Carbonic anhydrase II in the cerebrospinal fluid: its value as a disease marker

Quantitative Proteomics Analysis of Susceptibility and Resilience to Stress in a Rat model of PTSD

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent psychiatric disorder and sometimes deadly consequence of exposure to severe psychological trauma. However, there has been little known about the definitive molecular changes involved in determining vulnerability to PTSD. In the current study, we used proteomics to quantify protein changes in the hippocampus of foot shocks rats. A total of 6151 proteins were quantified and 97 proteins were significantly differentially expressed. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis showed that oxidation-reduction process and glutathione homeostasis may be the potential key progress of being vulnerable to PTSD. The Gene Ontology analysis revealed enriched GO terms in the protein groups of Susceptible group vs Control group rats for glutathione binding,oligopeptide binding,modified amino acid binding,and glutathione transferase activity for their molecular functions (MF) and in the process of cellular response to toxic substance,xenobiotic metabolic process, urea metabolic process, and response to drug for the biological process (BP).SIGNIFICANCE:In recent years, there has been a growing interest in mental illness associated with trauma exposure. We found that stress susceptibility was associated with increased expression of arginase 1 indicated as a potential treatment target. Our results also proposed that carbonic anhydrases 3 could be a biomarker for the development of PTSD. This research helps to explain the potential molecular mechanism in PTSD and supply a new method for ameliorating PTSD.

Variations in the cerebrospinal fluid proteome following traumatic brain injury and subarachnoid hemorrhage

BACKGROUND

Proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has shown great promise in identifying potential markers of injury in neurodegenerative diseases [1-13]. Here we compared CSF proteomes in healthy individuals, with patients diagnosed with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in order to characterize molecular biomarkers which might identify these different clinical states and describe different molecular mechanisms active in each disease state.

METHODS

Patients presenting to the Neurosurgery service at the Louisiana State University Hospital-Shreveport with an admitting diagnosis of TBI or SAH were prospectively enrolled. Patients undergoing CSF sampling for diagnostic procedures were also enrolled as controls. CSF aliquots were subjected to 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D GE) and spot percentage densities analyzed. Increased or decreased spot expression (compared to controls) was defined in terms of in spot percentages, with spots showing consistent expression change across TBI or SAH specimens being followed up by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Polypeptide masses generated were matched to known standards using a search of the NCBI and/or GenPept databases for protein matches. Eight hundred fifteen separately identifiable polypeptide migration spots were identified on 2D GE gels. MALDI-MS successfully identified 13 of 22 selected 2D GE spots as recognizable polypeptides.

RESULTS

Statistically significant changes were noted in the expression of fibrinogen, carbonic anhydrase-I (CA-I), peroxiredoxin-2 (Prx-2), both α and β chains of hemoglobin, serotransferrin (Tf) and N-terminal haptoglobin (Hp) in TBI and SAH specimens, as compared to controls. The greatest mean fold change among all specimens was seen in CA-I and Hp at 30.7 and -25.7, respectively. TBI specimens trended toward greater mean increases in CA-I and Prx-2 and greater mean decreases in Hp and Tf.

CONCLUSIONS

Consistent CSF elevation of CA-I and Prx-2 with concurrent depletion of Hp and Tf may represent a useful combination of biomarkers for the prediction of severity and prognosis following brain injury.

The Study of Calcium, Phosphonium, Magnesium, and Ferrum Concentration in Serum of Patients With Primary Trigeminal Neuralgia

OBJECTIVE

To measure the concentration of 4 essential elements (Ca, P, Mg, Fe) in serum of patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia. And evaluate the role of the 4 elements in serum on the pathogenesis of trigeminal neuralgia (TN), and the relevance of etiology.

METHODS

From June 2013 to June 2014, a number of 80 patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia were collected. We present a retrospective review of the concentration of 4 essential elements with those of control group of 80 patients without TN. The concentrations of 4 elements were measured with Olympus AU 400 automatic biochemistry analyzer.

RESULTS

In primary TN patients, the concentration of Ca, P, Mg in serum is lower than the control group obviously (P <0.05), but the concentration of Fe in serum is higher than the control group obviously (P <0.05). Along with level of the VOS improved, the concentration of Ca, P, and Mg in serum becomes lower and lower. However, along with level of the VOS improved, the concentration of Fe in serum becomes higher and higher.

CONCLUSION

Patients with primary TN, the change of 4 elements concentration in serum is connected with biochemical material change. The change of the microelement may play an important role in the development of Trigeminal neuralgia, possibly demyelinating lesions.

Distribution of 16alpha-[18F]fluoro-estradiol-3,17beta-disulfamate in rats, tumour-bearing mice and piglets

Based on a high affinity to the enzyme estrone sulfatase (ES), 16alpha-[18F]fluoroestradiol-3,17beta-disulfamate ([18F]FESDS) has been suggested as a potential PET radiotracer for imaging steroid-dependent breast tumours. The distribution of [18F]FESDS was studied in rats, tumour-bearing nude mice and piglets. In all species evidence for binding to a second target, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA), was obtained. ES and CA inhibitors significantly reduced the radiotracer uptake in various organs but not in tumours. It is concluded that [18F]FESDS binds to ES and CA in vivo but this binding is not strong enough to allow tumour imaging with positron emission tomography (PET).

Mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase in the nervous system: expression in neuronal and glial cells

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) V is a mitochondrial enzyme that has been reported in several tissues of the gastrointestinal tract. In liver, it participates in ureagenesis and gluconeogenesis by providing bicarbonate ions for two other mitochondrial enzymes: carbamyl phosphate synthetase I and pyruvate carboxylase. This study presents evidence of immunohistochemical localization of CA V in the rodent nervous tissue. Polyclonal rabbit antisera against a polypeptide of 17 C-terminal amino acids of rat CA V and against purified recombinant mouse isozyme were used in western blotting and immunoperoxidase stainings. Immunohistochemistry showed that CA V is expressed in astrocytes and neurons but not in oligodendrocytes, which are rich in CA II, or capillary endothelial cells, which express CA IV on their plasma face. The specificity of the immunohistochemical results was confirmed by western blotting, which identified a major 30-kDa polypeptide band of CA V in mouse cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, spinal cord, and sciatic nerve. The expression of CA V in astrocytes and neurons suggests that this isozyme has a cell-specific, physiological role in the nervous system. In astrocytes, CA V may play an important role in gluconeogenesis by providing bicarbonate ions for the pyruvate carboxylase. The neuronal CA V could be involved in the regulation of the intramitochondrial calcium level, thus contributing to the stability of the intracellular calcium concentration. CA V may also participate in bicarbonate ion-induced GABA responses by regulating the bicarbonate homeostasis in neurons, and its inhibition could be the basis of some neurotropic effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of isozymes I, II and IV with heterocyclic mercaptans, sulfenamides, sulfonamides and their metal complexes

A series of sulfenamides, sulfonamides and sulfonamide metal complexes have been prepared starting from 4,5-disubstituted-3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole derivatives. The heterocyclic mercaptans were oxidized to the corresponding sulfenamides by hypochlorite in the presence of ammonia. The sulfonamides were obtained by oxidation of sulfenamides with potassium permanganate. The Zn(II) and Cu(II) complexes of the new heterocyclic sulfonamides have been prepared via the sodium salt of the ligand. Inhibition of three carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes, hCA I, hCA II and bCA IV (h = human, b = bovine) with the prepared compounds has been investigated. Mercaptans were generally less inhibitory than sulfenamides, which in turn behaved as weaker inhibitors than the sulfonamides. The strongest inhibitors were the Zn(II) and Cu(II) complexes of the heterocyclic sulfonamides. Susceptibility to inhibition was generally: hCA II > bCA IV > hCA I. Although none of the obtained simple inhibitors (mercaptans, sulfenamides, sulfonamides) possessed antiglaucoma action when administered directly into the eye in experimental animals, the Zn(II) and Cu(II) complexes of some sulfonamides acted as more efficient intraocular pressure lowering agents as compared to the clinical drug dorzolamide. This constitutes an encouraging result for obtaining novel antiglaucoma drugs from this class of CA inhibitors.