1
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Li H, Mo P, Zhang J, Xie Z, Liu X, Chen H, Yang L, Liu M, Zhang H, Wang P, Zhang Z. Methionine biosynthesis enzyme MoMet2 is required for rice blast fungus pathogenicity by promoting virulence gene expression via reducing 5mC modification. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010927. [PMID: 37733784 PMCID: PMC10547190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of fungicide resistance severely threatens crop production by limiting the availability and application of established fungicides. Therefore, it is urgent to identify new fungicidal targets for controlling plant diseases. Here, we characterized the function of a conserved homoserine O-acetyltransferase (HOA) from the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae that could serve as the candidate antifungal target. Deletion of the MoMET2 and MoCYS2 genes encoding HOAs perturbed the biosynthesis of methionine and S-adenyl methionine, a methyl group donor for epigenetic modifications, and severely attenuated the development and virulence of M. oryzae. The ∆Momet2 mutant is significantly increased in 5-methylcytosine (5mC) modification that represses the expression of genes required for pathogenicity, including MoGLIK and MoCDH-CYT. We further showed that host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) targeting MoMET2 and MoCYS2 effectively controls rice blasts. Our studies revealed the importance of HOA in the development and virulence of M. oryzae, which suggests the potential feasibility of HOA as new targets for novel anti-rice blast measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengcheng Mo
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuoer Xie
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Leiyun Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muxing Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Jagram N, Dasgupta I. Principles and practice of virus induced gene silencing for functional genomics in plants. Virus Genes 2023; 59:173-187. [PMID: 36266497 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01941-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) has, of late, emerged as an important tool for transient silencing of genes in plants. This is now being increasingly used to determine functions of novel genes in a wide variety of plants, many of which are important crops yielding food and fiber or are sources of products having pharmaceutical uses. The technology for VIGS comprises the development of vectors derived from viruses, choosing the optimal orientation and size of the gene to be targeted and adopting the most suitable method of inoculation. This review gives a brief overview of the main aspects of VIGS technology as is being practiced. It also discusses the challenges the technology faces and the possible way ahead to improve its robustness, so that the technology finds wider applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Jagram
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Indranil Dasgupta
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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3
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Sharma VK, Marla S, Zheng W, Mishra D, Huang J, Zhang W, Morris GP, Cook DE. CRISPR guides induce gene silencing in plants in the absence of Cas. Genome Biol 2022; 23:6. [PMID: 34980227 PMCID: PMC8722000 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02586-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA-targeting CRISPR-Cas can provide potential advantages over DNA editing, such as avoiding pleiotropic effects of genome editing, providing precise spatiotemporal regulation, and expanded function including antiviral immunity. RESULTS Here, we report the use of CRISPR-Cas13 in plants to reduce both viral and endogenous RNA. Unexpectedly, we observe that crRNA designed to guide Cas13 could, in the absence of the Cas13 protein, cause substantial reduction in RNA levels as well. We demonstrate Cas13-independent guide-induced gene silencing (GIGS) in three plant species, including stable transgenic Arabidopsis. Small RNA sequencing during GIGS identifies the production of small RNA that extend beyond the crRNA expressed sequence in samples expressing multi-guide crRNA. Additionally, we demonstrate that mismatches in guide sequences at position 10 and 11 abolish GIGS. Finally, we show that GIGS is elicited by guides that lack the Cas13 direct repeat and can extend to Cas9 designed crRNA of at least 28 base pairs, indicating that GIGS can be elicited through a variety of guide designs and is not dependent on Cas13 crRNA sequences or design. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results suggest that GIGS utilizes endogenous RNAi machinery despite the fact that crRNA are unlike canonical triggers of RNAi such as miRNA, hairpins, or long double-stranded RNA. Given similar evidence of Cas13-independent silencing in an insect system, it is likely GIGS is active across many eukaryotes. Our results show that GIGS offers a novel and flexible approach to RNA reduction with potential benefits over existing technologies for crop improvement and functional genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandeep Marla
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Wenguang Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Divya Mishra
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | - David Edward Cook
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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Luo Y, Na R, Nowak JS, Qiu Y, Lu QS, Yang C, Marsolais F, Tian L. Development of a Csy4-processed guide RNA delivery system with soybean-infecting virus ALSV for genome editing. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:419. [PMID: 34517842 PMCID: PMC8436479 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03138-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A key issue for implementation of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing for plant trait improvement and gene function analysis is to efficiently deliver the components, including guide RNAs (gRNAs) and Cas9, into plants. Plant virus-based gRNA delivery strategy has proven to be an important tool for genome editing. However, its application in soybean which is an important crop has not been reported yet. ALSV (apple latent spherical virus) is highly infectious virus and could be explored for delivering elements for genome editing. RESULTS To develop a ALSV-based gRNA delivery system, the Cas9-based Csy4-processed ALSV Carry (CCAC) system was developed. In this system, we engineered the soybean-infecting ALSV to carry and deliver gRNA(s). The endoribonuclease Csy4 effectively releases gRNAs that function efficiently in Cas9-mediated genome editing. Genome editing of endogenous phytoene desaturase (PDS) loci and exogenous 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) sequence in Nicotiana. benthamiana (N. benthamiana) through CCAC was confirmed using Sanger sequencing. Furthermore, CCAC-induced mutagenesis in two soybean endogenous GW2 paralogs was detected. CONCLUSIONS With the aid of the CCAC system, the target-specific gRNA(s) can be easily manipulated and efficiently delivered into soybean plant cells by viral infection. This is the first virus-based gRNA delivery system for soybean for genome editing and can be used for gene function study and trait improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Luo
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, N5V 4T3 London, ON Canada
| | - Ren Na
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050031 China
| | - Julia S. Nowak
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, N5V 4T3 London, ON Canada
| | - Yang Qiu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Qing Shi Lu
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, N5V 4T3 London, ON Canada
| | - Chunyan Yang
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050031 China
| | - Frédéric Marsolais
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, N5V 4T3 London, ON Canada
| | - Lining Tian
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, N5V 4T3 London, ON Canada
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Ventimilla D, Velázquez K, Ruiz-Ruiz S, Terol J, Pérez-Amador MA, Vives MC, Guerri J, Talon M, Tadeo FR. IDA (INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION)-like peptides and HAE (HAESA)-like receptors regulate corolla abscission in Nicotiana benthamiana flowers. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:226. [PMID: 34020584 PMCID: PMC8139003 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02994-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abscission is an active, organized, and highly coordinated cell separation process enabling the detachment of aerial organs through the modification of cell-to-cell adhesion and breakdown of cell walls at specific sites on the plant body known as abscission zones. In Arabidopsis thaliana, abscission of floral organs and cauline leaves is regulated by the interaction of the hormonal peptide INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION (IDA), a pair of redundant receptor-like protein kinases, HAESA (HAE) and HAESA-LIKE2 (HSL2), and SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE (SERK) co-receptors. However, the functionality of this abscission signaling module has not yet been demonstrated in other plant species. RESULTS The expression of the pair of NbenIDA1 homeologs and the receptor NbenHAE.1 was supressed at the base of the corolla tube by the inoculation of two virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) constructs in Nicotiana benthamiana. These gene suppression events arrested corolla abscission but did not produce any obvious effect on plant growth. VIGS plants retained a higher number of corollas attached to the flowers than control plants, an observation related to a greater corolla breakstrength. The arrest of corolla abscission was associated with the preservation of the parenchyma tissue at the base of the corolla tube that, in contrast, was virtually collapsed in normal corollas. In contrast, the inoculation of a viral vector construct that increased the expression of NbenIDA1A at the base of the corolla tube negatively affected the growth of the inoculated plants accelerating the timing of both corolla senescence and abscission. However, the heterologous ectopic overexpression of citrus CitIDA3 and Arabidopsis AtIDA in N. benthamiana did not alter the standard plant phenotype suggesting that the proteolytic processing machinery was unable to yield active peptides. CONCLUSION Here, we demonstrate that the pair of NbenIDA1 homeologs encoding small peptides of the IDA-like family and the receptor NbenHAE.1 control cellular breakdown at the base of the corolla tube awhere an adventitious AZ should be formed and, therefore, corolla abscission in N. benthamiana flowers. Altogether, our results provide the first evidence supporting the notion that the IDA-HAE/HSL2 signaling module is conserved in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ventimilla
- Centro de Genómica - Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Karelia Velázquez
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Susana Ruiz-Ruiz
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Terol
- Centro de Genómica - Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Pérez-Amador
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), CSIC-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. CPI Ed. 8E, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mª. Carmen Vives
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - José Guerri
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Talon
- Centro de Genómica - Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco R. Tadeo
- Centro de Genómica - Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
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Carey S, Higuera‐Díaz M, Mankowski P, Rocca A, Hall JC. Virus-induced gene silencing as a tool for functional studies in Cleome violacea. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2021; 9:APS311435. [PMID: 34141499 PMCID: PMC8202831 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Cleomaceae is emerging as a promising family to investigate a wide range of phenomena, such as C4 photosynthesis and floral diversity. However, functional techniques are lacking for elucidating this diversity. Herein, we establish virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) as a method of generating functional data for Cleome violacea, bolstering Cleomaceae as a model system. METHODS We leveraged the sister relationship of Cleomaceae and Brassicaceae by using constructs readily available for Arabidopsis thaliana to provide initial information about the feasibility of VIGS in C. violacea. We then developed endogenous constructs to optimize VIGS efficiency and viability for fruit development. RESULTS PHYTOENE DESATURASE was successfully downregulated in C. violacea using both heterologous and endogenous constructs. The endogenous construct had the highest degree of downregulation, with many plants displaying strong photobleaching. FRUITFULL-treated plants were also successfully downregulated, with a high rate of survival but less effective silencing; only a small percentage of survivors showed a strong phenotype. DISCUSSION Our optimized VIGS protocol in C. violacea enables functional gene analyses at different developmental stages. Additionally, C. violacea is amenable to heterologous knockdown, which suggests that a first pass using non-endogenous constructs is a possible route to test additional species of Cleomaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Carey
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | | | - Peter Mankowski
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
- Present address:
Department of SurgeryUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Alexandra Rocca
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
- Present address:
Administration BuildingUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Jocelyn C. Hall
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
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Tan Y, Bukys A, Molnár A, Hudson A. Rapid, high efficiency virus-mediated mutant complementation and gene silencing in Antirrhinum. PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:145. [PMID: 33117430 PMCID: PMC7590601 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00683-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antirrhinum (snapdragon) species are models for genetic and evolutionary research but recalcitrant to genetic transformation, limiting use of transgenic methods for functional genomics. Transient gene expression from viral vectors and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) offer transformation-free alternatives. Here we investigate the utility of Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) for homologous gene expression in Antirrhinum and VIGS in Antirrhinum and its relative Misopates. RESULTS A. majus proved highly susceptible to systemic TRV infection. TRV carrying part of the Phytoene Desaturase (PDS) gene triggered efficient PDS silencing, visible as tissue bleaching, providing a reporter for the extent and location of VIGS. VIGS was initiated most frequently in young seedlings, persisted into inflorescences and flowers and was not significantly affected by the orientation of the homologous sequence within the TRV genome. Its utility was further demonstrated by reducing expression of two developmental regulators that act either in the protoderm of young leaf primordia or in developing flowers. The effects of co-silencing PDS and the trichome-suppressing Hairy (H) gene from the same TRV genome showed that tissue bleaching provides a useful marker for VIGS of a second target gene acting in a different cell layer. The ability of TRV-encoded H protein to complement the h mutant phenotype was also tested. TRV carrying the native H coding sequence with PDS to report infection failed to complement h mutations and triggered VIGS of H in wild-type plants. However, a sequence with 43% synonymous substitutions encoding H protein, was able to complement the h mutant phenotype when expressed without a PDS VIGS reporter. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate an effective method for VIGS in the model genus Antirrhinum and its relative Misopates that works in vegetative and reproductive tissues. We also show that TRV can be used for complementation of a loss-of-function mutation in Antirrhinum. These methods make rapid tests of gene function possible in these species, which are difficult to transform genetically, and opens up the possibility of using additional cell biological and biochemical techniques that depend on transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tan
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF UK
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, 136 Lushan Road, Changsha, 410006 China
| | - Alfredas Bukys
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF UK
| | - Attila Molnár
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF UK
| | - Andrew Hudson
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF UK
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8
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Xiao Z, Xing M, Liu X, Fang Z, Yang L, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhuang M, Lv H. An efficient virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system for functional genomics in Brassicas using a cabbage leaf curl virus (CaLCuV)-based vector. PLANTA 2020; 252:42. [PMID: 32870402 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03454-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
CaLCuV-based VIGS effectively works in cabbage and contributes to efficient functional genomics research in Brassica crop species. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), a posttranscriptional gene silencing method, is an effective technique for analysing the functions of genes in plants. However, no VIGS vectors have been available for Brassica oleracea until now. Here, tobacco rattle virus (TRV), pTYs and cabbage leaf curl virus (CaLCuV) gene-silencing vectors (PCVA/PCVB) were chosen to improve the VIGS system in cabbage using the phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene as an efficient visual indicator of VIGS. We successfully silenced the expression of PDS and observed photobleaching phenomena in cabbage in response to pTYs and CaLCuV, with the latter being more easy to operate and less expensive. The parameters potentially affecting the silencing efficiency of VIGS by CaLCuV in cabbage, including the targeting fragment strategy, inoculation method and incubation temperature, were then compared. The optimized CaLCuV-based VIGS system involves the following: an approximately 500 bp insert sequence, an Agrobacterium OD600 of 1.0, use of the vacuum osmosis method applied at the bud stage, and an incubation temperature of 22 °C. Using these parameters, we achieved a stable silencing efficiency of 65%. To further test the effectiveness of the system, we selected the Mg-chelatase H subunit (ChlH) gene in cabbage and knocked down its expression, and we observed yellow leaves, as expected. We successfully applied the CaLCuV-based VIGS system to two other representative Brassica crop species, B. rapa and B. nigra, and thus expanded the application scope of this system. Our VIGS system described here will contribute to efficient functional genomics research in Brassica crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Xiao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, 12# Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Miaomiao Xing
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, 12# Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, 12# Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhiyuan Fang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, 12# Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Limei Yang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, 12# Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yangyong Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, 12# Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, 12# Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Mu Zhuang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, 12# Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Honghao Lv
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, 12# Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China.
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9
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Wu X, Xu S, Zhao P, Zhang X, Yao X, Sun Y, Fang R, Ye J. The Orthotospovirus nonstructural protein NSs suppresses plant MYC-regulated jasmonate signaling leading to enhanced vector attraction and performance. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007897. [PMID: 31206553 PMCID: PMC6598649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pandemics of vector-borne human and plant diseases often depend on the behaviors
of their arthropod vectors. Arboviruses, including many bunyaviruses, manipulate
vector behavior to accelerate their own transmission to vertebrates, birds,
insects, and plants. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this
manipulation remains elusive. Here, we report that the non-structural protein
NSs of Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus, a prototype of the
Tospoviridae family and the
Orthotospovirus genus, is a key viral factor that
indirectly modifies vector preference and increases vector performance. NSs
suppresses the biosynthesis of plant volatile monoterpenes, which serve as
repellents of the vector western flower thrips (WFT, Frankliniella
occidentalis). NSs directly interacts with MYC2, the jasmonate (JA)
signaling master regulator and its two close homologs MYC3 and MYC4, to disable
JA-mediated activation of terpene synthase genes. The
dysfunction of the MYCs subsequently attenuates host defenses, increases the
attraction of thrips, and improves thrips fitness. Moreover, MYC2 associated
with NSs of Tomato zonate spot orthotospovirus, another Euro/Asian-type
orthotospovirus, suggesting that MYC2 is an evolutionarily conserved target of
Orthotospovirus species for suppression of terpene-based
resistance to promote vector performance. These findings elucidate the molecular
mechanism through which an orthotospovirus indirectly manipulates vector
behaviors and therefore facilitates pathogen transmission. Our results provide
insights into the molecular mechanisms by which Orthotospovirus
NSs counteracts plant immunity for pathogen transmission. Most bunyaviruses are transmitted by arthropod vectors, and some of them can
modify the behaviors of their arthropod vectors to increase transmission to
mammals, birds, and plants. NSs is a non-structural bunyavirus protein with
multiple functions that acts as an avirulence determinant and silencing
suppressor. In this study, we identified a new function of NSs as a conserved
manipulator of vector behavior via plant. NSs suppresses jasmonate-mediated
plant immunity against thrips by directly interacting with several homologs of
MYC transcription factors, the core regulators of the jasmonate-signaling
pathway. This hijacking by NSs enhances thrips preference and performance.
Therefore, our data support the hypothesis that MYC2 is a convergent target that
plant pathogens manipulate to promote their survival in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing,
China
| | - Shuang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing,
China
| | - Pingzhi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongxiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing,
China
| | - Jian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing,
China
- * E-mail:
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10
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Guo XY, Li Y, Fan J, Xiong H, Xu FX, Shi J, Shi Y, Zhao JQ, Wang YF, Cao XL, Wang WM. Host-Induced Gene Silencing of MoAP1 Confers Broad-Spectrum Resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:433. [PMID: 31024598 PMCID: PMC6465682 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) is a major threat to global rice production. In recent years, small interference RNAs (siRNAs) and host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) has been shown to be new strategies for the development of transgenic plants to control fungal diseases and proved a useful tool to study gene function in pathogens. We here tested whether in vitro feeding artificial siRNAs (asiRNAs) could compromise M. oryzae virulence and in vivo HIGS technique could improve rice blast resistance. Our data revealed that silencing of M. oryzae MoAP1 by feeding asiRNAs targeting MoAP1 (i.e., asiR1245, asiR1362, and asiR1115) resulted in inhibited fungal growth, abnormal spores, and decreased pathogenicity. Among the asiRNAs, asiR1115 was the most inhibitory toward the rice blast fungus. Conversely, the asiRNAs targeting three other genes (i.e., MoSSADH, MoACT, and MoSOM1) had no effect on fungal growth. Transgenic rice plants expressing RNA hairpins targeting MoAP1 exhibited improved resistance to 11 tested M. oryzae strains. Confocal microscopy also revealed profoundly restricted appressoria and mycelia in rice blast-infected transgenic rice plants. Our results demonstrate that in vitro asiRNA and in vivo HIGS were useful protection approaches that may be valuable to enhance rice blast resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yi Guo
- Rice and Sorghum Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Southwest Rice Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Deyang, China
| | - Yan Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Fan
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Xiong
- Rice and Sorghum Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Southwest Rice Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Deyang, China
| | - Fu-Xian Xu
- Rice and Sorghum Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Southwest Rice Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Deyang, China
| | - Jun Shi
- Mianyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mianyang, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ji-Qun Zhao
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-Fu Wang
- Mianyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mianyang, China
| | - Xiao-Long Cao
- Mianyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mianyang, China
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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11
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Huang C, Liu Y, Yu H, Yuan C, Zeng J, Zhao L, Tong Z, Tao X. Non-Structural Protein NSm of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Is an Avirulence Factor Recognized by Resistance Genes of Tobacco and Tomato via Different Elicitor Active Sites. Viruses 2018; 10:E660. [PMID: 30469406 PMCID: PMC6265799 DOI: 10.3390/v10110660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is one of the most destructive viral pathogens of plants. Recently, a single dominant gene conferring complete resistance to TSWV (RTSW) was identified in Nicotina alata and introgressed into cultivated tobacco (N. tabacum). However, whether the TSWV carries an avirulence (Avr) factor directed against RTSW remains obscure. In the present study, we identified the non-structural protein (NSm), the movement protein of TSWV, which is an RTSW-specific Avr factor, by using two different transient expression systems. Using amino acid (aa) substitution mutants, we demonstrated the ability to induce RTSW-mediated hypersensitive response (HR) of NSm is independent of its movement function. Moreover, key substitutions (C118Y and T120N), a 21-aa viral effector epitope, and different truncated versions of NSm, which are responsible for the recognition of the Sw-5b resistance gene of tomato, were tested for their ability to trigger HR to TSWV in tobacco. Together, our results demonstrated that RTSW-mediated resistance is triggered by NSm in the same way as by Sw-5b, however, via different elicitor active sites. Finally, an Avr gene-based diagnostic approach was established and used to determine the presence and effectiveness of resistance genes in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Huang
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming 650021, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming 650021, China.
| | - Haiqin Yu
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming 650021, China.
| | - Cheng Yuan
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming 650021, China.
| | - Jianmin Zeng
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming 650021, China.
| | - Lu Zhao
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming 650021, China.
| | - Zhijun Tong
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming 650021, China.
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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12
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Paces J, Nic M, Novotny T, Svoboda P. Literature review of baseline information to support the risk assessment of RNAi‐based GM plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [PMCID: PMC7163844 DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.en-1246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Paces
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (IMG)
| | | | | | - Petr Svoboda
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (IMG)
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13
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Soza VL, Snelson CD, Hewett Hazelton KD, Di Stilio VS. Partial redundancy and functional specialization of E-class SEPALLATA genes in an early-diverging eudicot. Dev Biol 2016; 419:143-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Gordon CS, Rajagopalan N, Risseeuw EP, Surpin M, Ball FJ, Barber CJ, Buhrow LM, Clark SM, Page JE, Todd CD, Abrams SR, Loewen MC. Characterization of Triticum aestivum Abscisic Acid Receptors and a Possible Role for These in Mediating Fusairum Head Blight Susceptibility in Wheat. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164996. [PMID: 27755583 PMCID: PMC5068739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a well-characterized plant hormone, known to mediate developmental aspects as well as both abiotic and biotic stress responses. Notably, the exogenous application of ABA has recently been shown to increase susceptibility to the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum, the causative agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat and other cereals. However roles and mechanisms associated with ABA's modulation of pathogen responses remain enigmatic. Here the identification of putative ABA receptors from available genomic databases for Triticum aestivum (bread wheat) and Brachypodium distachyon (a model cereal) are reported. A number of these were cloned for recombinant expression and their functionality as ABA receptors confirmed by in vitro assays against protein phosphatases Type 2Cs. Ligand selectivity profiling of one of the wheat receptors (Ta_PYL2DS_FL) highlighted unique activities compared to Arabidopsis AtPYL5. Mutagenic analysis showed Ta_PYL2DS_FL amino acid D180 as being a critical contributor to this selectivity. Subsequently, a virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) approach was used to knockdown wheat Ta_PYL4AS_A (and similar) in planta, yielding plants with increased early stage resistance to FHB progression and decreased mycotoxin accumulation. Together these results confirm the existence of a family of ABA receptors in wheat and Brachypodium and present insight into factors modulating receptor function at the molecular level. That knockdown of Ta_PYL4AS_A (and similar) leads to early stage FHB resistance highlights novel targets for investigation in the future development of disease resistant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron S. Gordon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd., Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | | | - Eddy P. Risseeuw
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Marci Surpin
- Valent BioSciences Corporation, 870 Technology Way, Libertyville, Illinois, 60048, United States of America
| | - Fraser J. Ball
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Carla J. Barber
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Leann M. Buhrow
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Shawn M. Clark
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Jonathan E. Page
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Chris D. Todd
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Suzanne R. Abrams
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Michele C. Loewen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd., Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
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15
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Skinner DJ, Brown RH, Kuzoff RK, Gasser CS. Conservation of the role of INNER NO OUTER in development of unitegmic ovules of the Solanaceae despite a divergence in protein function. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:143. [PMID: 27350128 PMCID: PMC4924249 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0835-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The INNER NO OUTER (INO) gene is expressed in the outermost cell layer of the outer integument of bitegmic ovules and is essential for this organ's growth. The role and cross-species functional conservation of INO orthologs were examined in members of the Solanaceae, which have unitegmic ovules. Unitegmy has evolved several times in disparate angiosperm lineages. INO expression has been observed in the outermost cell layers of all examined unitegmic ovules, but the functional role of INO in unitegmic ovules has not previously been evaluated. RESULTS INO orthologs were unambiguously identified in tobacco and tomato by sequence homology. Expression of the tomato INO gene was limited to the outer cell layer of the single integument indicating that this single integument has properties of the outer integument. Expression occurred only after integument initiation, later than observed in ovules of other examined angiosperms. Virus-induced knock-down of expression of the INO ortholog in tobacco inhibited growth of the outer cell layer of the integument leading to a decrease in both integument extension and curvature of the ovule. The altered ovules closely resemble those of the aberrant testa shape (ats) ino mutant combination in Arabidopsis where we see the effect of the ino mutation on a single fused integument produced by the ats mutation. Despite significant sequence identity and similar expression patterns, the tomato INO coding region was not able to complement the Arabidopsis ino mutant. CONCLUSIONS The similarity of effects of ino mutations on the unitegmic ovules of tobacco and the fused integuments of the Arabidopsis ats mutant show that: 1) INO orthologs play the same role in promoting integument growth in ovules of tobacco and Arabidopsis; and 2) the unitegmic ovules of tobacco (and hence other solanaceous species) are most likely the result of a congenital fusion of two ancestral integuments. Our results further indicate that INO has a conserved role in growth of the outermost cell layer of integuments. The curvature of solanaceous ovules is driven by unequal growth of the outer layers of the single integument that likely correspond to an ancestral outer integument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra J. Skinner
- />Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Ryan H. Brown
- />Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- />Present address: US Patent and Trademark Office, 400 Dulany St, Alexandria, VA 22314 USA
| | - Robert K. Kuzoff
- />Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- />Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Whitewater, WI 53190 USA
| | - Charles S. Gasser
- />Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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16
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Parrott DL, Huang L, Fischer AM. Downregulation of a barley (Hordeum vulgare) leucine-rich repeat, non-arginine-aspartate receptor-like protein kinase reduces expression of numerous genes involved in plant pathogen defense. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 100:130-140. [PMID: 26820571 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors represent a first line of plant defense against pathogens. Comparing the flag leaf transcriptomes of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) near-isogenic lines varying in the allelic state of a locus controlling senescence, we have previously identified a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase gene (LRR-RLK; GenBank accession: AK249842), which was strongly upregulated in leaves of early-as compared to late-senescing germplasm. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that this gene codes for a subfamily XII, non-arginine-aspartate (non-RD) LRR-RLK. Virus-induced gene silencing resulted in a two-fold reduction of transcript levels as compared to controls. Transcriptomic comparison of leaves from untreated plants, from plants treated with virus only without any plant sequences (referred to as 'empty virus' control), and from plants in which AK249842 expression was knocked down identified numerous genes involved in pathogen defense. These genes were strongly induced in 'empty virus' as compared to untreated controls, but their expression was significantly reduced (again compared to 'empty virus' controls) when AK249842 was knocked down, indicating that their expression partially depends on the LRR-RLK investigated here. Expression analysis, using datasets from BarleyBase/PLEXdb, demonstrated that AK249842 transcript levels are heavily influenced by the allelic state of the well-characterized mildew resistance a (Mla) locus, and that the gene is induced after powdery mildew and stem rust infection. Together, our data suggest that AK249842 is a barley pattern recognition receptor with a tentative role in defense against fungal pathogens, setting the stage for its full functional characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Parrott
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3150, USA
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3150, USA
| | - Andreas M Fischer
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3150, USA.
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17
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Qian Y, Hou H, Shen Q, Cai X, Sunter G, Zhou X. RepA Protein Encoded by Oat dwarf virus Elicits a Temperature-Sensitive Hypersensitive Response-Type Cell Death That Involves Jasmonic Acid-Dependent Signaling. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:5-21. [PMID: 26720685 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-15-0149-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The hypersensitive response (HR) is a component of disease resistance that is often induced by pathogen infection, but essentially no information is available for members of the destructive mastreviruses. We have investigated an HR-type response elicited in Nicotiana species by Oat dwarf virus (ODV) and have found that expression of the ODV RepA protein but not other ODV-encoded proteins elicits the HR-type cell death associated with a burst of H2O2. Deletion mutagenesis indicates that the first nine amino acids (aa) at the N terminus of RepA and the two regions located between aa residues 173 and 195 and between aa residues 241 and 260 near the C terminus are essential for HR-type cell-death elicitation. Confocal and electron microscopy showed that the RepA protein is localized in the nuclei of plant cells and might contain bipartite nuclear localization signals. The HR-like lesions mediated by RepA were inhibited by temperatures above 30°C and involvement of jasmonic acid (JA) in HR was identified by gain- and loss-of-function experiments. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an elicitor of HR-type cell death from mastreviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Qian
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, People's Republic of China
| | - Huwei Hou
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, People's Republic of China
- 2 State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingtang Shen
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinzhong Cai
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, People's Republic of China
| | - Garry Sunter
- 3 Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, U.S.A
| | - Xueping Zhou
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, People's Republic of China
- 2 State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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18
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Strategies for altering plant traits using virus-induced gene silencing technologies. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1287:25-41. [PMID: 25740354 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2453-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The rapid progress in genome sequencing and transcriptome analysis in model and crop plants has made possible the identification of a vast number of genes potentially associated with economically important complex traits. The ultimate goal is to assign functions to these genes by using forward and reverse genetic screens. Plant viruses have been developed for virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to generate rapid gene knockdown phenotypes in numerous plant species. To fulfill its potential for high-throughput phenomics, it is of prime importance to ensure that parameters conditioning the VIGS response, i.e., plant-virus interactions and associated loss-of-function screens, are "fit for purpose" and optimized to unequivocally conclude the role of a gene of interest in relation to a given trait. This chapter will review and discuss the different strategies used for the development of VIGS-based phenomics in model and crop species.
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19
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Sub-functionalization to ovule development following duplication of a floral organ identity gene. Dev Biol 2015; 405:158-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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20
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Zhirnov IV, Trifonova EA, Kochetov AV, Shumny VK. Virus-induced silencing as a method for studying gene functions in higher plants. RUSS J GENET+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795415050099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Bao H, Chen X, Lv S, Jiang P, Feng J, Fan P, Nie L, Li Y. Virus-induced gene silencing reveals control of reactive oxygen species accumulation and salt tolerance in tomato by γ-aminobutyric acid metabolic pathway. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:600-13. [PMID: 25074245 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulates in many plant species in response to environmental stress. However, the physiological function of GABA or its metabolic pathway (GABA shunt) in plants remains largely unclear. Here, the genes, including glutamate decarboxylases (SlGADs), GABA transaminases (SlGABA-Ts) and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SlSSADH), controlling three steps of the metabolic pathway of GABA, were studied through virus-induced gene silencing approach in tomato. Silencing of SlGADs (GABA biosynthetic genes) and SlGABA-Ts (GABA catabolic genes) led to increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as salt sensitivity under 200 mm NaCl treatment. Targeted quantitative analysis of metabolites revealed that GABA decreased and increased in the SlGADs- and SlGABA-Ts-silenced plants, respectively, whereas succinate (the final product of GABA metabolism) decreased in both silenced plants. Contrarily, SlSSADH-silenced plants, also defective in GABA degradation process, showed dwarf phenotype, curled leaves and enhanced accumulation of ROS in normal conditions, suggesting the involvement of a bypath for succinic semialdehyde catabolism to γ-hydroxybutyrate as reported previously in Arabidopsis, were less sensitive to salt stress. These results suggest that GABA shunt is involved in salt tolerance of tomato, probably by affecting the homeostasis of metabolites such as succinate and γ-hydroxybutyrate and subsequent ROS accumulation under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexigeduleng Bao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
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22
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Goodin MM, Zaitlin D, Naidu RA, Lommel SA. Nicotiana benthamiana: Its History and Future as a Model for Plant-Pathogen Interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 2015:28-39. [PMID: 27839076 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-00-00-1015-rev.testissue] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Nicotiana benthamiana is the most widely used experimental host in plant virology, due mainly to the large number of diverse plant viruses that can successfully infect it. Addi- tionally, N. benthamiana is susceptible to a wide variety of other plant-pathogenic agents (such as bacteria, oomycetes, fungi, and so on), making this species a cornerstone of host-pathogen research, particularly in the context of innate immunity and defense signaling. Moreover, because it can be genetically transformed and regenerated with good efficiency and is amenable to facile methods for virus- induced gene silencing or transient protein expression, N. benthamiana is rapidly gaining popularity in plant biology, particularly in studies requiring protein localization, inter- action, or plant-based systems for protein expression and purification. Paradoxically, despite being an indispensable research model, little is known about the origins, genetic variation, or ecology of the N. benthamiana accessions cur- rently used by the research community. In addition to ad- dressing these latter topics, the purpose of this review is to provide information regarding sources for tools and reagents that can be used to support research in N. benthamiana. Finally, we propose that N. benthamiana is well situated to become a premier plant cell biology model, particularly for the virology community, who as a group were the first to recognize the potential of this unique Australian native.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Zaitlin
- 2 Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center (KTRDC), University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546, U.S.A
| | - Rayapati A Naidu
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology, Irrigated Agriculture Research & Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser 99350, U.S.A
| | - Steven A Lommel
- 4 Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, U.S.A
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23
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Development of new potato virus X-based vectors for gene over-expression and gene silencing assay. Virus Res 2014; 191:62-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Folimonova SY, Harper SJ, Leonard MT, Triplett EW, Shilts T. Superinfection exclusion by Citrus tristeza virus does not correlate with the production of viral small RNAs. Virology 2014; 468-470:462-471. [PMID: 25248160 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Superinfection exclusion (SIE), a phenomenon in which a preexisting viral infection prevents a secondary infection with the same or closely related virus, has been described for different viruses, including important pathogens of humans, animals, and plants. Several mechanisms acting at various stages of the viral life cycle have been proposed to explain SIE. Most cases of SIE in plant virus systems were attributed to induction of RNA silencing, a host defense mechanism that is mediated by small RNAs. Here we show that SIE by Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) does not correlate with the production of viral small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). CTV variants, which differed in the SIE ability, had similar siRNAs profiles. Along with our previous observations that the exclusion phenomenon requires a specific viral protein, p33, the new data suggest that SIE by CTV is highly complex and appears to use different mechanisms than those proposed for other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Y Folimonova
- University of Florida, Department of Plant Pathology, 2550 Hull Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Scott J Harper
- University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Michael T Leonard
- University of Florida, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Eric W Triplett
- University of Florida, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Turksen Shilts
- University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
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25
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Dang TVT, Windelinckx S, Henry IM, De Coninck B, Cammue BPA, Swennen R, Remy S. Assessment of RNAi-induced silencing in banana (Musa spp.). BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:655. [PMID: 25230584 PMCID: PMC4177175 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In plants, RNA- based gene silencing mediated by small RNAs functions at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level to negatively regulate target genes, repetitive sequences, viral RNAs and/or transposon elements. Post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) or the RNA interference (RNAi) approach has been achieved in a wide range of plant species for inhibiting the expression of target genes by generating double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). However, to our knowledge, successful RNAi-application to knock-down endogenous genes has not been reported in the important staple food crop banana. RESULTS Using embryogenic cell suspension (ECS) transformed with ß-glucuronidase (GUS) as a model system, we assessed silencing of gusAINT using three intron-spliced hairpin RNA (ihpRNA) constructs containing gusAINT sequences of 299-nt, 26-nt and 19-nt, respectively. Their silencing potential was analysed in 2 different experimental set-ups. In the first, Agrobacterium-mediated co-transformation of banana ECS with a gusAINT containing vector and an ihpRNA construct resulted in a significantly reduced GUS enzyme activity 6-8 days after co-cultivation with either the 299-nt and 19-nt ihpRNA vectors. In the second approach, these ihpRNA constructs were transferred to stable GUS-expressing ECS and their silencing potential was evaluated in the regenerated in vitro plants. In comparison to control plants, transgenic plants transformed with the 299-nt gusAINT targeting sequence showed a 4.5 fold down-regulated gusA mRNA expression level, while GUS enzyme activity was reduced by 9 fold. Histochemical staining of plant tissues confirmed these findings. Northern blotting used to detect the expression of siRNA in the 299-nt ihpRNA vector transgenic in vitro plants revealed a negative relationship between siRNA expression and GUS enzyme activity. In contrast, no reduction in GUS activity or GUS mRNA expression occurred in the regenerated lines transformed with either of the two gusAINT oligo target sequences (26-nt and 19-nt). CONCLUSIONS RNAi-induced silencing was achieved in banana, both at transient and stable level, resulting in significant reduction of gene expression and enzyme activity. The success of silencing was dependent on the targeted region of the target gene. The successful generation of transgenic ECS for second transformation with (an)other construct(s) can be of value for functional genomics research in banana.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Feasibility Studies
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Glucuronidase/genetics
- Glucuronidase/metabolism
- Musa/embryology
- Musa/enzymology
- Musa/genetics
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/embryology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/enzymology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuong Vi T Dang
- />Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Saskia Windelinckx
- />Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle M Henry
- />Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, U.C.Davis, 451 E. Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Barbara De Coninck
- />Center of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- />Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno PA Cammue
- />Center of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- />Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rony Swennen
- />Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- />Bioversity International, Willem de Croylaan 42 bus 2455, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- />International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 10, Duluti, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Serge Remy
- />Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Pflieger S, Blanchet S, Meziadi C, Richard MMS, Thareau V, Mary F, Mazoyer C, Geffroy V. The "one-step" Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV)-derived vector is a functional genomics tool for efficient overexpression of heterologous protein, virus-induced gene silencing and genetic mapping of BPMV R-gene in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:232. [PMID: 25168520 PMCID: PMC4163167 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the last two years, considerable advances have been made in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genomics, especially with the completion of the genome sequence and the availability of RNAseq data. However, as common bean is recalcitrant to stable genetic transformation, much work remains to be done for the development of functional genomics tools adapted to large-scale studies. RESULTS Here we report the successful implementation of an efficient viral vector system for foreign gene expression, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and genetic mapping of a BPMV resistance gene in common bean, using a "one-step" BPMV vector originally developed in soybean. With the goal of developing this vector for high-throughput VIGS studies in common bean, we optimized the conditions for rub-inoculation of infectious BPMV-derived plasmids in common bean cv. Black Valentine. We then tested the susceptibility to BPMV of six cultivars, and found that only Black Valentine and JaloEEP558 were susceptible to BPMV. We used a BPMV-GFP construct to detect the spatial and temporal infection patterns of BPMV in vegetative and reproductive tissues. VIGS of the PHYTOENE DESATURASE (PvPDS) marker gene was successfully achieved with recombinant BPMV vectors carrying fragments ranging from 132 to 391 bp. Finally, we mapped a gene for resistance to BPMV (R-BPMV) at one end of linkage group 2, in the vicinity of a locus (I locus) previously shown to be involved in virus resistance. CONCLUSIONS The "one-step" BPMV vector system therefore enables rapid and simple functional studies in common bean, and could be suitable for large-scale analyses. In the post-genomic era, these advances are timely for the common bean research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Pflieger
- />CNRS, Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR 8618, Université Paris Sud, Saclay Plant Sciences (SPS), 91405 Orsay, France
- />Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Blanchet
- />CNRS, Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR 8618, Université Paris Sud, Saclay Plant Sciences (SPS), 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Chouaib Meziadi
- />CNRS, Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR 8618, Université Paris Sud, Saclay Plant Sciences (SPS), 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Manon MS Richard
- />CNRS, Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR 8618, Université Paris Sud, Saclay Plant Sciences (SPS), 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Vincent Thareau
- />CNRS, Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR 8618, Université Paris Sud, Saclay Plant Sciences (SPS), 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Fanny Mary
- />CNRS, Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR 8618, Université Paris Sud, Saclay Plant Sciences (SPS), 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Céline Mazoyer
- />CNRS, Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR 8618, Université Paris Sud, Saclay Plant Sciences (SPS), 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Valérie Geffroy
- />CNRS, Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR 8618, Université Paris Sud, Saclay Plant Sciences (SPS), 91405 Orsay, France
- />INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche de Génétique Végétale, Université Paris Sud, IDEEV FR3284, Ferme du Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Agüero J, Vives MDC, Velázquez K, Pina JA, Navarro L, Moreno P, Guerri J. Effectiveness of gene silencing induced by viral vectors based on Citrus leaf blotch virus is different in Nicotiana benthamiana and citrus plants. Virology 2014; 460-461:154-64. [PMID: 25010281 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) is an effective technology for gene function analysis in plants. We assessed the VIGS effectiveness in Nicotiana benthamiana and citrus plants of different Citrus leaf blotch virus (CLBV)-based vectors, using insets of the phytoene desaturase (pds) gene. While in N. benthamiana the silencing phenotype was induced only by the construct carrying a 58-nt pds hairpin, in citrus plants all the constructs induced the silencing phenotype. Differences in the generation of secondary small interfering RNAs in both species are believed to be responsible for differential host-species effects. The ability of CLBV-based vectors to silence different endogenous citrus genes was further confirmed. Since CLBV-based vectors are known to be stable and induce VIGS in successive flushes for several months, these vectors provide an important genomic tool and it is expected that they will be useful to analyze gene function by reverse genetics in the long-lived citrus plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Agüero
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Ctra. Moncada-Náquera Km. 4.5, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - María del Carmen Vives
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Ctra. Moncada-Náquera Km. 4.5, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Karelia Velázquez
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Ctra. Moncada-Náquera Km. 4.5, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - José Antonio Pina
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Ctra. Moncada-Náquera Km. 4.5, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis Navarro
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Ctra. Moncada-Náquera Km. 4.5, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro Moreno
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Ctra. Moncada-Náquera Km. 4.5, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Guerri
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Ctra. Moncada-Náquera Km. 4.5, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain.
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Gu Z, Huang C, Li F, Zhou X. A versatile system for functional analysis of genes and microRNAs in cotton. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:638-49. [PMID: 24521483 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cotton is an important economic crop worldwide. Due to its long growth cycle, large genome size and recalcitrance to stable transformation, traditional methods for the analysis of gene function in this crop are difficult and labour intensive. Here, we report a cotton leaf crumple virus (CLCrV)-based vector and its application in gene function analysis through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and overexpression of microRNAs (miRNAs), small tandem target mimic (STTM) and artificial miRNA (amiRNA) in cotton via an Agrobacterium-mediated infiltration approach. Using this system, we were able to efficiently silence two endogenous genes, magnesium chelatase subunit I (CHLI) and elongation factor-1α (EF-1α), in Gossypium species and the Bacillus thuringiensis cry1A gene in transgenic cotton. Furthermore, our results show that this vector can be used to ectopically express endogenous miR156 in G. hirsutum, causing a reduction in miR156-targeted RNA transcripts resulting in the development of abnormal leaf phenotypes. Ectopic expression of miR165/166 STTM with this vector led to downward curling and crumpled leaves, and a significant increase in the miR165/166 target mRNAs. This versatile system is easy to use and can provide more uniform and persistent gene silencing in cotton, thereby providing a powerful approach for gene discovery in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouhang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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29
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Teng W, Zhang H, Wang W, Li D, Wang M, Liu J, Zhang H, Zheng X, Zhang Z. ALY proteins participate in multifaceted Nep1Mo-triggered responses in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2483-94. [PMID: 24723400 PMCID: PMC4036512 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Previously, it was found that Nep1Mo (a Nep1-like protein from Magnaporthe oryzae) could trigger a variety of plant responses, including stomatal closure, hypersensitive cell death (HCD), and defence-related gene expression, in Nicotiana benthamiana. In this study, it was found that Nep1Mo-induced cell death could be inhibited by the virus-induced gene silencing of NbALY916 in N. benthamiana. NbALY916-silenced plants showed impaired Nep1Mo-induced stomatal closure, decreased Nep1Mo-induced production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) in guard cells, and reduced Nep1Mo-induced resistance against Phytophthora nicotianae. It also found that the deletion of AtALY4, an orthologue of NbALY916 in Arabidopsis thaliana, impaired Nep1Mo-triggered stomatal closure, HCD, and defence-related gene expression. The compromised stomatal closure observed in the NbALY916-silenced plants and AtALY4 mutants was inhibited by the application of H2O2 and sodium nitroprusside (an NO donor), and both Nep1Mo and H2O2 stimulated guard cell NO synthesis. Conversely, NO-induced stomatal closure was found not to require H2O2 synthesis; and NO treatment did not induce H2O2 production in guard cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the NbAlY916/AtAlY4-H2O2-NO pathway mediates multiple Nep1Mo-triggered responses, including stomatal closure, HCD, and defence-related gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Teng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huajian Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Deqing Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Meifang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiewen Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
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30
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Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology has become more and more widely used in various plant species for rapid screening of gene functions. VIGS does not require time-consuming tissue culture steps that are needed for stable transformation in most plant species and it can be used for studying gene function even in plants that are very difficult to stably transform. Furthermore, VIGS technology provides high gene silencing efficiency (up to 95 %) and specificity. Here, we describe a VIGS protocol that can be used for studying the functions of MAPKs and other genes in a wild tobacco species, Nicotiana attenuata. This method is also suitable for other Nicotiana species and tomato with minor modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hettenhausen
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Heilongtan, Kunming, 650201, China
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31
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Pflieger SP, Richard MMS, Blanchet S, Meziadi C, Geffroy VR. VIGS technology: an attractive tool for functional genomics studies in legumes. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2013; 40:1234-1248. [PMID: 32481191 DOI: 10.1071/fp13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Legume species are among the most important crops worldwide. In recent years, six legume genomes have been completely sequenced, and there is now an urgent need for reverse-genetics tools to validate genes affecting yield and product quality. As most legumes are recalcitrant to stable genetic transformation, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) appears to be a powerful alternative technology for determining the function of unknown genes. VIGS technology is based on the property of plant viruses to trigger a defence mechanism related to post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Infection by a recombinant virus carrying a fragment of a plant target gene will induce homology-dependent silencing of the endogenous target gene. Several VIGS systems have been developed for legume species since 2004, including those based on Bean pod mottle virus, Pea early browning virus, and Apple latent spherical virus, and used in reverse-genetics studies of a wide variety of plant biological processes. In this work, we give an overview of the VIGS systems available for legumes, and present their successful applications in functional genomics studies. We also discuss the limitations of these VIGS systems and the future challenges to be faced in order to use VIGS to its full potential in legume species.
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Affiliation(s)
- St Phanie Pflieger
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618, CNRS Université Paris-Sud, Saclay Plant Sciences, Rue Noetzlin, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Manon M S Richard
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618, CNRS Université Paris-Sud, Saclay Plant Sciences, Rue Noetzlin, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Sophie Blanchet
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618, CNRS Université Paris-Sud, Saclay Plant Sciences, Rue Noetzlin, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Chouaib Meziadi
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618, CNRS Université Paris-Sud, Saclay Plant Sciences, Rue Noetzlin, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Val Rie Geffroy
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618, CNRS Université Paris-Sud, Saclay Plant Sciences, Rue Noetzlin, 91405 Orsay, France
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32
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Vermeersch L, De Winne N, Nolf J, Bleys A, Kovařík A, Depicker A. Transitive RNA silencing signals induce cytosine methylation of a transgenic but not an endogenous target. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 74:867-879. [PMID: 23480471 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Post-transcriptional gene silencing of a primary target gene in plants can coincide with the production of secondary small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) of coding sequences adjacent to the target region and with de novo RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) thereof. Here, we analyzed the susceptibility of transgenic and endogenous targets to RdDM induced by primary and secondary silencing signals. In three different configurations, primary silencing signals were able to direct in trans methylation of chimeric transgenes and the CATALASE2 (CAT2) endogene; however, extensive spreading of methylation occurred only in the transgene, resulting in the methylation of the flanking CAT2 sequence, whereas methylation of the CAT2 endogene was restricted to the target region and the enclosed introns. The secondary silencing signals arising from this transgenic primary target simultaneously silenced a secondary transgene target and the CAT2 endogene, but were only capable of directing RdDM to the transgene. Our data indicate that RdDM is correlated with the in situ generation of secondary siRNAs, occurring in P35S-driven transgenes but not in most endogenes. We conclude that although both endogenes and transgenes are equally sensitive to transitive silencing, differences exist in their susceptibility to undergo secondary RdDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Vermeersch
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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33
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Bandaranayake PCG, Yoder JI. Trans-specific gene silencing of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in a root-parasitic plant. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:575-84. [PMID: 23383721 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-12-0297-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic species of the family Orobanchaceae are devastating agricultural pests in many parts of the world. The control of weedy Orobanchaceae spp. is challenging, particularly due to the highly coordinated life cycles of the parasite and host plants. Although host genetic resistance often provides the foundation of plant pathogen management, few genes that confer resistance to root parasites have been identified and incorporated into crop species. Members of the family Orobanchaceae acquire water, nutrients, macromolecules, and oligonucleotides from host plants through haustoria that connect parasite and host plant roots. We are evaluating a resistance strategy based on using interfering RNA (RNAi) that is made in the host but inhibitory in the parasite as a parasite-derived oligonucleotide toxin. Sequences from the cytosolic acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) gene from Triphysaria versicolor were cloned in hairpin conformation and introduced into Medicago truncatula roots by Agrobacterium rhizogenes transformation. Transgenic roots were recovered for four of five ACCase constructions and infected with T. versicolor against parasitic weeds. In all cases, Triphysaria root viability was reduced up to 80% when parasitizing a host root bearing the hairpin ACCase. Triphysaria root growth was recovered by exogenous application of malonate. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that ACCase transcript levels were dramatically decreased in Triphysaria spp. parasitizing transgenic Medicago roots. Northern blot analysis identified a 21-nucleotide, ACCase-specific RNA in transgenic M. truncatula and in T. versicolor attached to them. One hairpin ACCase construction was lethal to Medicago spp. unless grown in media supplemented with malonate. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that the Medicago ACCase was inhibited by the Triphysaria ACCase RNAi. This work shows that ACCase is an effective target for inactivation in parasitic plants by trans-specific gene silencing.
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Folimonova SY. Developing an understanding of cross-protection by Citrus tristeza virus. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:76. [PMID: 23577008 PMCID: PMC3616238 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) causes two citrus diseases that have caused devastating losses in global citrus production. The first disease is quick decline of trees propagated on the sour orange rootstock. The second disease is stem pitting, which severely affects a number of economically important citrus varieties regardless of the rootstock used and results in reduced tree growth and vigor as well as in reduced fruit size and quality. Both diseases continue to invade new areas. While quick decline could be effectively managed by the use of resistant and/or tolerant rootstocks, the only means to protect commercial citrus against endemic stem pitting isolates of CTV has been cross-protection with mild isolates of the virus. In some citrus areas cross-protection has been successful and allowed production of certain citrus cultivars despite the presence of severe stem pitting isolates in those regions. However, many other attempts to find isolates that would provide sustained protection against aggressive isolates of the virus had failed. In general, there has been no understanding why some mild isolates were effective and others failed to protect. We have been working on the mechanism of cross-protection by CTV. Recent considerable progress has significantly advanced our understanding of how cross-protection may work in the citrus/CTV pathosystem. As we demonstrated, only isolates that belong to the same strain of the virus cross protect against each other, while isolates from different strains do not. We believe that the results of our research could now make finding protecting isolates relatively straightforward. This review discusses some of the history of CTV cross-protection along with the recent findings and our "recipe" for selection of protecting isolates.
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Hsieh MH, Lu HC, Pan ZJ, Yeh HH, Wang SS, Chen WH, Chen HH. Optimizing virus-induced gene silencing efficiency with Cymbidium mosaic virus in Phalaenopsis flower. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 201-202:25-41. [PMID: 23352400 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a good way to study floral gene functions of orchids, especially those with a long life cycle. To explore the applicability and improve viral silencing efficiency for application of Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV)-induced gene silencing, we examined several variables, including the optimal length of the DNA fragment, the effect of developmental maturation status of inflorescence, and suitable inoculation sites. A CymMV-based VIGS system can be used with orchids to silence genes including PeUFGT3, PeMADS5 and PeMADS6 and induce prominent phenotypes with silencing efficiency up to 95.8% reduction. The DNA fragment size used for silencing can be as small as 78-85 bp and still reach 61.5-95.8% reduction. The effect of cDNA location as a target in VIGS varies among genes because of non-target gene influence when using the 5' terminus of the coding region of both PeMADS5 and PeMADS6. Use of VIGS to knock down a B-class MADS-box gene (PeMADS6) in orchids with different maturation status of inflorescence allowed for observing discernable knockdown phenotypes in flowers. Furthermore, silencing effects with Agro-infiltration did not differ with both leaf and inflorescence injections, but injection in the leaf saved time and produced less damage to plants. We propose an optimized approach for VIGS using CymMV as a silencing vector for floral functional genomics in Phalaenopsis orchid with Agro-infiltration: (1) DNA fragment length about 80 bp, (2) a more mature status of inflorescence and (3) leaf injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsien Hsieh
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Galis I, Schuman MC, Gase K, Hettenhausen C, Hartl M, Dinh ST, Wu J, Bonaventure G, Baldwin IT. The use of VIGS technology to study plant-herbivore interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 975:109-37. [PMID: 23386299 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-278-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants employ a large variety of defense strategies to resist herbivores, which require transcriptional reprogramming of cells and profound changes in plant metabolism. Due to the large number of genes involved in defense processes, rapid screening strategies are essential for elucidating the contributions of individual genes in the responses of plants to herbivory. However, databases and seed banks of mutant plants which allow rapid retrieval of mutant genotypes are limited to a few model plant species, namely, Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa (rice). In other plants, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) offers an efficient alternative for screening the functions of individual genes in order to prioritize the allocations of the large time investments required to establish stably transformed RNAi-silenced lines. With VIGS, it is usually possible to achieve strong, specific silencing of target genes in the ecological models Nicotiana attenuata and Solanum nigrum, allowing the rapid assessment of gene silencing effects on phytohormone accumulation, signal transduction and accumulation of defense metabolites. VIGS plants are also useful in bioassays with specialist and generalist herbivores, allowing direct verification of gene function in plant resistance to herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Galis
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.
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37
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Takahashi R, Yamagishi N, Yoshikawa N. A MYB transcription factor controls flower color in soybean. J Hered 2013; 104:149-53. [PMID: 23048163 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/ess081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purple-blue flower of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) is controlled by the W2 locus. Previous studies revealed that a MYB transcription factor gene GmMYB-G20-1 was located at a position similar to the W2 gene and that a base substitution generated a stop codon in the MYB domains of 2 soybean lines with purple-blue flowers. This study was conducted to confirm the relationship between GmMYB-G20-1 and the W2 gene. Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence analysis to detect the base substitution suggested that a similar mutation occurred in 2 other soybean lines having purple-blue flowers, 037-E-8, and Yogetsu 1-blue. Thus, all genotypes having purple-blue flowers had identical base substitutions. To verify the function of GmMYB-G20-1, apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) vectors were constructed to perform virus-induced gene silencing of GmMYB-G20-1. A cultivar Harosoy with purple flowers (W2W2) was infected by the empty ALSV vector (wtALSV) or the GmMYB-G20-1-ALSV vector containing a fragment (nucleotide position 685-885) of GmMYB-G20-1. Plants infected by empty vectors had only purple flowers. In contrast, most flowers of plants infected with GmMYB-G20-1-ALSV had irregular gray/blue sectors in flower petals and some of the flowers had almost gray/blue petals. These results strongly suggest that silencing of GmMYB-G20-1 can alter flower color and that it may correspond to the W2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Takahashi
- National Institute of Crop Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518, Japan.
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38
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Yang DH, Hettenhausen C, Baldwin IT, Wu J. Silencing Nicotiana attenuata calcium-dependent protein kinases, CDPK4 and CDPK5, strongly up-regulates wound- and herbivory-induced jasmonic acid accumulations. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:1591-607. [PMID: 22715110 PMCID: PMC3425199 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.199018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) plays a pivotal role in plant-insect interactions. Herbivore attack usually elicits dramatic increases in JA concentrations, which in turn activate the accumulation of metabolites that function as defenses against herbivores. Although almost all enzymes involved in the biosynthesis pathway of JA have been identified and characterized, the mechanism by which plants regulate JA biosynthesis remains unclear. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are plant-specific proteins that sense changes in [Ca(2+)] to activate downstream responses. We created transgenic Nicotiana attenuata plants, in which two CDPKs, NaCDPK4 and NaCDPK5, were simultaneously silenced (IRcdpk4/5 plants). IRcdpk4/5 plants were stunted and aborted most of their flower primordia. Importantly, after wounding or simulated herbivory, IRcdpk4/5 plants accumulated exceptionally high JA levels. When NaCDPK4 and NaCDPK5 were silenced individually, neither stunted growth nor high JA levels were observed, suggesting that NaCDPK4 and NaCDPK5 have redundant roles. Attack from Manduca sexta larvae on IRcdpk4/5 plants induced high levels of defense metabolites that slowed M. sexta growth. We found that NaCDPK4 and NaCDPK5 affect plant resistance against insects in a JA- and JA-signaling-dependent manner. Furthermore, IRcdpk4/5 plants showed overactivation of salicylic-acid-induced protein kinase, a mitogen-activated protein kinase involved in various stress responses, and genetic analysis indicated that the increased salicylic-acid-induced protein kinase activity in IRcdpk4/5 plants was a consequence of the exceptionally high JA levels and was dependent on CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1. This work reveals the critical roles of CDPKs in modulating JA homeostasis and highlights the complex duet between JA and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Felippes FFD, Wang JW, Weigel D. MIGS: miRNA-induced gene silencing. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 70:541-7. [PMID: 22211571 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Gene silencing is an important tool in the study of gene function. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and hairpin RNA interference (hpRNAi), both of which rely on small interfering RNAs, together with artificial microRNAs (amiRNA), are amongst the most popular methods for reduction of gene activity in plants. However, all three approaches have limitations. Here, we introduce miRNA-induced gene silencing (MIGS). This method exploits a special 22-nucleotide miRNA of Arabidopsis thaliana, miR173, which can trigger production of another class of small RNAs called trans-acting small interfering RNAs (tasiRNAs). We show that fusion of gene fragments to an upstream miR173 target site is sufficient for effective silencing of the corresponding endogenous gene. MIGS can be reliably used for the knockdown of a single gene or of multiple unrelated genes. In addition, we show that MIGS can be applied to other species by co-expression of miR173.
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40
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Superinfection exclusion is an active virus-controlled function that requires a specific viral protein. J Virol 2012; 86:5554-61. [PMID: 22398285 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00310-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Superinfection exclusion, a phenomenon in which a preexisting viral infection prevents a secondary infection with the same or a closely related virus, has been described for various viruses, including important pathogens of humans, animals, and plants. The phenomenon was initially used to test the relatedness of plant viruses. Subsequently, purposeful infection with a mild isolate has been implemented as a protective measure against virus isolates that cause severe disease. In the medical and veterinary fields, superinfection exclusion was found to interfere with repeated applications of virus-based vaccines to individuals with persistent infections and with the introduction of multicomponent vaccines. In spite of its significance, our understanding of this phenomenon is surprisingly incomplete. Recently, it was demonstrated that superinfection exclusion of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), a positive-sense RNA closterovirus, occurs only between isolates of the same strain, but not between isolates of different strains of the virus. In this study, I show that superinfection exclusion by CTV requires production of a specific viral protein, the p33 protein. Lack of the functional p33 protein completely eliminated the ability of the virus to exclude superinfection by the same or a closely related virus. Remarkably, the protein appeared to function only in a homology-dependent manner. A cognate protein from a heterologous strain failed to confer the exclusion, suggesting the existence of precise interactions of the p33 protein with other factors involved in this complex phenomenon.
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41
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Hosseini Tafreshi SA, Shariati M, Mofid MR, Khayam Nekui M, Esmaeili A. Heterologous virus-induced gene silencing as a promising approach in plant functional genomics. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:2169-78. [PMID: 21655951 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0965-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
VIGS (virus induced gene silencing) is considered as a powerful genomics tool for characterizing the function of genes in a few closely related plant species. The investigations have been carried out mainly in order to test if a pre-existing VIGS vector can serve as an efficient tool for gene silencing in a diverse array of plant species. Another route of investigation has been the constructing of new viral vectors to act in their hosts. Our approach was the creation of a heterologous system in which silencing of endogenous genes was achieved by sequences isolated from evolutionary remote species. In this study, we showed that a TRV-based vector cloned with sequences from a gymnosperm, Taxus baccata L. silenced the endogenous phytoene desaturase in an angiosperm, N. benthamiana. Our results showed that inserts of between 390 and 724 bp isolated from a conserved fragment of the Taxus PDS led to silencing of its homolog in tobacco. The real time analysis indicated that the expression of PDS was reduced 2.1- to 4.0-fold in pTRV-TbPDS infected plants compared with buffer treated plants. Once the best insert is identified and the conditions are optimized for heterologous silencing by pTRV-TbPDS in tobacco, then we can test if TRV can serve as an efficient silencing vector in Taxus. This strategy could also be used to silence a diverse array of genes from a wide range of species which have no VIGS protocol. The results also showed that plants silenced heterologously by the VIGS system a minimally affected with respect to plant growth which may be ideal for studying the genes that their complete loss of function may lead to decrease of plant growth or plant death.
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42
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Zhang H, Wang M, Wang W, Li D, Huang Q, Wang Y, Zheng X, Zhang Z. Silencing of G proteins uncovers diversified plant responses when challenged by three elicitors in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:72-85. [PMID: 21895695 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Signalling through heterotrimeric G protein composed of α-, β- and γ-subunits is essential in numerous physiological processes. Here we show that this prototypical G protein complex acts mechanistically by controlling elicitor sensitivity towards hypersensitive response (HR) and stomatal closure in Nicotiana benthamiana. Gα-, Gβ1-, and Gβ2-silenced plants were generated using virus-induced gene silencing. All silenced plants were treated with Xanthomonas oryzae harpin, Magnaporthe oryzae Nep1 and Phytophthora boehmeriae boehmerin, respectively. HR was dramatically impaired in Gα- and Gβ2-silenced plants treated with harpin, indicating that harpin-, rather than Nep1- or boehmerin-triggered HR, is Gα- and Gβ2-dependent. Moreover, all Gα-, Gβ1- and Gβ2-silenced plants significantly impaired elicitor-induced stomatal closure, elicitor-promoted nitric oxide (NO) production and active oxygen species accumulation in guard cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Gα and Gβ subunits involvement in stomatal closure in response to elicitors. Furthermore, silencing of Gα, Gβ1 and Gβ2 has an effect on the transcription of plant defence-related genes when challenged by three elicitors. In conclusion, silencing of G protein subunits results in many interesting plant cell responses, revealing that plant immunity systems employ both conserved and distinct G protein pathways to sense elicitors from distinct phytopathogens formed during plant-microbe evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajian Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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43
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Burch-Smith TM, Cui Y, Zambryski PC. Reduced levels of class 1 reversibly glycosylated polypeptide increase intercellular transport via plasmodesmata. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:62-7. [PMID: 22274744 PMCID: PMC3357371 DOI: 10.4161/psb.7.1.18636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Maize and Arabidopsis thaliana class 1 reversibly glycosylated polypeptides (C1RGPs) are plasmodesmata-associated proteins. Previously, over-expression of Arabidopsis C1RGP AtRGP2 in Nicotiana tabacum was shown to reduce intercellular transport of photoassimilate, resulting in stunted, chlorotic plants, and inhibition of local cell-to-cell spread of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Here, we used virus induced gene silencing to examine the effects of reduced levels of C1RGPs in Nicotiana benthamiana. Silenced plants show wild-type growth and development. Intercellular transport in silenced plants was probed using fluorescently labeled TMV and its movement protein, P30. P30 shows increased cell-to-cell movement and TMV exhibited accelerated systemic spread compared to control plants. These results support the hypothesis that C1RGPs act to regulate intercellular transport via plasmodesmata.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patricia C. Zambryski
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology; Koshland Hall; University of California; Berkeley, CA USA
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44
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Christie M, Carroll BJ. SERRATE is required for intron suppression of RNA silencing in Arabidopsis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:2035-7. [PMID: 22112452 PMCID: PMC3337200 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.12.18238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Transposons and viruses are generally devoid of introns and are prime targets for small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and RNA silencing. Conversely, endogenous genes often contain introns and are not usually subjected to post-transcriptional gene silencing by siRNAs. In a recent study, we reported that efficient intron splicing directly suppresses siRNA biogenesis and RNA silencing of a Green Fluorescence Protein (GFP) transgene. Splicing-mediated suppression of GFP silencing was dependent on ABH1, the Arabidopsis ortholog of human mRNA cap-binding protein 80. Furthermore, genome-wide analyses of Arabidopsis small RNA libraries showed that exons from intron-containing genes accumulate less small RNAs than exons from intronless genes. Our in silico analysis therefore suggested that intron splicing has a fundamental role in protecting endogenous genes from becoming templates for siRNA biogenesis and RNA silencing. Here, we show that SERRATE (SE) is also required for splicing-mediated suppression of RNA silencing in Arabidopsis. SE encodes a zinc finger protein that, like ABH1, functions in micro-RNA (miRNA) biogenesis and intron splicing. The implications of our findings are also discussed in a broader context.
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45
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Chung BN, Palukaitis P. Resistance to multiple viruses in transgenic tobacco expressing fused, tandem repeat, virus-derived double-stranded RNAs. Virus Genes 2011; 43:454-64. [PMID: 21853332 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0655-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic tobacco plants expressing fused, tandem, inverted-repeat, double-stranded RNAs derived either from the three viruses [potato virus Y (PVY), potato virus A (PVA), and potato leafroll virus (PLRV)] or the five viruses [PVY, PVA, PLRV as well as tobacco rattle virus (TRV), and potato mop-top virus (PMTV)] were generated in this study to examine whether resistance could be achieved against these three viruses or five viruses, respectively, in the same plant. The transgenic lines were engineered to produce 600- or 1000-bp inverted hairpin transcripts with an intron, in two orientations each, which were processed to silencing-inducing RNAs (siRNAs). Fewer lines were regenerated from the transformants with either 1000-bp inverted hairpin transcripts, or a sense-intron-antisense orientation versus antisense-intron-sense orientation. Resistances to PVA and two strains of PVY (-O and -N) were achieved in plants from most of lines examined, as well as resistance to co-infection by a mixture of PVY-O and PVA, applied to the plants by either rub inoculation or using aphids. This was regardless of the orientation of the inserted sequences for the 600-bp insert lines, but only for one orientation of the 1000-bp insert lines. The lines containing the 1000-bp inserts also showed resistance to infection by TRV inoculated by rub inoculation and PMTV inoculated by grafting. However, all the lines showed only low-to-moderate (15-43%) resistance to infection by PLRV transmitted by aphids. The resistances to the various viruses correlated with the levels of accumulation of siRNAs, indicating that the multiple resistances were achieved by RNA silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Nam Chung
- National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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46
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Christie M, Croft LJ, Carroll BJ. Intron splicing suppresses RNA silencing in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 68:159-67. [PMID: 21689169 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Silencing of introduced transgenes constitutes a major bottleneck in the production of transgenic crops. Commonly, these transgenes contain no introns, a feature shared with transposons, which are also prime targets for gene silencing. Given that introns are very common in endogenous genes but are often lacking in transgenes and transposons, we hypothesised that introns may suppress gene silencing. To investigate this, we conducted a genome-wide analysis of small RNA densities in exons from intronless versus intron-containing genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that small RNA libraries are strongly enriched for exon sequences derived from intronless genes. Small RNA densities in exons of intronless genes were comparable to exons of transposable elements. To test these findings in vivo we used a transgenic reporter system to determine whether introns are able to suppress gene silencing in Arabidopsis. Introducing an intron into a transgene reduced silencing by more than fourfold. Compared with intronless transcripts, the spliced transcripts were less effective substrates for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6-mediated gene silencing. This intron suppression of transgene silencing requires efficient intron splicing and is dependent on ABH1, the Arabidopsis orthologue of human cap-binding protein 80.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Christie
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
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47
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Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of genes expressed in root, leaf, and meiotic tissues of wheat. Funct Integr Genomics 2011; 12:143-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-011-0245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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48
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Gase K, Weinhold A, Bozorov T, Schuck S, Baldwin IT. Efficient screening of transgenic plant lines for ecological research. Mol Ecol Resour 2011; 11:890-902. [PMID: 21518300 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.03017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plants stably transformed to manipulate the expression of genes mediating ecological performance have profoundly altered research in plant ecology. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation remains the most effective method of creating plants harbouring a limited number of transgene integrations of low complexity. For ecological/physiological research, the following requirements must be met: (i) the regenerated plants should have the same ploidy level as the corresponding wild-type plant and (ii) contain a single transgene copy in a homozygous state; (iii) the T-DNA must be completely inserted without vector backbone sequence and all its elements functional; and (iv) the integration should not change the phenotype of the plant by interrupting chromosomal genes or by mutations occurring during the regeneration procedure. The screening process to obtain transformed plants that meet the above criteria is costly and time-consuming, and an optimized screening procedure is presented. We developed a flow chart that optimizes the screening process to efficiently select transformed plants for ecological research. It consists of segregational analyses, which select transgenic T₁ and T₂ generation plants with single T-DNA copies that are homozygous. Indispensable molecular genetic tests (flow cytometry, diagnostic PCRs and Southern blotting) are performed at the earliest and most effective times in the screening process. qPCR to quantify changes in transcript accumulation to confirm gene silencing or overexpression is the last step in the selection process. Because we routinely transform the wild tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, with constructs that silence or ectopically overexpress ecologically relevant genes, the proposed protocol is supported by examples from this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Gase
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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49
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Lozano-Durán R, Rosas-Díaz T, Luna AP, Bejarano ER. Identification of host genes involved in geminivirus infection using a reverse genetics approach. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22383. [PMID: 21818318 PMCID: PMC3144222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses, like all viruses, rely on the host cell machinery to establish a successful infection, but the identity and function of these required host proteins remain largely unknown. Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV), a monopartite geminivirus, is one of the causal agents of the devastating Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD). The transgenic 2IRGFP N. benthamiana plants, used in combination with Virus Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS), entail an important potential as a tool in reverse genetics studies to identify host factors involved in TYLCSV infection. Using these transgenic plants, we have made an accurate description of the evolution of TYLCSV replication in the host in both space and time. Moreover, we have determined that TYLCSV and Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) do not dramatically influence each other when co-infected in N. benthamiana, what makes the use of TRV-induced gene silencing in combination with TYLCSV for reverse genetic studies feasible. Finally, we have tested the effect of silencing candidate host genes on TYLCSV infection, identifying eighteen genes potentially involved in this process, fifteen of which had never been implicated in geminiviral infections before. Seven of the analyzed genes have a potential anti-viral effect, whereas the expression of the other eleven is required for a full infection. Interestingly, almost half of the genes altering TYLCSV infection play a role in postranslational modifications. Therefore, our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying geminivirus infections, and at the same time reveal the 2IRGFP/VIGS system as a powerful tool for functional reverse genetics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Lozano-Durán
- Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
| | - Tábata Rosas-Díaz
- Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana P. Luna
- Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo R. Bejarano
- Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
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50
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Wang GF, Wei X, Fan R, Zhou H, Wang X, Yu C, Dong L, Dong Z, Wang X, Kang Z, Ling H, Shen QH, Wang D, Zhang X. Molecular analysis of common wheat genes encoding three types of cytosolic heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90): functional involvement of cytosolic Hsp90s in the control of wheat seedling growth and disease resistance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 191:418-431. [PMID: 21488877 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03715.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) molecular chaperones play important roles in plant growth and responses to environmental stimuli. However, little is known about the genes encoding Hsp90s in common wheat. Here, we report genetic and functional analysis of the genes specifying cytosolic Hsp90s in this species. Three groups of homoeologous genes (TaHsp90.1, TaHsp90.2 and TaHsp90.3), encoding three types of cytosolic Hsp90, were isolated. The loci containing TaHsp90.1, TaHsp90.2 and TaHsp90.3 genes were assigned to groups 2, 7 and 5 chromosomes, respectively. TaHsp90.1 genes exhibited higher transcript levels in the stamen than in the leaf, root and culm. TaHsp90.2 and TaHsp90.3 genes were more ubiquitously transcribed in the vegetative and reproductive organs examined. Decreasing the expression of TaHsp90.1 genes through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) caused pronounced inhibition of wheat seedling growth, whereas the suppression of TaHsp90.2 or TaHsp90.3 genes via VIGS compromised the hypersensitive resistance response of the wheat variety Suwon 11 to stripe rust fungus. Our work represents the first systematic determination of wheat genes encoding cytosolic Hsp90s, and provides useful evidence for the functional involvement of cytosolic Hsp90s in the control of seedling growth and disease resistance in common wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Feng Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xuening Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Renchun Fan
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huanbin Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xianping Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chunmei Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Lingli Dong
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zhenying Dong
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- College of Plant Protection and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- College of Plant Protection and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hongqing Ling
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qian-Hua Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiangqi Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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