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Bhattacharya O, Ortiz I, Hendricks N, Walling LL. The tomato chloroplast stromal proteome compendium elucidated by leveraging a plastid protein-localization prediction Atlas. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1020275. [PMID: 37701797 PMCID: PMC10493611 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a model species for studying fruit development, wounding, herbivory, and pathogen attack. Despite tomato's world-wide economic importance and the role of chloroplasts as metabolic hubs and integrators of environmental cues, little is known about the stromal proteome of tomato. Using a high-yielding protocol for chloroplast and stromal protein isolation, MudPIT nano-LC-MS/MS analyses, a robust in-house protein database (the Atlas) for predicting the plastid localization of tomato proteins, and rigorous selection criteria for inclusion/exclusion in the stromal proteome, we identified 1,278 proteins of the tomato stromal proteome. We provide one of the most robust stromal proteomes available to date with empirical evidence for 545 and 92 proteins not previously described for tomato plastids and the Arabidopsis stroma, respectively. The relative abundance of tomato stromal proteins was determined using the exponentially modified protein abundance index (emPAI). Comparison of the abundance of tomato and Arabidopsis stromal proteomes provided evidence for the species-specific nature of stromal protein homeostasis. The manual curation of the tomato stromal proteome classified proteins into ten functional categories resulting in an accessible compendium of tomato chloroplast proteins. After curation, only 91 proteins remained as unknown, uncharacterized or as enzymes with unknown functions. The curation of the tomato stromal proteins also indicated that tomato has a number of paralogous proteins, not present in Arabidopsis, which accumulated to different levels in chloroplasts. As some of these proteins function in key metabolic pathways or in perceiving or transmitting signals critical for plant adaptation to biotic and abiotic stress, these data suggest that tomato may modulate the bidirectional communication between chloroplasts and nuclei in a novel manner. The stromal proteome provides a fertile ground for future mechanistic studies in the field of tomato chloroplast-nuclear signaling and are foundational for our goal of elucidating the dynamics of the stromal proteome controlled by the solanaceous-specific, stromal, and wound-inducible leucine aminopeptidase A of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oindrila Bhattacharya
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Irma Ortiz
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Nathan Hendricks
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Linda L. Walling
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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2
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Aguado ME, Izquierdo M, González-Matos M, Varela AC, Méndez Y, Del Rivero MA, Rivera DG, González-Bacerio J. Parasite Metalo-aminopeptidases as Targets in Human Infectious Diseases. Curr Drug Targets 2023; 24:416-461. [PMID: 36825701 DOI: 10.2174/1389450124666230224140724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitic human infectious diseases are a worldwide health problem due to the increased resistance to conventional drugs. For this reason, the identification of novel molecular targets and the discovery of new chemotherapeutic agents are urgently required. Metalo- aminopeptidases are promising targets in parasitic infections. They participate in crucial processes for parasite growth and pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE In this review, we describe the structural, functional and kinetic properties, and inhibitors, of several parasite metalo-aminopeptidases, for their use as targets in parasitic diseases. CONCLUSION Plasmodium falciparum M1 and M17 aminopeptidases are essential enzymes for parasite development, and M18 aminopeptidase could be involved in hemoglobin digestion and erythrocyte invasion and egression. Trypanosoma cruzi, T. brucei and Leishmania major acidic M17 aminopeptidases can play a nutritional role. T. brucei basic M17 aminopeptidase down-regulation delays the cytokinesis. The inhibition of Leishmania basic M17 aminopeptidase could affect parasite viability. L. donovani methionyl aminopeptidase inhibition prevents apoptosis but not the parasite death. Decrease in Acanthamoeba castellanii M17 aminopeptidase activity produces cell wall structural modifications and encystation inhibition. Inhibition of Babesia bovis growth is probably related to the inhibition of the parasite M17 aminopeptidase, probably involved in host hemoglobin degradation. Schistosoma mansoni M17 aminopeptidases inhibition may affect parasite development, since they could participate in hemoglobin degradation, surface membrane remodeling and eggs hatching. Toxoplasma gondii M17 aminopeptidase inhibition could attenuate parasite virulence, since it is apparently involved in the hydrolysis of cathepsin Cs- or proteasome-produced dipeptides and/or cell attachment/invasion processes. These data are relevant to validate these enzymes as targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirtha E Aguado
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Maikel Izquierdo
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Maikel González-Matos
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Ana C Varela
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Yanira Méndez
- Center for Natural Products Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Zapata y G, 10400, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Maday A Del Rivero
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Daniel G Rivera
- Center for Natural Products Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Zapata y G, 10400, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Jorge González-Bacerio
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, calle 25 #455 entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
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Webb CT, Yang W, Riley BT, Hayes BK, Sivaraman KK, Malcolm TR, Harrop S, Atkinson SC, Kass I, Buckle AM, Drinkwater N, McGowan S. A metal ion-dependent conformational switch modulates activity of the Plasmodium M17 aminopeptidase. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102119. [PMID: 35691342 PMCID: PMC9270245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The metal-dependent M17 aminopeptidases are conserved throughout all kingdoms of life. This large enzyme family is characterized by a conserved binuclear metal center and a distinctive homohexameric arrangement. Recently, we showed that hexamer formation in Plasmodium M17 aminopeptidases was controlled by the metal ion environment, although the functional necessity for hexamer formation is still unclear. To further understand the mechanistic role of the hexameric assembly, here we undertook an investigation of the structure and dynamics of the M17 aminopeptidase from Plasmodium falciparum, PfA-M17. We describe a novel structure of PfA-M17, which shows that the active sites of each trimer are linked by a dynamic loop, and loop movement is coupled with a drastic rearrangement of the binuclear metal center and substrate-binding pocket, rendering the protein inactive. Molecular dynamics simulations and biochemical analyses of PfA-M17 variants demonstrated that this rearrangement is inherent to PfA-M17, and that the transition between the active and inactive states is metal dependent and part of a dynamic regulatory mechanism. Key to the mechanism is a remodeling of the binuclear metal center, which occurs in response to a signal from the neighboring active site and serves to moderate the rate of proteolysis under different environmental conditions. In conclusion, this work identifies a precise mechanism by which oligomerization contributes to PfA-M17 function. Furthermore, it describes a novel role for metal cofactors in the regulation of enzymes, with implications for the wide range of metalloenzymes that operate via a two-metal ion catalytic center, including DNA processing enzymes and metalloproteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaille T Webb
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Wei Yang
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; Current address Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Blake T Riley
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Brooke K Hayes
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Komagal Kannan Sivaraman
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Tess R Malcolm
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Stephen Harrop
- Australian Synchrotron. 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Sarah C Atkinson
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Itamar Kass
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; Victorian Life Sciences Computation Center, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; Current address InterX LTD, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ashley M Buckle
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Nyssa Drinkwater
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Sheena McGowan
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Dos Santos RV, Grillo G, Fonseca H, Stanisic D, Tasic L. Hesperetin as an inhibitor of the snake venom serine protease from Bothrops jararaca. Toxicon 2021; 198:64-72. [PMID: 33940046 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The majority (90%) of the snakebite envenomation in Brazil accounts for Bothrops from the Viperidae family. Some snake venom serine proteases provoke blood coagulation in ophidian accident victims because of their fibrinolytic activity, one of those proteases from Bothrops jararaca (B. jararaca) has been chosen for this study. Our objectives were to isolate and characterize the target serine protease; isolate, purify, and characterize the orange bagasse flavone (hesperetin, Hst), and investigate the interactions between the targets, enzyme, and hesperetin. The purified serine protease was named BjSP24 because of its molecular mass and proteolytic activity. BjSP24 was folded and characterized using circular dichroism and showed low alpha-helix contents (7.7%). BjSP24 exhibited sequence similarity to other known snake venom serine proteases as measured in the enzyme tryptic peptides' LC-MS/MS run. Hesperetin was obtained within the expected yield and with the predominance of 2S isomer (82%). It acted as a mixed inhibitor for the serine protease (SVSP) from Bothrops jararaca snake venom observed in three different in vitro experiments, fluorescence, kinetics, and SSTD-NMR. It is still to determine if hesperetin might aid-in reverting the on site blood clotting problems just after snakebite accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roney Vander Dos Santos
- Biological Chemistry Laboratory, Organic Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Grillo
- Biological Chemistry Laboratory, Organic Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Henrique Fonseca
- Biological Chemistry Laboratory, Organic Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Danijela Stanisic
- Biological Chemistry Laboratory, Organic Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ljubica Tasic
- Biological Chemistry Laboratory, Organic Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Aguado ME, González-Matos M, Izquierdo M, Quintana J, Field MC, González-Bacerio J. Expression in Escherichia coli, purification and kinetic characterization of LAPLm, a Leishmania major M17-aminopeptidase. Protein Expr Purif 2021; 183:105877. [PMID: 33775769 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2021.105877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Leishmania major leucyl-aminopeptidase (LAPLm), a member of the M17 family of proteases, is a potential drug target for treatment of leishmaniasis. To better characterize enzyme properties, recombinant LAPLm (rLAPLm) was expressed in Escherichia coli. A LAPLm gene was designed, codon-optimized for expression in E. coli, synthesized and cloned into the pET-15b vector. Production of rLAPLm in E. coli Lemo21(DE3), induced for 4 h at 37 °C with 400 μM IPTG and 250 μM l-rhamnose, yielded insoluble enzyme with a low proportion of soluble and active protein, only detected by an anti-His antibody-based western-blot. rLAPLm was purified in a single step by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography. rLAPLm was obtained with a purity of ~10% and a volumetric yield of 2.5 mg per liter, sufficient for further characterization. The aminopeptidase exhibits optimal activity at pH 7.0 and a substrate preference for Leu-p-nitroanilide (appKM = 30 μM, appkcat = 14.7 s-1). Optimal temperature is 50 °C, and the enzyme is insensitive to 4 mM Co2+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Ba2+. However, rLAPLm was activated by Zn2+, Mn2+ and Cd2+ but is insensitive towards the protease inhibitors PMSF, TLCK, E-64 and pepstatin A, being inhibited by EDTA and bestatin. Bestatin is a potent, non-competitive inhibitor of the enzyme with a Ki value of 994 nM. We suggest that rLAPLm is a suitable target for inhibitor identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirtha Elisa Aguado
- Centro de Estudio de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, Vedado, 10400, Havana, Cuba.
| | - Maikel González-Matos
- Centro de Estudio de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, Vedado, 10400, Havana, Cuba.
| | - Maikel Izquierdo
- Centro de Estudio de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, Vedado, 10400, Havana, Cuba.
| | - Juan Quintana
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, DD1 5EH, Dundee, Scotland, UK.
| | - Mark C Field
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, DD1 5EH, Dundee, Scotland, UK; Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Jorge González-Bacerio
- Centro de Estudio de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, Vedado, 10400, Havana, Cuba.
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Malcolm TR, Belousoff MJ, Venugopal H, Borg NA, Drinkwater N, Atkinson SC, McGowan S. Active site metals mediate an oligomeric equilibrium in Plasmodium M17 aminopeptidases. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100173. [PMID: 33303633 PMCID: PMC7948507 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.016313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
M17 leucyl aminopeptidases are metal-dependent exopeptidases that rely on oligomerization to diversify their functional roles. The M17 aminopeptidases from Plasmodium falciparum (PfA-M17) and Plasmodium vivax (Pv-M17) function as catalytically active hexamers to generate free amino acids from human hemoglobin and are drug targets for the design of novel antimalarial agents. However, the molecular basis for oligomeric assembly is not fully understood. In this study, we found that the active site metal ions essential for catalytic activity have a secondary structural role mediating the formation of active hexamers. We found that PfA-M17 and Pv-M17 exist in a metal-dependent dynamic equilibrium between active hexameric species and smaller inactive species that can be controlled by manipulating the identity and concentration of metals available. Mutation of residues involved in metal ion binding impaired catalytic activity and the formation of active hexamers. Structural resolution of Pv-M17 by cryoelectron microscopy and X-ray crystallography together with solution studies revealed that PfA-M17 and Pv-M17 bind metal ions and substrates in a conserved fashion, although Pv-M17 forms the active hexamer more readily and processes substrates faster than PfA-M17. On the basis of these studies, we propose a dynamic equilibrium between monomer ↔ dimer ↔ tetramer ↔ hexamer, which becomes directional toward the large oligomeric states with the addition of metal ions. This sophisticated metal-dependent dynamic equilibrium may apply to other M17 aminopeptidases and underpin the moonlighting capabilities of this enzyme family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess R Malcolm
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew J Belousoff
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hariprasad Venugopal
- Ramacciotti Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie A Borg
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Immunity and Immune Evasion Laboratory, Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Research, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nyssa Drinkwater
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah C Atkinson
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Immunity and Immune Evasion Laboratory, Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Research, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sheena McGowan
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Bhattacharya O, Ortiz I, Walling LL. Methodology: an optimized, high-yield tomato leaf chloroplast isolation and stroma extraction protocol for proteomics analyses and identification of chloroplast co-localizing proteins. PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:131. [PMID: 32983250 PMCID: PMC7513546 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00667-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chloroplasts are critical organelles that perceive and convey metabolic and stress signals to different cellular components, while remaining the seat of photosynthesis and a metabolic factory. The proteomes of intact leaves, chloroplasts, and suborganellar fractions of plastids have been evaluated in the model plant Arabidopsis, however fewer studies have characterized the proteomes of plastids in crops. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an important world-wide crop and a model system for the study of wounding, herbivory and fruit ripening. While significant advances have been made in understanding proteome and metabolome changes in fruit ripening, far less is known about the tomato chloroplast proteome or its subcompartments. RESULTS With the long-term goal of understanding chloroplast proteome dynamics in response to stress, we describe a high-yielding method to isolate intact tomato chloroplasts and stromal proteins for proteomic studies. The parameters that limit tomato chloroplast yields were identified and revised to increase yields. Compared to published data, our optimized method increased chloroplast yields by 6.7- and 4.3-fold relative to published spinach and Arabidopsis leaf protocols, respectively; furthermore, tomato stromal protein yields were up to 79-fold higher than Arabidopsis stromal proteins yields. We provide immunoblot evidence for the purity of the stromal proteome isolated using our enhanced methods. In addition, we leverage our nanoliquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS) data to assess the quality of our stromal proteome. Using strict criteria, proteins detected by 1 peptide spectral match, by one peptide, or were sporadically detected were designated as low-level contaminating proteins. A set of 254 proteins that reproducibly co-isolated with the tomato chloroplast stroma were identified. The subcellular localization, frequency of detection, normalized spectral abundance, and functions of the co-isolating proteins are discussed. CONCLUSIONS Our optimized method for chloroplast isolation increased the yields of tomato chloroplasts eightfold enabling the proteomics analysis of the chloroplast stromal proteome. The set of 254 proteins that co-isolate with the chloroplast stroma provides opportunities for developing a better understanding of the extensive and dynamic interactions of chloroplasts with other organelles. These co-isolating proteins also have the potential for expanding our knowledge of proteins that are co-localized in multiple subcellular organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oindrila Bhattacharya
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
| | - Irma Ortiz
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
| | - Linda L. Walling
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
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Izquierdo M, Lin D, O'Neill S, Zoltner M, Webster L, Hope A, Gray DW, Field MC, González-Bacerio J. Development of a High-Throughput Screening Assay to Identify Inhibitors of the Major M17-Leucyl Aminopeptidase from Trypanosoma cruzi Using RapidFire Mass Spectrometry. SLAS DISCOVERY 2020; 25:1064-1071. [PMID: 32400260 DOI: 10.1177/2472555220923367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Leucyl aminopeptidases (LAPs) are involved in multiple cellular functions, which, in the case of infectious diseases, includes participation in the pathogen-host cell interface and pathogenesis. Thus, LAPs are considered good candidate drug targets, and the major M17-LAP from Trypanosoma cruzi (LAPTc) in particular is a promising target for Chagas disease. To exploit LAPTc as a potential target, it is essential to develop potent and selective inhibitors. To achieve this, we report a high-throughput screening method for LAPTc. Two methods were developed and optimized: a Leu-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin-based fluorogenic assay and a RapidFire mass spectrometry (RapidFire MS)-based assay using the LSTVIVR peptide as substrate. Compared with a fluorescence assay, the major advantages of the RapidFire MS assay are a greater signal-to-noise ratio as well as decreased consumption of enzyme. RapidFire MS was validated with the broad-spectrum LAP inhibitors bestatin (IC50 = 0.35 μM) and arphamenine A (IC50 = 15.75 μM). We suggest that RapidFire MS is highly suitable for screening for specific LAPTc inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maikel Izquierdo
- Centre for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, La Habana, Cuba
| | - De Lin
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Sandra O'Neill
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Martin Zoltner
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Lauren Webster
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Anthony Hope
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - David W Gray
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Mark C Field
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Jorge González-Bacerio
- Centre for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, La Habana, Cuba.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, La Habana, Cuba
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Drinkwater N, Malcolm TR, McGowan S. M17 aminopeptidases diversify function by moderating their macromolecular assemblies and active site environment. Biochimie 2019; 166:38-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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High-Level Expression in Escherichia coli, Purification and Kinetic Characterization of LAPTc, a Trypanosoma cruzi M17-Aminopeptidase. Protein J 2019; 38:167-180. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-019-09823-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Karn SK, Kumar A. Sludge: next paradigm for enzyme extraction and energy generation. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 49:105-116. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1566146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Karn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University (Formerly, Sardar Bhagwan Singh Post Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science and Research) Balawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Awanish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
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Bensoussan N, Zhurov V, Yamakawa S, O'Neil CH, Suzuki T, Grbić M, Grbić V. The Digestive System of the Two-Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, in the Context of the Mite-Plant Interaction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1206. [PMID: 30271412 PMCID: PMC6142783 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most polyphagous herbivores, feeding on more than 1,100 plant species. Its wide host range suggests that TSSM has an extraordinary ability to modulate its digestive and xenobiotic physiology. The analysis of the TSSM genome revealed the expansion of gene families that encode proteins involved in digestion and detoxification, many of which were associated with mite responses to host shifts. The majority of plant defense compounds that directly impact mite fitness are ingested. They interface mite compounds aimed at counteracting their effect in the gut. Despite several detailed ultrastructural studies, our knowledge of the TSSM digestive tract that is needed to support the functional analysis of digestive and detoxification physiology is lacking. Here, using a variety of histological and microscopy techniques, and a diversity of tracer dyes, we describe the organization and properties of the TSSM alimentary system. We define the cellular nature of floating vesicles in the midgut lumen that are proposed to be the site of intracellular digestion of plant macromolecules. In addition, by following the TSSM's ability to intake compounds of defined sizes, we determine a cut off size for the ingestible particles. Moreover, we demonstrate the existence of a distinct filtering function between midgut compartments which enables separation of molecules by size. Furthermore, we broadly define the spatial distribution of the expression domains of genes involved in digestion and detoxification. Finally, we discuss the relative simplicity of the spider mite digestive system in the context of mite's digestive and xenobiotic physiology, and consequences it has on the effectiveness of plant defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bensoussan
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Vladimir Zhurov
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sota Yamakawa
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Caroline H. O'Neil
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Takeshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miodrag Grbić
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Vojislava Grbić
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Park SY, Scranton MA, Stajich JE, Yee A, Walling LL. Chlorophyte aspartyl aminopeptidases: Ancient origins, expanded families, new locations, and secondary functions. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185492. [PMID: 29023459 PMCID: PMC5638241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
M18 aspartyl aminopeptidases (DAPs) are well characterized in microbes and animals with likely functions in peptide processing and vesicle trafficking. In contrast, there is a dearth of knowledge on plant aminopeptidases with a preference for proteins and peptides with N-terminal acidic residues. During evolution of the Plantae, there was an expansion and diversification of the M18 DAPs. After divergence of the ancestral green algae from red and glaucophyte algae, a duplication yielded the DAP1 and DAP2 lineages. Subsequently DAP1 genes were lost in chlorophyte algae. A duplication of DAP2-related genes occurred early in green plant evolution. DAP2 genes were retained in land plants and picoeukaryotic algae and lost in green algae. In contrast, DAP2-like genes persisted in picoeukaryotic and green algae, while this lineage was lost in land plants. Consistent with this evolutionary path, Arabidopsis thaliana has two DAP gene lineages (AtDAP1 and AtDAP2). Similar to animal and yeast DAPs, AtDAP1 is localized to the cytosol or vacuole; while AtDAP2 harbors an N-terminal transit peptide and is chloroplast localized. His6-DAP1 and His6-DAP2 expressed in Escherichia coli were enzymatically active and dodecameric with masses exceeding 600 kDa. His6-DAP1 and His6-DAP2 preferentially hydrolyzed Asp-p-nitroanilide and Glu-p-nitroanilide. AtDAPs are highly conserved metallopeptidases activated by MnCl2 and inhibited by ZnCl2 and divalent ion chelators. The protease inhibitor PMSF inhibited and DTT stimulated both His6-DAP1 and His6-DAP2 activities suggesting a role for thiols in the AtDAP catalytic mechanism. The enzymes had distinct pH and temperature optima, as well as distinct kinetic parameters. Both enzymes had high catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km) exceeding 1.0 x 107 M-1 sec-1. Using established molecular chaperone assays, AtDAP1 and AtDAP2 prevented thermal denaturation. AtDAP1 also prevented protein aggregation and promoted protein refolding. Collectively, these data indicate that plant DAPs have a complex evolutionary history and have evolved new biochemical features that may enable their role in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Youl Park
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Melissa A. Scranton
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Jason E. Stajich
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Ashley Yee
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Linda L. Walling
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Meyer M, Huttenlocher F, Cedzich A, Procopio S, Stroeder J, Pau-Roblot C, Lequart-Pillon M, Pelloux J, Stintzi A, Schaller A. The subtilisin-like protease SBT3 contributes to insect resistance in tomato. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4325-38. [PMID: 27259555 PMCID: PMC5301937 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Subtilisin-like proteases (SBTs) constitute a large family of extracellular plant proteases, the function of which is still largely unknown. In tomato plants, the expression of SBT3 was found to be induced in response to wounding and insect attack in injured leaves but not in healthy systemic tissues. The time course of SBT3 induction resembled that of proteinase inhibitor II and other late wound response genes suggesting a role for SBT3 in herbivore defense. Consistent with such a role, larvae of the specialist herbivore Manduca sexta performed better on transgenic plants silenced for SBT3 expression (SBT3-SI). Supporting a contribution of SBT3 to systemic wound signaling, systemic induction of late wound response genes was attenuated in SBT3-SI plants. The partial loss of insect resistance may thus be explained by a reduction in systemic defense gene expression. Alternatively, SBT3 may play a post-ingestive role in plant defense. Similar to other anti-nutritive proteins, SBT3 was found to be stable and active in the insect's digestive system, where it may act on unidentified proteins of insect or plant origin. Finally, a reduction in the level of pectin methylesterification that was observed in transgenic plants with altered levels of SBT3 expression suggested an involvement of SBT3 in the regulation of pectin methylesterases (PMEs). While such a role has been described in other systems, PME activity and the degree of pectin methylesterification did not correlate with the level of insect resistance in SBT3-SI and SBT3 overexpressing plants and are thus unrelated to the observed resistance phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Meyer
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Franziska Huttenlocher
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anna Cedzich
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Susanne Procopio
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jasper Stroeder
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Corinne Pau-Roblot
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Michelle Lequart-Pillon
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Annick Stintzi
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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Bündig C, Jozefowicz AM, Mock HP, Winkelmann T. Proteomic analysis of two divergently responding potato genotypes ( Solanum tuberosum L.) following osmotic stress treatment in vitro. J Proteomics 2016; 143:227-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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DuPrez KT, Scranton MA, Walling LL, Fan L. Structural insights into chaperone-activity enhancement by a K354E mutation in tomato acidic leucine aminopeptidase. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 72:694-702. [DOI: 10.1107/s205979831600509x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tomato plants express acidic leucine aminopeptidase (LAP-A) in response to various environmental stressors. LAP-A not only functions as a peptidase for diverse peptide substrates, but also displays chaperone activity. A K354E mutation has been shown to abolish the peptidase activity but to enhance the chaperone activity of LAP-A. To better understand this moonlighting function of LAP-A, the crystal structure of the K354E mutant was determined at 2.15 Å resolution. The structure reveals that the K354E mutation destabilizes an active-site loop and causes significant rearrangement of active-site residues, leading to loss of the catalytic metal-ion coordination required for the peptidase activity. Although the mutant was crystallized in the same hexameric form as wild-type LAP-A, gel-filtration chromatography revealed an apparent shift from the hexamer to lower-order oligomers for the K354E mutant, showing a mixture of monomers to trimers in solution. In addition, surface-probing assays indicated that the K354E mutant has more accessible hydrophobic areas than wild-type LAP-A. Consistently, computational thermodynamic estimations of the interfaces between LAP-A monomers suggest that increased exposure of hydrophobic surfaces occurs upon hexamer breakdown. These results suggest that the K354E mutation disrupts the active-site loop, which also contributes to the hexameric assembly, and destabilizes the hexamers, resulting in much greater hydrophobic areas accessible for efficient chaperone activity than in the wild-type LAP-A.
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Defining the cytosolic pathway of glutathione degradation in Arabidopsis thaliana: role of the ChaC/GCG family of γ-glutamyl cyclotransferases as glutathione-degrading enzymes and AtLAP1 as the Cys-Gly peptidase. Biochem J 2015; 468:73-85. [PMID: 25716890 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione homoeostasis is critical to plant life and its adaptation to stress. The γ-glutamyl cycle of glutathione biosynthesis and degradation plays a pre-eminent role in glutathione homoeostasis. The genes encoding two enzymatic steps of glutathione degradation, the γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase (GGCT; acting on γ-glutamyl amino acids) and the Cys-Gly dipeptidase, have, however, lacked identification. We have investigated the family of GGCTs in Arabidopsis thaliana. We show through in vivo functional assays in yeast that all three members of the ChaC/GCG subfamily show significant activity towards glutathione but no detectable activity towards γ-glutamyl methionine. Biochemical characterization of the purified recombinant enzymes GGCT2;2 and GGCT2;3 further confirmed that they act specifically to degrade glutathione to yield 5-oxoproline and Cys-Gly peptide and show no significant activity towards γ-glutamyl cysteine. The Km for glutathione was 1.7 and 4.96 mM for GGCT2;2 and GGCT2;3 respectively and was physiologically relevant. Evaluation of representative members of other subfamilies indicates the absence of GGCTs from plants showing significant activity towards γ-glutamyl-amino acids as envisaged in the classical γ-glutamyl cycle. To identify the Cys-Gly peptidase, we evaluated leucine aminopeptidases (LAPs) as candidate enzymes. The cytosolic AtLAP1 (A. thaliana leucine aminopeptidase 1) and the putative chloroplastic AtLAP3 displayed activity towards Cys-Gly peptide through in vivo functional assays in yeast. Biochemical characterization of the in vitro purified hexameric AtLAP1 enzyme revealed a Km for Cys-Gly of 1.3 mM that was physiologically relevant and indicated that AtLAP1 represents a cytosolic Cys-Gly peptidase activity of A. thaliana. The studies provide new insights into the functioning of the γ-glutamyl cycle in plants.
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18
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Kant MR, Jonckheere W, Knegt B, Lemos F, Liu J, Schimmel BCJ, Villarroel CA, Ataide LMS, Dermauw W, Glas JJ, Egas M, Janssen A, Van Leeuwen T, Schuurink RC, Sabelis MW, Alba JM. Mechanisms and ecological consequences of plant defence induction and suppression in herbivore communities. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:1015-51. [PMID: 26019168 PMCID: PMC4648464 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants are hotbeds for parasites such as arthropod herbivores, which acquire nutrients and energy from their hosts in order to grow and reproduce. Hence plants are selected to evolve resistance, which in turn selects for herbivores that can cope with this resistance. To preserve their fitness when attacked by herbivores, plants can employ complex strategies that include reallocation of resources and the production of defensive metabolites and structures. Plant defences can be either prefabricated or be produced only upon attack. Those that are ready-made are referred to as constitutive defences. Some constitutive defences are operational at any time while others require activation. Defences produced only when herbivores are present are referred to as induced defences. These can be established via de novo biosynthesis of defensive substances or via modifications of prefabricated substances and consequently these are active only when needed. Inducibility of defence may serve to save energy and to prevent self-intoxication but also implies that there is a delay in these defences becoming operational. Induced defences can be characterized by alterations in plant morphology and molecular chemistry and are associated with a decrease in herbivore performance. These alterations are set in motion by signals generated by herbivores. Finally, a subset of induced metabolites are released into the air as volatiles and function as a beacon for foraging natural enemies searching for prey, and this is referred to as induced indirect defence. SCOPE The objective of this review is to evaluate (1) which strategies plants have evolved to cope with herbivores and (2) which traits herbivores have evolved that enable them to counter these defences. The primary focus is on the induction and suppression of plant defences and the review outlines how the palette of traits that determine induction/suppression of, and resistance/susceptibility of herbivores to, plant defences can give rise to exploitative competition and facilitation within ecological communities "inhabiting" a plant. CONCLUSIONS Herbivores have evolved diverse strategies, which are not mutually exclusive, to decrease the negative effects of plant defences in order to maximize the conversion of plant material into offspring. Numerous adaptations have been found in herbivores, enabling them to dismantle or bypass defensive barriers, to avoid tissues with relatively high levels of defensive chemicals or to metabolize these chemicals once ingested. In addition, some herbivores interfere with the onset or completion of induced plant defences, resulting in the plant's resistance being partly or fully suppressed. The ability to suppress induced plant defences appears to occur across plant parasites from different kingdoms, including herbivorous arthropods, and there is remarkable diversity in suppression mechanisms. Suppression may strongly affect the structure of the food web, because the ability to suppress the activation of defences of a communal host may facilitate competitors, whereas the ability of a herbivore to cope with activated plant defences will not. Further characterization of the mechanisms and traits that give rise to suppression of plant defences will enable us to determine their role in shaping direct and indirect interactions in food webs and the extent to which these determine the coexistence and persistence of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Kant
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W Jonckheere
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - B Knegt
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F Lemos
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Liu
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - B C J Schimmel
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C A Villarroel
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L M S Ataide
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W Dermauw
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J J Glas
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Egas
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Janssen
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - T Van Leeuwen
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R C Schuurink
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M W Sabelis
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J M Alba
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Martel C, Zhurov V, Navarro M, Martinez M, Cazaux M, Auger P, Migeon A, Santamaria ME, Wybouw N, Diaz I, Van Leeuwen T, Navajas M, Grbic M, Grbic V. Tomato Whole Genome Transcriptional Response to Tetranychus urticae Identifies Divergence of Spider Mite-Induced Responses Between Tomato and Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:343-61. [PMID: 25679539 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-14-0291-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae is one of the most significant mite pests in agriculture, feeding on more than 1,100 plant hosts, including model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and tomato, Solanum lycopersicum. Here, we describe timecourse tomato transcriptional responses to spider mite feeding and compare them with Arabidopsis in order to determine conserved and divergent defense responses to this pest. To refine the involvement of jasmonic acid (JA) in mite-induced responses and to improve tomato Gene Ontology annotations, we analyzed transcriptional changes in the tomato JA-signaling mutant defenseless1 (def-1) upon JA treatment and spider mite herbivory. Overlay of differentially expressed genes (DEG) identified in def-1 onto those from the timecourse experiment established that JA controls expression of the majority of genes differentially regulated by herbivory. Comparison of defense responses between tomato and Arabidopsis highlighted 96 orthologous genes (of 2,133 DEG) that were recruited for defense against spider mites in both species. These genes, involved in biosynthesis of JA, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, and terpenoids, represent the conserved core of induced defenses. The remaining tomato DEG support the establishment of tomato-specific defenses, indicating profound divergence of spider mite-induced responses between tomato and Arabidopsis.
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Deng G, Liu LJ, Zhong XY, Lao CY, Wang HY, Wang B, Zhu C, Shah F, Peng DX. Comparative proteome analysis of the response of ramie under N, P and K deficiency. PLANTA 2014; 239:1175-86. [PMID: 24573224 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Ramie is an important natural fiber. There has been little research on the molecular mechanisms of ramie related to the absorption, utilization and metabolism of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). One approach to reveal the mechanisms of N, P and K (NPK) utilization and metabolism in ramie is comparative proteome analysis. The differentially expressed proteins in the leaves of ramie were analyzed by proteome analysis after 6 days of N- and K-deficient treatments and 3 days of P-deficient treatment using MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry and 32, 27 and 51 differential proteins were obtained, respectively. These proteins were involved in photosynthesis, protein destination and storage, energy metabolism, primary metabolism, disease/defense, signal transduction, cell structure, transcription, secondary metabolism and protein synthesis. Ramie responded to NPK stress by enhancing secondary metabolism and reducing photosynthesis and energy metabolism to increase endurance. Specifically, ramie adapted to NPK deficiency by increasing signal transduction pathways, enhancing the connection between glycolysis and photosynthesis, promoting the intracellular flow of carbon and N; promoting the synthesis cysteine and related hormones and upregulating actin protein to promote growth of the root system. The experimental results provide important information for further study on the high-efficiency NPK utilization mechanism of ramie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Deng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
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21
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Duprez K, Scranton MA, Walling LL, Fan L. Structure of tomato wound-induced leucine aminopeptidase sheds light on substrate specificity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 70:1649-58. [PMID: 24914976 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004714006245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The acidic leucine aminopeptidase (LAP-A) from tomato is induced in response to wounding and insect feeding. Although LAP-A shows in vitro peptidase activity towards peptides and peptide analogs, it is not clear what kind of substrates LAP-A hydrolyzes in vivo. In the current study, the crystal structure of LAP-A was determined to 2.20 Å resolution. Like other LAPs in the M17 peptidase family, LAP-A is a dimer of trimers containing six monomers of bilobal structure. Each monomer contains two metal ions bridged by a water or a hydroxyl ion at the active site. Modeling of different peptides or peptide analogs in the active site of LAP-A reveals a spacious substrate-binding channel that can bind peptides of five or fewer residues with few geometric restrictions. The sequence specificity of the bound peptide is likely to be selected by the structural and chemical restrictions on the amino acid at the P1 and P1' positions because these two amino acids have to bind perfectly at the active site for hydrolysis of the first peptide bond to occur. The hexameric assembly results in the merger of the open ends of the six substrate-binding channels from the LAP-A monomers to form a spacious central cavity allowing the hexameric LAP-A enzyme to simultaneously hydrolyze six peptides containing up to six amino acids each. The hexameric LAP-A enzyme may also hydrolyze long peptides or proteins if only one such substrate is bound to the hexamer because the substrate can extend through the central cavity and the two major solvent channels between the two LAP-A trimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Duprez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Melissa A Scranton
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences and Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Linda L Walling
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences and Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Li Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Wu YT, Zhou ND, Zhou ZM, Gao XX, Tian YP. A thermo-stable lysine aminopeptidase fromPseudomonas aeruginosa: Isolation, purification, characterization, and sequence analysis. J Basic Microbiol 2014; 54:1110-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201300752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi China
| | - Nan Di Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi China
| | - Zhe Min Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi China
| | - Xin Xing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi China
| | - Ya Ping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi China
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Lomate PR, Jadhav BR, Giri AP, Hivrale VK. Alterations in the Helicoverpa armigera midgut digestive physiology after ingestion of pigeon pea inducible leucine aminopeptidase. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74889. [PMID: 24098675 PMCID: PMC3786982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Jasmonate inducible plant leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) is proposed to serve as direct defense in the insect midgut. However, exact functions of inducible plant LAPs in the insect midgut remain to be estimated. In the present investigation, we report the direct defensive role of pigeon pea inducible LAP in the midgut of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and responses of midgut soluble aminopeptidases and serine proteinases upon LAP ingestion. Larval growth and survival was significantly reduced on the diets supplemented with pigeon pea LAP. Aminopeptidase activities in larvae remain unaltered in presence or absence of inducible LAP in the diet. On the contrary, serine proteinase activities were significantly decreased in the larvae reared on pigeon pea LAP containing diet as compared to larvae fed on diet without LAP. Our data suggest that pigeon pea inducible LAP is responsible for the degradation of midgut serine proteinases upon ingestion. Reduction in the aminopeptidase activity with LpNA in the H. armigera larvae was compensated with an induction of aminopeptidase activity with ApNA. Our findings could be helpful to further dissect the roles of plant inducible LAPs in the direct plant defense against herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purushottam R. Lomate
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra State, India
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra State, India
| | - Bhakti R. Jadhav
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra State, India
| | - Ashok P. Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra State, India
| | - Vandana K. Hivrale
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra State, India
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24
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Liew SM, Tay ST, Puthucheary SD. Enzymatic and molecular characterisation of leucine aminopeptidase of Burkholderia pseudomallei. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:110. [PMID: 23682954 PMCID: PMC3680066 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) has been known to be a housekeeping protease, DNA-binding protein and repressor or activator in the operon regulation of virulence-associated genes in several bacterial species. LAP activity was consistently detected in overnight cultures of Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis and this enzyme was partially purified and characterised in this study. The intra- and inter-species nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence variation of LAP encoding gene (pepA) was determined. A pepA/PCR-RFLP assay was designed to facilitate the identification of major LAP sequence types amongst clinical and environmental isolates of B. pseudomallei. Results LAP activity was detected in B. pseudomallei culture supernantants by zymographic analysis. Optimum activity was at pH 9 and stable at 50°C. Enhanced enzymatic activity was observed in the presence of metallic ions Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+ and K+. LAP activity was inhibited by EDTA, 1,10-phenanthroline, amastatin, Mn2+ and Zn2+. Sequence analysis of the complete nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of LAP-encoding (pepA) gene showed close genetic relatedness to B. mallei (similarity 99.7%/99.6%), but not with B. thailandensis (96.4%/96.4%). Eight pepA sequence types were identified by comparison with a 596 bp DNA fragment encompassing central regions of the pepA gene. A pepA/PCR-RFLP was designed to differentiate pepA sequence types. Based on restriction analysis with StuI and HincII enzymes of the amplified pepA gene, clinical and environmental isolates showed different predominant RFLP types. Type I was the most predominant type amongst 73.6% (67/91) of the clinical isolates, while Type II was predominant in 55.6% (5/9) of the environmental isolates. Conclusions This study showed that LAP is a secretory product of B. pseudomallei with features similar to LAP of other organisms. Identification of major LAP sequence types of B. pseudomallei was made possible based on RFLP analysis of the pepA gene. The high LAP activity detected in both B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis, suggests that LAP is probably a housekeeping enzyme rather than a virulence determinant.
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25
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Aguirre JD, Clark HM, McIlvin M, Vazquez C, Palmere SL, Grab DJ, Seshu J, Hart PJ, Saito M, Culotta VC. A manganese-rich environment supports superoxide dismutase activity in a Lyme disease pathogen, Borrelia burgdorferi. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:8468-8478. [PMID: 23376276 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.433540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Lyme disease pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi represents a novel organism in which to study metalloprotein biology in that this spirochete has uniquely evolved with no requirement for iron. Not only is iron low, but we show here that B. burgdorferi has the capacity to accumulate remarkably high levels of manganese. This high manganese is necessary to activate the SodA superoxide dismutase (SOD) essential for virulence. Using a metalloproteomic approach, we demonstrate that a bulk of B. burgdorferi SodA directly associates with manganese, and a smaller pool of inactive enzyme accumulates as apoprotein. Other metalloproteins may have similarly adapted to using manganese as co-factor, including the BB0366 aminopeptidase. Whereas B. burgdorferi SodA has evolved in a manganese-rich, iron-poor environment, the opposite is true for Mn-SODs of organisms such as Escherichia coli and bakers' yeast. These Mn-SODs still capture manganese in an iron-rich cell, and we tested whether the same is true for Borrelia SodA. When expressed in the iron-rich mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, B. burgdorferi SodA was inactive. Activity was only possible when cells accumulated extremely high levels of manganese that exceeded cellular iron. Moreover, there was no evidence for iron inactivation of the SOD. B. burgdorferi SodA shows strong overall homology with other members of the Mn-SOD family, but computer-assisted modeling revealed some unusual features of the hydrogen bonding network near the enzyme's active site. The unique properties of B. burgdorferi SodA may represent adaptation to expression in the manganese-rich and iron-poor environment of the spirochete.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dafhne Aguirre
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Hillary M Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Matthew McIlvin
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
| | - Christine Vazquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Shaina L Palmere
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Dennis J Grab
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - J Seshu
- Department of Biology, University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas 78249
| | - P John Hart
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Mak Saito
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
| | - Valeria C Culotta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.
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26
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Scranton MA, Yee A, Park SY, Walling LL. Plant leucine aminopeptidases moonlight as molecular chaperones to alleviate stress-induced damage. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:18408-17. [PMID: 22493451 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.309500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine aminopeptidases (LAPs) are present in animals, plants, and microbes. In plants, there are two classes of LAPs. The neutral LAPs (LAP-N and its orthologs) are constitutively expressed and detected in all plants, whereas the stress-induced acidic LAPs (LAP-A) are expressed only in a subset of the Solanaceae. LAPs have a role in insect defense and act as a regulator of the late branch of wound signaling in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). Although the mechanism of LAP-A action is unknown, it has been presumed that LAP peptidase activity is essential for regulating wound signaling. Here we show that plant LAPs are bifunctional. Using three assays to monitor protein protection from heat-induced damage, it was shown that the tomato LAP-A and LAP-N and the Arabidopsis thaliana LAP1 and LAP2 are molecular chaperones. Assays using LAP-A catalytic site mutants demonstrated that LAP-A chaperone activity was independent of its peptidase activity. Furthermore, disruption of the LAP-A hexameric structure increased chaperone activity. Together, these data identify a new class of molecular chaperones and a new function for the plant LAPs as well as suggesting new mechanisms for LAP action in the defense of solanaceous plants against stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Scranton
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences and Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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27
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Lomate PR, Hivrale VK. Changes and induction of aminopeptidase activities in response to pathogen infection during germination of pigeonpea (Cajanas cajan) seeds. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:1735-1742. [PMID: 21640431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Aminopeptidases play important role in the mobilization of storage proteins at the cotyledon during seed germination. It is often referred as inducible component of defense against herbivore attack. However the role of aminopeptidase in response to pathogen attack in germinating seeds is remained to be unknown. An attempt was made to analyze change in the aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.1) activity during germination of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) seeds by infecting the seeds with fungi. Two aminopeptidase activity bands (AP1 and AP2) were detected in control as well as infected pigeonpea seeds. During latter stages of germination in control seeds, AP1 activity was replaced by AP2 activity. However AP1 activity was significantly induced in germinating seeds infected with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri and Aspergillus niger var. niger. The estimated molecular weights of AP1 and AP2 were ∼97 and 42.8kDa respectively. The induced enzyme was purified up to 30 fold by gel filtration chromatography. The purified enzyme was preferentially cleaved leucine p-nitroanilide than alanine p-nitroanilide. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by bestatin and 1,10-phenanthroline. Almost 50% of enzyme activity was inhibited by ethylene diamine tetra acetate. The purified enzyme showed broad pH optima ranging from pH 6.0 to 9.0 and optimum at pH 8.5. The induction of aminopeptidase activity during pigeonpea seed germination and in response to pathogen attack indicates significant involvement of these enzymes in primary as well as secondary metabolism of the seeds. These findings could be helpful to further dissect defensive role of aminopeptidases in seed germination which is an important event in plant's life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purushottam R Lomate
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad 431004, Maharashtra, India
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28
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Boulila-Zoghlami L, Gallusci P, Holzer FM, Basset GJ, Djebali W, Chaïbi W, Walling LL, Brouquisse R. Up-regulation of leucine aminopeptidase-A in cadmium-treated tomato roots. PLANTA 2011; 234:857-863. [PMID: 21744092 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1468-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The effects of cadmium (Cd) on aminopeptidase (AP) activities and Leucine-AP (LAP) expression were investigated in the roots of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L., var Ibiza) plants. Three-week-old plants were grown for 10 days in the presence of 0.3-300 μM Cd and compared to control plants grown in the absence of Cd. AP activities were measured using six different p-nitroanilide (p-NA) substrates. Leu, Met, Arg, Pro and Lys hydrolyzing activities increased in roots of Cd-treated plants, while Phe-pNA cleavage was not enhanced after Cd treatments. The use of peptidase inhibitors showed that most of the Leu-pNA hydrolyzing activity was related to one or several metallo-APs. Changes in Lap transcripts, protein and activities were measured in the roots of 0 and 30-μM Cd-treated plants. LapA transcript levels increased in Cd-treated roots, whereas LapN RNAs levels were not modified. To assess amount of Leu-pNA hydrolyzing activity associated with the hexameric LAPs, LAP activity was measured following immunoprecipitation with a LAP polyclonal antiserum. LAP activity increased in Cd-treated roots. There was a corresponding increase in LAP-A protein levels detected in 2D-immunoblots. The role of LAP-A in the proteolytic response to Cd stress is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latifa Boulila-Zoghlami
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis El Manar, Unité de Recherche de Biologie et Physiologie Cellulaires Végétales, 1060 Tunis, Tunisia
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29
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González-Rábade N, Badillo-Corona JA, Aranda-Barradas JS, Oliver-Salvador MDC. Production of plant proteases in vivo and in vitro--a review. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:983-96. [PMID: 21889977 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the latest two decades, the interest received by plant proteases has increased significantly. Plant enzymes such as proteases are widely used in medicine and the food industry. Some proteases, like papain, bromelain and ficin are used in various processes such as brewing, meat softening, milk-clotting, cancer treatment, digestion and viral disorders. These enzymes can be obtained from their natural source or through in vitro cultures, in order to ensure a continuous source of plant enzymes. The focus of this review will be the production of plant proteases both in vivo and in vitro, with particular emphasis on the different types of commercially important plant proteases that have been isolated and characterized from naturally grown plants. In vitro approaches for the production of these proteases is also explored, focusing on the techniques that do not involve genetic transformation of the plants and the attempts that have been made in order to enhance the yield of the desired proteases.
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30
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Lomate PR, Hivrale VK. Induction of leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) like activity with wounding and methyl jasmonate in pigeonpea (Cajanas cajan) suggests the role of these enzymes in plant defense in leguminosae. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2011; 49:609-616. [PMID: 21420308 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Aminopeptidases are ubiquitous in nature and their activities have been identified in several plant species. Leucine aminopeptidases (LAPs) are predominantly studied in solanaceous plants and are induced in response to wounding, herbivory and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). The functions of plant aminopeptidases are still under discussion and it is likely that the different classes play various roles. In the present study we report the local and systemic induction of LAP-like activity upon mechanical wounding and MeJA treatment. Two proteins with LAP-like activity were detected in pigeonpea leaves. They were designated as AP1 and AP2. AP1 activity was significantly induced upon wounding and application of MeJA. The estimated molecular masses of AP1 and AP2 were ∼ 60 and 41 kDa respectively in SDS-PAGE. The pH optimum for LAP-like activity in control leaf extracts was found to be neutral (pH 7.0) however the enzymes showed highest activity at alkaline pH (pH 9.0) in the leaf extracts of treated plants. The temperature optimum for LAP-like activity was around 40-50 °C. The enzymes were strongly inhibited by 1, 10 phenanthroline and bestatin. Heavy metal ions and EDTA inhibited LAP-like activities, whereas Mn(+2) and Mg(+2) activated the enzyme activities. Beside LpNA (33.5 U/mg/min) pigeonpea LAP-like enzymes also cleaved ApNA (15 U/mg/min) but were unable to cleave VpNA. Total proteolytic activity was also observed to be induced in treated plants. LAP-like activity was increased upto 19.5 fold after gel filtration chromatography. Results suggest that these enzymes may have functional defensive role in pigeonpea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purushottam R Lomate
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad 431004, Maharashtra, India
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31
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Premarathne AAA, Leung DWM. Characterization of activity of a potential food-grade leucine aminopeptidase from kiwifruit. Enzyme Res 2010; 2010:517283. [PMID: 21076540 PMCID: PMC2976069 DOI: 10.4061/2010/517283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminopeptidase (AP) activity in ripe but firm fruit of Actinidia deliciosa was characterized using L-leucine-p-nitroanilide as a substrate. The enzyme activity was the highest under alkaline conditions and was thermolabile. EDTA, 1,10-phenanthroline, iodoacetamide, and Zn2+ had inhibitory effect while a low concentration of dithiothreitol (DTT) had stimulatory effect on kiwifruit AP activity. However, DTT was not essential for the enzyme activity. The results obtained indicated that the kiwifruit AP was a thiol-dependent metalloprotease. Its activity was the highest in the seeds, followed by the core and pericarp tissues of the fruit. The elution profile of the AP activity from a DEAE-cellulose column suggested that there were at least two AP isozymes in kiwifruit: one unadsorbed and one adsorbed fractions. It is concluded that useful food-grade aminopeptidases from kiwifruit could be revealed using more specific substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A A Premarathne
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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32
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Vujčić Z, Lončar N, Dojnov B, Milovanović A, Vujčić M, Božić N. Characterisation of leucyl aminopeptidase from Solanum tuberosum tuber. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Chi MC, Chang HP, Chang GG, Wang TF, Huang HB, Lin LL. Biophysical characterization of a recombinant leucyl aminopeptidase from Bacillus kaustophilus. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2010; 75:642-7. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910050159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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34
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Polge C, Jaquinod M, Holzer F, Bourguignon J, Walling L, Brouquisse R. Evidence for the Existence in Arabidopsis thaliana of the Proteasome Proteolytic Pathway: ACTIVATION IN RESPONSE TO CADMIUM. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:35412-24. [PMID: 19822524 PMCID: PMC2790970 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.035394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy metals are known to generate reactive oxygen species that lead to the oxidation and fragmentation of proteins, which become toxic when accumulated in the cell. In this study, we investigated the role of the proteasome during cadmium stress in the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Using biochemical and proteomics approaches, we present the first evidence of an active proteasome pathway in plants. We identified and characterized the peptidases acting sequentially downstream from the proteasome in animal cells as follows: tripeptidyl-peptidase II, thimet oligopeptidase, and leucine aminopeptidase. We investigated the proteasome proteolytic pathway response in the leaves of 6-week-old A. thaliana plants grown hydroponically for 24, 48, and 144 h in the presence or absence of 50 mum cadmium. The gene expression and proteolytic activity of the proteasome and the different proteases of the pathway were found to be up-regulated in response to cadmium. In an in vitro assay, oxidized bovine serum albumin and lysozyme were more readily degraded in the presence of 20 S proteasome and tripeptidyl-peptidase II than their nonoxidized form, suggesting that oxidized proteins are preferentially degraded by the Arabidopsis 20 S proteasome pathway. These results show that, in response to cadmium, the 20 S proteasome proteolytic pathway is up-regulated at both RNA and activity levels in Arabidopsis leaves and may play a role in degrading oxidized proteins generated by the stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Polge
- From the Laboratoires de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, CEA, IRTSV, UMR5168 CNRS/CEA/INRA, Université Joseph Fourier and
| | - Michel Jaquinod
- Etude de la Dynamique des Protéomes, F-38054 Grenoble, France and
| | - Frances Holzer
- the Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0124
| | - Jacques Bourguignon
- From the Laboratoires de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, CEA, IRTSV, UMR5168 CNRS/CEA/INRA, Université Joseph Fourier and
| | - Linda Walling
- the Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0124
| | - Renaud Brouquisse
- From the Laboratoires de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, CEA, IRTSV, UMR5168 CNRS/CEA/INRA, Université Joseph Fourier and
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Fowler JH, Narváez-Vásquez J, Aromdee DN, Pautot V, Holzer FM, Walling LL. Leucine aminopeptidase regulates defense and wound signaling in tomato downstream of jasmonic acid. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:1239-51. [PMID: 19376935 PMCID: PMC2685619 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.065029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leucine aminopeptidase A (LapA) is a late wound-response gene of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). To elucidate the role of LapA, transgenic plants that overexpressed or abolished LapA gene expression were used. The early wound-response gene RNA levels were similar in wild-type and Lap-silenced (LapA-SI), -antisense (LapA-AS), and -overexpressing (LapA-OX) plants. By contrast, late wound-response gene RNA levels and protection against Manduca sexta damage were influenced by LapA RNA and protein levels. While LapA-OX plants had elevated levels of LapA RNAs and protein, ectopic expression of LapA was not sufficient to induce Pin (Ser proteinase inhibitor) or PPO (polyphenol oxidase) transcripts in nonwounded leaves. M. sexta larvae damaged less foliage and displayed delays in growth and development when feeding on LapA-OX plants. By contrast, LapA-SI and LapA-AS lines had lower levels of Pin and PPO RNAs than wild-type controls. Furthermore, larvae consumed more foliage and attained larger masses when feeding on LapA-SI plants. Jasmonic acid (JA) did not complement the wound-signaling phenotype of LapA-SI plants. Based on root elongation in the presence of JA, JA perception appeared to be intact in LapA-SI lines. Collectively, these data suggested that LAP-A has a role in modulating essential defenses against herbivores by promoting late wound responses and acting downstream of JA biosynthesis and perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Fowler
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology and University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0124, USA
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36
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Narváez-Vásquez J, Tu CJ, Park SY, Walling LL. Targeting and localization of wound-inducible leucine aminopeptidase A in tomato leaves. PLANTA 2008; 227:341-51. [PMID: 17896114 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The constitutive and wound-inducible leucine aminopeptidases (LAP-N and LAP-A, respectively) of tomato encode 60-kDa proteins with 5-kDa presequences that resemble chloroplast-targeting peptides. Cell fractionation studies and immunoblot analyses of chloroplast and total proteins have suggested a dual location of the mature LAP-A proteins in the cytosol and the plastids. In this study, the subcellular localization of tomato LAPs was further investigated using in vitro chloroplast-targeting assays and immunocytochemical techniques at the light and TEM levels. In vitro-translated LAP-A1 and LAP-N preproteins were readily transported into pea chloroplasts and processed into mature proteins of 55 kDa indicating the presence of a functional chloroplast-targeting signal in the LAP-A1 and LAP-N protein precursors. In addition, a LAP polyclonal and a LAP-A-specific antisera were used to immunolocalize LAP proteins in leaves from healthy, wounded and methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-treated plants. Low levels of LAPs and/or LAP-like proteins were detected in leaves from unwounded plants. The LAP polyclonal antiserum, which detected LAP-A, LAP-N and LAP-like proteins, and the LAP-A specific antibodies, which detected only LAP-A, showed that LAP levels increased in leaf sections after wounding and MeJA treatments. LAP-A proteins were primarily detected within the chloroplasts of spongy and palisade mesophyll cells. The localization of LAP-A was distinct from the location of early wound-response proteins that are important in the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid or systemin and more similar to the late wound-response proteins with primary roles in defense. The importance of these findings relative to the potential roles of LAP-A in defense is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Narváez-Vásquez
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521-0124, USA
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Chen H, Gonzales-Vigil E, Wilkerson CG, Howe GA. Stability of plant defense proteins in the gut of insect herbivores. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007. [PMID: 17416643 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.095588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant defense against insect herbivores is mediated in part by enzymes that impair digestive processes in the insect gut. Little is known about the evolutionary origins of these enzymes, their distribution in the plant kingdom, or the mechanisms by which they act in the protease-rich environment of the animal digestive tract. One example of such an enzyme is threonine (Thr) deaminase (TD), which in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) serves a dual role in isoleucine (Ile) biosynthesis in planta and Thr degradation in the insect midgut. Here, we report that tomato uses different TD isozymes to perform these functions. Whereas the constitutively expressed TD1 has a housekeeping role in Ile biosynthesis, expression of TD2 in leaves is activated by the jasmonate signaling pathway in response to herbivore attack. Ingestion of tomato foliage by specialist (Manduca sexta) and generalist (Trichoplusia ni) insect herbivores triggered proteolytic removal of TD2's C-terminal regulatory domain, resulting in an enzyme that degrades Thr without being inhibited through feedback by Ile. This processed form (pTD2) of TD2 accumulated to high levels in the insect midgut and feces (frass). Purified pTD2 exhibited biochemical properties that are consistent with a postingestive role in defense. Shotgun proteomic analysis of frass from tomato-reared M. sexta identified pTD2 as one of the most abundant proteins in the excrement. Among the other tomato proteins identified were several jasmonate-inducible proteins that have a known or proposed role in anti-insect defense. Subtilisin-like proteases and other pathogenesis-related proteins, as well as proteins of unknown function, were also cataloged. We conclude that proteomic analysis of frass from insect herbivores provides a robust experimental approach to identify hyperstable plant proteins that serve important roles in defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory , Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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Meinnel T, Serero A, Giglione C. Impact of the N-terminal amino acid on targeted protein degradation. Biol Chem 2006; 387:839-51. [PMID: 16913833 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2006.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The N-terminus of any protein may be used as a destabilization signal for targeted protein degradation. In the eukaryotic cytosol, the signal - the so-called N-degron--is recognized for degradation by (i) the N-end rule, a well-described degradation process involving epsilon-ubiquitination; or (ii) N-terminal ubiquitination, a more recently described pathway. Dedicated E3 ubiquitin ligases known as N-recognins then act on the protein. The proteolytic pathways involve ATP-dependent chambered proteases, such as the 26S proteasome in the cytosol, which generate short oligopeptides. The N-terminus of the polypeptide chain is also important for post-proteasome degradation by specific aminopeptidases, which complete peptide cleavage to generate free amino acids. Finally, in each compartment of the eukaryotic cell, N-terminal methionine excision creates a variety of N-termini for mature proteins. It has recently been shown that the N-terminal methionine excision pathway has a major impact early in targeted protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Meinnel
- Protein Maturation, Cell Fate and Therapeutics, Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bâtiment 23, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.
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39
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Walling LL. Recycling or regulation? The role of amino-terminal modifying enzymes. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 9:227-33. [PMID: 16597508 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2006.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications are essential for a variety of functions, such as the translocation, activation, regulation, and, ultimately, degradation of proteins. The amino-terminal (N-terminal) region is a particularly active area for such alterations. Three types of reactions predominate: limited proteolysis to remove one or more amino acids; modification of the alpha-amino group; and side-chain-specific changes. The N-terminal peptidases expose penultimate residues, providing new substrates for peptidase or transferase action. These enzymes can act sequentially or competitively to influence a protein's longevity, location or activity. N-terminal modifying enzymes (NTMEs) might target a protein for ubiquitination and degradation or protect a protein from rapid turnover. The N-terminal peptidases might also have important roles in processing the peptides that are released from the proteasome. Plant NTMEs have roles in senescence, meiosis and defense, and proposed roles in polar auxin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Walling
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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Abstract
Leucine aminopeptidases (LAPs) are metallopeptidases that cleave N-terminal residues from proteins and peptides. While hydrolyzing Leu substrates, LAPs often have a broader specificity. LAPs are members of the M1 or M17 peptidase families, and therefore the LAP nomenclature is complex. LAPs are often viewed as cell maintenance enzymes with critical roles in turnover of peptides. In mammals, the M17 and M1 enzymes with LAP activity contribute to processing peptides for MHC I antigen presentation, processing of bioactive peptides (oxytocin, vasopressin, enkephalins), and vesicle trafficking to the plasma membrane. In microbes, the M17 LAPs have a role in proteolysis and have also acquired the ability to bind DNA. This property enables LAPs to serve as transcriptional repressors to control pyrimidine, alginate and cholera toxin biosynthesis, as well as mediate site-specific recombination events in plasmids and phages. In plants the roles of the M17 LAPs and the peptidases related to M1 LAPs are being elucidated. Roles in defense, membrane transport of auxin receptors, and meiosis have been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Matsui
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0124, USA
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41
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Chen H, Wilkerson CG, Kuchar JA, Phinney BS, Howe GA. Jasmonate-inducible plant enzymes degrade essential amino acids in the herbivore midgut. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:19237-42. [PMID: 16357201 PMCID: PMC1323180 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0509026102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) activates host defense responses against a broad spectrum of herbivores. Although it is well established that JA controls the expression of a large set of target genes in response to tissue damage, very few gene products have been shown to play a direct role in reducing herbivore performance. To test the hypothesis that JA-inducible proteins (JIPs) thwart attack by disrupting digestive processes in the insect gut, we used a MS-based approach to identify host proteins that accumulate in the midgut of Manduca sexta larvae reared on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. We show that two JIPs, arginase and threonine deaminase (TD), act in the M. sexta midgut to catabolize the essential amino acids Arg and Thr, respectively. Transgenic plants that overexpress arginase were more resistant to M. sexta larvae, and this effect was correlated with reduced levels of midgut Arg. We present evidence indicating that the ability of TD to degrade Thr in the midgut is enhanced by herbivore-induced proteolytic removal of the enzyme's C-terminal regulatory domain, which confers negative feedback regulation by isoleucine in planta. Our results demonstrate that the JA signaling pathway strongly influences the midgut protein content of phytophagous insects and support the hypothesis that catabolism of amino acids in the insect digestive tract by host enzymes plays a role in plant protection against herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan Proteome Consortium, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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42
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Story SV, Shah C, Jenney FE, Adams MWW. Characterization of a novel zinc-containing, lysine-specific aminopeptidase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:2077-83. [PMID: 15743956 PMCID: PMC1064047 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.6.2077-2083.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell extracts of the proteolytic, hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus contain high specific activity (11 U/mg) of lysine aminopeptidase (KAP), as measured by the hydrolysis of L-lysyl-p-nitroanilide (Lys-pNA). The enzyme was purified by multistep chromatography. KAP is a homotetramer (38.2 kDa per subunit) and, as purified, contains 2.0 +/- 0.48 zinc atoms per subunit. Surprisingly, its activity was stimulated fourfold by the addition of Co2+ ions (0.2 mM). Optimal KAP activity with Lys-pNA as the substrate occurred at pH 8.0 and a temperature of 100 degrees C. The enzyme had a narrow substrate specificity with di-, tri-, and tetrapeptides, and it hydrolyzed only basic N-terminal residues at high rates. Mass spectroscopy analysis of the purified enzyme was used to identify, in the P. furiosus genome database, a gene (PF1861) that encodes a product corresponding to 346 amino acids. The recombinant protein containing a polyhistidine tag at the N terminus was produced in Escherichia coli and purified using affinity chromatography. Its properties, including molecular mass, metal ion dependence, and pH and temperature optima for catalysis, were indistinguishable from those of the native form, although the thermostability of the recombinant form was dramatically lower than that of the native enzyme (half-life of approximately 6 h at 100 degrees C). Based on its amino acid sequence, KAP is part of the M18 family of peptidases and represents the first prokaryotic member of this family. KAP is also the first lysine-specific aminopeptidase to be purified from an archaeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry V Story
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7229, USA
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43
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Schaller A. A cut above the rest: the regulatory function of plant proteases. PLANTA 2004; 220:183-97. [PMID: 15517349 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-004-1407-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes are intricately involved in many aspects of plant physiology and development. On the one hand, they are necessary for protein turnover. Degradation of damaged, misfolded and potentially harmful proteins provides free amino acids required for the synthesis of new proteins. Furthermore, the selective breakdown of regulatory proteins by the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway controls key aspects of plant growth, development, and defense. Proteases are, on the other hand, also responsible for the post-translational modification of proteins by limited proteolysis at highly specific sites. Limited proteolysis results in the maturation of enzymes, is necessary for protein assembly and subcellular targeting, and controls the activity of enzymes, regulatory proteins and peptides. Proteases are thus involved in all aspects of the plant life cycle ranging from the mobilization of storage proteins during seed germination to the initiation of cell death and senescence programs. This article reviews recent findings for the major catalytic classes, i.e. the serine, cysteine, aspartic, and metalloproteases, emphasizing the regulatory function of representative enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schaller
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology (260), University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
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McCarthy E, Stack C, Donnelly SM, Doyle S, Mann VH, Brindley PJ, Stewart M, Day TA, Maule AG, Dalton JP. Leucine aminopeptidase of the human blood flukes, Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum. Int J Parasitol 2004; 34:703-14. [PMID: 15111092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2003] [Revised: 01/28/2004] [Accepted: 01/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
An array of schistosome endoproteases involved in the digestion of host hemoglobin to absorbable peptides has been described, but the exoprotease responsible for catabolising these peptides to amino acids has yet to be identified. By searching the public databases we found that Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum express a gene encoding a member of the M17 family of leucine aminopeptidases (LAPs). A functional recombinant S. mansoni LAP produced in insect cells shared biochemical properties, including pH optimum for activity, substrate specificity and reliance on metal cations for activity, with the major aminopeptidase activity in soluble extracts of adult worms. The pH range in which the enzyme functions and the lack of a signal peptide indicate that the enzyme functions intracellularly. Immunolocalisation studies showed that the S. mansoni LAP is synthesised in the gastrodermal cells surrounding the gut lumen. Accordingly, we propose that peptides generated in the lumen of the schistosome gut are absorbed into the gastrodermal cells and are cleaved by LAP to free amino acids before being distributed to the internal tissues of the parasite. Since LAP was also localised to the surface tegument it may play an additional role in surface membrane re-modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine McCarthy
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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45
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Kehres DG, Maguire ME. Emerging themes in manganese transport, biochemistry and pathogenesis in bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2003; 27:263-90. [PMID: 12829271 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-6445(03)00052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Though an essential trace element, manganese is generally accorded little importance in biology other than as a cofactor for some free radical detoxifying enzymes and in the photosynthetic photosystem II. Only a handful of other Mn2+-dependent enzymes are known. Recent data, primarily in bacteria, suggest that Mn2+-dependent processes may have significantly greater physiological importance. Two major classes of prokaryotic Mn2+ uptake systems have now been described, one homologous to eukaryotic Nramp transporters and one a member of the ABC-type ATPase superfamily. Each is highly selective for Mn2+ over Fe2+ or other transition metal divalent cations, and each can accumulate millimolar amounts of intracellular Mn2+ even when environmental Mn2+ is scarce. In Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, simultaneous mutation of both types of transporter results in avirulence, implying that one or more Mn2+-dependent enzymes is essential for pathogenesis. This review summarizes current literature on Mn2+ transport, primarily in the Bacteria but with relevant comparisons to the Archaea and Eukaryota. Mn2+-dependent enzymes are then discussed along with some speculations as to their role(s) in cellular physiology, again primarily in Bacteria. It is of particular interest that most of the enzymes which interconvert phosphoglycerate, pyruvate, and oxaloacetate intermediates are either strictly Mn2+-dependent or highly stimulated by Mn2+. This suggests that Mn2+ may play an important role in central carbon metabolism. Further studies will be required, however, to determine whether these or other actions of Mn2+ within the cell are the relevant factors in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Kehres
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-4965, USA.
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46
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Tu CJ, Park SY, Walling LL. Isolation and characterization of the neutral leucine aminopeptidase (LapN) of tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 132:243-55. [PMID: 12746529 PMCID: PMC166969 DOI: 10.1104/pp.102.013854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2002] [Revised: 09/27/2002] [Accepted: 11/15/2002] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) express two forms of leucine aminopeptidase (LAP-A and LAP-N) and two LAP-like proteins. The relatedness of LAP-N and LAP-A was determined using affinity-purified antibodies to four LAP-A protein domains. Antibodies to epitopes in the most N-terminal region were able to discriminate between LAP-A and LAP-N, whereas antibodies recognizing central and COOH-terminal regions recognized both LAP polypeptides. Two-dimensional immunoblots showed that LAP-N and the LAP-like proteins were detected in all vegetative (leaves, stems, roots, and cotyledons) and reproductive (pistils, sepals, petals, stamens, and floral buds) organs examined, whereas LAP-A exhibited a distinct expression program. LapN was a single-copy gene encoding a rare-class transcript. A full-length LapN cDNA clone was isolated, and the deduced sequence had 77% peptide sequence identity with the wound-induced LAP-A. Comparison of LAP-N with other plant LAPs identified 28 signature residues that classified LAP proteins as LAP-N or LAP-A like. Overexpression of a His(6)-LAP-N fusion protein in Escherichia coli demonstrated distinct differences in His(6)-LAP-N and His(6)-LAP-A activities. Similar to LapA, the LapN RNA encoded a precursor protein with a molecular mass of 60 kD. The 5-kD presequence had features similar to plastid transit peptides, and processing of the LAP-N presequence could generate the mature 55-kD LAP-N. Unlike LapA, the LapN transcript contained a second in-frame ATG, and utilization of this potential initiation codon would yield a 55-kD LAP-N protein. The localization of LAP-N could be controlled by the balance of translational initiation site utilization and LAP-N preprotein processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Jung Tu
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences and Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside 92521-0124, USA
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47
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Lowther WT, Matthews BW. Metalloaminopeptidases: common functional themes in disparate structural surroundings. Chem Rev 2002; 102:4581-608. [PMID: 12475202 DOI: 10.1021/cr0101757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Todd Lowther
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Physics, 1229 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1229, USA
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48
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Gu YQ, Walling LL. Identification of residues critical for activity of the wound-induced leucine aminopeptidase (LAP-A) of tomato. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:1630-40. [PMID: 11895433 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2002.02795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The importance of two putative Zn2+-binding (Asp347, Glu429) and two catalytic (Arg431, Lys354) residues in the tomato leucine aminopeptidase (LAP-A) function was tested. The impact of substitutions at these positions, corresponding to the bovine LAP residues Asp255, Glu334, Arg336, and Lys262, was evaluated in His6-LAP-A fusion proteins expressed in Escherichia coli. Sixty-five percent of the mutant His6-LAP-A proteins were unstable or had complete or partial defects in hexamer assembly or stability. The activity of hexameric His6-LAP-As on Xaa-Leu and Leu-Xaa dipeptides was tested. Most substitutions of Lys354 (a catalytic residue) resulted in His6-LAP-As that cleaved dipeptides at slower rates. The Glu429 mutants (a Zn2+-binding residue) had more diverse phenotypes. Some mutations abolished activity and others retained partial or complete activity. The E429D His6-LAP-A enzyme had Km and kcat values similar to the wild-type His6-LAP-A. One catalytic (Arg431) and one Zn-binding (Asp347) residue were essential for His6-LAP-A activity, as most R431 and D347 mutant His6-LAP-As did not hydrolyze dipeptides. The R431K His6-LAP-A that retained the positive charge had partial activity as reflected in the 4.8-fold decrease in kcat. Surprisingly, while the D347E mutant (that retained a negative charge at position 347) was inactive, the D347R mutant that introduced a positive charge retained partial activity. A model to explain these data is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiang Gu
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0124, USA
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49
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Pautot V, Holzer FM, Chaufaux J, Walling LL. The induction of tomato leucine aminopeptidase genes (LapA) after Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato infection is primarily a wound response triggered by coronatine. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2001; 14:214-224. [PMID: 11204785 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2001.14.2.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tomato plants constitutively express a neutral leucine aminopeptidase (LAP-N) and an acidic LAP (LAP-A) during floral development and in leaves in response to insect infestation, wounding, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato infection. To assess the physiological roles of LAP-A, a LapA-antisense construct (35S:asLapA1) was introduced into tomato. The 35S:asLapA1 plants had greatly reduced or showed undetectable levels of LAP-A and LAP-N proteins in healthy and wounded leaves and during floral development. Despite the loss of these aminopeptidases, no global changes in protein profiles were noted. The 35S:asLapA1 plants also exhibited no significant alteration in floral development and did not impact the growth and development of Manduca sexta and P. syringae pv. tomato growth rates during compatible or incompatible infections. To investigate the mechanism underlying the strong induction of LapA upon P. syringae pv. tomato infection, LapA expression was monitored after infection with coronatine-producing and -deficient P. syringae pv. tomato strains. LapA RNA and activity were detected only with the coronatine-producing P. syringae pv. tomato strain. Coronatine treatment of excised shoots caused increases in RNAs for jasmonic acid (JA)-regulated wound-response genes (LapA and pin2) but did not influence expression of a JA-regulated pathogenesis-related protein gene (PR-1). These results indicated that coronatine mimicked the wound response but was insufficient to activate JA-regulated PR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pautot
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Versailles, France
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50
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Gu YQ, Walling LL. Specificity of the wound-induced leucine aminopeptidase (LAP-A) of tomato activity on dipeptide and tripeptide substrates. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:1178-87. [PMID: 10672029 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Wounding of tomato leaves results in the accumulation of an exoprotease called leucine aminopeptidase (LAP-A) that preferentially hydrolyzes amino acid-p-nitroanilide and -beta-naphthylamide substrates with N-terminal Leu, Met and Arg residues. To determine the substrate specificity of LAP-A on more natural substrates, the rates of hydrolysis of 60 dipeptide and seven tripeptide substrates were determined. For comparison, the specificities of the porcine and Escherichia coli LAPs were evaluated in parallel. Several marked differences in substrate specificities for the animal, plant and prokaryotic LAP enzymes were observed. Substrates with variable N-terminal (P1) residues (Xaa) were evaluated; these substrates had Leu or Gly in the penultimate (P1') position. The plant, animal, and prokaryotic LAPs hydrolyzed dipeptides with N-terminal nonpolar aliphatic (Leu, Val, Ile, and Ala), basic (Arg), and sulfur-containing (Met) residues rapidly, while P1 Asp or Gly were cleaved inefficiently from peptides. Significant differences in the cleavage of dipeptides with P1 aromatic residues (Phe, Tyr, and Trp) were noted. To systematically evaluate the impact of the P1' residue on cleavage of dipeptides, three series of dipeptides (Leu-Xaa, Gly-Xaa, and Arg-Xaa) were evaluated. The P1' residue strongly influenced hydrolysis of dipeptides and the magnitude of its effect was dependent on the P1 residue. P1' Pro, Asp, Lys and Gly slowed the hydrolysis rates of the tomato LAP-A, porcine LAP, and E. coli PepA markedly. Analysis six Arg-Gly-Xaa tripeptides showed that more diversity was tolerated in the P2' position. P2' Arg inhibited tripeptide cleavage by all three enzymes, while P2' Asp enhanced hydrolysis rates for the porcine and prokaryotic LAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Q Gu
- Department of Botany, Interdepartmental Program in Genetics, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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