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Yu M, Yau CP, Yip WK. Differentially localized rice ethylene receptors OsERS1 and OsETR2 and their potential role during submergence. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1356532. [PMID: 28758833 PMCID: PMC5616157 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1356532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene is gaseous plant hormone that controls a variety of physiologic activities. OsERS1 and OsETR2 are major ethylene receptors in rice that have been reported to have different regulatory functions. The GFP fused N-terminus of OsERS1 and OsETR2 showed differentially localization patterns when transiently expressed in onion epidermal cells. Base on these results, we suggested that OsERS1 could be localized to plasma membranes, whereas OsETR2 could be localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, instead of the constitutive expression profile of OsERS1, OsETR2 is differentially expressed in seedlings of light/dark-grown conditions, submergence or exogenous ethylene treatments. Our results and others support the notion that OsERS1 and OsETR2 could have different roles during rice plant submergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manda Yu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi Ping Yau
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing Kin Yip
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CONTACT Wing Kin Yip 7S09 Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Shahri W, Tahir I. Flower senescence: some molecular aspects. PLANTA 2014; 239:277-97. [PMID: 24178586 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1984-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
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Trivellini A, Ferrante A, Vernieri P, Serra G. Effects of abscisic acid on ethylene biosynthesis and perception in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. flower development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:5437-52. [PMID: 21841180 PMCID: PMC3223042 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the complex relationship between ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA) on flower development and senescence in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. was investigated. Ethylene biosynthetic (HrsACS and HrsACO) and receptor (HrsETR and HrsERS) genes were isolated and their expression evaluated in three different floral tissues (petals, style-stigma plus stamens, and ovaries) of detached buds and open flowers. This was achieved through treatment with 0.1 mM 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) solution, 500 nl l(-1) methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), and 0.1 mM ABA solution. Treatment with ACC and 1-MCP confirmed that flower senescence in hibiscus is ethylene dependent, and treatment with exogenous ABA suggested that ABA may play a role in this process. The 1-MCP impeded petal in-rolling and decreased ABA content in detached open flowers after 9 h. This was preceded by an earlier and sequential increase in ABA content in 1-MCP-treated petals and style-stigma plus stamens between 1 h and 6 h. ACC treatment markedly accelerated flower senescence and increased ethylene production after 6 h and 9 h, particularly in style-stigma plus stamens. Ethylene evolution was positively correlated in these floral tissues with the induction of the gene expression of ethylene biosynthetic and receptor genes. Finally, ABA negatively affected the ethylene biosynthetic pathway and tissue sensitivity in all flower tissues. Transcript abundance of HrsACS, HrsACO, HrsETR, and HrsERS was reduced by exogenous ABA treatment. This research underlines the regulatory effect of ABA on the ethylene biosynthetic and perception machinery at a physiological and molecular level when inhibitors or promoters of senescence are exogenously applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Trivellini
- Department of Crop Biology, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 24, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Ferrante
- Department of Plant Production, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Vernieri
- Department of Crop Biology, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 24, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Vidoz ML, Loreti E, Mensuali A, Alpi A, Perata P. Hormonal interplay during adventitious root formation in flooded tomato plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 63:551-62. [PMID: 20497380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Soil flooding, which results in a decline in the availability of oxygen to submerged organs, negatively affects the growth and productivity of most crops. Although tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is known for its sensitivity to waterlogging, its ability to produce adventitious roots (ARs) increases plant survival when the level of oxygen is decreased in the root zone. Ethylene entrapment by water may represent the first warning signal to the plant indicating waterlogging. We found that treatment with the ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and the auxin transport inhibitor 1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) resulted in a reduction of AR formation in waterlogged plants. We observed that ethylene, perceived by the Never Ripe receptor, stimulated auxin transport. In a process requiring the Diageotropica gene, auxin accumulation in the stem triggered additional ethylene synthesis, which further stimulated a flux of auxin towards to the flooded parts of the plant. Auxin accumulation in the base of the plant induces growth of pre-formed root initials. This response of tomato plants results in a new root system that is capable of replacing the original one when it has been damaged by submergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Vidoz
- Plant Laboratory, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via Mariscoglio 34, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Pierik R, van Aken JM, Voesenek LACJ. Is elongation-induced leaf emergence beneficial for submerged Rumex species? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 103:353-7. [PMID: 18697756 PMCID: PMC2707306 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcn143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Revised: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant species from various taxa 'escape' from low oxygen conditions associated with submergence by a suite of traits collectively called the low oxygen escape syndrome (LOES). The expression of these traits is associated with costs and benefits. Thus far, remarkably few studies have dealt with the expected benefits of the LOES. METHODS Young plants were fully submerged at initial depths of 450 mm (deep) or 150-240 mm (shallow). Rumex palustris leaf tips emerged from the shallow flooding within a few days, whereas a slight lowering of shallow flooding was required to expose R. acetosa leaf tips to the atmosphere. Shoot biomass and petiole porosity were measured for all species, and treatments and data from the deep and shallow submergence treatments were compared with non-flooded controls. KEY RESULTS R. palustris is characterized by submergence-induced enhanced petiole elongation. R. acetosa lacked this growth response. Upon leaf tip emergence, R. palustris increased its biomass, whereas R. acetosa did not. Furthermore, petiole porosity in R. palustris was twice as high as in R. acetosa. CONCLUSIONS Leaf emergence restores gas exchange between roots and the atmosphere in R. palustris. This occurs to a much lesser extent in R. acetosa and is attributable to its lower petiole porosity and therefore limited internal gas transport. Leaf emergence resulting from fast petiole elongation appears to benefit biomass accumulation if these plants contain sufficient aerenchyma in petioles and roots to facilitate internal gas exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - L. A. C. J. Voesenek
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Bailey-Serres J, Voesenek LACJ. Flooding stress: acclimations and genetic diversity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 59:313-39. [PMID: 18444902 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 709] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flooding is an environmental stress for many natural and man-made ecosystems worldwide. Genetic diversity in the plant response to flooding includes alterations in architecture, metabolism, and elongation growth associated with a low O(2) escape strategy and an antithetical quiescence scheme that allows endurance of prolonged submergence. Flooding is frequently accompanied with a reduction of cellular O(2) content that is particularly severe when photosynthesis is limited or absent. This necessitates the production of ATP and regeneration of NAD(+) through anaerobic respiration. The examination of gene regulation and function in model systems provides insight into low-O(2)-sensing mechanisms and metabolic adjustments associated with controlled use of carbohydrate and ATP. At the developmental level, plants can escape the low-O(2) stress caused by flooding through multifaceted alterations in cellular and organ structure that promote access to and diffusion of O(2). These processes are driven by phytohormones, including ethylene, gibberellin, and abscisic acid. This exploration of natural variation in strategies that improve O(2) and carbohydrate status during flooding provides valuable resources for the improvement of crop endurance of an environmental adversity that is enhanced by global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bailey-Serres
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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Fernández-Otero CI, de la Torre F, Iglesias R, Rodríguez-Gacio MC, Matilla AJ. Stage- and tissue-expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis and signalling of ethylene in reproductive organs of damson plum (Prunus domestica L. subsp. insititia). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2007; 45:199-208. [PMID: 17416534 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, four cDNA clones (Pd-ACS1,AJ890088; Pd-ETR1 and Pd-ERS1, AJ890092, AJ890091; and Pd-CTR1, AJ890089) encoding an ACC-synthase, two putative ethylene (ET) receptors, and a putative MAPKKK, respectively, were isolated and phylogenetically characterized in Prunus domestica L. subsp. insititia. Their expression was studied by real-time PCR during flower (closed, open and senescent) and fruit (early green, late green, maturation and ripening) development of damson plum, which is climateric. While two peaks of ET production were quantified at early green and ripening stages in whole fruits, the seed was not able to produce it during maturation and ripening stages. All studied genes were differentially expressed during flower and fruit development. In general, the level of transcripts of Pd-ACS1 was higher in fruits than in flowers. However, it was noteworthy that: (1) Pd-ACS1 expression was hardly detected in closed flowers and at low levels during early green stage; and fruit development provoked a notable differential expression in seeds, and pericarp; (2) the results of Pd-ACS1 expression during fruit development suggest a preponderant role of this gene from late green stage onward. The stamen was the only floral organ in which expression of both Pd-ETR1 and Pd-ERS1 receptor genes was not significantly altered during development; however, their expression decreased concomitantly with development of pistil (only floral organ to register a net ET production when fertilized) and during first days of ovary development (the highest ET production during all fruit development). Contrary to Pd-ERS1, the level of Pd-ETR1 mRNA was temporally quite similar in the seed. With regard Pd-ETR1, even its expression was very scarce during maturation of mesocarp, was stimulated during ripening. In the epicarp, Pd-ERS1 and Pd-ETR1 were low expressed during pit hardening increasing onward and decreasing during ripening. Pd-CTR1 expression was in the seed>mesocarp>>epicarp. Spatial and temporal levels of Pd-ACS1, Pd-ETR1, Pd-ERS1 and Pd-CTR1 mRNAs described in this work demonstrate that the expression of these genes is not always constitutive and that control of its transcription may play an important role in regulating the development of reproductive organs of damson plum.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I Fernández-Otero
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
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HALL MA, MOSHKOV IE, NOVIKOVA GV, MUR LAJ, SMITH AR. Ethylene signal perception and transduction: multiple paradigms? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2000.tb00060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Millenaar FF, Okyere J, May ST, van Zanten M, Voesenek LACJ, Peeters AJM. How to decide? Different methods of calculating gene expression from short oligonucleotide array data will give different results. BMC Bioinformatics 2006; 7:137. [PMID: 16539732 PMCID: PMC1431565 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-7-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Short oligonucleotide arrays for transcript profiling have been available for several years. Generally, raw data from these arrays are analysed with the aid of the Microarray Analysis Suite or GeneChip Operating Software (MAS or GCOS) from Affymetrix. Recently, more methods to analyse the raw data have become available. Ideally all these methods should come up with more or less the same results. We set out to evaluate the different methods and include work on our own data set, in order to test which method gives the most reliable results. Results Calculating gene expression with 6 different algorithms (MAS5, dChip PMMM, dChip PM, RMA, GC-RMA and PDNN) using the same (Arabidopsis) data, results in different calculated gene expression levels. Consequently, depending on the method used, different genes will be identified as differentially regulated. Surprisingly, there was only 27 to 36% overlap between the different methods. Furthermore, 47.5% of the genes/probe sets showed good correlation between the mismatch and perfect match intensities. Conclusion After comparing six algorithms, RMA gave the most reproducible results and showed the highest correlation coefficients with Real Time RT-PCR data on genes identified as differentially expressed by all methods. However, we were not able to verify, by Real Time RT-PCR, the microarray results for most genes that were solely calculated by RMA. Furthermore, we conclude that subtraction of the mismatch intensity from the perfect match intensity results most likely in a significant underestimation for at least 47.5% of the expression values. Not one algorithm produced significant expression values for genes present in quantities below 1 pmol. If the only purpose of the microarray experiment is to find new candidate genes, and too many genes are found, then mutual exclusion of the genes predicted by contrasting methods can be used to narrow down the list of new candidate genes by 64 to 73%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank F Millenaar
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - John Okyere
- Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre (NASC), Plant Science Division, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Sean T May
- Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre (NASC), Plant Science Division, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Martijn van Zanten
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurentius ACJ Voesenek
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anton JM Peeters
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Voesenek LACJ, Colmer TD, Pierik R, Millenaar FF, Peeters AJM. How plants cope with complete submergence. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2006; 170:213-26. [PMID: 16608449 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Flooding is a widespread phenomenon that drastically reduces the growth and survival of terrestrial plants. The dramatic decrease of gas diffusion in water compared with in air is a major problem for terrestrial plants and limits the entry of CO(2) for photosynthesis and of O(2) for respiration. Responses to avoid the adverse effects of submergence are the central theme in this review. These include underwater photosynthesis, aerenchyma formation and enhanced shoot elongation. Aerenchyma facilitates gas diffusion inside plants so that shoot-derived O(2) can diffuse to O(2)-deprived plant parts, such as the roots. The underwater gas-exchange capacity of leaves can be greatly enhanced by a thinner cuticle, reorientation of the chloroplasts towards the epidermis and increased specific leaf area (i.e. thinner leaves). At the same time, plants can outgrow the water through increased shoot elongation, which in some species is preceded by an adjustment of leaf angle to a more vertical position. The molecular regulatory networks involved in these responses, including the putative signals to sense submergence, are discussed and suggestions made on how to unravel the mechanistic basis of the induced expression of various adaptations that alleviate O(2) shortage underwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A C J Voesenek
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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OOKAWARA RYUTO, SATOH SHIGERU, YOSHIOKA TOSHIHITO, ISHIZAWA KIMIHARU. Expression of alpha-expansin and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase genes associated with shoot elongation enhanced by anoxia, ethylene and carbon dioxide in arrowhead (Sagittaria pygmaea Miq.) tubers. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2005; 96:693-702. [PMID: 16051632 PMCID: PMC4247036 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mci221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Shoot elongation of arrowhead tubers (Sagittaria pygmaea Miq.) is stimulated by anoxia, ethylene and CO2. The aim of this study was to characterize anoxic elongation by comparison with elongation stimulated by ethylene and CO2. METHODS The effects of the inhibitors aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) as an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) as a potent inhibitor of ethylene action, and pyrazol, an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, on shoot elongation were examined. Moreover, the effects of these gaseous factors on expression of genes possibly involved in modification of cell wall architecture were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS In air, promotion by 5% CO2 and 5 microL L-1 ethylene of shoot elongation occurred. At 1% O2, ethylene also stimulated shoot elongation but CO2 did not. Pyrazol inhibited shoot elongation in hypoxia but not in normoxia, suggesting that alcohol fermentation contributes to elongation enhanced by hypoxia. AVG and 1-MCP partially prevented shoot elongation both in normoxia and in hypoxia, but they did not have significant effects in anoxia, suggesting that endogenous ethylene acts as a stimulator of shoot elongation in normoxia and in hypoxia but not in anoxia. Ethylene is not involved in anoxia-enhanced elongation. We cloned four cDNAs (SpEXPA1, 2, 3 and 4) encoding alpha-expansin (EXPA) and five cDNAs (SpXTH1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) encoding xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) from shoots of arrowhead tubers. The transcript levels of SpEXPA1 and 2 were increased by anoxia and those of SpEXPA2 were increased by 5% CO2. Ethylene slightly elevated the level of SpEXPA4 transcripts. Anoxia enhanced the transcript levels of SpXTH1 and 4; neither ethylene nor CO2 had any effect. CO2 enhanced transcript levels of SpXTH3 and depressed those of SpXTH5. Ethylene decreased transcript levels of SpXTH5. These results suggest that four SpEXPA genes and five SpXTH genes are differently responsive to anoxia, CO2 and ethylene. Enhancement of SpEXPA1 and 2, and SpXTH1 and 4 transcript levels suggests that these gene products are involved in anoxic shoot elongation through modification of cell wall architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- RYUTO OOKAWARA
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - SHIGERU SATOH
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - TOSHIHITO YOSHIOKA
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - KIMIHARU ISHIZAWA
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- For correspondence. Present address: Miyagi University of Education, Sendai 980-0845, Japan. E-mail
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Vreeburg RAM, Benschop JJ, Peeters AJM, Colmer TD, Ammerlaan AHM, Staal M, Elzenga TM, Staals RHJ, Darley CP, McQueen-Mason SJ, Voesenek LACJ. Ethylene regulates fast apoplastic acidification and expansin A transcription during submergence-induced petiole elongation in Rumex palustris. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 43:597-610. [PMID: 16098112 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2005.02477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The semi-aquatic dicot Rumex palustris responds to complete submergence by enhanced elongation of young petioles. This elongation of petiole cells brings leaf blades above the water surface, thus reinstating gas exchange with the atmosphere and increasing survival in flood-prone environments. We already know that an enhanced internal level of the gaseous hormone ethylene is the primary signal for underwater escape in R. palustris. Further downstream, concentration changes in abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA) and auxin are required to gain fast cell elongation under water. A prerequisite for cell elongation in general is cell wall loosening mediated by proteins such as expansins. Expansin genes might, therefore, be important target genes in submergence-induced and plant hormone-mediated petiole elongation. To test this hypothesis we have studied the identity, kinetics and regulation of expansin A mRNA abundance and protein activity, as well as examined pH changes in cell walls associated with this adaptive growth. We found a novel role of ethylene in triggering two processes affecting cell wall loosening during submergence-induced petiole elongation. First, ethylene was shown to promote fast net H(+) extrusion, leading to apoplastic acidification. Secondly, ethylene upregulates one expansin A gene (RpEXPA1), as measured with real-time RT-PCR, out of a group of 13 R. palustris expansin A genes tested. Furthermore, a significant accumulation of expansin proteins belonging to the same size class as RpEXPA1, as well as a strong increase in expansin activity, were apparent within 4-6 h of submergence. Regulation of RpEXPA1 transcript levels depends on ethylene action and not on GA and ABA, demonstrating that ethylene evokes at least three, parallel operating pathways that, when integrated at the whole petiole level, lead to coordinated underwater elongation. The first pathway involves ethylene-modulated changes in ABA and GA, these acting on as yet unknown downstream components, whereas the second and third routes encompass ethylene-induced apoplastic acidification and ethylene-induced RpEXPA1 upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A M Vreeburg
- Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Millenaar FF, Cox MCH, van Berkel YEMDJ, Welschen RAM, Pierik R, Voesenek LAJC, Peeters AJM. Ethylene-induced differential growth of petioles in Arabidopsis. Analyzing natural variation, response kinetics, and regulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 137:998-1008. [PMID: 15728343 PMCID: PMC1065400 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.053967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants can reorient their organs in response to changes in environmental conditions. In some species, ethylene can induce resource-directed growth by stimulating a more vertical orientation of the petioles (hyponasty) and enhanced elongation. In this study on Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), we show significant natural variation in ethylene-induced petiole elongation and hyponastic growth. This hyponastic growth was rapidly induced and also reversible because the petioles returned to normal after ethylene withdrawal. To unravel the mechanisms behind the natural variation, two contrasting accessions in ethylene-induced hyponasty were studied in detail. Columbia-0 showed a strong hyponastic response to ethylene, whereas this response was almost absent in Landsberg erecta (Ler). To test whether Ler is capable of showing hyponastic growth at all, several signals were applied. From all the signals applied, only spectrally neutral shade (20 micromol m(-2) s(-1)) could induce a strong hyponastic response in Ler. Therefore, Ler has the capacity for hyponastic growth. Furthermore, the lack of ethylene-induced hyponastic growth in Ler is not the result of already-saturating ethylene production rates or insensitivity to ethylene, as an ethylene-responsive gene was up-regulated upon ethylene treatment in the petioles. Therefore, we conclude that Ler is missing an essential component between the primary ethylene signal transduction chain and a downstream part of the hyponastic growth signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank F Millenaar
- Plant Ecophysiology, Utrecht University, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Kuroda S, Hirose Y, Shiraishi M, Davies E, Abe S. Co-expression of an ethylene receptor gene, ERS1, and ethylene signaling regulator gene, CTR1, in Delphinium during abscission of florets. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2004. [PMID: 15474381 DOI: 10.1016/s0981-9428(03)00115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We are trying to determine the mechanisms responsible for ethylene-induced floret abscission in cut flowers of Delphinium and recently identified an ethylene receptor gene, ERS1, and studied its response to ethylene treatment. In order to identify additional components of the ethylene response network in Delphinium, we performed 3' and 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) using the consensus sequence of the serine/threonine kinase domain of the ethylene signaling regulator gene (CTR1) involved in the constitutive triple response (CTR) to ethylene. The full-length cDNA (2754 nt) encoded a protein of 800 amino acids, which contained the expected serine/threonine kinase domain, the consensus ATP-binding site, and the serine/threonine kinase catalytic site. The protein had quite high (>50%) overall identity to CTR1 from Arabidopsis and tomato, and 70-75% identity in the catalytic site. The amount of mRNA encoding both CTR1 and ERS1 more than doubled within 6 h in cut florets incubated in the presence of exogenous ethylene. Similarly, the amount of ERS1 transcript doubled in florets within 6 d of harvesting, presumably in response to endogenous ethylene, while CTR1 mRNA increased to about 40% over the same period. However, in the presence of silver thiosulfate (STS), an ethylene inhibitor, the level of both transcripts remained essentially unchanged for the first 8 d before declining to very low levels. Florets on the control plants had almost completely abscised by 6 d, but the florets on STS-treated plants had not abscised by 20 d, by which time the flowers were almost dead. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that endogenous ethylene evokes the accumulation of both these transcripts (and their encoded proteins), thereby speeding up abscission and reducing the useful shelf life of the cut flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kuroda
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biological Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 7908566, Japan
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Voesenek LACJ, Rijnders JHGM, Peeters AJM, van de Steeg HM, de Kroon H. PLANT HORMONES REGULATE FAST SHOOT ELONGATION UNDER WATER: FROM GENES TO COMMUNITIES. Ecology 2004. [DOI: 10.1890/02-740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Xie C, Zhang JS, Zhou HL, Li J, Zhang ZG, Wang DW, Chen SY. Serine/threonine kinase activity in the putative histidine kinase-like ethylene receptor NTHK1 from tobacco. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 33:385-93. [PMID: 12535351 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01631.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A histidine kinase-based signaling system has been proposed to function in ethylene signal transduction pathway of plants and one ethylene receptor has been found to possess His kinase activity. Here we demonstrate that a His kinase-like ethylene receptor homologue NTHK1 from tobacco has serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) kinase activity, but no His kinase activity. Evidence obtained by analyzing acid/base stability, phosphoamino acid and substrate specificity of the phosphorylated kinase domain, supports this conclusion. In addition, mutation of the presumptive phosphorylation site His (H378) to Gln did not affect the kinase activity whereas deletion of the ATP-binding domain eliminated it, indicating that the conserved His (H378) is not required for the kinase activity and this activity is intrinsic to the NTHK1-KD. Moreover, confocal analysis of NTHK1 expression in insect cells and plant cells suggested the plasma membrane localization of the NTHK1 protein. Thus, NTHK1 may represent a distinct Ser/Thr kinase-type ethylene receptor and function in an alternative mechanism for ethylene signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Xie
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, Peoples Republic of China
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17
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Voesenek LACJ, Jackson MB, Toebes AHW, Huibers W, Vriezen WH, Colmer TD. De-submergence-induced ethylene production in Rumex palustris: regulation and ecophysiological significance. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 33:341-352. [PMID: 12535347 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01632.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Rumex palustris responds to total submergence by increasing the elongation rate of young petioles. This favours survival by shortening the duration of submergence. Underwater elongation is stimulated by ethylene entrapped within the plant by surrounding water. However, abnormally fast extension rates were found to be maintained even when leaf tips emerged above the floodwater. This fast post-submergence growth was linked to a promotion of ethylene production that is presumed to compensate for losses brought about by ventilation. Three sources of ACC contributed to post-submergence ethylene production in R. palustris: (i) ACC that had accumulated in the roots during submergence and was transported in xylem sap to the shoot when stomata re-opened and transpiration resumed, (ii) ACC that had accumulated in the shoot during the preceding period of submergence and (iii) ACC produced de novo in the shoot following de-submergence. This new production of ethylene was associated with increased expression of an ACC synthase gene (RP-ACS1) and an ACC oxidase gene (RP-ACO1), increased ACC synthase activity and a doubling of ACC oxidase activity, measured in vitro. Out of seven species of Rumex examined, a de-submergence upsurge in ethylene production was seen only in shoots of those that had the ability to elongate fast when submerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A C J Voesenek
- Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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18
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Fiorani F, Bögemann GM, Visser EJW, Lambers H, Voesenek LACJ. Ethylene emission and responsiveness to applied ethylene vary among Poa species that inherently differ in leaf elongation rates. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 129:1382-90. [PMID: 12114591 PMCID: PMC166531 DOI: 10.1104/pp.001198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2001] [Revised: 02/16/2002] [Accepted: 03/20/2002] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A plant's ability to produce and respond to ethylene is essential for its vegetative growth. We studied whole-shoot ethylene emission and leaf growth responses to applied ethylene in four Poa spp. that differ inherently in leaf elongation rate and whole-plant relative growth rate. Compared with the fast-growing Poa annua and Poa trivialis, the shoots of the slow-growing species Poa alpina and Poa compressa emitted daily 30% to 50% less ethylene, and their leaf elongation rate was more strongly inhibited when ethylene concentration was increased up to 1 microL L(-1). To our surprise, however, low ethylene concentrations (0.02-0.03 microL L(-1)) promoted leaf growth in the two slow-growing species; at the same concentrations, leaf elongation rate of the two fast-growing species was only slightly inhibited. All responses were observed within 20 min after ethylene applications. Although ethylene generally inhibits growth, our results show that in some species, it may actually stimulate growth. Moreover, in the two slow-growing Poa spp., both growth stimulation and inhibition occurred in a narrow ethylene concentration range, and this effect was associated with a much lower ethylene emission. These findings suggest that the regulation of ethylene production rates and perception of the gas may be more crucial during leaf expansion of these species under non-stressful conditions and that endogenous ethylene concentrations are not large enough to saturate leaf growth responses. In the two fast-growing species, a comparatively higher ethylene endogenous concentration may conversely be present and sufficiently high to saturate leaf elongation responses, invariably leading to growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fiorani
- Plant Ecophysiology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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19
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Klee H, Tieman D. The tomato ethylene receptor gene family: Form and function. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2002; 115:336-341. [PMID: 12081525 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1150302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones are essential for integrating many aspects of plant development and responses to the environment. Regulation of hormonally controlled events occurs at multiple levels: synthesis, catabolism and perception (Trewavas 1983, Bradford and Trewavas 1994). At the level of perception, sensitivity to hormones can be regulated both spatially and temporally during the life cycle. An example of spatial regulation is the differential response to a hormone that occurs during organ abscission. Temporally, sensitivity of an organ to a hormone may change during maturation, as occurs during fruit ripening. In this review, we will focus on the initial event in recognition of one hormone, ethylene. The ethylene receptor was the first plant hormone receptor to be unambiguously identified. Over the last few years, great progress has been made in elucidating the genes involved in ethylene action. Nonetheless, the mechanisms of signal transduction remain to be established. Here, we will address the status of the tomato receptor gene family and the evidence that regulation of receptor gene expression can influence the response of the plant to the hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Klee
- University of Florida, Department of Horticultural Sciences, PO Box 110690, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
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20
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Xie C, Zhang ZG, Zhang JS, He XJ, Cao WH, He SJ, Chen SY. Spatial expression and characterization of a putative ethylene receptor protein NTHK1 in tobacco. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 43:810-5. [PMID: 12154144 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcf095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A putative ethylene receptor gene NTHK1 encodes a protein with a putative signal peptide, three transmembrane segments, a putative histidine kinase domain and a putative receiver domain. The receiver domain was expressed in an Escherichia coli expression system, purified and used to generate polyclonal antibodies for immunohistochemistry analysis. The spatial expression of the NTHK1 protein was then investigated. We found that NTHK1 was abundant during flower and ovule development. It was also expressed in glandular hairs, stem, and in leaves that had been wounded. The NTHK1 gene was further introduced into the tobacco plant and we found that, in different transgenic lines, the NTHK1 gene was transcribed to various degrees. Upon ACC treatment, the etiolated transgenic seedlings showed reduced ethylene sensitivity when compared with the control, indicating that NTHK1 is a functional ethylene receptor in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Xie
- Plant Biotechnology Lab, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
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21
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Peeters AJM, Cox MCH, Benschop JJ, Vreeburg RAM, Bou J, Voesenek LACJ. Submergence research using Rumex palustris as a model; looking back and going forward. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2002; 53:391-398. [PMID: 11847236 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/53.368.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flooding is a phenomenon that destroys many crops worldwide. During evolution several plant species evolved specialized mechanisms to survive short- or long-term waterlogging and even complete submergence. One of the plant species that evolved such a mechanism is Rumex palustris. When flooded, this plant species is capable to elongate its petioles to reach the surface of the water. Thereby it restores normal gas exchange which leads to a better survival rate. Enhanced levels of ethylene, due to physical entrapment, is the key signal for the plant that its environment has changed from air to water. Subsequently, a signal transduction cascade involving at least four (classical) plant hormones, ethylene, auxin, abscisic acid, and gibberellic acid, is activated. This results in hyponastic growth of the leaves accompanied by a strongly enhanced elongation rate of the petioles enabling them to reach the surface. Other factors, among them cell wall loosening enzymes have been shown to play a role as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton J M Peeters
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, University Utrecht, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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22
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Shibuya K, Nagata M, Tanikawa N, Yoshioka T, Hashiba T, Satoh S. Comparison of mRNA levels of three ethylene receptors in senescing flowers of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2002; 53:399-406. [PMID: 11847237 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/53.368.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Three ethylene receptor genes, DC-ERS1, DC-ERS2 and DC-ETR1, were previously identified in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). Here, the presence of mRNAs for respective genes in flower tissues and their changes during flower senescence are investigated by Northern blot analysis. DC-ERS2 and DC-ETR1 mRNAs were present in considerable amounts in petals, ovaries and styles of the flower at the full-opening stage. In the petals the level of DC-ERS2 mRNA showed a decreasing trend toward the late stage of flower senescence, whereas it increased slightly in ovaries and was unchanged in styles throughout the senescence period. However, DC-ETR1 mRNA showed no or little changes in any of the tissues during senescence. Exogenously applied ethylene did not affect the levels of DC-ERS2 and DC-ETR1 mRNAs in petals. Ethylene production in the flowers was blocked by treatment with 1,1-dimethyl-4-(phenylsulphonyl)semicarbazide (DPSS), but the mRNA levels for DC-ERS2 and DC-ETR1 decreased in the petals. DC-ERS1 mRNA was not detected in any cases. These results indicate that DC-ERS2 and DC-ETR1 are ethylene receptor genes responsible for ethylene perception and that their expression is regulated in a tissue-specific manner and independently of ethylene in carnation flowers during senescence.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Cloning, Molecular
- Dianthus/genetics
- Dianthus/growth & development
- Dianthus/metabolism
- Ethylenes/antagonists & inhibitors
- Ethylenes/metabolism
- Ethylenes/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plant Structures/genetics
- Plant Structures/growth & development
- Plant Structures/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Semicarbazides/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Shibuya
- Laboratory of Bio-adaptation, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Tsutsumidori-amamiyamachi 1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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23
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Takahashi H, Kobayashi T, Sato-Nara K, Tomita KO, Ezura H. Detection of ethylene receptor protein Cm-ERS1 during fruit development in melon (Cucumis melo L.). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2002; 53:415-422. [PMID: 11847239 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/53.368.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies against melon ethylene receptor, Cm- ERS1 was prepared. Cm-ERS1 protein formed a disulphide-linked homodimer and it was present in microsomal membranes but not in soluble fractions. Cm-ERS1 protein was present at high levels in melon fruit during early developmental stages. This transition pattern was also observed in another melon cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Takahashi
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, Ibaraki Agricultural Centre, Ago 3165-1, Iwama, Nishi-ibaraki, Ibaraki, 319-0292 Japan
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24
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Mita S, Kawamura S, Asai T. Regulation of the expression of a putative ethylene receptor, PeERS2, during the development of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2002; 114:271-280. [PMID: 11903974 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1140213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We isolated a full-length cDNA (PeERS2) that encoded the homologue in passion fruit of ERS1 of Arabidopsis and examined its expression during development of passion fruit. PeERS2 was 2357 bp long and included a single open reading frame that encoded a putative protein of 634 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 70.8 kDa. Expression of PeERS2 mRNA in arils of passion fruit was enhanced during ripening and after treatment with ethylene, but its level remained very low in seeds over the course of ripening. Accumulation of PeERS2 mRNA in arils was markedly reduced in fruits treated with 2,5-norbornadiene (NBD), but simultaneous application of ethylene abolished the inhibitory effects of NBD, suggesting that the continuous action of ethylene might promote ripening, with a concomitant increase in the abundance of PeERS2 mRNA. Levels of transcripts of the PeERS1 and PeERS2, which encode similar but not identical receptors for ethylene, increased during senescence of flowers and expression of PeERS2 mRNA was also enhanced during formation of the separation layer. The levels of transcripts of PeETR1 (the gene for yet another ethylene receptor) and PeERS1 were, respectively, higher than those of PeERS2 in sepals and ovaries. The transcripts of all three genes for ethylene receptors were barely detectable in anthers. These results suggest that the expression of the three genes for ethylene receptors is differentially regulated and that expression of the gene for PeERS2 is regulated not only by ethylene itself but also by developmental factors. Expression of each of the three individual genes for ethylene receptors might be controlled by different molecular mechanisms in the various tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Mita
- Institute for Genetic Research and Biotechnology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan Experimental Farm, Shizuoka University, Fujieda 426-0001, Japan
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- H Saito
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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26
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Terajima Y, Nukui H, Kobayashi A, Fujimoto S, Hase S, Yoshioka T, Hashiba T, Satoh S. Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA for a novel ethylene receptor, NT-ERS1, of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 42:308-13. [PMID: 11266582 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pce038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The cDNA encoding a novel member (NT-ERS1) of ethylene receptor family of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) was obtained by a combination of RT-PCR and 5'-/3'-RACE cloning. The cDNA was 2,092 nucleotides long and had an open reading frame of 1,911 bp encoding 637 amino acids. The deduced polypeptide lacked a response regulator domain, indicating that the ethylene receptor belongs to an ERS-group. The amino acid sequence was similar to respective members of the tobacco ethylene receptor family: 67.8% to NT-ETR1, 39.1% to NTHK1 and 31.1% to NTHK2. Comparison of amino acid sequence suggested that NT-ERS1 is the counterpart of Nr in the ethylene receptor family of tomato, which belongs to Solanaceae as does tobacco. Northern blot analysis showed that mRNA of NT-ERS1 was present in leaf, shoot and root tissues, and accumulated in leaves treated with exogenous ethylene. A mutated NT-ERS1 cDNA transgene, obtained by introducing one nucleotide substitution into NT-ETR1 cDNA, conferred ethylene insensitivity in tobacco plants, indicating that the translation product of the cDNA actually functioned in the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Terajima
- Laboratory of Bio-adaptation, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Tsutsumidori-amamiyamachi 1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8555 Japan
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27
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Hall AE, Findell JL, Schaller GE, Sisler EC, Bleecker AB. Ethylene perception by the ERS1 protein in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 123:1449-58. [PMID: 10938361 PMCID: PMC59101 DOI: 10.1104/pp.123.4.1449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/1999] [Accepted: 04/05/2000] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene perception in Arabidopsis is controlled by a family of five genes, including ETR1, ERS1 (ethylene response sensor 1), ERS2, ETR2, and EIN4. ERS1, the most highly conserved gene with ETR1, encodes a protein with 67% identity to ETR1. To clarify the role of ERS1 in ethylene sensing, we biochemically characterized the ERS1 protein by heterologous expression in yeast. ERS1, like ETR1, forms a membrane-associated, disulfide-linked dimer. In addition, yeast expressing the ERS1 protein contains ethylene-binding sites, indicating ERS1 is also an ethylene-binding protein. This finding supports previous genetic evidence that isoforms of ETR1 also function in plants as ethylene receptors. Further, we used the ethylene antagonist 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) to characterize the ethylene-binding sites of ERS1 and ETR1. We found 1-MCP to be both a potent inhibitor of the ethylene-induced seedling triple response, as well as ethylene binding by yeast expressing ETR1 and ERS1. Yeast expressing ETR1 and ERS1 showed nearly identical sensitivity to 1-MCP, suggesting that the ethylene-binding sites of ETR1 and ERS1 have similar affinities for ethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Hall
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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28
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Urao T, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K. Two-component systems in plant signal transduction. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2000; 5:67-74. [PMID: 10664616 DOI: 10.1016/s1360-1385(99)01542-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In plants, two-component systems play important roles in signal transduction in response to environmental stimuli and growth regulators. Genetic and biochemical analyses indicate that sensory hybrid-type histidine kinases, ETR1 and its homologs, function as ethylene receptors and negative regulators in ethylene signaling. Two other hybrid-type histidine kinases, CKI1 and ATHK1, are implicated in cytokinin signaling and osmosensing processes, respectively. A data base search of Arabidopsis ESTs and genome sequences has identified many homologous genes encoding two-component regulators. We discuss the possible origins and functions of these two-component systems in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Urao
- Biological Resources Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
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29
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Chang C, Shockey JA. The ethylene-response pathway: signal perception to gene regulation. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 1999; 2:352-358. [PMID: 10508761 DOI: 10.1016/s1369-5266(99)00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous strides have been made in the past year toward elucidating the ethylene-response pathway. Ethylene is perceived by a family of histidine kinase-like receptors, which negatively regulate ethylene responses. Binding of ethylene requires a copper cofactor, and proper receptor function relies on a copper transporter. Downstream, EIN2 is a structurally novel protein containing an integral membrane domain. In the nucleus, the EIN3 family of DNA-binding proteins regulates transcription in response to ethylene, and an immediate target of EIN3 is a DNA-binding protein of the AP2/EREBP family.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chang
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, HJ Patterson Hall, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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30
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Vriezen WH, Hulzink R, Mariani C, Voesenek LA. 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase activity limits ethylene biosynthesis in Rumex palustris during submergence. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 121:189-96. [PMID: 10482674 PMCID: PMC59367 DOI: 10.1104/pp.121.1.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/1999] [Accepted: 06/06/1999] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Submergence strongly stimulates petiole elongation in Rumex palustris, and ethylene accumulation initiates and maintains this response in submerged tissues. cDNAs from R. palustris corresponding to a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase gene (RP-ACO1) were isolated from elongating petioles and used to study the expression of the corresponding gene. An increase in RP-ACO1 messenger was observed in the petioles and lamina of elongating leaves 2 h after the start of submergence. ACC oxidase enzyme activity was measured in homogenates of R. palustris shoots, and a relevant increase was observed within 12 h under water with a maximum after 24 h. We have shown previously that the ethylene production rate of submerged shoots does not increase significantly during the first 24 h of submergence (L.A.C.J. Voesenek, M. Banga, R. H. Thier, C.M. Mudde, F.M. Harren, G.W.M. Barendse, C.W.P.M. Blom [1993] Plant Physiol 103: 783-791), suggesting that under these conditions ACC oxidase activity is inhibited in vivo. We found evidence that this inhibition is caused by a reduction of oxygen levels. We hypothesize that an increased ACC oxidase enzyme concentration counterbalances the reduced enzyme activity caused by low oxygen concentration during submergence, thus sustaining ethylene production under these conditions. Therefore, ethylene biosynthesis seems to be limited at the level of ACC oxidase activity rather than by ACC synthase in R. palustris during submergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Vriezen
- Departments of Experimental Botany and Ecology, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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31
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Sato-Nara K, Yuhashi KI, Higashi K, Hosoya K, Kubota M, Ezura H. Stage- and tissue-specific expression of ethylene receptor homolog genes during fruit development in muskmelon. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 120:321-30. [PMID: 10318709 PMCID: PMC59264 DOI: 10.1104/pp.120.1.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/1998] [Accepted: 01/31/1999] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We isolated two muskmelon (Cucumis melo) cDNA homologs of the Arabidopsis ethylene receptor genes ETR1 and ERS1 and designated them Cm-ETR1 (C. melo ETR1; accession no. AF054806) and Cm-ERS1 (C. melo ERS1; accession no. AF037368), respectively. Northern analysis revealed that the level of Cm-ERS1 mRNA in the pericarp increased in parallel with the increase in fruit size and then markedly decreased at the end of enlargement. In fully enlarged fruit the level of Cm-ERS1 mRNA was low in all tissues, whereas that of Cm-ETR1 mRNA was very high in the seeds and placenta. During ripening Cm-ERS1 mRNA increased slightly in the pericarp of fruit before the marked increase of Cm-ETR1 mRNA paralleled climacteric ethylene production. These results indicate that both Cm-ETR1 and Cm-ERS1 play specific roles not only in ripening but also in the early development of melon fruit and that they have distinct roles in particular fruit tissues at particular developmental stages.
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MESH Headings
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA Probes/genetics
- Fruit/genetics
- Fruit/growth & development
- Fruit/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant
- Genome, Plant
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sato-Nara
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, Ibaraki Agricultural Center, Iwama, Nishi-ibaraki 319-0292, Japan
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32
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Abstract
The gaseous hormone ethylene induces diverse effects in plants throughout their life cycle. Ethylene response is regulated at multiple levels, from hormone synthesis and perception to signal transduction and transcriptional regulation. As more genes in the ethylene response pathway are cloned and characterized, they illustrate the precision with which signaling can be controlled. Wounding, pathogenic attack, flooding, fruit ripening, development, senescence, and ethylene treatment itself induce ethylene production. Ethylene binding to receptors with homology to two-component regulators triggers a kinase cascade that is propagated through the CTR1 Raf-like kinase and other components to the nucleus. Activation of the EIN3 family of nuclear proteins leads to induction of the relevant ethylene-responsive genes via other transcription factors, eliciting a response appropriate to the original stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Johnson
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6018, USA.
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33
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Shiu OY, Oetiker JH, Yip WK, Yang SF. The promoter of LE-ACS7, an early flooding-induced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene of the tomato, is tagged by a Sol3 transposon. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:10334-9. [PMID: 9707648 PMCID: PMC21509 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.17.10334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many terrestrial plants respond to flooding with enhanced ethylene production. The roots of flooded plants produce 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), which is transported from the root to the shoot, where it is converted to ethylene. In the roots, ACC is synthesized by ACC synthase, which is encoded by a multigene family. Previously, we identified two ACC synthase genes of tomato that are involved in flooding-induced ethylene production. Here, we report the cloning of LE-ACS7, a new tomato ACC synthase with a role early during flooding but also in the early wound response of leaves. The promoter of LE-ACS7 is tagged by a Sol3 transposon. A Sol3 transposon is also present in the tomato polygalacturonase promoter to which it conferred regulatory elements. Thus, Sol3 transposons may affect the regulation of LE-ACS7 and may be involved in the communication between the root and the shoot of waterlogged tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Y Shiu
- Department of Vegetable Crops, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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