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Xie K, Ren Y, Chen A, Yang C, Zheng Q, Chen J, Wang D, Li Y, Hu S, Xu G. Plant nitrogen nutrition: The roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 269:153591. [PMID: 34936969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is the most abundant mineral nutrient required by plants, and crop productivity depends heavily on N fertilization in many soils. Production and application of N fertilizers consume huge amounts of energy and substantially increase the costs of agricultural production. Excess N compounds released from agricultural systems are also detrimental to the environment. Thus, increasing plant N uptake efficiency is essential for the development of sustainable agriculture. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are beneficial symbionts of most terrestrial plants that facilitate plant nutrient uptake and increase host resistance to diverse environmental stresses. AM association is an endosymbiotic process that relies on the differentiation of both host plant roots and AM fungi to create novel contact interfaces within the cells of plant roots. AM plants have two pathways for nutrient uptake: either direct uptake via the root hairs and root epidermis, or indirectly through AM fungal hyphae into root cortical cells. Over the last few years, great progress has been made in deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the AM-mediated modulation of nutrient uptake processes, and a growing number of fungal and plant genes responsible for the uptake of nutrients from soil or transfer across the fungi-root interface have been identified. Here, we mainly summarize the recent advances in N uptake, assimilation, and translocation in AM symbiosis, and also discuss how N interplays with C and P in modulating AM development, as well as the synergies between AM fungi and soil microbial communities in N uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aiqun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Congfan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingsong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Horticulture Technology, Suzhou Polytechnic Institute of Agriculture, Suzhou, 215008, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Department of Ecological Environment and Soil Science, Nanjing Institute of Vegetable Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiting Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shuijin Hu
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Qu L, Wang M, Biere A. Interactive Effects of Mycorrhizae, Soil Phosphorus, and Light on Growth and Induction and Priming of Defense in Plantago lanceolata. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:647372. [PMID: 33833771 PMCID: PMC8021950 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.647372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Increasing demands to reduce fertilizer and pesticide input in agriculture has triggered interest in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) that can enhance plant growth and confer mycorrhiza-induced resistance (MIR). MIR can be based on a variety of mechanisms, including induction of defense compounds, and sensitization of the plant's immune system (priming) for enhanced defense against later arriving pests or pathogens signaled through jasmonic acid (JA). However, growth and resistance benefits of AMF highly depend on environmental conditions. Low soil P and non-limiting light conditions are expected to enhance MIR, as these conditions favor AMF colonization and because of observed positive cross-talk between the plant's phosphate starvation response (PSR) and JA-dependent immunity. We therefore tested growth and resistance benefits of the AMF Funneliformis mosseae in Plantago lanceolata plants grown under different levels of soil P and light intensity. Resistance benefits were assessed in bioassays with the leaf chewing herbivore Mamestra brassicae. Half of the plants were induced by jasmonic acid prior to the bioassays to specifically test whether AMF primed plants for JA-signaled defense under different abiotic conditions. AMF reduced biomass production but contrary to prediction, this reduction was not strongest under conditions considered least optimal for carbon-for-nutrient trade (low light, high soil P). JA application induced resistance to M. brassicae, but its extent was independent of soil P and light conditions. Strikingly, in younger plants, JA-induced resistance was annulled by AMF under high resource conditions (high soil P, ample light), indicating that AMF did not prime but repressed JA-induced defense responses. In older plants, low soil P and light enhanced susceptibility to M. brassicae due to enhanced leaf nitrogen levels and reduced leaf levels of the defense metabolite catalpol. By contrast, in younger plants, low soil P enhanced resistance. Our results highlight that defense priming by AMF is not ubiquitous and calls for studies revealing the causes of the increasingly observed repression of JA-mediated defense by AMF. Our study further shows that in our system abiotic factors are significant modulators of defense responses, but more strongly so by directly modulating leaf quality than by modulating the effects of beneficial microbes on resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiye Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Minggang Wang
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Arjen Biere
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
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3
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Martin FM, Dickie I, Lindahl BD, Lennon S, Öpik M, Polle A, Requena N, Selosse MA, Koide RT, Jakobsen I, Watts-Williams SJ, Cavagnaro TR. A tribute to Sally E. Smith. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:397-402. [PMID: 33460160 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francis M Martin
- Lab of Excellence ARBRE, UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes', INRAE, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Ian Dickie
- College of Science, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Björn D Lindahl
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7014, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sarah Lennon
- New Phytologist Central Office, Bailrigg House, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YE, UK
| | - Maarja Öpik
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai St, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andrea Polle
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Buesgen-Institute and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Natalia Requena
- Molecular Phytopathology Department, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz Haber-Weg 4, Geb. 30.43, 2. OG, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Département Systématique et Evolution, UMR 7205 ISYEB CP 50, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 45 rue Buffon, Paris, 75005, France
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Roger T Koide
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Iver Jakobsen
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Stephanie J Watts-Williams
- School of Agriculture, Food & Wine and the Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Timothy R Cavagnaro
- School of Agriculture, Food & Wine and the Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
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Riley RC, Cavagnaro TR, Brien C, Smith FA, Smith SE, Berger B, Garnett T, Stonor R, Schilling RK, Chen ZH, Powell JR. Resource allocation to growth or luxury consumption drives mycorrhizal responses. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1757-1766. [PMID: 31370098 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Highly variable phenotypic responses in mycorrhizal plants challenge our functional understanding of plant-fungal mutualisms. Using non-invasive high-throughput phenotyping, we observed that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi relieved phosphorus (P) limitation and enhanced growth of Brachypodium distachyon under P-limited conditions, while photosynthetic limitation under low nitrogen (N) was exacerbated by the fungus. However, these responses were strongly dependent on host genotype: only the faster growing genotype (Bd3-1) utilised P transferred from the fungus to achieve improved growth under P-limited conditions. Under low N, the slower growing genotype (Bd21) had a carbon and N surplus that was linked to a less negative growth response compared with the faster growing genotype. These responses were linked to the regulation of N : P stoichiometry, couples resource allocation to growth or luxury consumption in diverse plant lineages. Our results attest strongly to a mechanism in plants by which plant genotype-specific resource economics drive phenotypic outcomes during AM symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan C Riley
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Austrailia
| | - Timothy R Cavagnaro
- The Waite Research Institute and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Chris Brien
- The Waite Research Institute and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, The Plant Accelerator, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Phenomics and Bioinformatics Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - F Andrew Smith
- The Waite Research Institute and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sally E Smith
- The Waite Research Institute and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Bettina Berger
- The Waite Research Institute and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, The Plant Accelerator, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Trevor Garnett
- The Waite Research Institute and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, The Plant Accelerator, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rebecca Stonor
- The Waite Research Institute and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rhiannon K Schilling
- The Waite Research Institute and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Austrailia.,School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeff R Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Austrailia
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Zhang H, Cai Y, Li X, Christie P, Zhang J, Gai J. Temperature-mediated phylogenetic assemblage of fungal communities and local adaptation in mycorrhizal symbioses. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 11:215-226. [PMID: 30618212 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent work demonstrates that habitat conditions exert striking effects on symbiont performance by mediating trade-offs in plants, AM fungi and environmental interactions. However, how local temperature conditions influence the functional diversity of mycorrhizal symbioses and the genetics of coexisting AM fungi at the local scale remain unclear. In the present study, we conducted a reciprocal inoculation experiment to explore the performance of sympatric associations against allopatric associations under contrasting temperatures and the AM fungal community in colonized roots. No local adaptation of plant biomass was found under both temperature conditions investigated, but a consistent local versus foreign effect was found in AM fungal performance. The temperature and the origin of the inoculum relative to the plant origin were important in explaining symbiotic function. Correspondingly, the community structure and Nearest Relatedness Index of the AM fungal community of the root symbiont varied with inoculum source, and assemblages with more closely related taxa led to a decline in plant biomass and stronger disequilibrium among AM fungi in roots. Our findings suggest that functional divergence exists in naturally coexisting communities of AM fungi from contrasting climatic origins, and fungal relatedness is an important driver of plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yaru Cai
- Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Chinese Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Peter Christie
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Chinese Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jingping Gai
- Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Chinese Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Jamshidi S, Behm JE, Eveillard D, Kiers ET, Vandenkoornhuyse P. Using hybrid automata modelling to study phenotypic plasticity and allocation strategies in the plant mycorrhizal mutualism. Ecol Modell 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Prosser RS, Lissemore L, Shahmohamadloo RS, Sibley PK. Effect of biosolids-derived triclosan and triclocarban on the colonization of plant roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 508:427-34. [PMID: 25497682 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form a symbiotic relationship with the majority of crop plants. AMF provide plants with nutrients (e.g., P), modulate the effect of metal and pathogen exposure, and increase tolerance to moisture stress. The benefits of AMF to plant growth make them important to the development of sustainable agriculture. The land application of biosolids is becoming an increasingly common practice in sustainable agriculture, as a source of nutrients. However, biosolids have been found to contain numerous pharmaceutical and personal care products including antimicrobial chemicals such as triclosan and triclocarban. The potential risks that these two compounds may pose to plant-AMF interactions are poorly understood. The current study investigated whether biosolids-derived triclosan and triclocarban affect the colonization of the roots of lettuce and corn plants by AMF. Plants were grown in soil amended with biosolids that contained increasing concentrations of triclosan (0 to 307 μg/g dw) or triclocarban (0 to 304 μg/g dw). A relationship between the concentration of triclosan or triclocarban and colonization of plants roots by AMF was not observed. The presence of biosolids did not have a significant (p>0.05) effect on percent colonization of corn roots but had a significant, positive effect (p<0.05) on lettuce roots. Biosolids-derived triclosan and triclocarban did not inhibit the colonization of crop plant roots by AMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Prosser
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
| | - L Lissemore
- Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - R S Shahmohamadloo
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - P K Sibley
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Covacevich F, Castellari CC, Echeverría HE. [Physical and chemical methods for eliminating propagules of indigenous mycorrhizal fungi from soil samples]. Rev Argent Microbiol 2014; 46:231-6. [PMID: 25444132 DOI: 10.1016/s0325-7541(14)70077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate methods to eliminate or reduce the number of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) from soil samples without affecting their edaphic or microbiological properties. At an early trial we evaluated moist heat (autoclaving), dry heat (oven), sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and formaldehyde at a range of 100.0-3.3μl/g and 16.7-3.3μl/g respectively. There was no germination in plants of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) sown on substrates receiving NaClO (100.0-33.3μl/g), whereas autoclaving significantly increased the available soil phosphorous content. Both treatments failed to eradicate AMF colonization at 9 weeks; therefore, they were discarded. In a second trial, oven and formaldehyde (10.0μl/g) treatments were analyzed to assess the effects of seed decontamination and AMF reinoculation. Both procedures were effective in reducing or eliminating indigenous AMF at a range of soil P availability of 12-29mg/kg. However, the time between soil treatment and AMF multiplication and safety requirements were greater in the case of formaldehyde application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Covacevich
- Unidad Integrada, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, UNMdP-Estación Experimental Agropecuaria INTA Balcarce, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC), Mar del Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Claudia C Castellari
- Unidad Integrada, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, UNMdP-Estación Experimental Agropecuaria INTA Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Hernán E Echeverría
- Unidad Integrada, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, UNMdP-Estación Experimental Agropecuaria INTA Balcarce, Argentina
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Camenzind T, Hempel S, Homeier J, Horn S, Velescu A, Wilcke W, Rillig MC. Nitrogen and phosphorus additions impact arbuscular mycorrhizal abundance and molecular diversity in a tropical montane forest. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2014; 20:3646-3659. [PMID: 24764217 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Increased nitrogen (N) depositions expected in the future endanger the diversity and stability of ecosystems primarily limited by N, but also often co-limited by other nutrients like phosphorus (P). In this context a nutrient manipulation experiment (NUMEX) was set up in a tropical montane rainforest in southern Ecuador, an area identified as biodiversity hotspot. We examined impacts of elevated N and P availability on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), a group of obligate biotrophic plant symbionts with an important role in soil nutrient cycles. We tested the hypothesis that increased nutrient availability will reduce AMF abundance, reduce species richness and shift the AMF community toward lineages previously shown to be favored by fertilized conditions. NUMEX was designed as a full factorial randomized block design. Soil cores were taken after 2 years of nutrient additions in plots located at 2000 m above sea level. Roots were extracted and intraradical AMF abundance determined microscopically; the AMF community was analyzed by 454-pyrosequencing targeting the large subunit rDNA. We identified 74 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with a large proportion of Diversisporales. N additions provoked a significant decrease in intraradical abundance, whereas AMF richness was reduced significantly by N and P additions, with the strongest effect in the combined treatment (39% fewer OTUs), mainly influencing rare species. We identified a differential effect on phylogenetic groups, with Diversisporales richness mainly reduced by N additions in contrast to Glomerales highly significantly affected solely by P. Regarding AMF community structure, we observed a compositional shift when analyzing presence/absence data following P additions. In conclusion, N and P additions in this ecosystem affect AMF abundance, but especially AMF species richness; these changes might influence plant community composition and productivity and by that various ecosystem processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Camenzind
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, Berlin, D-14195, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, D-14195, Germany
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10
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Thougnon Islas AJ, Eyherabide M, Echeverría HE, Sainz Rozas HR, Covacevich F. [Mycotrophic capacity and efficiency of microbial consortia of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi native of soils from Buenos Aires province under contrasting management]. Rev Argent Microbiol 2014; 46:133-43. [PMID: 25011598 DOI: 10.1016/s0325-7541(14)70062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized the infective and sporulation capacities of microbial consortia of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) native of Buenos Aires province (Argentina) and determined if some soil characteristics and mycorrhizal parameters could allow to select potentially beneficial inocula. Soil samples were selected from seven locations in Buenos Aires province all under agricultural (A) and pristine (P) conditions. The AMF were multiplied and mycorrhizal root colonization of trap plants was observed at 10 weeks of growth. Spore number in field was low; however, after multiplication spore density accounted for 80-1175 spores per 100g of soil. The principal component analysis showed that the P and Fe soil contents are the main modulators of infectivity and sporulation capacity. The mycorrhizal potential was determined in three locations, being high in Pristine Lobería and Agricultural Trenque Lauquen and low in Junín. Agricultural Lobería (AL) and Pristine Lobería (PL) inocula were selected and their efficiency was evaluated under controlled conditions. Even though shoot dry matter increases after inoculation was not significant (p>0.05) mycorrhizal response was greater than 40% for tomato and 25% for corn, particularly after inoculation with inocula from the agricultural management. These results could be associated to the incipient development of mycorrhizae in both species. Additional research should be conducted to further develop our findings in order to determine the factors involved in the selection of efficient inocula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Thougnon Islas
- Unidad Integrada Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias-Estación Experimental Agropecuaria INTA Balcarce, Balcarce, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Mercedes Eyherabide
- Unidad Integrada Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias-Estación Experimental Agropecuaria INTA Balcarce, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Hernán E Echeverría
- Unidad Integrada Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias-Estación Experimental Agropecuaria INTA Balcarce, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Hernán R Sainz Rozas
- Unidad Integrada Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias-Estación Experimental Agropecuaria INTA Balcarce, Balcarce, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Fernanda Covacevich
- Unidad Integrada Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias-Estación Experimental Agropecuaria INTA Balcarce, Balcarce, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC), Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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11
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Lendenmann M, Thonar C, Barnard RL, Salmon Y, Werner RA, Frossard E, Jansa J. Symbiont identity matters: carbon and phosphorus fluxes between Medicago truncatula and different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. MYCORRHIZA 2011; 21:689-702. [PMID: 21472448 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-011-0371-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have scrutinized the nutritional benefits of arbuscular mycorrhizal associations to their host plants, while the carbon (C) balance of the symbiosis has often been neglected. Here, we present quantification of both the C costs and the phosphorus (P) uptake benefits of mycorrhizal association between barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) and three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species, namely Glomus intraradices, Glomus claroideum, and Gigaspora margarita. Plant growth, P uptake and C allocation were assessed 7 weeks after sowing by comparing inoculated plants with their non-mycorrhizal counterparts, supplemented with different amounts of P. Isotope tracing ³³P and ¹³C) was used to quantify both the mycorrhizal benefits and the costs, respectively. G. intraradices supported greatest plant P acquisition and incurred high C costs, which lead to similar plant growth benefits as inoculation with G. claroideum, which was less efficient in supporting plant P acquisition, but also required less C. G. margarita imposed large C requirement on the host plant and provided negligible P uptake benefits. However, it did not significantly reduce plant growth due to sink strength stimulation of plant photosynthesis. A simple experimental system such as the one established here should allow quantification of mycorrhizal costs and benefits routinely on a large number of experimental units. This is necessary for rapid progress in assessment of C fluxes between the plants and different mycorrhizal fungi or fungal communities, and for understanding the dynamics between mutualism and parasitism in mycorrhizal symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lendenmann
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Plant Nutrition Group, Eschikon 33, 8315, Lindau, Switzerland
| | - Cécile Thonar
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Plant Nutrition Group, Eschikon 33, 8315, Lindau, Switzerland
- TSBF-CIAT, Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute, c/o ICRAF, UN Avenue, Gigiri, PO Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Romain L Barnard
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Grassland Science Group, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, 137 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yann Salmon
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Grassland Science Group, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland A Werner
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Grassland Science Group, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Frossard
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Plant Nutrition Group, Eschikon 33, 8315, Lindau, Switzerland
| | - Jan Jansa
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Plant Nutrition Group, Eschikon 33, 8315, Lindau, Switzerland.
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Smith SE, Smith FA. Fresh perspectives on the roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in plant nutrition and growth. Mycologia 2011; 104:1-13. [PMID: 21933929 DOI: 10.3852/11-229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recent research on arbuscular mycorrhizas has demonstrated that AM fungi play a significant role in plant phosphorus (P) uptake, regardless of whether the plant responds positively to colonization in terms of growth or P content. Here we focus particularly on implications of this finding for consideration of the balance between organic carbon (C) use by the fungi and P delivery (i.e. the C-P trade between the symbionts). Positive growth responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization are attributed frequently to increased P uptake via the fungus, which results in relief of P deficiency and increased growth. Zero AM responses, compared with non-mycorrhizal (NM) plants, have conventionally been attributed to failure of the fungi to deliver P to the plants. Negative responses, combined with excessive C use, have been attributed to this failure. The fungi were viewed as parasites. Demonstration that the AM pathway of P uptake operates in such plants indicates that direct P uptake by the roots is reduced and that the fungi are not parasites but mutualists because they deliver P as well as using C. We suggest that poor plant growth is the result of P deficiency because AM fungi lower the amount of P taken up directly by roots but the AM uptake of P does compensate for the reduction. The implications of interplay between direct root uptake and AM fungal uptake of P also include increased tolerance of AM plants to toxins such as arsenate and increased success when competing with NM plants. Finally we discuss the new information on C-P trade in the context of control of the symbiosis by the fungus or the plant, including new information (from NM plants) on sugar transport and on the role of sucrose in the signaling network involved in responses of plants to P deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally E Smith
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Smith SE, Smith FA. Roles of arbuscular mycorrhizas in plant nutrition and growth: new paradigms from cellular to ecosystem scales. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 62:227-50. [PMID: 21391813 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 557] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Root systems of most land plants form arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses in the field, and these contribute to nutrient uptake. AM roots have two pathways for nutrient absorption, directly through the root epidermis and root hairs and via AM fungal hyphae into root cortical cells, where arbuscules or hyphal coils provide symbiotic interfaces. New physiological and molecular evidence shows that for phosphorus the mycorrhizal pathway (MP) is operational regardless of plant growth responses (positive or negative). Amounts delivered cannot be determined from plant nutrient contents because when responses are negative the contribution of the direct pathway (DP) is reduced. Nitrogen (N) is also delivered to roots via an MP, but the contribution to total N requirement and the costs to the plant are not clear. The functional interplay between activities of the DP and MP has important implications for consideration of AM symbioses in ecological, agronomic, and evolutionary contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally E Smith
- Soils Group, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
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Cloete KJ, Valentine AJ, Stander MA, Blomerus LM, Botha A. Evidence of symbiosis between the soil yeast Cryptococcus laurentii and a sclerophyllous medicinal shrub, Agathosma betulina (Berg.) Pillans. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2009; 57:624-632. [PMID: 18958514 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-008-9457-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between a common soil yeast, Cryptococcus laurentii, and a slow-growing medicinal plant adapted to low-nutrient soils, Agathosma betulina (Berg.) Pillans, was studied. C. laurentii CAB 578 was isolated from the rhizosphere of wild A. betulina, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) analysis revealed that the yeast was capable of producing polyamines, such as cadaverine and spermine, while growing in vitro in a chemically defined medium. Since the exogenous application of polyamines are known to impact on root growth, these findings supported the results obtained when axenic cultures of A. betulina seedlings were inoculated with C. laurentii CAB 578 and cultivated for 5 months under glasshouse conditions. The presence of the yeast increased root growth by 51%. Using soil dilution plates, it was demonstrated that yeast numbers were greater in the vicinity of the roots than in the bulk soil. In addition, fluoromicroscopy, in combination with the fluorescent probes Fungolight and Calcofluor white, revealed the presence of metabolic active yeast colonies on the rhizoplane 5 months after initiation of the experimentation. The study provided evidence for a symbiosis between C. laurentii and A. betulina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Cloete
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, Western Cape, South Africa
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Cavagnaro TR, Langley AJ, Jackson LE, Smukler SM, Koch GW. Growth, nutrition, and soil respiration of a mycorrhiza-defective tomato mutant and its mycorrhizal wild-type progenitor. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2008; 35:228-235. [PMID: 32688777 DOI: 10.1071/fp07281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effects of colonisation of roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on soil respiration, plant growth, nutrition, and soil microbial communities were assessed using a mycorrhiza-defective tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) mutant and its mycorrhizal wild-type progenitor. Plants were grown in rhizocosms in an automated respiration monitoring system over the course of the experiment (79 days). Soil respiration was similar in the two tomato genotypes, and between P treatments with plants. Mycorrhizal colonisation increased P and Zn content and decreased root biomass, but did not affect aboveground plant biomass. Soil microbial biomass C and soil microbial communities based on phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis were similar across all treatments, suggesting that the two genotypes differed little in their effect on soil activity. Although approximately similar amounts of C may have been expended belowground in both genotypes, they may have differed in the relative C allocation to root construction v. respiration. Further, net soil respiration did not differ between the two tomato genotypes, but root dry weight was lower in mycorrhizal roots, and respiration of mycorrhizal roots per unit dry weight was higher than nonmycorrhizal roots. This indicates that the AM contribution to soil respiration may indeed be significant, and nutrient uptake per unit C expenditure belowground in this experiment appeared to be higher in mycorrhizal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Cavagnaro
- School of Biological Sciences and Australian Centre for Biodiversity, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia
| | - Adam J Langley
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Centre, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
| | - Louise E Jackson
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8627, USA
| | - Sean M Smukler
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8627, USA
| | - George W Koch
- National Institute for Climatic Change Research, Box 5640, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
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16
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Li H, Smith FA, Dickson S, Holloway RE, Smith SE. Plant growth depressions in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses: not just caused by carbon drain? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 178:852-862. [PMID: 18346106 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
* This study investigated effects of plant density and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization on growth and phosphorus (P) nutrition of a cultivar of wheat (Triticum aestivum) that often shows early AM-induced growth depressions. * Two experiments were conducted. Expt 1 had three plant densities and one soil P concentration. Expt 2 had two plant densities and two P concentrations. Plants were grown in calcareous P-fixing soil, inoculated with Glomus intraradices or Gigaspora margarita, or noninoculated (nonmycorrhizal (NM)). Glomus intraradices colonized well and caused a growth depression only in Expt 1. Gigaspora margarita caused large growth depressions in both experiments even though it colonized poorly. * The results showed that growth depressions were mitigated by changes in relative competition for soil P by NM and AM plants, and probably by decreasing carbon costs of the fungi. * The different effects of the two fungi appear to be attributable to differences in the balance between P uptake by the fungal pathway and direct uptake via the roots. These differences may be important in other AM symbioses that result in growth depressions. The results show that mycorrhizal growth responses of plants grown singly may not apply at the population or community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Li
- Soil and Land Systems, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Waite Campus, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - F Andrew Smith
- Soil and Land Systems, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Waite Campus, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Sandy Dickson
- Soil and Land Systems, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Waite Campus, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Robert E Holloway
- Soil and Land Systems, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Waite Campus, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- Minnipa Agricultural Centre, South Australian Research and Development Institute, PO Box 31, Minnipa, South Australia 5654, Australia
| | - Sally E Smith
- Soil and Land Systems, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Waite Campus, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Cavagnaro TR, Sokolow SK, Jackson LE. Mycorrhizal effects on growth and nutrition of tomato under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2007; 34:730-736. [PMID: 32689401 DOI: 10.1071/fp06340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizas are predicted to be important in defining plant responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations. A mycorrhiza-defective tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) mutant with reduced mycorrhizal colonisation (rmc) and its mycorrhizal wild-type progenitor (76R MYC+) were grown under ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (eCO2) in a controlled environment chamber-based pot study. Plant growth, nutrient contents and mycorrhizal colonisation were measured four times over a 72-day period. The 76R MYC+ plants generally had higher concentrations of P, N and Zn than their rmc counterparts. Consistent with earlier studies, mycorrhizal colonisation was not affected by eCO2. Growth of the two genotypes was very similar under ambient CO2 conditions. Under eCO2 the mycorrhizal plants initially had higher biomass, but after 72 days, biomass was lower than for rmc plants, suggesting that in this pot study the costs of maintaining carbon inputs to the fungal symbiont outweighed the benefits with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Cavagnaro
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia
| | - Shannon K Sokolow
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8627, USA
| | - Louise E Jackson
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8627, USA
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18
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Dickson S, Smith FA, Smith SE. Structural differences in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses: more than 100 years after Gallaud, where next? MYCORRHIZA 2007; 17:375-393. [PMID: 17476535 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-007-0130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This review commemorates and examines the significance of the work of Isobel Gallaud more than 100 years ago that first established the existence of distinct structural classes (Arum-type and Paris-type) within arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses. We add new information from recent publications to the previous data last collated 10 years ago to consider whether any patterns have emerged on the basis of different fungal morphology within plant species or families. We discuss: (1) possible control exerted by the fungus over AM morphology; (2) apparent lack of plant phylogenetic relationships between the classes; (3) functions of the interfaces in different structural classes in relation to nutrient transfer in particular; and (4) the occurrence of plants with both of the major classes, and with intermediate AM structures, in different plant habitats. We also give suggestions for future research to help remove uncertainties about the functional and ecological significance of differences in AM morphology. Lastly, we urge retention of the terms Arum- and Paris-type, which are now well recognised by those who study AM symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dickson
- Soil and Land Systems (Waite Campus), School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
- Centre for Soil-Plant Interactions, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
| | - F A Smith
- Soil and Land Systems (Waite Campus), School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
- Centre for Soil-Plant Interactions, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - S E Smith
- Soil and Land Systems (Waite Campus), School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
- Centre for Soil-Plant Interactions, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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Bucher M. Functional biology of plant phosphate uptake at root and mycorrhiza interfaces. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 173:11-26. [PMID: 17176390 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential plant nutrient and one of the most limiting in natural habitats as well as in agricultural production world-wide. The control of P acquisition efficiency and its subsequent uptake and translocation in vascular plants is complex. The physiological role of key cellular structures in plant P uptake and underlying molecular mechanisms are discussed in this review, with emphasis on phosphate transport across the cellular membrane at the root and arbuscular-mycorrhizal (AM) interfaces. The tools of molecular genetics have facilitated novel approaches and provided one of the major driving forces in the investigation of the basic transport mechanisms underlying plant P nutrition. Genetic engineering holds the potential to modify the system in a targeted way at the root-soil or AM symbiotic interface. Such approaches should assist in the breeding of crop plants that exhibit improved P acquisition efficiency and thus require lower inputs of P fertilizer for optimal growth. Whether engineering of P transport systems can contribute to enhanced P uptake will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Bucher
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Plant Sciences, Experimental Station Eschikon 33, CH-8315 Lindau, Switzerland.
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Lapointe L, Lerat S. Annual growth of the spring ephemeral Erythronium americanum as a function of temperature and mycorrhizal status. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1139/b05-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of the spring ephemeral Erythronium americanum L. to grow and absorb nutrient either as nonmycorrhizal (NM) or mycorrhizal (M) plants under the low temperature regime characteristic of its growth period was investigated. Specimens of E. americanum were collected in the field as either NM (early September) or as M plants (late October). Both groups of plants were submitted to different nutrient regimes during the hypogeous growth period at 5 °C, and during the subsequent epigeous growth period conducted at temperature regimes of either 12 °C day : 10 °C night or 17 °C day : 15 °C night. Nutrient regime influenced bulb nutrient content only during the epigeous growth period. The presence of mycorrhizas did not influence nutrient content, but favoured a greater bulb biomass at the final harvest (epigeous growth period), as did the lower temperature regime. Net nutrient uptake was not reduced at lower temperatures and appeared to follow plant demand. These findings confirm that E. americanum is adapted to perform better under a low temperature regime and that mineral nutrition in this species occurs mainly in spring in response to active growth. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi benefit E. americanum maybe through less expensive nutrient uptake or sustained carbon sink demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Lapointe
- Département de biologie, Université Laval, Ste-Foy, QC G1K 7P4, Canada
| | - Sylvain Lerat
- Département de biologie, Université Laval, Ste-Foy, QC G1K 7P4, Canada
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21
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Abstract
• A survey of 12 plants colonized by six species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was conducted to explore the diversity of Arum and Paris mycorrhizal structures. • Surveyed root material was sectioned both longitudinally and transversely, double-stained and mycorrhizal structures were identified. A detailed time course experiment using four plant, and four fungal species, was used to investigate the sequential development of hyphae, arbuscules, hyphal coils, arbusculate coils and vesicles. • The survey indicated that there was a continuum of mycorrhizal structures ranging from Arum to Paris, depending upon both the host plant and the fungus. The time course showed that total colonization increased, and that the establishment of the various mycorrhizal structures did not appear to change greatly over time. • It was concluded that identification of fungal structures and their subsequent development into morphological types is not easily defined. Visual inspection of root squashes is not always adequate, especially where transverse sections are needed to determine if longitudinal hyphae are inter or intracellular; this is essential to distinguish intermediate types.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dickson
- Centre for Soil-Plant Interactions, Soil and Land Systems (Waite Campus), School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Karandashov V, Nagy R, Wegmüller S, Amrhein N, Bucher M. Evolutionary conservation of a phosphate transporter in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:6285-90. [PMID: 15075387 PMCID: PMC395961 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0306074101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2003] [Accepted: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizae are ancient symbioses that are thought to have originated >400 million years ago in the roots of plants, pioneering the colonization of terrestrial habitats. In these associations, a key process is the transfer of phosphorus as inorganic phosphate to the host plant across the fungus-plant interface. Mycorrhiza-specific phosphate transporter genes and their regulation are conserved in phylogenetically distant plant species, and they are activated selectively by fungal species from the phylum Glomeromycota. The potato phosphate transporter gene StPT3 is expressed in a temporally defined manner in root cells harboring various mycorrhizal structures, including thick-coiled hyphae. The results highlight the role of different symbiotic structures in phosphorus transfer, and they indicate that cell-cell contact between the symbiotic partners is required to induce phosphate transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Karandashov
- Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Institute of Plant Sciences, Experimental Station Eschikon 33, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland
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De Grandcourt A, Epron D, Montpied P, Louisanna E, Béreau M, Garbaye J, Guehl JM. Contrasting responses to mycorrhizal inoculation and phosphorus availability in seedlings of two tropical rainforest tree species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2004; 161:865-875. [PMID: 33873722 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2004.00978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• This work aimed at understanding the role of mycorrhizal status in phosphorus efficiency of tree seedlings in the tropical rainforest of French Guyana. • Mycorrhizal colonization, growth, phosphorus content, net photosynthesis and root respiration were determined on three occasions during a 9-month growth period for seedlings of two co-occurring species (Dicorynia guianensis and Eperua falcata) grown at three soil phosphorus concentrations, with or without inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizas. • Seedlings of both species were unable to absorb phosphorus in the absence of mycorrhizal association. Mycorrhizal seedlings exhibited coils that are specific of Paris-type mycorrhizae. Both species benefited from the mycorrhizal symbiosis in terms of phosphorus acquisition but the growth of E. falcata seedlings was unresponsive to this mycorrhizal improvement of phosphorus status, probably because of the combination of high seed mass and P reserves, with low growth rate. • The two species belong to two different functional groups regarding phosphorus acquisition, D. guianensis being an obligate mycotrophic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès De Grandcourt
- UMR INRA ENGREF CIRAD 'Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane', Campus Agronomique, 97387 Kourou cedex, Guyane Française
| | - Daniel Epron
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Ecophysiologie, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25211 Montbéliard cedex, France
- UMR INRA UHP 'Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières', Université Henri Poincaré, F-54506 Vandoeuvre cedex, France
| | - Pierre Montpied
- UMR INRA UHP 'Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières', Centre INRA de Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Eliane Louisanna
- UMR INRA ENGREF CIRAD 'Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane', Campus Agronomique, 97387 Kourou cedex, Guyane Française
| | - Moïse Béreau
- UMR INRA ENGREF CIRAD 'Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane', Campus Agronomique, 97387 Kourou cedex, Guyane Française
| | - Jean Garbaye
- UMR INRA UHP 'Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes', Centre INRA de Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Jean-Marc Guehl
- UMR INRA UHP 'Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières', Centre INRA de Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France
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Cavagnaro TR, Smith FA, Hay G, Carne-Cavagnaro VL, Smith SE. Inoculum type does not affect overall resistance of an arbuscular mycorrhiza-defective tomato mutant to colonisation but inoculation does change competitive interactions with wild-type tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2004; 161:485-494. [PMID: 33873510 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.00967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
• The influence of inoculum type on colonisation of a mycorrhiza-defective tomato mutant, rmc, by the AM fungus Glomus coronatum was studied by comparing inoculum composed predominantly of spores with hyphae growing from mycorrhizal 'nurse plants', including the wild-type tomato progenitor (WT), other Lycopersicon species, and leek. • Colonisation of rmc was not primarily influenced by inoculum source; minor differences could be attributed to differences in inoculum potential. The mutation is therefore different from other mycorrhiza-defective tomato mutants. • Growth of rmc was reduced in the presence of nurse plants, because of competition with them, so a second experiment examined the effects of AM colonisation on competition between rmc and the WT tomato. This experiment was a replacement series in which rmc and WT were grown in competition and as single plants, inoculated with G. coronatum or uninoculated. • The WT did not respond to G. coronatum when grown alone, but responded positively when in competition with rmc. We conclude from the second experiment that mycorrhizal responsiveness is influenced by competition with (in this case) a surrogate nonhost plant rmc in a situation that mimics interspecific competition. It is therefore a community-based parameter. Results are discussed in the context of responses of mycorrhizal vs nonmycorrhizal species and competition in natural plant ecosytems.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Cavagnaro
- Centre for Plant Root Symbioses, Soil and Land Systems, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences and
- Plant and Pest Sciences, School of Agriculture and Wine, Waite Campus, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - F A Smith
- Centre for Plant Root Symbioses, Soil and Land Systems, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences and
| | - G Hay
- Centre for Plant Root Symbioses, Soil and Land Systems, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences and
- Present address: Environmental Biology, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - V L Carne-Cavagnaro
- Plant and Pest Sciences, School of Agriculture and Wine, Waite Campus, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - S E Smith
- Centre for Plant Root Symbioses, Soil and Land Systems, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences and
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Ryan MH, McCully ME, Huang CX. Location and quantification of phosphorus and other elements in fully hydrated, soil-grown arbuscular mycorrhizas: a cryo-analytical scanning electron microscopy study. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2003; 160:429-441. [PMID: 33832170 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
• Concentrations of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) were determined in situ in fully hydrated arbuscular mycorrhizas by cryo-analytical scanning electron microscopy. The field- and glasshouse-grown plants (subterranean and white clovers, field pea and leek) were colonized by indigenous mycorrhizal fungi. • The [P] in intraradical hyphae was generally 60-170 mM, although up to 600 mM was recorded, and formed strong linear relationships with [K], up to 350 mM, and [Mg], up to 175 mM. Little Ca was detected. The turgid branches of young arbuscules contained 30-50 mM P, up to 100 mM K and little Mg. Collapsing arbuscule branches and clumped arbuscules had greatly elevated Ca (30-250 mM), but otherwise differed little from young arbuscule branches in elemental concentration. • The [P] was low or undetectable in 86% of uncolonized cortical cell vacuoles, but was generally elevated in vacuoles surrounding an arbuscule and in the liquid surrounding hyphae in intercellular spaces. • Our results suggest that both young arbuscules and intercellular hyphae are sites for P-transfer, that Mg2+ and K+ are probably balancing cations for P anions in hyphae, and that host cells may limit arbuscule lifespan through deposition of material rich in Ca.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Ryan
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Present address; School of Plant Biology MO81, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - M E McCully
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - C X Huang
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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