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Yang M, Wu X, Li L, Li S, Li N, Mao M, Pan S, Du R, Wang X, Chen M, Xiao N, Zhu X, He G, Zhang L, Huang W, Pan H, Deng L, Chen L, Liang L, Guan J. COMMD10 inhibits tumor progression and induces apoptosis by blocking NF-κB signal and values up BCLC staging in predicting overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e403. [PMID: 34047468 PMCID: PMC8093973 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Currently, there is limited knowledge of dysregulation of cellular proliferation and apoptosis that contribute to the malignant phenotype in HCC. Copper metabolism gene MURR1 domain 10 (COMMD10) is initially identified as a suppressor gene in the pathogenesis of HCC in our observations. Here we aimed to explore its function and prognostic value in the progression of HCC. METHODS Functional experiments were performed to explore the role of COMMD10 in HCC. The molecular mechanisms of COMMD10 were determined by luciferase assay, immunofluorescence, and immunoprecipitation. The nomogram was based on a retrospective and multicenter study of 516 patients who were pathologically diagnosed with HCC from three Chinese hospitals. The predictive accuracy and discriminative ability of the nomogram were determined by a C-index and calibration curve and were compared with COMMD10 and the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). RESULTS COMMD10 expression was significantly lower in HCC than that in normal liver tissues. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that COMMD10 suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in HCC. Mechanistically, COMMD10 inhibits TNFα mediated ubiquitination of IκBα and p65 nuclear translocation through the combination of COMMD10-N terminal to the Rel homology domain of p65, which inhibited NF-κB activity and increased expression of cleaved caspase9/3 in HCC. Clinically, COMMD10 stratifies early-stage HCC patients into two risk groups with significantly different OS. Additionally, the nomogram based on COMMD10 and BCLC stage yielded more accuracy than BCLC stage alone for predicting OS of HCC patients in three cohorts. CONCLUSIONS COMMD10 suppresses proliferation and promotes apoptosis by inhibiting NF-κB signaling and values up BCLC staging in predicting OS, which provides evidence for the identification of potential therapeutic targets and the accurate prediction of prognosis for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Xixi Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Shaoqun Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Mengyuan Mao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Suming Pan
- Department of RadiotherapyYue Bei People's Hospital of Guangdong provinceShaoguanGuangdongChina
| | - Richang Du
- Department of PathologyYue Bei People's Hospital of Guangdong provinceShaoguanGuangdongChina
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Nanjie Xiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Xiaohui Zhu
- Department of Patholog, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Department of Patholog, School of Basic Medical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor PathologyGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Guoyang He
- Department of Patholog, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Department of Patholog, School of Basic Medical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor PathologyGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Longshan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Weiqiang Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Hua Pan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Lan Deng
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Longhua Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Li Liang
- Department of Patholog, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Department of Patholog, School of Basic Medical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor PathologyGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Jian Guan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
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Integrated Full-Length Transcriptome and RNA-Seq to Identify Immune System Genes from the Skin of Sperm Whale ( Physeter macrocephalus). Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020233. [PMID: 33562637 PMCID: PMC7914425 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cetaceans are a group of secondary aquatic mammals whose ancestors returned to the ocean from land, and during evolution, their immune systems adapted to the aquatic environment. Their skin, as the primary barrier to environmental pathogens, supposedly evolved to adapt to a new living environment. However, the immune system in the skin of cetaceans and the associated molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown. To better understand the immune system, we extracted RNA from the sperm whale's (Physeter macrocephalus) skin and performed PacBio full-length sequencing and RNA-seq sequencing. We obtained a total of 96,350 full-length transcripts with an average length of 1705 bp and detected 5150 genes that were associated with 21 immune-related pathways by gene annotation enrichment analysis. Moreover, we found 89 encoding genes corresponding to 33 proteins were annotated in the NOD-like receptor (NLR)-signaling pathway, including NOD1, NOD2, RIP2, and NF-kB genes, which were discussed in detail and predicted to play essential roles in the immune system of the sperm whale. Furthermore, NOD1 was highly conservative during evolution by the sequence comparison and phylogenetic tree. These results provide new information about the immune system in the skin of cetaceans, as well as the evolution of immune-related genes.
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Khare V, Tabassum S, Chatterjee U, Chatterjee S, Ghosh MK. RNA helicase p68 deploys β-catenin in regulating RelA/p65 gene expression: implications in colon cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019; 38:330. [PMID: 31351496 PMCID: PMC6660689 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1304-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RelA/p65 a crucial member of NF-κB signaling pathway plays diverse role in mediating oncogenesis. Limited knowledge prevails on the mechanistic insights of RelA gene regulation. RNA helicase p68 apart from being a vital player of RNA metabolism acts as a transcriptional coactivator of several oncogenic transcription factors including β-catenin and is highly implicated in cancer progression. In this study, we aim to discern the molecular mechanism of how an RNA helicase, p68 deploys a major oncogenic signaling pathway, Wnt/ β-catenin to regulate the expression of RelA, an indispensable component of NF-κB signaling pathway towards driving colon carcinogenesis. METHODS Immunoblotting and quantitative RT-PCR was performed for determining the protein and mRNA expressions of the concerned genes respectively. Luciferase assay was employed for studying the promoter activity of RelA. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to evaluate the occupancy of transcription factors on the RelA promoter. Immunohistochemical analysis was conducted using FFPE sections derived from normal human colon and colon cancer patient samples. Finally, a syngeneic colorectal allograft mouse model was used to assess physiological significance of the in vitro findings. RESULTS p68, β-catenin and RelA proteins were found to bear strong positive correlation in normal and colon carcinoma patient samples. Both p68 and β-catenin increased RelA mRNA and protein expression. p68, β-catenin and Wnt3a elevated RelA promoter activity. Conversely, p68 and β-catenin knockdown diminished RelA promoter activity and led to reduced RelA mRNA and protein expression. p68 was perceived to occupy RelA promoter with β-catenin at the TCF4/LEF (TBE) sites thereby potentiating RelA transcription. p68 and β-catenin alliance positively modulated the expression of signature NF-κB target genes. Enhanced NF-κB target gene expression by p68 was corroborated by findings in clinical samples. Tumors generated in mice colorectal allograft model, stably expressing p68 further reinforced our in vitro findings. CONCLUSIONS We report for the first time a novel mechanism of alliance between p68 and β-catenin in regulating the expression of RelA and stimulating the NF-κB signaling axis towards driving colon carcinogenesis. This study unravels novel modes of p68-mediated colon carcinogenesis, marking it a potential target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veenita Khare
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata- 700091 & 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032 India
| | - Shaheda Tabassum
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata- 700091 & 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032 India
| | - Uttara Chatterjee
- Division of Pathology, Park Clinic, 4, Gorky Terrace, Kolkata, 700017 India
| | - Sandip Chatterjee
- Division of Pathology, Park Clinic, 4, Gorky Terrace, Kolkata, 700017 India
| | - Mrinal K. Ghosh
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata- 700091 & 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032 India
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Morrissy SJ, Sun H, Zhang J, Strom J, Chen QM. Differential Regulation of Bcl-xL Gene Expression by Corticosterone, Progesterone, and Retinoic Acid. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2016; 30:309-16. [PMID: 26915917 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Corticosterone (CT), progesterone (PG), and retinoic acid (RA) are capable of inhibiting Doxorubicin (Dox) from inducing apoptosis in rat cardiomyocytes. Mechanistically, CT, PG, and RA induce increases of Bcl-xL protein and mRNA, and activate a 3.2 kb bcl-x gene promoter. CT and RA, but not PG, induced the activity of a 0.9 kb bcl-x promoter, containing sequences for AP-1 and NF-kB binding. RA, but not CT or PG, induced NF-kB activation. CT, but not PG or RA, induced AP-1 activation, and induction of the 0.9 kb bcl-x reporter by CT was inhibited by dominant negative c-Jun TAM-67 or removal of AP-1 binding site. Therefore, although CT, PG, and RA all induce Bcl-xL mRNA and protein, three independent mechanisms are in operation: while CT induces Bcl-xL via AP-1 transcription factor, and RA induces NF-kB activation and bcl-x promoter activity, PG induces Bcl-xL via a mechanism independent of NF-kB or AP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve J Morrissy
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Haipeng Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Jack Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Joshua Strom
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Qin M Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
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Chen WL, Wang CC, Lin YJ, Wu CP, Hsieh CH. Cycling hypoxia induces chemoresistance through the activation of reactive oxygen species-mediated B-cell lymphoma extra-long pathway in glioblastoma multiforme. J Transl Med 2015; 13:389. [PMID: 26711814 PMCID: PMC4693410 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0758-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cycling hypoxia is a well-recognized phenomenon within animal and human solid tumors. It contributes to the resistance to cytotoxic therapies through anti-apoptotic effects. However, the mechanism underlying cycling hypoxia-mediated anti-apoptosis remains unclear. METHODS Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways, B-cell lymphoma extra-long (Bcl-xL) expression, caspase activation, and apoptosis in in vitro hypoxic stress-treated glioblastoma cells or tumor hypoxic cells derived from human glioblastoma xenografts were determined by in vitro ROS analysis, reporter assay, western blotting analysis, quantitative real-time PCR, caspase-3 activity assay, and annexin V staining assay, respectively. Tempol, a membrane-permeable radical scavenger, Bcl-xL knockdown, and specific inhibitors of HIF-1α and NF-κB were utilized to explore the mechanisms of cycling hypoxia-mediated resistance to temozolomide (TMZ) in vitro and in vivo and to identify potential therapeutic targets. RESULTS Bcl-xL expression and anti-apoptotic effects were upregulated under cycling hypoxia in glioblastoma cells concomitantly with decreased responses to TMZ through ROS-mediated HIF-1α and NF-κB activation. Tempol, YC-1 (HIF-1 inhibitor), and Bay 11-7082 (NF-κB inhibitor) suppressed the cycling hypoxia-mediated Bcl-xL induction in vitro and in vivo. Bcl-xL knockdown and Tempol treatment inhibited cycling hypoxia-induced chemoresistance. Moreover, Tempol treatment of intracerebral glioblastoma-bearing mice combined with TMZ chemotherapy synergistically suppressed tumor growth and increased survival rate. CONCLUSIONS Cycling hypoxia-induced Bcl-xL expression via ROS-mediated HIF-1α and NF-κB activation plays an important role in the tumor microenvironment-promoted anti-apoptosis and chemoresistance in glioblastoma. Thus, ROS blockage may be an attractive therapeutic strategy for tumor microenvironment-induced chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ling Chen
- Aging Medicine Program, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Psychiatry, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Chung Wang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Pu Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Hung Hsieh
- Aging Medicine Program, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Forster L, McCooke J, Bellgard M, Joske D, Finlayson J, Ghassemifar R. Differential gene expression analysis in early and late erythroid progenitor cells in β-thalassaemia. Br J Haematol 2015; 170:257-67. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Forster
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Western Australia; Nedlands WA Australia
| | - John McCooke
- Centre for Comparative Genomics; Murdoch University; Murdoch WA Australia
| | - Matthew Bellgard
- Centre for Comparative Genomics; Murdoch University; Murdoch WA Australia
| | - David Joske
- Department of Haematology; PathWest Laboratory Medicine; Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre; Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Jill Finlayson
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Western Australia; Nedlands WA Australia
- Department of Haematology; PathWest Laboratory Medicine; Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre; Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Reza Ghassemifar
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Western Australia; Nedlands WA Australia
- Department of Haematology; PathWest Laboratory Medicine; Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre; Nedlands WA Australia
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Zhuang Z, Sun XJ, Zhang X, Liu HD, You WC, Ma CY, Zhu L, Zhou ML, Shi JX. Nuclear factor-κB/Bcl-XL pathway is involved in the protective effect of hydrogen-rich saline on the brain following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rabbits. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:1599-608. [PMID: 24105634 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Early brain injury (EBI), a significant contributor to poor outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), is intimately associated with neuronal apoptosis. Recently, the protective role of hydrogen (H2 ) in the brain has been widely studied, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Numerous studies have shown nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) as a crucial survival pathway in neurons. Here we investigated the role of H2 in EBI following SAH, focusing on the NF-κB pathway. A double blood injection model was used to produce experimental SAH, and H2 -rich saline was injected intraperitoneally. NF-κB activity within the occipital cortex was measured. Immunofluorescence was performed to demonstrate the activation of NF-κB; Bcl-xL and cleaved caspase-3 were determined via Western blot. Gene expression of Bcl-xL was detected by real-time PCR, and TUNEL and Nissl staining were performed to illustrate brain injury in the occipital cortex. SAH induced a significant increase of cleaved caspase-3. Correspondingly, TUNEL staining demonstrated obvious neuronal apoptosis following SAH. In contrast, H2 treatment markedly increased NF-κB activity and the expression of Bcl-xL and decreased the level of cleaved caspase-3. Additionally, H2 treatment significantly reduced post-SAH neuronal apoptosis. The current study shows that H2 treatment alleviates EBI in the rabbits following SAH and that NF-κB/Bcl-xL pathway is involved in the protective role of H2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Regulation of autophagy by stress-responsive transcription factors. Semin Cancer Biol 2013; 23:310-22. [PMID: 23726895 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that promotes the lysosomal degradation of intracellular components including organelles and portions of the cytoplasm. Besides operating as a quality control mechanism in steady-state conditions, autophagy is upregulated in response to a variety of homeostatic perturbations. In this setting, autophagy mediates prominent cytoprotective effects as it sustains energetic homeostasis and contributes to the removal of cytotoxic stimuli, thus orchestrating a cell-wide, multipronged adaptive response to stress. In line with the critical role of autophagy in health and disease, defects in the autophagic machinery as well as in autophagy-regulatory signaling pathways have been associated with multiple human pathologies, including neurodegenerative disorders, autoimmune conditions and cancer. Accumulating evidence indicates that the autophagic response to stress may proceed in two phases. Thus, a rapid increase in the autophagic flux, which occurs within minutes or hours of exposure to stressful conditions and is entirely mediated by post-translational protein modifications, is generally followed by a delayed and protracted autophagic response that relies on the activation of specific transcriptional programs. Stress-responsive transcription factors including p53, NF-κB and STAT3 have recently been shown to play a major role in the regulation of both these phases of the autophagic response. Here, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms whereby autophagy is orchestrated by stress-responsive transcription factors.
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Beclin 1 interactome controls the crosstalk between apoptosis, autophagy and inflammasome activation: impact on the aging process. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:520-34. [PMID: 23220384 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis are crucial cellular housekeeping and tissue survival mechanisms. There is emerging evidence of important crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy which can be linked to inflammasome activation. Beclin 1 is a platform protein which assembles an interactome consisting of diverse proteins which control the initiation of autophagocytosis and distinct phases in endocytosis. Recent studies have demonstrated that the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members can interact with Beclin 1 and inhibit autophagy. Consequently, impaired autophagy can trigger inflammasome activation. Interestingly, the hallmarks of the ageing process include a decline in autophagy, increased resistance to apoptosis and a low-grade inflammatory phenotype. Age-related stresses, e.g. genotoxic, metabolic and environmental insults, enhance the expression of NF-κB-driven anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins which repress the Beclin 1-dependent autophagy. Suppression of autophagocytosis provokes inflammation including NF-κB activation which further potentiates anti-apoptotic defence. In a context-dependent manner, this feedback defence mechanism can enhance the aging process or provoke tumorigenesis or cellular senescence. We will review the role of Beclin 1 interactome in the crosstalk between apoptosis, autophagy and inflammasomes emphasizing that disturbances in Beclin 1-dependent autophagy can have a crucial impact on the aging process.
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A Picrorhiza kurroa derivative, picroliv, attenuates the development of dextran-sulfate-sodium-induced colitis in mice. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:751629. [PMID: 23125487 PMCID: PMC3480037 DOI: 10.1155/2012/751629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Free radicals and proinflammatory cytokines have been shown to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). Picroliv, a Picrorhiza kurroa derivative, has been demonstrated to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of picroliv on experimental model of UC in mice. Materials and Methods. Picroliv was administrated orally by gavage to mice with colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Disease activity index (DAI), colon length, and histology score were observed. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and SOD, MDA concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) while the expression of cytokine mRNAs was studied by real-time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and also ELISA. The expression of NF-κB p65 was observed by immunohistochemistry staining and western blotting. Results. A significant improvement was observed in DAI and histological score in mice treated with picroliv, and incerased MPO activity, MDA concentrations, and the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and NF-κB p65 in mice with DSS-induced colitis were significantly reduced while decreased SOD level increased following administration of picroliv. Conclusion. The administration of picroliv leads to an amelioration of DSS-induced colitis, suggesting administration of picroliv may provide a therapeutic approach for UC.
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Context-Dependent Regulation of Autophagy by IKK-NF-κB Signaling: Impact on the Aging Process. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:849541. [PMID: 22899934 PMCID: PMC3412117 DOI: 10.1155/2012/849541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The NF-κB signaling system and the autophagic degradation pathway are crucial cellular survival mechanisms, both being well conserved during evolution. Emerging studies have indicated that the IKK/NF-κB signaling axis regulates autophagy in a context-dependent manner. IKK complex and NF-κB can enhance the expression of Beclin 1 and other autophagy-related proteins and stimulate autophagy whereas as a feedback response, autophagy can degrade IKK components. Moreover, NF-κB signaling activates the expression of autophagy inhibitors (e.g., A20 and Bcl-2/xL) and represses the activators of autophagy (BNIP3, JNK1, and ROS). Several studies have indicated that NF-κB signaling is enhanced both during aging and cellular senescence, inducing a proinflammatory phenotype. The aging process is also associated with a decline in autophagic degradation. It seems that the activity of Beclin 1 initiation complex could be impaired with aging, since the expression of Beclin 1 decreases as does the activity of type III PI3K. On the other hand, the expression of inhibitory Bcl-2/xL proteins increases with aging. We will review the recent literature on the control mechanisms of autophagy through IKK/NF-κB signaling and emphasize that NF-κB signaling could be a potent repressor of autophagy with ageing.
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Lamb LE, Zarif JC, Miranti CK. The androgen receptor induces integrin α6β1 to promote prostate tumor cell survival via NF-κB and Bcl-xL Independently of PI3K signaling. Cancer Res 2011; 71:2739-49. [PMID: 21310825 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that androgen receptor (AR) signaling is critical for prostate cancer cell survival, even in castration-resistant disease wherein AR continues to function independently of exogenous androgens. Integrin-mediated adhesion to the extracellular matrix is also important for prostate cell survival. AR-positive prostate cancer cells express primarily integrin α6β1 and adhere to a laminin-rich matrix. In this study, we show that active nuclear-localized AR protects prostate cancer cells from death induced by phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibition when cells adhere to laminin. Resistance to PI3K inhibition is mediated directly by an AR-dependent increase in integrin α6β1 mRNA transcription and protein expression. Subsequent signaling by integrin α6β1 in AR-expressing cells increased NF-κB activation and Bcl-xL expression. Blocking AR, integrin α6, NF-κB, or Bcl-xL concurrent with inhibition of PI3K was sufficient and necessary to trigger death of laminin-adherent AR-expressing cells. Taken together, these results define a novel integrin-dependent survival pathway in prostate cancer cells that is regulated by AR, independent of and parallel to the PI3K pathway. Our findings suggest that combined targeting of both the AR/α6β1 and PI3K pathways may effectively trigger prostate cancer cell death, enhancing the potential therapeutic value of PI3K inhibitors being evaluated in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Lamb
- Laboratory of Integrin Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Yu Y, Keller SH, Remillard CV, Safrina O, Nicholson A, Zhang SL, Jiang W, Vangala N, Landsberg JW, Wang JY, Thistlethwaite PA, Channick RN, Robbins IM, Loyd JE, Ghofrani HA, Grimminger F, Schermuly RT, Cahalan MD, Rubin LJ, Yuan JXJ. A functional single-nucleotide polymorphism in the TRPC6 gene promoter associated with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation 2009; 119:2313-22. [PMID: 19380626 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.782458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) plays an important role in the development of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH), whereas a rise in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration triggers PASMC contraction and stimulates PASMC proliferation. Recently, we demonstrated that upregulation of the TRPC6 channel contributes to proliferation of PASMCs isolated from IPAH patients. This study sought to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TRPC6 gene promoter that are associated with IPAH and have functional significance in regulating TRPC6 activity in PASMCs. METHODS AND RESULTS Genomic DNA was isolated from blood samples of 237 normal subjects and 268 IPAH patients. Three biallelic SNPs, -361 (A/T), -254(C/G), and -218 (C/T), were identified in the 2000-bp sequence upstream of the transcriptional start site of TRPC6. Although the allele frequencies of the -361 and -218 SNPs were not different between the groups, the allele frequency of the -254(C-->G) SNP in IPAH patients (12%) was significantly higher than in normal subjects (6%; P<0.01). Genotype data showed that the percentage of -254G/G homozygotes in IPAH patients was 2.85 times that of normal subjects. Moreover, the -254(C-->G) SNP creates a binding sequence for nuclear factor-kappaB. Functional analyses revealed that the -254(C-->G) SNP enhanced nuclear factor-kappaB-mediated promoter activity and stimulated TRPC6 expression in PASMCs. Inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB activity attenuated TRPC6 expression and decreased agonist-activated Ca2+ influx in PASMCs of IPAH patients harboring the -254G allele. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the -254(C-->G) SNP may predispose individuals to an increased risk of IPAH by linking abnormal TRPC6 transcription to nuclear factor-kappaB, an inflammatory transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0725, USA.
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14
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Jiang Y, Cukic B, Adjeroh DA, Skinner HD, Lin J, Shen QJ, Jiang BH. An algorithm for identifying novel targets of transcription factor families: application to hypoxia-inducible factor 1 targets. Cancer Inform 2009; 7:75-89. [PMID: 19352460 PMCID: PMC2664698 DOI: 10.4137/cin.s1054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient and effective analysis of the growing genomic databases requires the development of adequate computational tools. We introduce a fast method based on the suffix tree data structure for predicting novel targets of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) from huge genome databases. The suffix tree data structure has two powerful applications here: one is to extract unknown patterns from multiple strings/sequences in linear time; the other is to search multiple strings/sequences using multiple patterns in linear time. Using 15 known HIF-1 target gene sequences as a training set, we extracted 105 common patterns that all occur in the 15 training genes using suffix trees. Using these 105 common patterns along with known subsequences surrounding HIF-1 binding sites from the literature, the algorithm searches a genome database that contains 2,078,786 DNA sequences. It reported 258 potentially novel HIF-1 targets including 25 known HIF-1 targets. Based on microarray studies from the literature, 17 putative genes were confirmed to be upregulated by HIF-1 or hypoxia inside these 258 genes. We further studied one of the potential targets, COX-2, in the biological lab; and showed that it was a biologically relevant HIF-1 target. These results demonstrate that our methodology is an effective computational approach for identifying novel HIF-1 targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jiang
- Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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15
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Lee J, Kannagi M, Ferrante RJ, Kowall NW, Ryu H. Activation of Ets-2 by oxidative stress induces Bcl-xL expression and accounts for glial survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. FASEB J 2009; 23:1739-49. [PMID: 19179380 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-121046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective degeneration of motor neurons and glial activation. Cell-specific transcriptional regulation induced by oxidative stress may contribute to the survival and activation of astrocytes in the face of motor neuron death. In the present study, we demonstrate an age-dependent increase in Bcl-xL and Ets-2 immunoreactivity that correlates with an increase of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells in the ventral horn of the spinal cord in both ALS transgenic mice [mutant SOD1 (G93A)] and affected humans. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis verified that Ets-2 preferentially occupies the Ets-2 binding element in the promoter of Bcl-xL in primary astrocytes under oxidative stress conditions as well as in G93A spinal cords. Ets-2 small-interfering RNA down-regulated the transcriptional activity of Bcl-xL. In primary glial cultures, Bcl-xL overexpression and mutant SOD1 (G93A) both conferred resistance to oxidative stress-induced cell death. Our findings suggest that Ets-2 transcription factor activation of Bcl-xL gene may protect glia from constitutive oxidative stress that is thought to be a key mechanism contributing to the pathogenesis of ALS. This survival pathway may contribute to the glial survival and activation seen in the spinal cord of ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghee Lee
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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16
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Madsen L, Petersen RK, Steffensen KR, Pedersen LM, Hallenborg P, Ma T, Frøyland L, Døskeland SO, Gustafsson JÅ, Kristiansen K. Activation of Liver X Receptors Prevents Statin-induced Death of 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:22723-36. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800720200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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17
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Zeng Y, Wu Y, Deng Z, You X, Zhu C, Yu M, Wan Y. Apoptosis induced by lipid-associated membrane proteins from Mycoplasma penetrans is mediated by nuclear factor kappaB activation in mouse macrophage. Can J Microbiol 2008; 54:150-8. [PMID: 18388985 DOI: 10.1139/w07-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma penetrans was shown to be involved in alteration of several eukaryotical cells functions and a causative agent in urogenital infectious diseases. Lipid-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs) may be responsible for the pathogenicity of some mycoplamas. In this study, we investigated whether M. penetrans LAMPs have pathogenic potential by inducing apoptosis in mouse macrophages. As analyzed by annexin-V - fluorescein isothiocyanate staining, significant early- and late-stage apoptosis was induced in M. penetrans LAMPs-challenged mouse macrophages. And agarose gel electrophoresis of the DNA of M. penetrans LAMPs-challenged cells revealed a ladder-like pattern of migration of DNA indicative of apoptosis. The possible molecular mechanisms responsible for the induction of apoptosis were also investigated by characterizing the activation of nuclear transcription factor kappaB (NFkappaB). NFkappaB was activated and translocated into the nucleus in mouse macrophages stimulated by M. penetrans LAMPs. The activation of NFkappaB and M. penetrans LAMPs-induced apoptosis in mouse macrophages was partially inhibited by the NFkappaB-specific inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate. Thus, this study demonstrates that M. penetrans LAMPs may be an important etiological factor owing to their ability to induce apoptosis in mouse macrophages, which is probably mediated through the activation of NFkappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Zeng
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
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18
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Ye Y, Martinez JD, Perez-Polo RJ, Lin Y, Uretsky BF, Birnbaum Y. The role of eNOS, iNOS, and NF-kappaB in upregulation and activation of cyclooxygenase-2 and infarct size reduction by atorvastatin. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 295:H343-51. [PMID: 18469150 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01350.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pretreatment with atorvastatin (ATV) reduces infarct size (IS) and increases myocardial expression of phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (p-eNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) in the rat. Inhibiting COX2 abolished the ATV-induced IS limitation without affecting p-eNOS and iNOS expression. We investigated 1) whether 3-day ATV pretreatment limits IS in eNOS(-/-) and iNOS(-/-) mice and 2) whether COX2 expression and/or activation by ATV is eNOS, iNOS, and/or NF-kappaB dependent. Male C57BL/6 wild-type (WT), University of North Carolina eNOS(-/-) and iNOS(-/-) mice received ATV (10 mg.kg(-1).day(-1); ATV(+)) or water alone (ATV(-)) for 3 days. Mice underwent 30 min of coronary artery occlusion and 4 h of reperfusion, or hearts were harvested and subjected to ELISA, immunoblotting, biotin switch, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. As a result, ATV reduced IS only in the WT mice. ATV increased eNOS, p-eNOS, iNOS, and COX2 levels and activated NF-kappaB in WT mice. It also increased myocardial COX2 activity. In eNOS(-/-) mice, ATV increased COX2 expression but not COX2 activity or iNOS expression. NF-kappaB was not activated by ATV in the eNOS(-/-) mice. In the iNOS(-/-) mice, eNOS and p-eNOS levels were increased but not iNOS and COX2 levels; however, NF-kappaB was activated. In conclusion, both eNOS and iNOS are essential for the IS-limiting effect of ATV. The expression of COX2 by ATV is iNOS, but not eNOS or NF-kappaB, dependent. Activation of COX2 is dependent on iNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Ye
- Department of Internal Medicine, Univ. of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0553, USA
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19
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Rafati DS, Geissler K, Johnson K, Unabia G, Hulsebosch C, Nesic-Taylor O, Perez-Polo JR. Nuclear factor-kappaB decoy amelioration of spinal cord injury-induced inflammation and behavior outcomes. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:566-80. [PMID: 17918744 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in a pathophysiology characterized by multiple locomotor and sensory deficits, resulting in altered nociception and hyperalgesia. SCI triggers an early and prolonged inflammatory response, with increased interleukin-1beta levels. Transient changes are observed in subunit populations of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). There were decreases in neuronal c-Rel levels and inverse increases in p65 and p50 levels. There were no changes in neuronal p52 or RelB subunits after SCI at any time point tested. Similarly, SCI had no effect on oligodendroglial levels of any NF-kappaB subunit. There were significant early increases in COX-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA and protein levels after SCI. We used synthetic double-stranded "decoy" deoxyoligonucleotides containing selective NF-kappaB protein dimer binding consensus sequences. Decoys targeting the p65/p50 binding site on the COX-2 promoter decreased SCI-induced cell losses, NF-kappaB p65/p50 DNA-binding activity, and COX-2 and iNOS protein levels. NF-kappaB p65/p50 targeted decoys improved early locomotor recovery after moderate but not severe SCI, yet ameliorated SCI-induced hypersensitization after both moderate and severe SCI. To determine whether changes in GABA activity played a role in decreased hypersensitivity after SCI and p65/p50 targeted decoy, we counted gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-containing neurons in laminae 1-3. There were significantly more GABAergic neurons in the p65/p50 targeted decoy-treated group at the level of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Salah Rafati
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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20
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Qin ZH, Tao LY, Chen X. Dual roles of NF-kappaB in cell survival and implications of NF-kappaB inhibitors in neuroprotective therapy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007; 28:1859-72. [PMID: 18031598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-kappaB is a well-characterized transcription factor with multiple physiological and pathological functions. NF-kappaB plays important roles in the development and maturation of lymphoids, regulation of immune and inflammatory response, and cell death and survival. The influence of NF-kappaB on cell survival could be protective or destructive, depending on types, developmental stages of cells, and pathological conditions. The complexity of NF-kappaB in cell death and survival derives from its multiple roles in regulating the expression of a broad array of genes involved in promoting cell death and survival. The activation of NF-kappaB has been found in many neurological disorders, but its actual roles in pathogenesis are still being debated. Many compounds with neuroprotective actions are strongly associated with the inhibition of NF-kappaB, leading to speculation that blocking the pathological activation of NF-kappaB could offer neuroprotective effects in certain neurodegenerative conditions. This paper reviews the recent developments in understanding the dual roles of NF-kappaB in cell death and survival and explores its possible usefulness in treating neurological diseases. This paper will summarize the genes regulated by NF-kappaB that are involved in cell death and survival to elucidate why NF-kappaB promotes cell survival in some conditions while facilitating cell death in other conditions. This paper will also focus on the effects of various NF-kappaB inhibitors on neuroprotection in certain pathological conditions to speculate if NF-kappaB is a potential target for neuroprotective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-hong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China.
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21
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Park J, Kim M, Na G, Jeon I, Kwon YK, Kim JH, Youn H, Koo Y. Glucocorticoids modulate NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression by up-regulating FKBP51 expression in Newcastle disease virus-infected chickens. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 278:7-17. [PMID: 17870233 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Revised: 07/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
FK506-binding protein 51(FKBP51, coded by FKBP5) is a co-chaperone molecule that interacts with the chaperone HSP90 and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in an inactive GR complex. It is a negative regulator of glucocorticoid action and is replaced by the positive regulator, FK506-binding protein 52 (FKBP52, coded by FKBP4) when hormone binds to GR, which renders the GR complex active. In this study, we found that the expression of FKBP51 mRNA in 12 organs of Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-infected chickens was robustly induced. The level of corticosterone in NDV-infected chickens was also elevated, approximately 2- to 6.5-fold in the organs compared to non-infected control chickens. The induction of FKBP51 mRNA expression was reproduced by dexamethasone treatment, indicating a role for glucocorticoids in the systemic induction of FKBP51 mRNA expression. In chicken UMNSAH/DF-1 cells, nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) was activated in an FKBP51-dependent manner. Regulation of the three NF-kappaB-dependent, anti-apoptotic genes, bcl-2, bcl-x and bfl-1/A1 was investigated in UMNSAH/DF-1 cells. Dexamethasone treatment of UMNSAH/DF-1 cells resulted in up-regulation of bcl-2, and down-regulation of bcl-x and bfl-1/A1. Expression of FKBP51 also resulted in down-regulation of bfl-1/A1, but had no effect on bcl-2 and bcl-x, suggesting the involvement of glucocorticoid-FKBP51-NF-kappaB signaling in the regulation of expression of bfl-1/A1 in UMNSAH/DF-1 cells. We observed organ-specific up- or down-regulation of expression of, bcl-2, bcl-x and bfl-1/A1 in NDV-infected and dexamethasone-treated chickens. Differential regulation of bfl-1/A1, bcl-2 and bcl-x upon NDV-infection and dexamethasone treatment suggests that additional factors are involved in the regulation of these genes. These results suggest that systemic elevation of FKBP51 in NDV-infected chickens activates NF-kappaB, which cooperates with other factors to regulate the expression of NF-kappaB-dependent genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Park
- School of Biotechnology and Biomedical Science, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, South Korea
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22
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Wanpen S, Kooncumchoo P, Shavali S, Govitrapong P, Ebadi M. Salsolinol, an endogenous neurotoxin, activates JNK and NF-kappaB signaling pathways in human neuroblastoma cells. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:443-50. [PMID: 17268850 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9246-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Salsolinol, an endogenous neurotoxin, is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). In the present study, we have investigated the effects of salsolinol on the activation of two different signaling pathways that involve c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and nuclear factor-kappaB, (NF-kappaB) in human dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Salsolinol treatment caused upregulation in the levels of c-Jun and phosphorylated c-Jun. It also caused degradation of IkappaBalpha and translocated the active NF-kappaB into the nucleus. The binding activity of NF-kappaB to DNA was enhanced by salsolinol in a concentration dependent manner. Furthermore, salsolinol decreased the levels of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and increased pro-apoptotic protein Bax, while enhancing the release of cytochrome-c from mitochondria. Mitochondrial complex-I activity was significantly decreased and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were increased in salsolinol treated cells. These results partly suggest that salsolinol-induced JNK and NF-kappaB signaling pathways may be involved in induction of apoptosis in human dopaminergic neurons, as seen in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawitri Wanpen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501 N. Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
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23
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Nadella MVP, Dirksen WP, Nadella KS, Shu S, Cheng AS, Morgenstern JA, Richard V, Fernandez SA, Huang TH, Guttridge D, Rosol TJ. Transcriptional regulation of parathyroid hormone-related protein promoter P2 by NF-kappaB in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Leukemia 2007; 21:1752-62. [PMID: 17554373 PMCID: PMC2676796 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) plays a primary role in the development of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) that occurs in the majority of patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) due to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infection. We previously showed that ATLL cells constitutively express high levels of PTHrP via activation of promoters P2 and P3, resulting in HHM. In this study, we characterized a nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) binding site in the P2 promoter of human PTHrP. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we detected a specific complex in Tax-expressing human T cells composed of p50/c-Rel, and two distinct complexes in ATLL cells consisting of p50/p50 homodimers and a second unidentified protein(s). Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed in vivo binding of p50 and c-Rel on the PTHrP P2 promoter. Using transient co-transfection with NF-kappaB expression plasmids and PTHrP P2 luciferase reporter-plasmid, we showed that NF-kappaB p50/p50 alone and p50/c-Rel or p50/Bcl-3 cooperatively upregulated the PTHrP P2 promoter. Furthermore, inhibition of NF-kappaB activity by Bay 11-7082 reduced PTHrP P2 promoter-initiated transcripts in HTLV-1-infected T cells. In summary, the data demonstrated that transcriptional regulation of PTHrP in ATLL cells can be controlled by NF-kappaB activation and also suggest a Tax-independent mechanism of activation of PTHrP in ATLL.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- HTLV-I Infections/metabolism
- HTLV-I Infections/virology
- Humans
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- NF-kappa B/physiology
- Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein/genetics
- Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein/metabolism
- Plasmids
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- MVP Nadella
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - WP Dirksen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - KS Nadella
- Human Cancer Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - S Shu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - AS Cheng
- Human Cancer Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - JA Morgenstern
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - V Richard
- Pfizer, Sandwich Laboratories, Kent, UK
| | - SA Fernandez
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - TH Huang
- Human Cancer Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - D Guttridge
- Human Cancer Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - TJ Rosol
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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24
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Saibil SD, Jones RG, Deenick EK, Liadis N, Elford AR, Vainberg MG, Baerg H, Woodgett JR, Gerondakis S, Ohashi PS. CD4+ and CD8+ T cell survival is regulated differentially by protein kinase Ctheta, c-Rel, and protein kinase B. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:2932-9. [PMID: 17312138 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.5.2932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An effective immune response requires the expansion and survival of a large number of activated T cells. This study compared the role of protein kinase C (PKC)theta and associated signaling molecules in the survival of activated primary CD4+ vs CD8+ murine T cells. We demonstrate that the absence of PKCtheta resulted in a moderate survival defect in CD4+ T cells and a striking survival defect of CD8+ T lymphocytes. CD8+ T cells lacking the c-Rel, but not the NF-kappaB1/p50, member of the NF-kappaB family of transcription factors displayed a similar impairment in cell survival as PKCtheta(-/-) CD8(+) T lymphocytes. This implicates c-Rel as a key target of PKCtheta-mediated survival signals in CD8+ T cells. In addition, both c-Rel(-/-) and PKCtheta(-/-) T cells also displayed impaired expression of the antiapoptotic Bcl-x(L) protein upon activation. Changes in Bcl-x(L) expression, however, did not correlate with the survival of CD4+ or CD8+ lymphocytes. The addition of protein kinase B-mediated survival signals could restore partially CD4+ T cell viability, but did not dramatically influence CD8+ survival. Active protein kinase B was also unable to restore proliferative responses in CD8+ PKCtheta(-/-) T cells. The survival of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells deficient in either PKCtheta or c-Rel, however, was promoted by the addition of IL-2. Collectively, these data demonstrate that CD4+ and CD8+ T cell survival signals are differentially programmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Saibil
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Habens F, Lapham AS, Dallman CL, Pickering BM, Michels J, Marcusson EG, Johnson PWM, Packham G. Distinct promoters mediate constitutive and inducible Bcl-XL expression in malignant lymphocytes. Oncogene 2006; 26:1910-9. [PMID: 16983335 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bcl-X(L) is a Bcl-2-related survival protein that is essential for normal development. Bcl-X(L) expression is rapidly induced by a wide range of survival signals and many cancer cells constitutively express high levels. The Bcl-X gene has a complex organization with multiple promoters giving rise to RNAs with alternate 5' non-coding exons. Here we have investigated the mechanisms that control basal and induced expression of Bcl-X(L) in B-lymphoma cells. Antisense experiments demonstrated that Bcl-X(L) was essential for survival of Akata6 B-lymphoma cells. The levels of RNAs containing the IB Bcl-X non-coding exon, derived from the distal 1B promoter, correlated with basal expression of Bcl-X(L) in primary malignant B cells and this promoter was highly active in B-cell lines. The activity of this promoter was largely dependent on a single Ets binding site and Ets family proteins were bound at this promoter in intact cells. CD40 ligand (CD40L)-induced cell survival was associated with increased Bcl-X(L) expression and accumulation of exon IA-containing RNAs, derived from the proximal 1A promoter. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) inhibition prevented induction of Bcl-X(L) protein and exon IA-containing RNAs by CD40L. Therefore, the distal Bcl-X 1B promoter plays a critical role in driving constitutive expression-mediated via Ets family proteins in malignant B cells, whereas NF-kappaB plays a central role in the induction of Bcl-X(L) in response to CD40 signalling via the proximal 1A promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Habens
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Cancer Sciences Division, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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26
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Bossen C, Schneider P. BAFF, APRIL and their receptors: structure, function and signaling. Semin Immunol 2006; 18:263-75. [PMID: 16914324 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2006.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BAFF, APRIL and their receptors play important immunological roles, especially in the B cell arm of the immune system. A number of splice isoforms have been described for both ligands and receptors in this subfamily, some of which are conserved between mouse and human, while others are species-specific. Structural and mutational analyses have revealed key determinants of receptor-ligand specificity. BAFF-R has a strong selectivity for BAFF; BCMA has a higher affinity for APRIL than for BAFF, while TACI binds both ligands equally well. The molecular signaling events downstream of BAFF-R, BCMA and TACI are still incompletely characterized. Survival appears to be mediated by upregulation of Bcl-2 family members through NF-kappaB activation, degradation of the pro-apototic Bim protein, and control of subcellular localization of PCKdelta. Very little is known about other signaling events associated with receptor engagement by BAFF and APRIL that lead for example to B cell activation or to CD40L-independent Ig switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bossen
- Biochemistry Department, University of Lausanne, Boveresses 155, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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Tao Y, Yan D, Yang Q, Zeng R, Wang Y. Low K+ promotes NF-kappaB/DNA binding in neuronal apoptosis induced by K+ loss. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:1038-50. [PMID: 16428456 PMCID: PMC1347023 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.26.3.1038-1050.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Low intracellular K+ concentration ([K+]i) promotes apoptosis and blocking K+ loss prevents apoptosis, but the mechanism of action of low [K+]i remains unclear. Here, we show that low [K+]i increases NF-kappaB transcriptional activity by enhancing its binding to the promoter of target genes without affecting its activation and nuclear translocation in cortical neurons deprived of serum. Low K+ concentration promotes NF-kappaB/DNA binding through direct effects on the interaction of NF-kappaB dimers with DNA. Up-regulation of proapoptotic protein Bcl-XS and neuronal apoptosis induced by serum deprivation are blocked by inhibition and/or down-regulation of NF-kappaB and by prevention of K+ loss. Thus, a direct action of K+ on NF-kappaB/DNA binding regulates gene transcription related to neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Tao
- Laboratory of Neural Signal Transduction, Institute of Neuroscience, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
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Hsieh YC, Chen YH, Jao HC, Hsu HK, Huang LJ, Hsu C. Role of cAMP-response element-binding protein phosphorylation in hepatic apoptosis under protein kinase C alpha suppression during sepsis. Shock 2006; 24:357-63. [PMID: 16205321 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000183045.20974.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that a decrease in protein kinase C (PKC) alpha levels contributes to hepatic failure and/or apoptosis during sepsis, and suppression of PKCalpha plays a critical role in triggering caspase-dependent apoptosis, which can modulate expression of Bcl-xL. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains uncertain. In the present study, we examined whether a decrease in the nuclear PKCalpha levels causes hepatic apoptosis via modulation of cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) or nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkappaB), the crucial factors regulating the expression of prosurvival Bcl-xL. For polymicrobial sepsis induction, a cecal ligation and puncture model was used; at 9 or 18 h after CLP, experiments were terminated, referring as early or late sepsis, respectively. Additionally, PKCalpha was suppressed by stable transfection of antisense PKCalpha plasmid into a Clone-9 rat hepatic epithelial cell. The results showed that the nuclear PKCalpha was significantly decreased in the liver during sepsis, which was accompanied by decreases in phospho-CREB content, DNA-binding activity of CREB, and Bcl-xL expression. Likewise, the binding activity of NFkappaB increased significantly, which was associated with a decrease in cytosolic inhibitory-kappaBalpha content. The in vitro suppression of PKCalpha also resulted in decreases in the phospho-CREB content and DNA-binding activity, which were accompanied by down-regulation of Bcl-xL and apoptosis, but no significant alteration in NFkappaB-binding activity. The in vivo and in vitro results suggest that the suppression of PKCalpha results in a decreased CREB phosphorylation and subsequent down-regulation of Bcl-xL, which may contribute to the hepatic apoptosis during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ching Hsieh
- Department of Physiology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
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29
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Yang Z, Zhang F, Zhu L, He G. Identification of differentially expressed genes in brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) responding to host plant resistance. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2006; 96:53-9. [PMID: 16441905 DOI: 10.1079/ber2005400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Stål is one of the major insect pests of rice Oryza sativa L. The host resistance exhibits profound effects on growth, development and propagation of N. lugens. To investigate the molecular response of N. lugens to host resistance, a cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) technique was employed to identify the differentially expressed genes in the nymphs feeding on three rice varieties. Of the 2,800 cDNA bands analysed, 54 were up-regulated and seven down-regulated qualitatively in N. lugens when the ingestion sources were changed from susceptible rice plants to resistant ones. Sequence analysis of the differential transcript-derived fragments showed that the genes involved in signalling, stress response, gene expression regulation, detoxification and metabolism were regulated by host resistance. Four of the transcript-derived fragments corresponding to genes encoding for a putative B subunit of phosphatase PP2A, a nemo kinase, a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and a prolyl endopeptidase were further characterized in detail. Northern blot analysis confirmed that the expression of the four genes was enhanced in N. lugens feeding on resistant rice plants. The roles of these genes in the defensive response of N. lugens to host plant resistance were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Plant Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Li JH, Yu JP, Yu HG, Xu XM, Yu LL, Liu J, Luo HS. Melatonin reduces inflammatory injury through inhibiting NF-kappaB activation in rats with colitis. Mediators Inflamm 2006; 2005:185-93. [PMID: 16192667 PMCID: PMC1526481 DOI: 10.1155/mi.2005.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory mediators are important in the pathogenesis of IBD, which are regulated by activation of NF-kappaB. The aim of this study was to investigate whether melatonin reduces inflammatory injury and inhibits proinflammatory molecule and NF-kappaB in rats with colitis. Rat colitis model was established by TNBS enema. NF-kappaB p65, TNF-alpha, ICAM-1, and IkappaBalpha in colon tissue were examined by immunohistochemistry, EMSA, RT-PCR, and Western blot analysis. Expression of proinflammatory molecule and activation of NF-kappaB were upregulated and IkappaB level decreased in rats with colitis. Melatonin reduces colonic inflammatory injury through downregulating proinflammatory molecule mediated by NF-kappaB inhibition and blockade of IkappaBalpha degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hua Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of
Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jie-Ping Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of
Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Hong-Gang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of
Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430060, China
- * Hong-Gang Yu;
| | - Xi-Ming Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of
Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Liang-Liang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of
Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of
Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - He-Sheng Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of
Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430060, China
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Yemelyanov A, Gasparian A, Lindholm P, Dang L, Pierce JW, Kisseljov F, Karseladze A, Budunova I. Effects of IKK inhibitor PS1145 on NF-κB function, proliferation, apoptosis and invasion activity in prostate carcinoma cells. Oncogene 2005; 25:387-98. [PMID: 16170348 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A key antiapoptotic transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB), is known to be critically important for tumor cell growth, angiogenesis and development of metastatic lesions. We and others showed previously that NF-kappaB transcription factor was constitutively activated in androgen-independent prostate carcinoma (PC) cell lines due to the upregulated activity of inhibitor of NF-kappaB kinases (IKK). In this work, using luciferase assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay and Northern blot analysis of expression of endogenous kappaB-responsive genes, we demonstrate that a novel highly specific small-molecule IKK inhibitor, PS1145, efficiently inhibited both basal and induced NF-kappaB activity in PC cells. We found that PS1145 induced caspase 3/7-dependent apoptosis in PC cells and significantly sensitized PC cells to apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha. We also showed that PS1145 inhibited PC cell proliferation. Effects of PS1145 on proliferation and apoptosis correlated with inhibition of interleukin (IL)-6, cyclin D1, D2, inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP)-1 and IAP-2 gene expression and decreased IL-6 protein level. In addition, we found that incubation with PS1145 inhibited the invasion activity of highly invasive PC3-S cells in invasion chamber assay in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, this study provides the framework for development of a novel therapeutic approach targeting NF-kappaB transcription factor to treat advanced PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yemelyanov
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Yabe T, Kanemitsu K, Sanagi T, Schwartz JP, Yamada H. Pigment epithelium-derived factor induces pro-survival genes through cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein and nuclear factor kappa B activation in rat cultured cerebellar granule cells: Implication for its neuroprotective effect. Neuroscience 2005; 133:691-700. [PMID: 15893882 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2004] [Revised: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) protects immature cerebellar granule cell neurons (CGCs) against apoptosis induced by K+ and serum deprivation. However, the precise mechanism of this protection remains unknown. We recently reported that the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) is activated in PEDF-treated CGCs. Although it is well known that NF-kappaB blocks apoptotic cell death through the induction of pro-survival factors, the effects of PEDF on the expression of these factors are not fully understood. In this study, we employed the use of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction to analyze the gene expression of certain pro-survival genes and found that genes such as c-IAP1, c-IAP2, FLIPs, A1/Bfl-1 and Mn-SOD were induced in PEDF-treated neurons. On the other hand, no induction was observed of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members Bax and Bid at any time from 3 to 24 h following PEDF addition. Furthermore, phosphorylation of cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) and increment of nuclear cyclic AMP-response element (CRE)-like DNA binding were observed in PEDF-treated CGCs. The anti-apoptotic effect of PEDF was blocked by overexpression of dominant negative CREB or a mutated form of IkappaBalpha. These results suggested that induction of both CRE- and NF-kappaB-dependent genes is required for the observed neuroprotective effects of PEDF on CGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yabe
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
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33
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Uittenbogaard M, Chiaramello A. The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Nex-1/Math-2 promotes neuronal survival of PC12 cells by modulating the dynamic expression of anti-apoptotic and cell cycle regulators. J Neurochem 2005; 92:585-96. [PMID: 15659228 PMCID: PMC1411982 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Nex1/Math-2 belongs to the NeuroD subfamily, which plays a critical role during neuronal differentiation and maintenance of the differentiated state. Previously, we demonstrated that Nex1 is a key regulatory component of the nerve growth factor (NGF) pathway. Further supporting this hypothesis, this study shows that Nex1 has survival-inducing properties similar to NGF, as Nex1-overexpressing PC12 cells survive in the absence of trophic factors. We dissected the molecular mechanism by which Nex1 confers neuroprotection upon serum removal and found that constitutive expression of Nex1 maintained the expression of specific G1 phase cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and concomitantly induced a dynamic expression profile of key anti-apoptotic regulators. This study provides the first evidence of the underlying mechanism by which a member of the NeuroD-subfamily promotes an active anti-apoptotic program essential to the survival of neurons. Our results suggest that the survival program may be viewed as an integral component of the intrinsic programming of the differentiated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Uittenbogaard
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anne Chiaramello
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Program of Neuroscience, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Sae-Ung N, Matsushima T, Choi I, Abe Y, Winichagoon P, Fucharoen S, Nawata H, Muta K. Role of NF-kappa B in regulation of apoptosis of erythroid progenitor cells. Eur J Haematol 2005; 74:315-23. [PMID: 15777344 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2004.00400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) added to human erythroid progenitor cells purified from peripheral blood (erythroid colony-forming cells; ECFC) significantly reduces apoptosis as assessed by flow cytometry (FCM) using annexin V. To clarify the role of NF-kappaB in the regulation of the apoptosis of erythroid progenitor cells, cyclosporin A (CsA), which blocks dissociation of the NF-kappaB complex, was added to serum-free cultures of ECFC. CsA induced the apoptosis of ECFCs in the presence of EPO or IFN-gamma, but at different magnitudes. In the presence of a relatively low concentration of CsA (10 microm), apoptosis was induced only in cultures with EPO. The direct involvement of NF-kappaB was then assessed by Western blotting and confocal microscopy. In the presence of EPO, NF-kappaB was abundant both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus, and nuclear expression was diminished after adding CsA. In contrast, NF-kappaB was undetectable in the nucleus in the presence of IFN-gamma. The effect of CsA on mitochondrial function was investigated by determining the DeltaPsim and reactive oxygen species production. CsA disturbed the transmembrane potential in the presence of either EPO or IFN-gamma, although the viability of the cells was maintained in the presence of IFN-gamma plus CsA. These results indicate that IFN-gamma reduced the apoptosis of erythroid progenitor cells through a unique signaling pathway that is independent of NF-kappaB translocation, and which is not mediated by modulating mitochondrial function, whereas EPO reduced apoptosis through NF-kappaB translocation to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sae-Ung
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Li JH, Yu JP, Yu HG, Xu XM, Yu LL, Liu SQ. Expression and significance of nuclear factor κB p65 in colon tissues of rats with TNBS-induced colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:1759-63. [PMID: 15793859 PMCID: PMC4305869 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i12.1759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the role of NF-κB in the pathogenesis of TNBS-induced colitis in rats.
METHODS: Thirty-two healthy adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups of eight each: normal, NS, model I, model II groups in our study. Rat colitis model was established through 2-,4-,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) enema. At the end of four weeks, the macroscopical and histological changes of the colon were examined and mucosa myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities assayed. NF-κB p65 expression was determined by Western blot assessment in cytoplasmic and nuclear extracts of colon tissue, and the expressions of TNF-α and ICAM-1 protein in colon tissue were examined by immunohistochemistry. The relativities between expression of NF-κB p65 and other parameters were analyzed.
RESULTS: TNBS enema resulted in pronounced pathological changes of colonic mucosa in model II group (macroscopic and histological injury indices 6.25±1.39 and 6.24±1.04, respectively), which were in accordance with the significantly elevated MPO activity (1.69±0.11). And the nuclear level of NF-κB and expression of TNF-α, ICAM-1 in rats of model II group were higher than that of normal control (9.7±1.96 vs 1.7±0.15, 84.09±14.52 vs 16.03±6.21, 77.69±8.09 vs 13.41±4.91 P<0.01), Linear correlation analysis revealed that there were strong correlations between the nuclear level of NF-κB and the tissue positive expression of TNF-α and ICAM-1, MPO activities, macroscopical and histological indices in TNBS-induced colitis, respectively (r = 0.8235, 0.8780, 0.8572, 0.9152, 0.8247; P<0.05).
CONCLUSION: NF-κB plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis, which might account for the up-regulation the expression of TNF-α and ICAM-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hua Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China.
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Elemento O, Tavazoie S. Fast and systematic genome-wide discovery of conserved regulatory elements using a non-alignment based approach. Genome Biol 2005; 6:R18. [PMID: 15693947 PMCID: PMC551538 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2005-6-2-r18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2004] [Revised: 10/29/2004] [Accepted: 12/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a powerful new approach for discovering globally conserved regulatory elements between two genomes. The method is fast, simple and comprehensive, without requiring alignments. Its application to pairs of yeasts, worms, flies and mammals yields a large number of known and novel putative regulatory elements. Many of these are validated by independent biological observations, have spatial and/or orientation biases, are co-conserved with other elements and show surprising conservation across large phylogenetic distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Elemento
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Saeed Tavazoie
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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37
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Yu LL, Yu HG, Yu JP, Luo HS, Xu XM, Li JH. Nuclear factor-kB p65 (RelA) transcription factor is constitutively activated in human colorectal carcinoma tissue. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:3255-60. [PMID: 15484295 PMCID: PMC4572290 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i22.3255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: Activation of transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) has been shown to play a role in cell proliferation, apoptosis, cytokine production, and oncogenesis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether NF-κB was constitutively activated in human colorectal tumor tissues and, if so, to determine the role of NF-κB in colorectal tumorigenesis, and furthermore, to determine the association of RelA expression with tumor cell apoptosis and the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL.
METHODS: Paraffin sections of normal epithelial, adenomatous and adenocarcinoma tissues were analysed immunohisto- chemically for expression of RelA, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was used to confirm the increased nuclear translocation of RelA in colorectal tumor tissues. The mRNA expressions of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Apoptotic cells were detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate fluorescence nick end labeling (TUNEL) method.
RESULTS: The activity of NF-κB was significantly higher in adenocarcinoma tissue in comparison with that in adenomatous and normal epithelial tissues. The apoptotic index (AI) significantly decreased in the transition from adenoma to adenocarcinoma. Meanwhile, the expressions of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL protein and their mRNAs were significantly higher in adenocarcinoma tissues than that in adenomatous and normal epithelial tissues.
CONCLUSION: NF-κB may inhibit apoptosis via enhancing the expression of the apoptosis genes Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. And the increased expression of RelA/nuclear factor-κB plays an important role in the pathogenesis of colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Liang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China.
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38
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Kerstan A, Hünig T. Cutting edge: distinct TCR- and CD28-derived signals regulate CD95L, Bcl-xL, and the survival of primary T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:1341-5. [PMID: 14734708 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.3.1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TCR-driven clonal expansion of T cells is limited by activation-induced cell death through CD95/CD95L interactions. This cell-contact dependent mechanism is attenuated by costimulation through CD28. Here, we show that primary rat lymph node T cells activated by "superagonistic" CD28-specific mAb, which do not require TCR-engagement for full T cell activation, do not up-regulate CD95L. CD28 superagonist activated T cells are highly resistant to artificial CD95 cross-linking, and display a marked up-regulation of the survival factor Bcl-x(L). Consistently, NF-kappaB factors, known to promote Bcl-x(L) transcription, are strongly activated by superagonistic CD28 mAb stimulation. In contrast, a weaker induction of NFAT, which positively regulates the CD95L gene, in CD28 activated cells as compared with TCR- or TCR/CD28-stimulated cells was observed. Thus, by recruiting the mitogenic activity of CD28 in the absence of TCR engagement, the anti-apoptotic signals provided by costimulation are revealed without interfering proapoptotic effects induced by TCR stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kerstan
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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40
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41
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Steinman HA, Burstein E, Lengner C, Gosselin J, Pihan G, Duckett CS, Jones SN. An alternative splice form of Mdm2 induces p53-independent cell growth and tumorigenesis. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:4877-86. [PMID: 14612455 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m305966200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mdm2 gene is amplified in approximately one-third of human sarcomas and overexpressed in a variety of other human cancers. Mdm2 functions as an oncoprotein, in part, by acting as a negative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. Multiple spliced forms of Mdm2 transcripts have been observed in human tumors; however, the contribution of these variant transcripts to tumorigenesis is unknown. In this report, we isolate alternative splice forms of Mdm2 transcripts from sarcomas that spontaneously arise in Mdm2-overexpressing mice, including Mdm2-b, the splice form most commonly observed in human cancers. Transduction of Mdm2-b into a variety of cell types reveals that Mdm2-b promotes p53-independent cell growth, inhibits apoptosis, and up-regulates the RelA subunit of NFkappaB. Furthermore, expression of Mdm2-b induces tumor formation in transgenic mice. These results identify a p53-independent role for Mdm2 and determine that an alternate spliced form of Mdm2 can contribute to formation of cancer via a p53-independent mechanism. These findings also provide a rationale for the poorer prognosis of those patients presenting with tumors harboring multiple Mdm2 transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Steinman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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43
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Dasu MRK, Herndon DN, Nesic O, Perez-Polo JR. IGF-I gene transfer effects on inflammatory elements present after thermal trauma. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 285:R741-6. [PMID: 12805089 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00046.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Major thermal injury results in severe prolonged responses with three components: a hypermetabolic response, inflammatory responses, and endogenous wound-healing processes. We showed that use of liposome-mediated gene transfer of the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) reduces burn-induced inflammatory responses and enhances wound healing. In the present study, we found transient increased levels of IGF-I protein in rats exposed to thermal trauma via liposomal gene transfer in an effort to define the transcriptional events that occur after IGF-I delivery at the site of injury. The beneficial effects of IGF-I gene transfer act partly via amelioration of burn-induced inflammatory responses that mediate cell death through caspase-3 activity and Bax expression. IGF-I gene transfer induces selective stimulation of activation protein-1 DNA-binding activity and activation of antiapoptotic, but not inflammatory, NF-kappaB transcription factors. Data were consistent with our hypothesis that the beneficial effects of IGF-I gene transfer on burned rats act in part via activation protein-1 and NF-kappaB transcriptional regulation and the concordance between the results obtained with antiapoptotic, as opposed to the proapoptotic, sequences as well as the corresponding changes in measures of cell death via Bax and caspase-3 mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan R K Dasu
- Shriners Hospitals for Children and Department of Surgery, Galveston, TX 77550, USA.
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44
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Joly LM, Benjelloun N, Plotkine M, Charriaut-Marlangue C. Distribution of Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and cell death after cerebral ischemia in the neonatal rat. Pediatr Res 2003; 53:776-82. [PMID: 12621128 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000059751.00465.f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a key component of molecular mechanisms leading to cell death or survival after an ischemic insult. Oxidative stress damages DNA, and breaks in the DNA strands activate PARP enzyme, leading to poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of nuclear proteins. In this study, we investigated PARP activation using immunodetection of PAR polymers in the brain of neonatal rat pups subjected to unilateral focal ischemia with reperfusion. PARP activation was detected in the ischemic core between 2 and 18 h, and in the penumbra between 24 and 48 h in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory but also in territories of the anterior and posterior cerebral artery, and in white matter tracts. The intranuclear accumulation of PAR in cells preceded a positive terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling, suggesting that PARP activation may actually contribute to delayed cell death. Pretreatment with 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB, 10 mg/kg) strongly reduced PARP activation and cell death. These data suggest that PARP activation represents, in the immature brain, the early sign of ischemic cell death. This raises the possibility of the use of PARP inhibitors not only immediately postischemia but perhaps also later to reduce ischemic lesion in the MCA territory and its connected structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc-Marie Joly
- UPRES EA 2510, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie de la Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France
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Abstract
The protein Bcl-x(L) is essential for survival of erythroid progenitor cells, and it increases substantially during late erythrocyte differentiation due to an increase of mRNA. We mapped the transcription start sites of bcl-x mRNA in mouse and human erythroblasts, and we analyzed the function of the mouse bcl-x promoter by transient and stable transfection assays in a mouse erythroid cell line using plasmids containing the bcl-x promoter fused to a luciferase reporter gene. In mouse erythroblasts, a cluster of start sites at positions -664, -655, and -644 relative to the ATG initiation codon account for almost all transcripts. Human erythroblasts exhibit a start site at -654 that is homologous to the triplet in the mouse. A short sequence element in the mouse bcl-x promoter that includes nucleotides -1804 through -1734 was identified as very important for transcription. This element also showed strong enhancerlike activity in concert with the SV40 promoter in an enhancer test vector. Analyses of mutations indicated that 2 short sequences within the element, about 15 base pair apart, are necessary for full enhancer activity. Gel shift experiments with oligonucleotides representing these sequences revealed specific binding of nuclear proteins from erythroblasts. Some of these proteins are regulated during the late erythroid differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuixia Tian
- Veterans Affairs and Vanderbilt University Medical Centers, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
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Petro JB, Castro I, Lowe J, Khan WN. Bruton's tyrosine kinase targets NF-kappaB to the bcl-x promoter via a mechanism involving phospholipase C-gamma2 following B cell antigen receptor engagement. FEBS Lett 2002; 532:57-60. [PMID: 12459462 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) function leads to x-linked immunodeficiency (xid) in mice. BTK-deficient (btk(-/-)) B cells are defective for survival. Prior studies show that BTK is required for the induction of Bcl-x(L) following B cell antigen receptor (BCR) engagement. However, the mechanism underlying Bcl-x(L) induction in response to BCR ligation remains unresolved. We now demonstrate that BTK regulates bcl-x expression by transcriptional control in response to BCR engagement. BTK targets nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) to activate the bcl-x promoter via a phospholipase C-gamma2 (PLC-gamma2)-dependent mechanism. Perturbation of the BTK/PLC-gamma2/NF-kappaB signaling axis likely contributes to the defective expression of bcl-x and compromised survival of xid B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Petro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
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Poulaki V, Mitsiades CS, Joussen AM, Lappas A, Kirchhof B, Mitsiades N. Constitutive nuclear factor-kappaB activity is crucial for human retinoblastoma cell viability. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 161:2229-40. [PMID: 12466137 PMCID: PMC1850903 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64499-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (Rb) is the most common intraocular malignancy of childhood. Although systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy with local and cranial radiotherapy have improved overall survival, the prognosis for patients with central nervous system involvement is still poor. We investigated the role of the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, which promotes cell survival in several other models, in the pathophysiology of Rb. The human Rb cell lines Y79 and WERI-Rb1 were treated with the cell permeable peptide SN50, that specifically inhibits the transcriptional activity of NF-kappaB by blocking its translocation into the nucleus. We found that NF-kappaB inhibition up-regulated Bax; down-regulated the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, A1, and cIAP-2; and induced loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and caspase-independent, calpain-dependent apoptosis in Rb cells. Inhibition of the p38 kinase sensitized cells to SN50-induced cell death, whereas insulin-like growth factor-1 activated NF-kappaB and attenuated the proapoptotic effect of SN50. Finally, NF-kappaB inhibition sensitized Rb cells to doxorubicin. In conclusion, inhibition of NF-kappaB activity in Rb cells leads to loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and caspase-independent, calpain-dependent apoptosis. Therapeutic strategies targeting NF-kappaB could be beneficial in the clinical management of Rb, either alone or in combination with conventional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Poulaki
- Retina Research and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 325 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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48
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Tong L, Toliver-Kinsky T, Edwards M, Rassin DK, Werrbach-Perez K, Perez-Polo JR. Attenuated transcriptional responses to oxidative stress in the aged rat brain. J Neurosci Res 2002; 70:318-26. [PMID: 12391591 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The aged nervous system displays impaired cognitive functions, and these impairments are exacerbated in several neurodegenerative diseases. A role for oxidative stress has been suggested for several of these age-associated dysfunctions. In addition, recovery from more acute traumatic insults that also generate oxidative stress is impaired in the aged. Here we examine the response of aged rat hippocampi to normobaric hyperoxia treatments and demonstrate an attenuation in the DNA binding activity of the AP-1 and nuclear factor-kappa B transcription factors, which are important components of stress response signal transduction pathways and can determine shifts in cellular commitments to necrosis, apoptosis, or functional recovery in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiQi Tong
- Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77555-0652, USA
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Chiao PJ, Na R, Niu J, Sclabas GM, Dong Q, Curley SA. Role of Rel/NF-kappaB transcription factors in apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cancer 2002; 95:1696-705. [PMID: 12365017 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.10829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the 10 most common human carcinomas in the world. The mechanism by which HCC cells resist apoptosis induced by various treatment modalities is poorly understood. METHODS The authors sought to determine whether Rel/NF-kappaB transcription factors play a key role in controlling apoptosis in human HCCcells. We assessed constitutive and inducible activation of NF-kappaB in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-positive (Hep3B) and in hepatitis virus-negative (Chang, HepG2) HCC cells, as well as the role of known inhibitors of NF-kappaB activity. RESULTS The current study data demonstrate that 1) RelA/NF-kappaB activity is activated constitutively in Hep3B cells, as determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assays; 2) RelA/NF-kappaB reporter gene activity is inhibited specifically by dominant-negative mutants of IkappaB(alpha), IKK1, IKK2, MEKK1, and MEKK3 and it is activated by overexpression of wild-type MEKK3, suggesting that upstream kinase cascades induce phosphorylation of IkappaB(alpha) and activate RelA/NF-kappaB in Hep3B cells; 3) overexpression of the HBV x gene fails to activate NF-kappaB in HepG2 and Chang cell lines; 4) The NF-kappaB-inducible gene, bcl-xl, is overexpressed in Hep3B cells and is inhibited by the proteosome inhibitor PS341, which prevents IkappaBalpha degradation and RelA/NF-kappaB activation; and 5) inhibition of constitutive RelA/NF-kappaB activity by PS341 sensitizes Hep3B cells to doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with the role of RelA/NF-kappaB activity in the regulation of apoptosis through activation of its downstream target genes and suggest that signaling pathways that control RelA/NF-kappaB activity may be important targets for novel therapeutic approaches in the treatment of human HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Chiao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Dong QG, Sclabas GM, Fujioka S, Schmidt C, Peng B, Wu T, Tsao MS, Evans DB, Abbruzzese JL, McDonnell TJ, Chiao PJ. The function of multiple IkappaB : NF-kappaB complexes in the resistance of cancer cells to Taxol-induced apoptosis. Oncogene 2002; 21:6510-9. [PMID: 12226754 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2002] [Revised: 07/01/2002] [Accepted: 07/05/2002] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Rel/NF-kappaB transcription factors play a key role in the regulation of apoptosis and in tumorigenesis by controlling the expressions of specific genes. To determine the role of the constitutive activity of RelA in tumorigenesis, we generated pancreatic tumor cell lines that express a dominant negative mutant of IkappaBalpha (IkappaBalphaM). In this report, we show that the inhibition of constitutive NF-kappaB activity, either by ectopic expression of IkappaBalphaM or by treating the cells with a proteasome inhibitor PS-341 which blocks intracellular degradation of IkappaBalpha proteins, downregulates the expression of bcl-xl. We identified two putative NF-kappaB binding sites (kappaB/A and B) in the bcl-xl promoter and found that these two sites interact with different NF-kappaB proteins. p65/p50 heterodimer interacts with kappaB/A site whereas p50/p50 homodimer interacts with kappaB/B. The bcl-xl promoter reporter gene assays reveal that NF-kappaB dependent transcriptional activation is mainly mediated by kappaB/A site, indicating that bcl-xl is one of the downstream target genes regulated by RelA/p50. Both IkappaBalphaM and PS-341 completely abolish NF-kappaB DNA binding activity; however, PS-341, but not ectopic expression of IkappaBalphaM, sensitized cells to apoptosis induced by Taxol. This is due to the Taxol-mediated reactivation of RelA through phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBbeta and the re-expression of NF-kappaB regulated bcl-xl gene in these cancer cells as ectopic expression of the bcl-xl gene confers resistance to Taxol-induced apoptosis in PS-341 sensitized cells. These results demonstrate the important function of various NF-kappaB/IkappaB complexes in regulating anti-apoptotic genes in response to apoptotic stimuli, and they raise the possibility that NF-kappaB : IkappaBalpha and NF-kappaB : IkappaBbeta complexes are regulated by different upstream activators, and that NF-kappaB plays a key role in pancreatic tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang G Dong
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, TX 77030, USA
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