunization induces a novel CXCR6 + β7 + intraepithelial lymphocyte subset predominating in the small intestine. Scand J Immunol 2020; 93:e12996. [PMID: 33205443 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal T cells form a central part of the front-line defence against foreign organisms and need to be situated in the mucosa where infection occurs. It is well accepted that immunization by a mucosal route favours localization of antigen-specific effector T cells in the mucosal epithelium, while systemic immunization does not. The aim of the study is to determine how homing receptors are specifically involved in retaining effector T cells in the small intestine after oral immunization. We here demonstrate that the chemokine receptor CXCR6, integrins β7 and CD29 contribute differentially to the epithelial retention phenotype of CD8+ T cells in the small intestine of mice. CD8+ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) of unvaccinated mice are predominantly β7 single positives, and subcutaneous immunization-induced antigen-specific CD8+ effector IELs are mainly composed of CXCR6+ , CD29+ and CXCR6+ CD29+ cells. Strikingly, the majority of oral immunization-induced antigen-specific CD8+ effector IELs exhibit a distinct, tissue-specific CXCR6+ β7+ double-positive phenotype, cytotoxic potential and enhanced intraepithelial localization. Transfer of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells preactivated with certain immuno-stimuli (such as monophosphoryl lipid A) results in increased accumulation of donor IELs with the CXCR6+ β7+ phenotype. As β7 exclusively paired with αE on IELs, our results strongly suggest that CXCR6 may cooperate with the heterodimer αEβ7 to preferentially retain intestinally induced effector IELs in the epithelium. The identification of this novel IEL phenotype has significant implications for the development of vaccines and therapeutic strategies to enhance gut immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing B Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Jing J Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Changxing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Lingzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Meihan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
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4
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Babbar A, Hitch TCA, Pabst O, Clavel T, Hübel J, Eswaran S, Wagner N, Schippers A. The Compromised Mucosal Immune System of β7 Integrin-Deficient Mice Has Only Minor Effects on the Fecal Microbiota in Homeostasis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2284. [PMID: 31636620 PMCID: PMC6787405 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is an ideal habitat for diverse bacterial species that reside in a homeostatic balance with local tissue and significantly contribute to host health. Negative shifts in gut microbiota profiles, also known as dysbiosis, may be implicated in the development of chronic disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Adhesion molecule-dependent recruitment of immune cells to the gut is an important step in IBD pathogenesis. The adhesion molecule β7 integrin contributes to the development of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), intestinal immune cell homing, and immune responses and is known to promote intestinal inflammation. Although many studies underlined the role of the gut microbiota in shaping the mucosal immune system, studies on the influence of the host immune system on the microbiota are rare, especially in homeostasis. We addressed this question via comparative 16S rRNA gene amplicon analysis of fecal microbial communities from wild-type and β7 integrin-deficient mice, the latter being characterized by a compromised GALT. Besides subtle changes in relative abundances of Muribaculaceae spp. and unknown members of the families Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae, there was altogether no major difference in microbiota profiles in β7 integrin-deficient mice vs. wild-type littermates. This indicates that, in conditions of homeostasis, there is only a minor influence of the host immune system on the fecal microbiota in our mouse model, stressing the potential importance of pathological factors for dysbiosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Babbar
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas C A Hitch
- Functional Microbiome Research Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Oliver Pabst
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Clavel
- Functional Microbiome Research Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jessica Hübel
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sreepradha Eswaran
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Norbert Wagner
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Angela Schippers
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Kellermayer Z, Vojkovics D, Dakah TA, Bodó K, Botz B, Helyes Z, Berta G, Kajtár B, Schippers A, Wagner N, Scotto L, O'Connor OA, Arnold HH, Balogh P. IL-22-Independent Protection from Colitis in the Absence of Nkx2.3 Transcription Factor in Mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 202:1833-1844. [PMID: 30700585 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Nkx2.3 regulates the vascular specification of Peyer patches in mice through determining endothelial addressin preference and may function as a susceptibility factor in inflammatory bowel diseases in humans. We wished to analyze the role of Nkx2.3 in colonic solitary intestinal lymphoid tissue composition and in colitis pathogenesis. We studied the colonic solitary intestinal lymphoid tissue of Nkx2.3-deficient mice with immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Colitis was induced in mice using 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate, and severity was assessed with histology, flow cytometry, and quantitative PCR. We found that the lack of Nkx2.3 impairs maturation of isolated lymphoid follicles and attenuates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis independent of endothelial absence of mucosal addressin cell-adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1), which was also coupled with enhanced colonic epithelial regeneration. Although we observed increased numbers of group 3 innate lymphoid cells and Th17 cells and enhanced transcription of IL-22, Ab-mediated neutralization of IL-22 did not abolish the protection from colitis in Nkx2.3-deficient mice. Nkx2.3-/- hematopoietic cells could not rescue wild-type mice from colitis. Using LacZ-Nkx2.3 reporter mice, we found that Nkx2.3 expression was restricted to VAP-1+ myofibroblast-like pericryptal cells. These results hint at a previously unknown stromal role of Nkx2.3 as driver of colitis and indicate that Nkx2.3+ stromal cells play a role in epithelial cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Kellermayer
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Szentágothai János Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
- Lymphoid Organogenesis Research Group, Szentágothai János Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Dóra Vojkovics
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Szentágothai János Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
- Lymphoid Organogenesis Research Group, Szentágothai János Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Tareq Abu Dakah
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Szentágothai János Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Kornélia Bodó
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Szentágothai János Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Bálint Botz
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Szentágothai János Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
- Department of Radiology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Szentágothai János Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Gergely Berta
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscope Laboratory, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Béla Kajtár
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Angela Schippers
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Norbert Wagner
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Luigi Scotto
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York 10019, NY
| | - Owen A O'Connor
- Center for Lymphoid Malignancies, Columbia University Medical Center, New York 10019, NY; and
| | - Hans-Henning Arnold
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Péter Balogh
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Szentágothai János Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary;
- Lymphoid Organogenesis Research Group, Szentágothai János Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
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6
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CCDC88B is required for pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Commun 2017; 8:932. [PMID: 29030607 PMCID: PMC5640600 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves interaction between host genetic factors and environmental triggers. CCDC88B maps within one IBD risk locus on human chromosome 11q13. Here we show that CCDC88B protein increases in the colon during intestinal injury, concomitant with an influx of CCDC88B+lymphoid and myeloid cells. Loss of Ccdc88b protects against DSS-induced colitis, with fewer pathological lesions and reduced intestinal inflammation in Ccdc88b-deficient mice. In a T cell transfer model of colitis, Ccdc88b mutant CD4+ T cells do not induce colitis in immunocompromised hosts. Expression of human CCDC88B RNA and protein is higher in IBD patient colons than in control colon tissue. In human CD14+ myeloid cells, CCDC88B is regulated by cis-acting variants. In a cohort of patients with Crohn's disease, CCDC88B expression correlates positively with disease risk. These findings suggest that CCDC88B has a critical function in colon inflammation and the pathogenesis of IBD.Hook-related protein family member CCDC88b is encoded by a locus that has been associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Here the authors show that Ccdc88b inactivation in T cells prevents colitis in a transfer model, and detect high colonic levels of CCDC88b in patients with Crohn disease or ulcerative colitis, identifying that expression correlates with disease risk.
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7
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Drescher HK, Schippers A, Clahsen T, Sahin H, Noels H, Hornef M, Wagner N, Trautwein C, Streetz KL, Kroy DC. β 7-Integrin and MAdCAM-1 play opposing roles during the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 2017; 66:1251-1264. [PMID: 28192190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease in Western countries. It is unclear how infiltrating leukocytes affect NASH-development. Our study aims to investigate the role of the homing/receptor, pair mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1)/β7-Integrin, on immune cell recruitment and disease progression in a steatohepatitis model. METHODS Constitutive β7-Integrin deficient (β7-/-) and MAdCAM-1 deficient (MAdCAM-1-/-) mice were fed a high fat diet (HFD) for 26weeks or methionine-choline-deficient-diet (MCD) for 4weeks. RESULTS β7-/- mice displayed earlier and more progressive steatohepatitis during HFD- and MCD-treatment, while MAdCAM-1-/- mice showed less histomorphological changes. The anti-oxidative stress response was significantly weaker in β7-/- mice as reflected by a significant downregulation of the transcription factors nuclear-factor(erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and heme-oxigenase-1 (HO-1). Additionally, stronger dihydroethidium-staining revealed an increased oxidative stress response in β7-/- animals. In contrast, MAdCAM-1-/- mice showed an upregulation of the anti-oxidative stress response. β7-/- animals exhibited stronger hepatic infiltration of inflammatory cells, especially neutrophils, reflecting earlier steatohepatitis initiation. Expression of regulatory T cell (TReg) markers as well as numbers of anti-inflammatory macrophages was significantly enhanced in MAdCAM-1-/- mice. Those changes finally resulted in earlier and stronger collagen accumulation in β7-/- mice, whereas MAdCAM-1-/- mice were protected from fibrosis initiation. CONCLUSIONS Adhesion molecule mediated effector cell migration contributes to the outcome of steatohepatitis in the HFD- and the MCD model. While MAdCAM-1 promotes steatohepatitis, β7-Integrin unexpectedly exerts protective effects. β7-/- mice show earlier steatohepatitis initiation and significantly stronger fibrosis progression. Accordingly, the interaction of β7-Integrins and their receptor MAdCAM-1 provide novel targets for therapeutic interventions in steatohepatitis. LAY SUMMARY The mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1) is expressed in livers upon diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Loss of MAdCAM-1 has beneficial effects regarding the development of NASH - manifested by reduced hepatic oxidative stress and decreased inflammation. In contrast, β7-Integrin-deficiency results in increased steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Drescher
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Angela Schippers
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Clahsen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Hacer Sahin
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Heidi Noels
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Mathias Hornef
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Norbert Wagner
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Konrad L Streetz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniela C Kroy
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany.
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8
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Novel Insights into the Mechanisms of Gut Homing and Antiadhesion Therapies in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017; 23:617-627. [PMID: 28296823 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000001067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic compounds interfering with T cell trafficking are a new column of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment. Currently, the anti-α4β7 integrin antibody vedolizumab is successfully used in the clinic and further drugs are likely to follow. Despite these clinical advances, the precise mechanistic background of their action is only gradually elucidated and still a matter of intensive research. Only recently, advances made with the help of new in vivo models and human studies have contributed to shape our concept of T cell trafficking in IBD by deciphering some important and so far unanswered questions. At the same time, basic and clinical data have generated new issues to be addressed on the way toward a clear perception of trafficking mechanisms and toward elucidation of the action of compounds interfering with this process. In this review, we will give a comprehensive outline of all components of T cell trafficking in regard to IBD before discussing the current knowledge concerning targeted interference with integrins in this complex network. Moreover, we will summarize remaining ambiguity and give an outlook on potential future targets.
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9
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Smids C, Horjus Talabur Horje CS, van Wijk F, van Lochem EG. The Complexity of alpha E beta 7 Blockade in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11:500-508. [PMID: 27660340 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies targeting integrins are emerging as new treatment option in inflammatory bowel diseases. Integrins are molecules involved in cell adhesion and signalling. After the successful introduction of anti-α4β7, currently anti-β7 is under evaluation in a phase three trial. Anti-β7 blocks both α4β7/MAdCAM-1 and αEβ7/E-cadherin interaction, targeting both the homing to and the retention in the gut of potential pathological T cells. Since the physiological and potential pathological roles of immune cells expressing αEβ7 are less distinct than of those expressing α4β7, an overview of the current state of knowledge on αEβ7 in mice and humans in both health and inflammatory bowel diseases is presented here, also addressing the potential consequences of anti-β7 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolijn Smids
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | | | - Femke van Wijk
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen G van Lochem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
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10
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Smids C, Horjus-Talabur Horje CS, van Lochem EG. Integrin αEβ7 in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Friend or Foe? Gastroenterology 2016; 151:213-4. [PMID: 27243635 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolijn Smids
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ellen G van Lochem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
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11
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β7-Integrin exacerbates experimental DSS-induced colitis in mice by directing inflammatory monocytes into the colon. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:527-38. [PMID: 26349655 PMCID: PMC4801899 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte recruitment is pivotal for the initiation and perpetuation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and controlled by the specificity and interactions of chemokines and adhesion molecules. Interactions of the adhesion molecules α4β7-integrin and mucosal addressin cell-adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) promote the accumulation of pathogenic T-cell populations in the inflamed intestine. We aimed to elucidate the significance of β7-integrin expression on innate immune cells for the pathogenesis of IBD. We demonstrate that β7-integrin deficiency protects recombination-activating gene-2 (RAG-2)-deficient mice from dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis and coincides with decreased numbers of colonic effector monocytes. We also show that β7-integrin is expressed on most CD11b(+)CD64(low)Ly6C(+) bone marrow progenitors and contributes to colonic recruitment of these proinflammatory monocytes. Importantly, adoptive transfer of CD115(+) wild-type (WT) monocytes partially restored the susceptibility of RAG-2/β7-integrin double-deficient mice to DSS-induced colitis, thereby demonstrating the functional importance of β7-integrin-expressing monocytes for the development of DSS colitis. We also reveal that genetic ablation of MAdCAM-1 ameliorates experimental colitis in RAG-2-deficient mice as well. In summary, we demonstrate a previously unknown role of α4β7-integrin-MAdCAM-1 interactions as drivers of colitis by directing inflammatory monocytes into the colon.
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12
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Nguyen LP, Pan J, Dinh TT, Hadeiba H, O'Hara E, Ebtikar A, Hertweck A, Gökmen MR, Lord GM, Jenner RG, Butcher EC, Habtezion A. Role and species-specific expression of colon T cell homing receptor GPR15 in colitis. Nat Immunol 2014; 16:207-213. [PMID: 25531831 PMCID: PMC4338558 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocyte recruitment maintains intestinal immune homeostasis but also contributes to inflammation. The orphan chemoattractant receptor GPR15 mediates regulatory T cell homing and immunosuppression in the mouse colon. We show that GPR15 is also expressed by mouse TH17 and TH1 effector cells, and is required for colitis in a model that depends on their trafficking to the colon. In humans GPR15 is expressed by effector cells including pathogenic TH2 cells in ulcerative colitis, but is not expressed by regulatory T (Treg) cells. The TH2 transcriptional activator GATA-3 and the Treg–associated transcriptional repressor FOXP3 robustly bind human, but not mouse, GPR15 enhancer sequences, correlating with expression. Our results highlight species differences in GPR15 regulation, and suggest it as a potential therapeutic target for colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh P Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,The Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System and The Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
| | - Junliang Pan
- The Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System and The Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
| | - Theresa Thanh Dinh
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Husein Hadeiba
- The Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System and The Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
| | - Edward O'Hara
- The Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System and The Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
| | - Ahmad Ebtikar
- The Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System and The Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
| | - Arnulf Hertweck
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, W1T 4JF, United Kingdom
| | - M Refik Gökmen
- Department of Experimental Immunobiology and NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospital and King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Graham M Lord
- Department of Experimental Immunobiology and NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospital and King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Richard G Jenner
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, W1T 4JF, United Kingdom
| | - Eugene C Butcher
- The Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System and The Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.,Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Aida Habtezion
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Mitroulis I, Alexaki VI, Kourtzelis I, Ziogas A, Hajishengallis G, Chavakis T. Leukocyte integrins: role in leukocyte recruitment and as therapeutic targets in inflammatory disease. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 147:123-135. [PMID: 25448040 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Infection or sterile inflammation triggers site-specific attraction of leukocytes. Leukocyte recruitment is a process comprising several steps orchestrated by adhesion molecules, chemokines, cytokines and endogenous regulatory molecules. Distinct adhesive interactions between endothelial cells and leukocytes and signaling mechanisms contribute to the temporal and spatial fine-tuning of the leukocyte adhesion cascade. Central players in the leukocyte adhesion cascade include the leukocyte adhesion receptors of the β2-integrin family, such as the αLβ2 and αMβ2 integrins, or of the β1-integrin family, such as the α4β1-integrin. Given the central involvement of leukocyte recruitment in different inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, the leukocyte adhesion cascade in general, and leukocyte integrins in particular, represent key therapeutic targets. In this context, the present review focuses on the role of leukocyte integrins in the leukocyte adhesion cascade. Experimental evidence that has implicated leukocyte integrins as targets in animal models of inflammatory disorders, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, psoriasis, inflammatory bone loss and inflammatory bowel disease as well as preclinical and clinical therapeutic applications of antibodies that target leukocyte integrins in various inflammatory disorders are presented. Finally, we review recent findings on endogenous inhibitors that modify leukocyte integrin function, which could emerge as promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Mitroulis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vasileia I Alexaki
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ioannis Kourtzelis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Athanassios Ziogas
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - George Hajishengallis
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Kurmaeva E, Lord JD, Zhang S, Bao JR, Kevil CG, Grisham MB, Ostanin DV. T cell-associated α4β7 but not α4β1 integrin is required for the induction and perpetuation of chronic colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:1354-65. [PMID: 24717354 PMCID: PMC4417258 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Anti-adhesion therapies that target α(4) integrins (e.g., natalizumab) are thought to work by blocking T-cell recruitment to the intestinal tissues in patients with Crohn's disease (CD); however, little direct evidence is available to confirm this contention. We wished to evaluate the importance of T cell-associated α(4) integrins in a chronic colitis model in mice and to determine the effect of natalizumab treatment on intestinal tissue T-cell accumulation in human CD. Adoptive transfer of T cells lacking α(4) (α(4)(-/-)) but not β(1) integrin into immunodeficient mice produced significantly attenuated disease. This was correlated with reduced numbers of colon CD4 T cells compared with the control mice; however, tissue distribution of T helper type 1 (Th1) and T helper type 17 (Th17) cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) was not affected by the lack of α(4). Furthermore, α(4)(-/-) T cells demonstrated defective homing to the chronically inflamed small intestines and colons. Finally, patients treated with natalizumab showed significant reduction in mucosal CD4 T cells and no skewing in the foxp3(+) Treg or T-bet(+)Th1 fractions thereof. These results demonstrate a direct role for T cell-associated α(4)β(7) but not α(4)β(1) integrins during initiation and perpetuation of chronic colitis. Moreover, our data demonstrated that natalizumab treatment reduced mucosal CD4 T-cell accumulation in CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kurmaeva
- Center of Excellence for Arthritis and Rheumatology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - JD Lord
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - S Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - JR Bao
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - CG Kevil
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - MB Grisham
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - DV Ostanin
- Center of Excellence for Arthritis and Rheumatology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
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Valatas V, Vakas M, Kolios G. The value of experimental models of colitis in predicting efficacy of biological therapies for inflammatory bowel diseases. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 305:G763-85. [PMID: 23989010 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00004.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, biological therapies have an increasing share in the modern therapeutics of various diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Animal models of IBD have often been used to identify the targets of biological therapies, to test their relevance to disease pathogenesis, to assess their therapeutic efficacy in vivo, and to check for drug toxicity. In the field of inflammatory diseases the majority of biologics under development have failed to reach the clinic. This review examines the ability of preclinical data from animal models of IBD to predict success or failure of biologics in human IBD. Specifically, it describes the murine models of IBD, the mechanism of disease induction, the phenotype of the disease, its relevance to human IBD, and the specific immunological features of disease pathogenesis in each model and mainly compares the results of the phase II and III trials of biologics in IBD with preclinical data obtained from studies in animal models. Finally, it examines the possible reasons for low success in translation from bench to bedside and offers some suggestions to improve translation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Valatas
- Dept. of Gastroenterology, Univ. Hospital of Heraklion, PO Box 1352, Voutes, Heraklion, GR-71100, Crete, Greece.
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Roles of T cell-associated L-selectin and β7 integrins during induction and regulation of chronic colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19:2547-59. [PMID: 24132160 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0b013e3182a8df0a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-selectin (CD62L) and β(7) integrins are important for trafficking of naive T cells under steady-state conditions. The objectives of this study were to dissect the requirements for T cell-associated CD62L and β(7) integrins during initiation, progression, and regulation of chronic colitis. METHODS Using the T-cell transfer model, we compared colitogenic potential between T cells lacking one or both of these molecules with wild-type T cells. To assess trafficking of cells to the secondary lymphoid tissue and the gut, we performed co-homing experiments. RESULTS Adoptive transfer of wild-type, CD62L(-/-) or β(7)(-/-) single-deficient T cells induced moderate to severe disease with slightly different kinetics. However, transfer of CD62L(-/-) β(7)(-/-) double-deficient (DKO) T cells produced significantly attenuated gut inflammation, which correlated with fewer T cells and reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the colon lamina propria. Our subsequent experiments established that lack of colitogenic potential of these cells was due to inability of DKO T cells to home to the secondary lymphoid tissue. Furthermore, homing of in vitro-generated effector DKO T cells to the inflamed intestine was significantly impaired. Lastly, DKO regulatory T cells were ineffective at suppressing colitis induced by wild-type T cells. CONCLUSIONS We established that T cells can use either CD62L(-/-) or β(7)(-/-) integrins to induce chronic colitis, but lack of both abrogates their colitogenic potential. Effector T cells critically rely on β(7) integrin during their recruitment to the inflamed intestinal mucosa. Finally, regulation of intestinal inflammation by regulatory T cells requires one or both of these adhesion molecules.
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Su L, Nalle SC, Shen L, Turner ES, Singh G, Breskin LA, Khramtsova EA, Khramtsova G, Tsai PY, Fu YX, Abraham C, Turner JR. TNFR2 activates MLCK-dependent tight junction dysregulation to cause apoptosis-mediated barrier loss and experimental colitis. Gastroenterology 2013; 145:407-15. [PMID: 23619146 PMCID: PMC3722284 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Tight junction dysregulation and epithelial damage contribute to barrier loss in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. However, the mechanisms that regulate these processes and their relative contributions to disease pathogenesis are not completely understood. We investigated these processes using colitis models in mice. METHODS We induced colitis by adoptive transfer of CD4(+)CD45RB(hi) cells or administration of dextran sulfate sodium to mice, including those deficient in tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) 1, TNFR2, or the long isoform of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). Intestinal tissues and isolated epithelial cells were analyzed by immunoblot, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. RESULTS Induction of immune-mediated colitis by CD4(+)CD45RB(hi) adoptive transfer increased intestinal permeability, epithelial expression of claudin-2, the long isoform of MLCK, and TNFR2 (but not TNFR1) and phosphorylation of the myosin II light chain. Long MLCK upregulation, myosin II light chain phosphorylation, barrier loss, and weight loss were attenuated in TNFR2(-/-) , but not TNFR1(-/-) , recipients of wild-type CD4(+)CD45RB(hi) cells. Similarly, long MLCK(-/-) mice had limited increases in myosin II light chain phosphorylation, claudin-2 expression, and intestinal permeability and delayed onset of adoptive transfer-induced colitis. However, coincident with onset of epithelial apoptosis, long MLCK(-/-) mice ultimately developed colitis. This indicates that disease progresses via apoptosis in the absence of MLCK-dependent tight junction regulation. In support of this conclusion, long MLCK(-/-) mice were not protected from epithelial apoptosis-mediated, damage-dependent dextran sulfate sodium colitis. CONCLUSIONS In immune-mediated inflammatory bowel disease models, TNFR2 signaling increases long MLCK expression, resulting in tight junction dysregulation, barrier loss, and induction of colitis. At advanced stages, colitis progresses by apoptosis and mucosal damage that result in tight junction- and MLCK-independent barrier loss. Therefore, barrier loss in immune-mediated colitis occurs via two temporally and morphologically distinct mechanisms. Differential targeting of these mechanisms can lead to improved inflammatory bowel disease therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Su
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sam C. Nalle
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Le Shen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Emily S. Turner
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Gurminder Singh
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lydia A. Breskin
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Galina Khramtsova
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Pei-Yun Tsai
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Clara Abraham
- Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jerrold R. Turner
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Correspondence: Jerrold R. Turner, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, MC 1089, Chicago, IL 60637. 773-702-2433, 773-834-5251 (FAX),
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Regulation and migratory role of P-selectin ligands during intestinal inflammation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62055. [PMID: 23630623 PMCID: PMC3632518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) can convert retinal to retinoic acid (RA), which promotes induction of the gut-specific homing receptor α4β7. In contrast, priming within peripheral lymph nodes leads to upregulation of E- and P-selectin ligands (E- and P-lig). Apart from its α4β7 promoting effect, RA was shown to suppress E- and P-lig induction in vitro. However, enhanced frequencies of P-lig(+) CD4(+) T cells were reported during intestinal inflammation. To understand this contradiction, we first determined whether location of intestinal inflammation, that is, ileitis or colitis, affects P-lig induction. Both conditions promoted P-lig expression on CD4(+) T cells; however, P-lig expressed on T cells facilitated Th1 cell recruitment only into the inflamed colon but not into inflamed small intestine induced by oral Toxoplasma gondii infection. A majority of P-lig(+)CD4(+) T cells found within MLN during intestinal inflammation co-expressed α4β7 confirming their activation in the presence of RA. Mesenteric P-lig(+)CD4(+) cells co-expressed the 130 kDa isoform of CD43 which requires activity of core 2 (beta)1,6-N-acetyl-glycosaminyltransferase-I (C2GlcNAcT-I) suggesting that C2GlcNAcT-I contributes to P-lig expression under these conditions. To test whether inflammatory mediators can indeed overrule the inhibitory effect of RA on P-lig expression we stimulated CD4(+) T cells either polyclonal in the presence of IL-12 and IFNγ or by LPS-activated MLN-derived dendritic cells. Both conditions promoted P-lig induction even in the presence of RA. While RA impeded the induction of fucosyltransferase-VII it did not affect IL-12-dependent C2GlcNAcT-I induction suggesting that C2GlcNAcT-I can support P-lig expression even if fucosyltransferase-VII mRNA upregulation is dampened.
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You J, Dong H, Mann ER, Knight SC, Yaqoob P. Ageing impairs the T cell response to dendritic cells. Immunobiology 2013; 218:1077-84. [PMID: 23582781 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical in priming adaptive T-cell responses, but the effects of ageing on interactions between DCs and T cells are unclear. This study investigated the influence of ageing on the maturation of and cytokine production by human blood-enriched DCs, and the impact on T cell responses in an allogeneic mixed leucocyte reaction (MLR). DCs from old subjects (65-75 y) produced significantly less TNF-α and IFN-γ than young subjects (20-30 y) in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but expression of maturation markers and co-stimulatory molecules was preserved. In the MLR, DCs from older subjects induced significantly restricted proliferation of young T cells, activation of CD8+ T cells and expression of IL-12 and IFN-γ in T cells compared with young DCs. T cells from older subjects responded more weakly to DC stimulation compared with young T cells, regardless of whether the DCs were derived from young or older subjects. In conclusion, the capacity of DCs to induce T cell activation is significantly impaired by ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu You
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights PO Box 226, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
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20
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Abstract
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and are collectively referred to as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD is a major cause of lifetime morbidity, has a severe impact on quality of life of patients (equivalent to that of rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, migraine or diabetes) and constitutes a substantial economic burden to the healthcare system. The introduction of anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antibodies has dramatically improved the treatment of IBD, but approximately one-third of patients are nonresponders and another 30-50% will eventually lose the therapeutic effect or become intolerant to these antibodies. Thus, there is an urgent and unmet need for new therapies. The aetiologies of the different forms of IBD have not been fully elucidated but there is strong evidence implicating T cells and T-cell migration to the gut in initiating and perpetuating the intestinal inflammatory process and tissue destruction. In recent years, progress in basic science has shed light on the mechanisms regulating T-cell migration to the gut and new therapeutics targeting these pathways have been developed. It is interesting that some of the factors directing the localization of T cells to the gut have been shown to be relatively organ specific, potentially enabling new T-cell-targeted treatments to demonstrate improved safety whilst preserving therapeutic efficacy. Here, fundamental aspects of the gut immune system, the generation of tissue-tropic effector T cells and the mechanisms of T-cell trafficking to the gut mucosa will be reviewed. In addition, the role of these processes in IBD and how they have been exploited for the development of novel therapies for IBD will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Marsal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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Papst S, Noisier AF, Brimble MA, Yang Y, Krissansen GW. Synthesis and biological evaluation of tyrosine modified analogues of the α4β7 integrin inhibitor biotin-R8ERY. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:5139-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Schippers A, Kochut A, Pabst O, Frischmann U, Clahsen T, Tenbrock K, Müller W, Wagner N. β7 integrin controls immunogenic and tolerogenic mucosal B cell responses. Clin Immunol 2012; 144:87-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tyrosine modified analogues of the α4β7 integrin inhibitor biotin-R8ERY prepared via Click Chemistry: Synthesis and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:2638-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Papst S, Noisier AFM, Brimble MA, Yang Y, Chan YC, Krissansen GW. Synthesis and SAR of a Library of Cell-Permeable Biotin-R8ERY* Peptidomimetics Inhibiting α4β7 Integrin Mediated Adhesion of TK-1 Cells to MAdCAM-1-Fc. Aust J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/ch12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The α4β7 integrin is a well‐known target for the development of drugs against various inflammatory disease states including inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. The β7 subunit contains the cell adhesion regulatory domain (CARD) motif YDRREY within its cytoplasmic domain, which is an effective peptide agent for inhibiting T-cell adhesion. The synthesis of a library of cell-permeable β7 integrin inhibitors based on the shortened biotin-R8ERY (R8 = (l-arginine)8) motif is reported, wherein the tyrosine residue has been modified. The synthesised peptidomimetics were evaluated in a cell adhesion assay and shown to inhibit Mn2+-activated adhesion of mouse TK-1 T-cells to mouse MAdCAM-1. Several analogues exhibited improved activity to that of the tyrosine-containing lead compound 1 (biotin-R8ERY). Specifically, analogues 4, 10, and 22 bearing a 4-chloro, a 4-nitro, and a 3,3-diphenyl substituent showed an increase in activity of approximately two-fold compared with that of the initial lead compound. The six most active compounds of the tested series had IC50’s between 25 and 50 μM.
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Koboziev I, Karlsson F, Grisham MB. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue, T cell trafficking, and chronic intestinal inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1207 Suppl 1:E86-93. [PMID: 20961311 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The etiologies of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD; Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis) have not been fully elucidated. However, there is very good evidence implicating T cell and T cell trafficking to the gut and its associated lymphoid tissue as important components in disease pathogenesis. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the mechanisms involved in naive and effector T cell trafficking to the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT; Peyer's patches, isolated lymphoid follicles), mesenteric lymph nodes and intestine in response to commensal enteric antigens under physiological conditions as well as during the induction of chronic gut inflammation. In addition, recent data suggests that the GALT may not be required for enteric antigen-driven intestinal inflammation in certain mouse models of IBD. These new data suggest a possible paradigm shift in our understanding of how and where naive T cells become activated to yield disease-producing effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iurii Koboziev
- Immunology and Inflammation Research Group, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, USA
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Gorfu G, Rivera-Nieves J, Hoang S, Abbott DW, Arbenz-Smith K, Azar DW, Pizarro TT, Cominelli F, McDuffie M, Ley K. Beta7 integrin deficiency suppresses B cell homing and attenuates chronic ileitis in SAMP1/YitFc mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:5561-8. [PMID: 20926792 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte recruitment to intestinal tissues depends on β(7) integrins. In this study, we studied disease severity and lymphocyte recruitment into the small intestine in SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop chronic ileitis with similarity to human Crohn's disease. To assess the role of β(7) integrins in chronic ileitis, we generated SAMP1/YitFc lacking β(7) integrins (SAMP1/YitFc Itgb7(-/-)) using a congenic strain developed via marker-assisted selection. We analyzed ileal inflammation in SAMP1/YitFc and SAMP1/YitFc Itgb7(-/-) mice by histopathology and the distribution of T and B lymphocytes in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) by flow cytometry. Short-term (18 h) adoptive transfer experiments were used to study the in vivo homing capacity of T and B lymphocytes. In both young (<20 wk) and old (20-50 wk) SAMP1/YitFc Itgb7(-/-) mice, ileitis was reduced by 30-50% compared with SAMP1/YitFc mice. SAMP1/YitFc Itgb7(-/-) mice showed a dramatic 67% reduction in the size of their MLNs, which was caused by a 85% reduction in lymphocyte numbers and reduced short-term B cell homing. Flow cytometric analysis revealed a highly significant decrease in the percentage of B cells in MLNs of SAMP1/YitFc Itgb7(-/-) mice. Cotransfer of SAMP1/YitFc MLN B cells but not SAMP1/YitFc Itgb7(-/-) MLN B cells along with CD4(+) T cells resulted in exacerbated ileitis severity in SCID mice. Our findings suggest that β(7) integrins play an essential role in spontaneous chronic ileitis in vivo by promoting homing of disease-exacerbating B cells to MLNs and other intestinal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gezahegn Gorfu
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Gorfu G, Rivera-Nieves J, Ley K. Role of β7 Integrins in Intestinal Lymphocyte Homing and Retention. Curr Mol Med 2009; 9:836-50. [DOI: 10.2174/156652409789105525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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28
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Miura S, Kubes P, Granger DN. Gastrointestinal and Liver Microcirculations: Roles in Inflammation and Immunity. Compr Physiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp020414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Apostolaki M, Manoloukos M, Roulis M, Wurbel MA, Müller W, Papadakis KA, Kontoyiannis DL, Malissen B, Kollias G. Role of beta7 integrin and the chemokine/chemokine receptor pair CCL25/CCR9 in modeled TNF-dependent Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2008; 134:2025-35. [PMID: 18439426 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In the present work, we address the requirement for intestinal-specific homing molecules, the chemokine/chemokine receptor pair CCL25/CCR9 and beta7 integrin, in the pathogenesis of the CD8(+) T cell-dependent Tnf(DeltaARE) mouse model of Crohn's-like inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS We investigated by flow cytometry lymphocyte recruitment in the intestinal epithelium and lamina propria (LP); cytokine production by intraepithelial and LP lymphocytes; and peripheral expression of CCR9, alpha4beta7, and alphaEbeta7 integrin. The functional significance of CCL25/CCR9 and beta7 integrin in inflammatory lymphocyte recruitment and intestinal disease development was assessed in Tnf(DeltaARE) mice genetically lacking these molecules. RESULTS Intestinal inflammation in the Tnf(DeltaARE) mice is associated with early reduction of CD8alphaalpha-expressing intraepithelial lymphocytes, decreased T helper cell 1 and increased T helper cell 17 responses by LP CD4(+) lymphocytes, increased alphaEbeta7 integrin expression in peripheral activated/memory intestinal-homing CD8alphabeta lymphocytes, and predominance of tumor necrosis factor/interferon-gamma-producing CD8alphabeta lymphocytes in the epithelium. Although CCL25/CCR9 have been strongly implicated in T-lymphocyte recruitment to the small intestine, inflammatory pathology develops unperturbed in the genetic absence of CCL25/CCR9. Furthermore, CD8alphabeta lymphocyte recruitment in the intestinal epithelium and inflammatory infiltration in the LP are not impaired in CCR9- or CCL25-deficient Tnf(DeltaARE) mice. In contrast, genetic ablation of beta7 integrin results in complete amelioration of intestinal pathology. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that development of intestinal inflammation in the Tnf(DeltaARE) mice is critically dependent on beta7 integrin-mediated T-lymphocyte recruitment, whereas the function of the CCL25/CCR9 axis appears dispensable in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Apostolaki
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Vari, Greece
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30
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Miura S, Kubes P, Granger DN. Gastrointestinal and Liver Microcirculations. Microcirculation 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374530-9.00016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Park EJ, Mora JR, Carman CV, Chen J, Sasaki Y, Cheng G, von Andrian UH, Shimaoka M. Aberrant activation of integrin alpha4beta7 suppresses lymphocyte migration to the gut. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:2526-38. [PMID: 17786243 PMCID: PMC1952632 DOI: 10.1172/jci31570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin adhesion molecules mediate lymphocyte migration and homing to normal and inflamed tissues. While the ligand-binding activity of integrins is known to be modulated by conformational changes, little is known about how the appropriate balance of integrin adhesiveness is maintained in order to optimize the migratory capacity of lymphocytes in vivo. In this study we examined the regulation of the gut homing receptor alpha4beta7 integrin by manipulating at the germline level an integrin regulatory domain known as adjacent to metal ion-dependent adhesion site (ADMIDAS). ADMIDAS normally serves to raise the activation threshold of alpha4beta7, thereby stabilizing it in the default nonadhesive state. Lymphocytes from knockin beta7 (D146A) mice, which harbor a disrupted ADMIDAS, not only expressed an alpha4beta7 integrin that persistently adhered to mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1), but also exhibited perturbed cell migration along MAdCAM-1 substrates resulting from improper de-adhesion of the lymphocyte trailing edge. In vivo, aberrantly activated alpha4beta7 enhanced adhesion to Peyer's patch venules, but suppressed lymphocyte homing to the gut, diminishing the capacity of T cells to induce colitis. Our results underscore the importance of a proper balance in the adhesion and de-adhesion of the alpha4beta7 integrin, both for lymphocyte trafficking to the gut and for colitis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Park
- CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Anesthesia,
Department of Pathology,
Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J. Rodrigo Mora
- CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Anesthesia,
Department of Pathology,
Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher V. Carman
- CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Anesthesia,
Department of Pathology,
Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - JianFeng Chen
- CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Anesthesia,
Department of Pathology,
Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yoshiteru Sasaki
- CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Anesthesia,
Department of Pathology,
Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guiying Cheng
- CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Anesthesia,
Department of Pathology,
Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ulrich H. von Andrian
- CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Anesthesia,
Department of Pathology,
Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Motomu Shimaoka
- CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Anesthesia,
Department of Pathology,
Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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32
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Ostanin DV, Furr KL, Pavlick KP, Gray L, Kevil CG, Shukla D, D'Souza D, Hoffman JM, Grisham MB. T cell-associated CD18 but not CD62L, ICAM-1, or PSGL-1 is required for the induction of chronic colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 292:G1706-14. [PMID: 17332469 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00573.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The induction and perpetuation of chronic colitis are thought to involve a complex set of adhesive interactions between T cells and endothelial cells located on the vasculature within secondary lymphoid tissue and the intestine. The objective of this study was to assess the roles of T cell-associated CD18, CD62L (L-selectin), ICAM-1, and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) in the induction of chronic colitis in mice. CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells derived from either wild-type (WT), CD18-deficient [CD18 knockout (KO)], CD62L KO, ICAM-1 KO, or PSGL-1 KO mice were adoptively transferred into recombinase activating gene-1 (RAG-1)-deficient mice (RAG KO mice) to assess the potential of these T cells to induce chronic colitis. At 8-10 wk following T cell transfer, we observed moderate to severe colitis as assessed by increases in colon weight-to-length ratios and by blinded histopathological analysis. In contrast, we found that transfer of CD18 KO T cells into RAG KO recipients resulted in the significant attenuation of colonic inflammation in these mice. Furthermore, we observed fewer infiltrating CD4(+) T cells in the colonic lamina propria in the CD18 KO-->RAG KO group compared with the WT-->RAG KO group. Finally, message levels of colonic TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IFN-gamma were significantly reduced in CD18 KO-->RAG KO mice compared with colitic control animals. We conclude that T cell-associated CD18, but not CD62L, ICAM-1, or PSGL-1, is required for the development of chronic colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Ostanin
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisana State Univ. Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, PO Box 33932, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
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Pavlick KP, Ostanin DV, Furr KL, Laroux FS, Brown CM, Gray L, Kevil CG, Grisham MB. Role of T-cell-associated lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 in the pathogenesis of experimental colitis. Int Immunol 2006; 18:389-98. [PMID: 16415103 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The beta2 integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1; CD11a/CD18) is important for lymphocyte trafficking and activation as well as recruitment to sites of tissue inflammation. The objective of this study was to assess the role of 'T-cell-associated' LFA-1 in the pathogenesis of chronic colitis in vivo. Transfer of CD4+CD25- T cells isolated from wild-type (wt) mice into immunodeficient recipients [recombinase-activating gene-1-deficient (RAG-1-/-] produced moderate to severe colitis, whereas RAG-1-/- mice injected with CD11a-deficient (CD11a-/-; LFA-1-/-) donor T cells displayed minimal macroscopic and histological evidence of colitis. Surface expression of L-selectin, alpha4, alpha4beta7 and chemokine receptor-7 were similar for wt and CD11a-/- donor T cells. Attenuated disease in the CD11a-/- --> RAG-1-/- animals was associated with decreased numbers of CD4+ T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), spleen and intestinal lamina propria (LP). In addition, significant reductions in Th1 cytokines were observed following ex vivo stimulation of mononuclear cells obtained from the MLNs and colonic LP. Interestingly, mononuclear cells obtained from the spleens of CD11a-/- --> RAG-1-/- exhibited enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine production compared with splenocytes obtained from wt --> RAG-1-/- colitic mice. Taken together, our data suggest that T-cell-associated CD11a (LFA-1) expression plays a dual role in the initiation of chronic gut inflammation by facilitating naive T-cell priming/activation and expansion within MLNs and by augmenting pro-inflammatory cytokine production following secondary stimulation by antigen-presenting cells in the colonic interstitium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Pavlick
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, P.O. Box 33932, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
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Abstract
The intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are mostly T cells dispersed as single cells within the epithelial cell layer that surrounds the intestinal lumen. IELs are, therefore, strategically located at the interface between the antigen-rich outside world and the sterile core of the body. The intestine of higher vertebrates has further evolved to harbor numerous commensal bacteria that carry out important functions for the host, and while defensive immunity can effectively protect against the invasion of pathogens, similar immune reactions against food-derived antigens or harmless colonizing bacteria can result in unnecessary and sometimes damaging immune responses. Probably as a result of this unique dilemma imposed by the gut environment, multiple subsets of IEL have differentiated, which all display characteristics of 'activated yet resting' immune cells. Despite this common feature, IELs are heterogeneous with regard to their phenotype, ontogeny, and function. In this review, we discuss the different subtypes of IELs and highlight the distinct pathways they took that led to their unique differentiation into highly specialized effector memory T cells, which provide the most effective immune protection yet in a strictly regulated fashion to preserve the integrity and vital functions of the intestinal mucosal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Cheroutre
- The La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Denning TL, Kim G, Kronenberg M. Cutting edge: CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells impaired for intestinal homing can prevent colitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:7487-91. [PMID: 15944246 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.12.7487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transfer of CD4(+)CD45RB(high) T cells into RAG(-/-) mice causes colitis, which can be prevented by CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Treg). Colitis induction by CD4(+)CD45RB(high) T cells requires beta(7) integrin-dependent intestinal localization, but the importance of beta(7) integrins for Treg function is unknown. In this study, we show that beta(7)(-/-) Treg were effective in preventing colitis. Treg expanded in vivo to the same extent as CD4(+)CD45RB(high) T cells after transfer and they did not inhibit CD4(+)CD45RB(high) T cell expansion in lymphoid tissues, although they prevented the accumulation of Th1 effector cells in the intestine. beta(7)(-/-) Treg were significantly reduced in the large intestine, however, compared with wild-type Treg, and regulatory activity could not be recovered from the intestine of recipients of beta(7)(-/-) Treg. These data demonstrate that Treg can prevent colitis by inhibiting the accumulation of tissue-seeking effector cells and that Treg accumulation in the intestine is dispensable for colitis suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Denning
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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36
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Cheroutre H, Kronenberg M. Mucosal T lymphocytes--peacekeepers and warriors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 27:147-65. [PMID: 15931528 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-005-0205-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Normal immune homeostasis of the intestine requires peaceful coexistence with commensal flora, combined with host defense against pathogens. Perhaps as a result of this unique dilemma, distinct populations of regulatory and effector T lymphocytes are found in the lamina propria and epithelium of the intestine. Here we summarize the properties and functions of these unusual T cells, and describe the molecular and cellular interactions that lead to their development and function. Some mucosal T cells, sometimes called type a, are conventional activated/memory T cells that have received instructions to migrate to the intestine during priming by dendritic cells in the mesenteric lymph node and elsewhere. Others, however, particularly subsets residing permanently in the epithelium, are intestine-specific T cell subpopulations generated by an atypical differentiation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Cheroutre
- The La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA, USA.
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37
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Kelsen J, Agnholt J, Falborg L, Nielsen JT, Rømer JL, Hoffmann HJ, Dahlerup JF. Indium-labelled human gut-derived T cells from healthy subjects with strong in vitro adhesion to MAdCAM-1 show no detectable homing to the gut in vivo. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 138:66-74. [PMID: 15373907 PMCID: PMC1809189 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin alpha4beta 7 is the principal gut-homing receptor, and it is assumed that expression of this specific integrin directs lymphocytes to the gut in vivo. Adoptive cellular immunotherapy against inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may depend on the expression of integrin alpha4beta 7 to accomplish local delivery of intravenously injected regulatory T cells in inflamed gut mucosa. The present study aimed to investigate whether in vitro expanded human T cells from the colonic mucosa maintain integrin expression, show in vitro adhesion and retain in vivo gut-homing properties during cultivation. Whole colonic biopsies from healthy subjects were cultured in the presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-4. The integrin expression of the cultured T cells was determined by flow cytometry and in vitro adhesion was assessed in a mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1) adhesion assay. We studied the homing pattern after autologous infusion of 3 x 10(8 111)Indium ((111)In)-labelled T cells in five healthy subjects using scintigraphic imaging. The cultured CD4(+)CD45RO(+) gut-derived T cells express higher levels of integrin alpha4beta 7 than peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and show strong adhesion to MAdCAM-1 in vitro, even after (111)In-labelling. Scintigraphic imaging, however, showed no gut-homing in vivo. After prolonged transit through the lungs, the T cells migrated preferentially to the spleen, liver and bone marrow. In conclusion, it is feasible to infuse autologous T cells cultured from the gut mucosa, which may be of interest in adoptive immunotherapy. Despite high expression of the gut-homing integrin alpha4beta 7 and adhesion to MAdCAM-1 in vitro, evaluation by (111)In-scintigraphy demonstrated no gut-homing in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kelsen
- Department of Medicine V, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
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Mancassola R, Lacroix-Lamandé S, Barrier M, Naciri M, Salmon H, Laurent F. Increased susceptibility of beta7-integrin-deficient neonatal mice in the early stage of Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Infect Immun 2004; 72:3634-7. [PMID: 15155674 PMCID: PMC415699 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.6.3634-3637.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous inflammatory cells are recruited in response to Cryptosporidium parvum infection. These cells include interferon gamma-producing T lymphocytes, which are of major importance for the resolution of infection. Here, we show that beta7 integrin is not essential for the control of infection in mice but that beta7-deficient neonatal mice are more susceptible during the early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roselyne Mancassola
- Laboratoire de Contrôle et Immunologie de Maladies à Protozoaires, Unité 86 BASE, INRA de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
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Cheroutre H, Madakamutil L. Acquired and natural memory T cells join forces at the mucosal front line. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4:290-300. [PMID: 15057787 DOI: 10.1038/nri1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Cheroutre
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 10355 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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