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Yu J, Wang T, Zhang X, Chen Q, Hu Y, Liang Q, Shi Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Yu M, Zhao B. Anti-thrombotic Effects Mediated by a Novel Dual-Target Peptide Inhibiting Both Platelet Aggregation and Thrombin Activity without Causing Bleeding. Thromb Haemost 2024; 124:108-121. [PMID: 37657484 DOI: 10.1055/a-2165-1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classical anticoagulants and antiplatelets are associated with high frequencies of bleeding complications or treatment failure when used as single agents. Thrombin plays an important role in the blood coagulation system. GP IIb/IIIa is the central receptor of platelets, which can recognize the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence and activate platelets. MATERIAL AND METHODS Molecular simulation and homology modeling were performed to design a novel dual-target anticoagulant short peptide (PTIP ). The activities of PTIP on coagulation and platelet in vitro were analyzed. The antithrombotic activity of PTIP was determined by pulmonary thromboembolism model, ferric chloride injury model and arteriovenous bypass thrombosis model. Bleeding effect and toxicity of PTIP were evaluated. RESULTS We have constructed a novel dual-target peptide (PTIP) based on the direct thrombin inhibitor peptide (DTIP). PTIP was expressed at high levels in Pichia pastoris. PTIP interfered with thrombin-mediated coagulation and ADP-induced platelet aggregation in vitro. When injected intravenously or subcutaneously, PTIP showed potent and dose-dependent extension of aPTT and PT which were similar to DTIP; but only PTIP was capable of inhibiting platelet aggregation. PTIP (1.0 mg/kg) decelerated thrombosis formation in venous and arterial vessels induced by FeCl3 injury. PTIP (1.0 mg/kg) also prevented deep venous thrombosis and increased the survival rate associated with pulmonary thromboembolism. And PTIP effectively reduced thrombus length in arteriovenous bypass thrombosis model. Moreover, the antithrombotic dose of PTIP could not induce bleeding. CONCLUSION These data establish that PTIP represents a novel antithrombotic agent whose effects involve both inhibition of platelet activation and reduction of fibrin generation. And PTIP not only can be used in venous thrombosis and arterial thrombosis, it can also replace the combined treatment of antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs in thrombotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianfa Wang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Chen
- The Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaoyan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Shi
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States
| | - Yuxiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Yu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Mishra AS, Varadarajan B, Sathish S, Roy S. Withaferin A for COVID-19: a Network Pharmacology Approach. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:4983-4994. [PMID: 37129739 PMCID: PMC10152032 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has become a global challenge as there are very few treatment options available. This has proved to impact several physiological implications like immunological injury, myocardial infarction, micro-thrombus formation, neurological complications and multi-organ dysfunction. A combination therapy or a systems pharmacology approach can be adopted to fight against COVID-19. Here, we have proposed withaferin A as a system pharmacophore employing molecular docking strategy using AutoDock Vina and utilising different bioinformatics tools like PharmMapper, STRING database and PANTHER Pathway enrichment analysis. Docking results show that withaferin A exhibits a significant binding affinity with P2Y12 receptor, vitamin D-binding protein and annexin A5, hence implying that it could play a role in anti-thrombosis. Protein-protein interaction network showed its importance in innate immune system. Results also show that this molecule may have significant potential to modulate T cell activation too. Text mining results showed association of STAT3 with withaferin A. Our studies propose that withaferin A might also conquer the cytokine storm via STAT3. This study concludes that two strong targets of withaferin A, i.e. vitamin D-binding protein and STAT3, have been identified and that withaferin A can be used as a system pharmacophore for drug development in order to combat COVID-associated complicacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashasmita S Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, India
| | | | - Srayaa Sathish
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Sujata Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, India.
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3
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Platelet P2Y 1 receptor exhibits constitutive G protein signaling and β-arrestin 2 recruitment. BMC Biol 2023; 21:14. [PMID: 36721118 PMCID: PMC9890698 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Purinergic P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors (P2Y1-R and P2Y12-R) are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) activated by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to mediate platelet activation, thereby playing a pivotal role in hemostasis and thrombosis. While P2Y12-R is the major target of antiplatelet drugs, no P2Y1-R antagonist has yet been developed for clinical use. However, accumulating data suggest that P2Y1-R inhibition would ensure efficient platelet inhibition with minimal effects on bleeding. In this context, an accurate characterization of P2Y1-R antagonists constitutes an important preliminary step. RESULTS Here, we investigated the pharmacology of P2Y1-R signaling through Gq and β-arrestin pathways in HEK293T cells and in mouse and human platelets using highly sensitive resonance energy transfer-based technologies (BRET/HTRF). We demonstrated that at basal state, in the absence of agonist ligand, P2Y1-R activates Gq protein signaling in HEK293T cells and in mouse and human platelets, indicating that P2Y1-R is constitutively active in physiological conditions. We showed that P2Y1-R also promotes constitutive recruitment of β-arrestin 2 in HEK293T cells. Moreover, the P2Y1-R antagonists MRS2179, MRS2279 and MRS2500 abolished the receptor dependent-constitutive activation, thus behaving as inverse agonists. CONCLUSIONS This study sheds new light on P2Y1-R pharmacology, highlighting for the first time the existence of a constitutively active P2Y1-R population in human platelets. Given the recent interest of P2Y12-R constitutive activity in patients with diabetes, this study suggests that modification of constitutive P2Y1-R signaling might be involved in pathological conditions, including bleeding syndrome or high susceptibility to thrombotic risk. Thus, targeting platelet P2Y1-R constitutive activation might be a promising and powerful strategy for future antiplatelet therapy.
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4
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Ullah A, Lim SI. Plant Extract-Based Synthesis of Metallic Nanomaterials, Their Applications, and Safety Concerns. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:2273-2304. [PMID: 35635495 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has attracted the attention of researchers from different scientific fields because of the escalated properties of nanomaterials compared with the properties of macromolecules. Nanomaterials can be prepared through different approaches involving physical and chemical methods. The development of nanomaterials through plant-based green chemistry approaches is more advantageous than other methods from the perspectives of environmental safety, animal, and human health. The biomolecules and metabolites of plants act as reducing and capping agents for the synthesis of metallic green nanomaterials. Plant-based synthesis is a preferred approach as it is not only cost-effective, easy, safe, clean, and eco-friendly but also provides pure nanomaterials in high yield. Since nanomaterials have antimicrobial and antioxidant potential, green nanomaterials synthesized from plants can be used for a variety of biomedical and environmental remediation applications. Past studies have focused mainly on the overall biogenic synthesis of individual or combinations of metallic nanomaterials and their oxides from different biological sources, including microorganisms and biomolecules. Moreover, from the viewpoint of biomedical applications, the literature is mainly focusing on synthetic nanomaterials. Herein, we discuss the extraction of green molecules and recent developments in the synthesis of different plant-based metallic nanomaterials, including silver, gold, platinum, palladium, copper, zinc, iron, and carbon. Apart from the biomedical applications of metallic nanomaterials, including antimicrobial, anticancer, diagnostic, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine applications, their environmental remediation potential is also discussed. Furthermore, safety concerns and safety regulations pertaining to green nanomaterials are also discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Ullah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.,Gomal Centre of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, 29050, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sung In Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
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5
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Both G protein-coupled and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif receptors mediate venous thrombosis in mice. Blood 2022; 139:3194-3203. [PMID: 35358299 PMCID: PMC9136879 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022015787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets are critical in hemostasis and a major contributor to arterial thrombosis (AT). (Pre)clinical studies suggest platelets also contribute to venous thrombosis (VT), but the mechanisms are largely unknown. We hypothesized that in VT, platelets use signaling machinery distinct from AT. Here we aimed to characterize the contributions of platelet G protein-coupled (GPCR) and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) receptor signaling to VT. Wild-type (WT) and transgenic mice were treated with inhibitors to selectively inhibit platelet-signaling pathways: ITAM-CLEC2 (Clec2mKO), glycoprotein VI (JAQ1 antibody), and Bruton's tyrosine kinase (ibrutinib); GPCR-cyclooxygenase 1 (aspirin); and P2Y12 (clopidogrel). VT was induced by inferior vena cava stenosis. Thrombin generation in platelet-rich plasma and whole-blood clot formation were studied ex vivo. Intravital microscopy was used to study platelet-leukocyte interactions after flow restriction. Thrombus weights were reduced in WT mice treated with high-dose aspirin + clopidogrel (dual antiplatelet therapy [DAPT]) but not in mice treated with either inhibitor alone or low-dose DAPT. Similarly, thrombus weights were reduced in mice with impaired ITAM signaling (Clec2mKO + JAQ1; WT + ibrutinib) but not in Clec2mKO or WT + JAQ1 mice. Both aspirin and clopidogrel, but not ibrutinib, protected mice from FeCl3-induced AT. Thrombin generation and clot formation were normal in blood from high-dose DAPT- or ibrutinib-treated mice; however, platelet adhesion and platelet-neutrophil aggregate formation at the vein wall were reduced in mice treated with high-dose DAPT or ibrutinib. In summary, VT initiation requires platelet activation via GPCRs and ITAM receptors. Strong inhibition of either signaling pathway reduces VT in mice.
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6
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Zhang X, Zhao W, Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Lv Z, Zhang Z, Ren H, Wang Q, Liu M, Qian M, Du B, Qin J. Inflammatory macrophages exacerbate neutrophil-driven joint damage through ADP/P2Y 1 signaling in rheumatoid arthritis. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 65:953-968. [PMID: 34480694 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1957-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints and is associated with excessive immune cell infiltration. However, the complex interactions between the immune cell populations in the RA synovium remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that inflammatory macrophages in the synovium exacerbate neutrophil-driven joint damage in RA through ADP/P2Y1 signaling. We show that extracellular ADP (eADP) and its receptors are obviously increased in synovial tissues of RA patients as well as collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice, and eADP enhances neutrophil infiltration into joints through macrophages producing the chemokine CXCL2, aggravating disease development. Accordingly, the arthritis mouse model had more neutrophils in inflamed joints following ADP injection, whereas P2Y1 deficiency and pharmacologic inhibition restored arthritis severity to basal levels, suggesting a dominant role of ADP/P2Y1 signaling in RA pathology. Moreover, cellular activity of ADP/P2Y1-mediated CXCL2 production was dependent on the Gαq/Ca2+-NF-κB/NFAT pathway in macrophages. Overall, this study reveals a non-redundant role of eADP as a trigger in the pathogenesis of RA through neutrophil recruitment and disrupted tissue homeostasis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 510275, China
| | - Wenxiang Zhao
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yihan Zhao
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zeda Zhao
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhangsheng Lv
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Hua Ren
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai, 201499, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Min Qian
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Bing Du
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Juliang Qin
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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7
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Campos J, Brill A. The role of bone marrow-derived cells in venous thromboembolism. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 128:105850. [PMID: 32950686 PMCID: PMC7607213 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Venous thrombosis is a life-threatening condition with high morbidity and mortality. Abnormal functioning of different cells in the blood is an integral part of its pathogenesis. In this review, we describe the contribution of bone marrow-derived cells to the development of this debilitating disease. We present both epidemiological and clinical data demonstrating involvement of various cell types in venous thrombosis, and discuss potential mechanisms underlying these effects. Modern concepts including recently discovered new paradigms in thrombosis, such as neutrophil extracellular traps, mast cells, and polyphosphate, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Campos
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alexander Brill
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Pathophysiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.
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8
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da Silva Ferreira NC, Alves LA, Soares-Bezerra RJ. Potential Therapeutic Applications of P2 Receptor Antagonists: From Bench to Clinical Trials. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:919-937. [PMID: 30760187 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190213095923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular purines and pyrimidines have important physiological functions in mammals. Purines and pyrimidines act on P1 and P2 purinergic receptors, which are widely expressed in the plasma membrane in various cell types. P2 receptors act as important therapeutic targets and are associated with several disorders, such as pain, neurodegeneration, cancer, inflammation, and thrombosis. However, the use of antagonists for P2 receptors in clinical therapy, with the exception of P2Y12, is a great challenge. Currently, many research groups and pharmaceutical companies are working on the development of specific antagonist molecules for each receptor subtype that could be used as new medicines to treat their respective disorders. OBJECTIVE The present review compiles some interesting findings on the application of P2 receptor antagonists in different in vitro and in vivo experimental models as well as the progress of advanced clinical trials with these compounds. CONCLUSION Despite all of the exciting results obtained on the bench, few antagonists of P2 receptors advanced to the clinical trials, and once they reach this stage, the effectiveness of the therapy is not guaranteed, as in the example of P2X7 antagonists. Despite this, P2Y12 receptor antagonists have a history of success and have been used in therapy for at least two decades to prevent thrombosis in patients at risk for myocardial infarctions. This breakthrough is the motivation for scientists to develop new drugs with antagonistic activity for the other P2 receptors; thus, in a matter of years, we will have an evolution in the field of purinergic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natiele C da Silva Ferreira
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040- 360, Brazil
| | - Luiz A Alves
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040- 360, Brazil
| | - Rômulo J Soares-Bezerra
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
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9
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10
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Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 2-(phenoxyaryl)-3-urea derivatives as novel P2Y1 receptor antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 158:302-310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Bertaggia Calderara D, Crettaz D, Aliotta A, Barelli S, Tissot JD, Prudent M, Alberio L. Generation of procoagulant collagen- and thrombin-activated platelets in platelet concentrates derived from buffy coat: the role of processing, pathogen inactivation, and storage. Transfusion 2018; 58:2395-2406. [PMID: 30229925 DOI: 10.1111/trf.14883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collagen- and thrombin-activated (COAT) platelets (PLTs), generated by dual-agonist stimulation with collagen and thrombin (THR), enhance THR generation at the site of vessel wall injury. There is evidence that higher amounts of procoagulant COAT PLTs are associated with stroke, while a decreased ability to generate them is associated with bleeding diathesis. Our aim was to study PLT functions, particularly the ability to generate COAT PLTs, in PLT concentrates (PCs) from buffy coat. Thus, we investigated the effect of processing, pathogen inactivation treatment (amotosalen-UVA), and PC storage. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Two PCs from five donors each were pooled and split in two bags; one of them was pathogen inactivated and the other one was left untreated (n = 5). Flow cytometric analyses were performed immediately after PC preparation (Day 1) and thereafter on Days 2, 5, 7, and 9 in treated and untreated PCs to measure the reactivity of PLTs (CD62P and PAC-1), the content and secretion of dense granule after stimulation with different agonists, and the percentage of COAT PLTs after dual stimulation with convulxin (agonist of the collagen receptor GPVI) and THR. RESULTS Preparation of PCs resulted in a significant decrease of COAT PLTs and in an impaired response to adenosine 5'-diphosphate sodium (ADP). Storage further decreased ADP response. Minor differences were observed between untreated or amotosalen-UVA-treated PCs. CONCLUSION Preparation of PCs from buffy coats decreased the ability to generate COAT PLTs and impaired PLT response to ADP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Bertaggia Calderara
- Division of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Crettaz
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Produits Sanguins, Transfusion Interrégionale CRS, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Aliotta
- Division of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Faculté de Biologie et de Médecine, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Barelli
- Division of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Daniel Tissot
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Produits Sanguins, Transfusion Interrégionale CRS, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Faculté de Biologie et de Médecine, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Prudent
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Produits Sanguins, Transfusion Interrégionale CRS, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Faculté de Biologie et de Médecine, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Alberio
- Division of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Faculté de Biologie et de Médecine, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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Makkawi M, Howells D, Wright MD, Jackson DE. A complementary role for tetraspanin superfamily member TSSC6 and ADP purinergic P2Y 12 receptor in platelets. Thromb Res 2018; 161:12-21. [PMID: 29178985 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-suppressing subchromosomal transferable fragment cDNA 6 (TSSC6) expression is restricted to hematopoietic organs and tissues where it plays a role in hematopoietic-cell function. The ADP purinergic receptor P2Y12 is mainly expressed by platelets with important clinical significance as a target for several clinically approved antithrombotic agents. We have previously shown a physical association between P2Y12 and TSSC6 in platelets. Hence our aim was to investigate whether this physical association is translated to functional effects. To investigate this possibility, we used wild-type or TSSC6 knockout (KO) mice treated with either PBS or 50mg/kg clopidogrel. TSSC6 KO mice treated with clopidogrel exhibited synergy in delayed kinetics of clot retraction, reduced collagen-mediated platelet aggregation, and platelet spreading on fibrinogen. Platelets derived from TSSC6 mice with P2Y12 blockade form smaller thrombi when perfused over a collagen matrix under arterial flow. Clopidogrel treated TSSC6 KO arterioles showed smaller and less stable thrombi with increased tendency to embolise in vivo. These studies demonstrate a complementary role between TSSC6 and P2Y12 receptor in platelets in regulating 'outside in' integrin αIIbβ3 signalling thrombus growth and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Makkawi
- Thrombosis and Vascular Diseases Laboratory, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia; Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Howells
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Mark D Wright
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Denise E Jackson
- Thrombosis and Vascular Diseases Laboratory, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia.
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13
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Nishimura A, Sunggip C, Oda S, Numaga-Tomita T, Tsuda M, Nishida M. Purinergic P2Y receptors: Molecular diversity and implications for treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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14
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The P2Y 1 receptor-mediated leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells is inhibited by melatonin. Purinergic Signal 2017; 13:331-338. [PMID: 28555330 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9565-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP (released by endothelial and immune cells) and its metabolite ADP are important pro-inflammatory mediators via the activation of purinergic P2 receptors (P2Y and P2X), which represent potential new targets for anti-inflammatory therapy. Endothelial P2Y1 receptor (P2Y1R) induces endothelial cell activation triggering leukocyte adhesion. A number of data have implicated melatonin as a modulator of immunity, inflammation, and endothelial cell function, but to date no studies have investigated whether melatonin modulates endothelial P2YR signaling. Here, we evaluated the putative effect of melatonin on P2Y1R-mediated leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and TNF-α production, using mesenteric endothelial cells and fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from rats. Endothelial cells were treated with the P2Y1R agonist 2MeSATP, alone or in combination with melatonin, and then exposed to mononuclear cells. 2MeSATP increased leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and TNF-α production in vitro, and melatonin inhibited both effects without altering P2Y1R protein expression. In addition, assays with the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM indicate that the effect of melatonin on 2MeSATP-stimulated leukocyte adhesion depends on intracellular Ca2+ modulation. P2Y1R is considered a potential target to control chronic inflammation. Therefore, our data unveiled a new endothelial cell modulator of purinergic P2Y1 receptor signaling.
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Sunggip C, Nishimura A, Shimoda K, Numaga-Tomita T, Tsuda M, Nishida M. Purinergic P2Y 6 receptors: A new therapeutic target of age-dependent hypertension. Pharmacol Res 2017; 120:51-59. [PMID: 28336370 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Aging has a remarkable effect on cardiovascular homeostasis and it is known as the major non-modifiable risk factor in the development of hypertension. Medications targeting sympathetic nerve system and/or renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system are widely accepted as a powerful therapeutic strategy to improve hypertension, although the control rates remain unsatisfactory especially in the elder patients with hypertension. Purinergic receptors, activated by adenine, uridine nucleotides and nucleotide sugars, play pivotal roles in many biological processes, including platelet aggregation, neurotransmission and hormone release, and regulation of cardiovascular contractility. Since clopidogrel, a selective inhibitor of G protein-coupled purinergic P2Y12 receptor (P2Y12R), achieved clinical success as an anti-platelet drug, P2YRs has been attracted more attention as new therapeutic targets of cardiovascular diseases. We have revealed that UDP-responsive P2Y6R promoted angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R)-stimulated vascular remodeling in mice, in an age-dependent manner. Moreover, the age-related formation of heterodimer between AT1R and P2Y6R was disrupted by MRS2578, a P2Y6R-selective inhibitor. These findings suggest that P2Y6R is a therapeutic target to prevent age-related hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Sunggip
- Division of Cardiocirculatory Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Biomedical Science & Therapeutic, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Akiyuki Nishimura
- Division of Cardiocirculatory Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Kakeru Shimoda
- Division of Cardiocirculatory Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Translational Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takuro Numaga-Tomita
- Division of Cardiocirculatory Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsuda
- Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Motohiro Nishida
- Division of Cardiocirculatory Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Translational Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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16
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Zhao B, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Yu J, Li Y, Wang Q, Ma Y, Song HY, Yu M, Mo W. A novel hirudin derivative inhibiting thrombin without bleeding for subcutaneous injection. Thromb Haemost 2016; 117:44-56. [PMID: 27904902 DOI: 10.1160/th16-05-0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Currently, anticoagulants would be used to prevent thrombosis. Thrombin is an effector enzyme for haemostasis and thrombosis. We designed a direct thrombin inhibitor peptide (DTIP) using molecular simulation and homology modelling and demonstrated that the C-terminus of DTIP interacts with exosite I, and N-terminus with the activity site of thrombin, respectively. DTIP interfered with thrombin-mediated coagulation in human, rat and mouse plasma (n=10 per group) and blocked clotting in human whole blood in vitro. When administered subcutaneously, DTIP showed potent and dose-dependent extension of aPTT, PT, TT and CT in rats (n=10 per group). The antithrombotic dose of DTIP induced significantly less bleeding than bivalirudin determined by transecting distal tail assay in rats. Furthermore, DTIP reached peak blood concentration in 0.5-1 hour and did not cause increased bleeding after five days of dosing compared to dabigatran etexilate. The antithrombotic effect of DTIP was evaluated in mice using lethal pulmonary thromboembolism model and FeCl3-induced mesenteric arteriole thrombus model. DTIP (1.0 mg/kg, sc) prevented deep venous thrombosis and increased the survival rate associated with pulmonary thromboembolism from 30 % to 80 %. Intravital microscopy showed that DTIP (1.0 mg/kg, sc) decelerated mesenteric arteriole thrombosis caused by FeCl3 injury. These data establish that DTIP is a novel antithrombotic agent that could be used to prevent thrombosis without conferring an increased bleeding risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei Mo
- Wei Mo, Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Tel.: +86 21 54237440, Fax: +86 21 64033738, 238# P.O. Box, 138 Yixueyan Rd., Shanghai, 200032 , P. R. China, E-mail:
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17
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Conroy S, Kindon N, Kellam B, Stocks MJ. Drug-like Antagonists of P2Y Receptors-From Lead Identification to Drug Development. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9981-10005. [PMID: 27413802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
P2Y receptors are expressed in virtually all cells and tissue types and mediate an astonishing array of biological functions, including platelet aggregation, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and immune regulation. The P2Y receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily and are composed of eight members encoded by distinct genes that can be subdivided into two groups on the basis of their coupling to specific G-proteins. Extensive research has been undertaken to find modulators of P2Y receptors, although to date only a limited number of small-molecule P2Y receptor antagonists have been approved by drug/medicines agencies. This Perspective reviews the known P2Y receptor antagonists, highlighting oral drug-like receptor antagonists, and considers future opportunities for the development of small molecules for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Conroy
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Nicholas Kindon
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Barrie Kellam
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Michael J Stocks
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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18
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Schaff M, Gachet C, Mangin PH. [Anti-platelets without a bleeding risk: novel targets and strategies]. Biol Aujourdhui 2016; 209:211-28. [PMID: 26820829 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2015023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Anti-platelet agents such as aspirin, clopidogrel and antagonists of integrin αIIbβ3 allowed to efficiently reduce morbidity and mortality associated with arterial thrombosis. A major limit of these drugs is that they increase the risk of bleeding. During the last few years, several innovative anti-thrombotic strategies with a potentially low bleeding risk were proposed. These approaches target the collagen receptor glycoprotein (GP) VI, the GPIb/von Willebrand factor axis, the thrombin receptor PAR-1, the activated form of integrin αIIbβ3 or the ADP receptor P2Y1. While an antagonist of PAR-1 was recently marketed, the clinical proofs of the efficiency and safety of the other agents remain to be established. This review evaluates these new anti-platelet approaches toward safer anti-thrombotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Schaff
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australie
| | - Christian Gachet
- UMR_S949, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS)-Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Henri Mangin
- UMR_S949, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS)-Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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19
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Azran S, Danino O, Förster D, Kenigsberg S, Reiser G, Dixit M, Singh V, Major DT, Fischer B. Identification of Highly Promising Antioxidants/Neuroprotectants Based on Nucleoside 5'-Phosphorothioate Scaffold. Synthesis, Activity, and Mechanisms of Action. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8427-43. [PMID: 26447940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With a view to identify novel and biocompatible neuroprotectants, we designed nucleoside 5'-thiophosphate analogues, 6-11. We identified 2-SMe-ADP(α-S), 7A, as a most promising neuroprotectant. 7A reduced ROS production in PC12 cells under oxidizing conditions, IC50 of 0.08 vs 21 μM for ADP. Furthermore, 7A rescued primary neurons subjected to oxidation, EC50 of 0.04 vs 19 μM for ADP. 7A is a most potent P2Y1-R agonist, EC50 of 0.0026 μM. Activity of 7A in cells involved P2Y1/12-R as indicated by blocking P2Y12-R or P2Y1-R. Compound 7A inhibited Fenton reaction better than EDTA, IC50 of 37 vs 54 μM, due to radical scavenging, IC50 of 12.5 vs 30 μM for ADP, and Fe(II)-chelation, IC50 of 80 vs >200 μM for ADP (ferrozine assay). In addition, 7A was stable in human blood serum, t1/2 of 15 vs 1.5 h for ADP, and resisted hydrolysis by NPP1/3, 2-fold vs ADP. Hence, we propose 7A as a highly promising neuroprotectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagit Azran
- Department of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Ortal Danino
- Department of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Daniel Förster
- Otto von Guericke University , Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Kenigsberg
- Department of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Georg Reiser
- Otto von Guericke University , Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mudit Dixit
- Department of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Vijay Singh
- Department of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Dan T Major
- Department of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Bilha Fischer
- Department of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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20
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Fuentes E, Palomo I. Extracellular ATP metabolism on vascular endothelial cells: A pathway with pro-thrombotic and anti-thrombotic molecules. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 75:1-6. [PMID: 25989108 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial contributes to the metabolism and interconversion of extracellular adenine nucleotides via ecto-ATPase/ADPase (CD39) and ecto-5'nucleotidase (CD73) activities. These enzymes collectively dephosphorylate ATP, ADP, and AMP with the production of additional adenosine. In the vascular system, adenine nucleotides (ATP and ADP) and nucleoside adenosine represent an important class of extracellular molecules involved in modulating the processes linked to vascular thrombosis exerting various effects in platelets. Yet, the mechanisms by which the extracellular ATP metabolism in the local environment trigger pro-thrombotic and anti-thrombotic states are yet to be fully elucidated. In this article, the relative contribution of extracellular ATP metabolism in platelet regulation is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fuentes
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohaematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile; Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), CONICYT-Regional, Gore Maule, R09I2001 Talca, Chile.
| | - Iván Palomo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohaematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile; Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), CONICYT-Regional, Gore Maule, R09I2001 Talca, Chile.
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21
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Karim ZA, Vemana HP, Alshbool FZ, Lin OA, Alshehri AM, Javaherizadeh P, Paez Espinosa EV, Khasawneh FT. Characterization of a novel function-blocking antibody targeted against the platelet P2Y1 receptor. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:637-44. [PMID: 25593131 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Platelet hyperactivity is associated with vascular disease and contributes to the genesis of thrombotic disorders. ADP plays an important role in platelet activation and activates platelets through 2 G-protein-coupled receptors, the Gq-coupled P2Y1 receptor (P2Y1R), and the Gi-coupled P2Y12 receptor. Although the involvement of the P2Y1R in thrombogenesis is well established, there are no antagonists that are currently available for clinical use. APPROACH AND RESULTS Our goal is to determine whether a novel antibody targeting the ligand-binding domain, ie, second extracellular loop (EL2) of the P2Y1R (EL2Ab) could inhibit platelet function and protect against thrombogenesis. Our results revealed that the EL2Ab does indeed inhibit ADP-induced platelet aggregation, in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, EL2Ab was found to inhibit integrin GPIIb-IIIa activation, dense and α granule secretion, and phosphatidylserine exposure. These inhibitory effects translated into protection against thrombus formation, as evident by a prolonged time for occlusion in a FeCl3-induced thrombosis model, but this was accompanied by a prolonged tail bleeding time. We also observed a dose-dependent displacement of the radiolabeled P2Y1R antagonist [(3)H]MRS2500 from its ligand-binding site by EL2Ab. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our findings demonstrate that EL2Ab binds to and exhibits P2Y1R-dependent function-blocking activity in the context of platelets. These results add further evidence for a role of the P2Y1R in thrombosis and validate the concept that targeting it is a relevant alternative or complement to current antiplatelet strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubair A Karim
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA
| | - Hari Priya Vemana
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA
| | - Fatima Z Alshbool
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA
| | - Olivia A Lin
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA
| | - Abdullah M Alshehri
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA
| | - Payam Javaherizadeh
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA
| | - Enma V Paez Espinosa
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA
| | - Fadi T Khasawneh
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA.
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22
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Group VIB calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2γ) regulates platelet activation, hemostasis and thrombosis in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109409. [PMID: 25313821 PMCID: PMC4196902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In platelets, group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2α) has been implicated as a key regulator in the hydrolysis of platelet membrane phospholipids, leading to pro-thrombotic thromboxane A2 and anti-thrombotic 12-(S)-hydroxyeicosatetranoic acid production. However, studies using cPLA2α-deficient mice have indicated that other PLA2(s) may also be involved in the hydrolysis of platelet glycerophospholipids. In this study, we found that group VIB Ca2+-independent PLA2 (iPLA2γ)-deficient platelets showed decreases in adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-dependent aggregation and ADP- or collagen-dependent thromboxane A2 production. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis of platelet phospholipids revealed that fatty acyl compositions of ethanolamine plasmalogen and phosphatidylglycerol were altered in platelets from iPLA2γ-null mice. Furthermore, mice lacking iPLA2γ displayed prolonged bleeding times and were protected against pulmonary thromboembolism. These results suggest that iPLA2γ is an additional, long-sought-after PLA2 that hydrolyzes platelet membranes and facilitates platelet aggregation in response to ADP.
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23
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Qiao JX, Wang TC, Hiebert S, Hu CH, Schumacher WA, Spronk SA, Clark CG, Han Y, Hua J, Price LA, Shen H, Chacko SA, Everlof G, Bostwick JS, Steinbacher TE, Li YX, Huang CS, Seiffert DA, Rehfuss R, Wexler RR, Lam PYS. 4-Benzothiazole-7-hydroxyindolinyl diaryl ureas are potent P2Y1 antagonists with favorable pharmacokinetics: low clearance and small volume of distribution. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:2327-43. [PMID: 24989964 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Current antithrombotic discovery efforts target compounds that are highly efficacious in thrombus reduction with less bleeding liability than the standard of care. Preclinical data suggest that P2Y1 antagonists may have lower bleeding liabilities than P2Y12 antagonists while providing similar antithrombotic efficacy. This article describes our continuous SAR efforts in a series of 7-hydroxyindolinyl diaryl ureas. When dosed orally, 4-trifluoromethyl-7-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylindolinyl analogue 4 was highly efficacious in a model of arterial thrombosis in rats with limited bleeding. The chemically labile CF3 group in 4 was then transformed to various groups via a novel one-step synthesis, yielding a series of potent P2Y1 antagonists. Among them, the 4-benzothiazole-substituted indolines had desirable PK properties in rats, specifically, low clearance and small volume of distribution. In addition, compound 40 had high i.v. exposure and modest bioavailability, giving it the best overall profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer X Qiao
- Medicinal Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Rt. 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543 (USA).
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24
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Cross-modulatory effects of clopidogrel and heparin on platelet and fibrin incorporation in thrombosis. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2014; 24:593-8. [PMID: 23492917 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e3283602a03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacologic inhibition of platelet activation and aggregation is a mainstay for reducing the incidence of arterial thrombosis, whereas anticoagulation is the primary approach for preventing the development of venous thrombosis. The effect of standard pharmacologic agents on their reciprocal vessel - anticoagulants on arterial thrombosis and platelet inhibitor on venous thrombosis - is relatively understudied. This study was designed to evaluate murine large-vessel arterial or venous thrombosis under conditions of either fibrin or platelet inhibition. In this study, heparin and clopidogrel were used as standard anticoagulant and platelet inhibitor, respectively, evaluating both large artery and vein thrombosis in mice, using in-vivo fluorescence imaging to simultaneously measure fibrin and platelet levels at the thrombus induction site. Heparin reduced both fibrin and platelet development in both arteries and veins, with stronger influences on fibrin accrual. Clopidogrel had a stronger effect in arteries, reducing both platelet and fibrin accumulation. Clopidogrel also reduced platelet accumulation with venous thrombosis, but the reductions in fibrin formation did not reach statistical significance. These findings illustrate the interactive role of platelet activity and coagulation in the development of large-vessel thrombosis, with inhibition of one thrombotic component showing profound effects on the other component in both arterial and venous thrombosis.
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25
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Cicha I, Lyer S, Duerr S, Schwarz M, Tietze R, Tripal P, Alexiou C. Research Highlights. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:189-92. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Cicha
- ENT-Clinic, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship for Nanomedicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Waldstrasse 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Lyer
- ENT-Clinic, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship for Nanomedicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Waldstrasse 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan Duerr
- ENT-Clinic, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship for Nanomedicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Waldstrasse 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marc Schwarz
- ENT-Clinic, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship for Nanomedicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Waldstrasse 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Tietze
- ENT-Clinic, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship for Nanomedicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Waldstrasse 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Phillip Tripal
- ENT-Clinic, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship for Nanomedicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Waldstrasse 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Alexiou
- ENT-Clinic, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship for Nanomedicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Waldstrasse 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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26
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Qiao JX, Wang TC, Ruel R, Thibeault C, L'Heureux A, Schumacher WA, Spronk SA, Hiebert S, Bouthillier G, Lloyd J, Pi Z, Schnur DM, Abell LM, Hua J, Price LA, Liu E, Wu Q, Steinbacher TE, Bostwick JS, Chang M, Zheng J, Gao Q, Ma B, McDonnell PA, Huang CS, Rehfuss R, Wexler RR, Lam PYS. Conformationally constrained ortho-anilino diaryl ureas: discovery of 1-(2-(1'-neopentylspiro[indoline-3,4'-piperidine]-1-yl)phenyl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)urea, a potent, selective, and bioavailable P2Y1 antagonist. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9275-95. [PMID: 24164581 DOI: 10.1021/jm4013906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical antithrombotic efficacy and bleeding models have demonstrated that P2Y1 antagonists are efficacious as antiplatelet agents and may offer a safety advantage over P2Y12 antagonists in terms of reduced bleeding liabilities. In this article, we describe the structural modification of the tert-butyl phenoxy portion of lead compound 1 and the subsequent discovery of a novel series of conformationally constrained ortho-anilino diaryl ureas. In particular, spiropiperidine indoline-substituted diaryl ureas are described as potent, orally bioavailable small-molecule P2Y1 antagonists with improved activity in functional assays and improved oral bioavailability in rats. Homology modeling and rat PK/PD studies on benchmark compound 3l will also be presented. Compound 3l was our first P2Y1 antagonist to demonstrate a robust oral antithrombotic effect with mild bleeding liability in the rat thrombosis and hemostasis models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer X Qiao
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
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27
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Lin KY, Kwong GA, Warren AD, Wood DK, Bhatia SN. Nanoparticles that sense thrombin activity as synthetic urinary biomarkers of thrombosis. ACS NANO 2013; 7:9001-9. [PMID: 24015809 PMCID: PMC3807694 DOI: 10.1021/nn403550c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin is a serine protease and regulator of hemostasis that plays a critical role in the formation of obstructive blood clots, or thrombosis, that is a life-threatening condition associated with numerous diseases such as atherosclerosis and stroke. To detect thrombi in living animals, we design and conjugate thrombin-sensitive peptide substrates to the surface of nanoparticles. Following intravenous infusion, these "synthetic biomarkers" survey the host vasculature for coagulation and, in response to substrate cleavage by thrombin, release ligand-encoded reporters into the host urine. To detect the urinary reporters, we develop a companion 96-well immunoassay that utilizes antibodies to bind specifically to the ligands, thus capturing the reporters for quantification. Using a thromboplastin-induced mouse model of pulmonary embolism, we show that urinary biomarker levels differentiate between healthy and thrombotic states and correlate closely with the aggregate burden of clots formed in the lungs. Our results demonstrate that synthetic biomarkers can be engineered to sense vascular diseases remotely from the urine and may allow applications in point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Y. Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gabriel A. Kwong
- Harvard−MIT Division of Heath Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andrew D. Warren
- Harvard−MIT Division of Heath Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David K. Wood
- Harvard−MIT Division of Heath Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sangeeta N. Bhatia
- Harvard−MIT Division of Heath Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Address correspondence to
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28
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Goggs R, Harper MT, Pope RJ, Savage JS, Williams CM, Mundell SJ, Heesom KJ, Bass M, Mellor H, Poole AW. RhoG protein regulates platelet granule secretion and thrombus formation in mice. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:34217-34229. [PMID: 24106270 PMCID: PMC3837162 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.504100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases such as Rac, RhoA, and Cdc42 are vital for normal platelet function, but the role of RhoG in platelets has not been studied. In other cells, RhoG orchestrates processes integral to platelet function, including actin cytoskeletal rearrangement and membrane trafficking. We therefore hypothesized that RhoG would play a critical role in platelets. Here, we show that RhoG is expressed in human and mouse platelets and is activated by both collagen-related peptide (CRP) and thrombin stimulation. We used RhoG(-/-) mice to study the function of RhoG in platelets. Integrin activation and aggregation were reduced in RhoG(-/-) platelets stimulated by CRP, but responses to thrombin were normal. The central defect in RhoG(-/-) platelets was reduced secretion from α-granules, dense granules, and lysosomes following CRP stimulation. The integrin activation and aggregation defects could be rescued by ADP co-stimulation, indicating that they are a consequence of diminished dense granule secretion. Defective dense granule secretion in RhoG(-/-) platelets limited recruitment of additional platelets to growing thrombi in flowing blood in vitro and translated into reduced thrombus formation in vivo. Interestingly, tail bleeding times were normal in RhoG(-/-) mice, suggesting that the functions of RhoG in platelets are particularly relevant to thrombotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Goggs
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew T Harper
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Pope
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua S Savage
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M Williams
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J Mundell
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Kate J Heesom
- Proteomics Facility, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Bass
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Mellor
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair W Poole
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom.
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29
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Wang TC, Qiao JX, Clark CG, Jua J, Price LA, Wu Q, Chang M, Zheng J, Huang CS, Everlof G, Schumacher WA, Wong PC, Seiffert DA, Stewart AB, Bostwick JS, Crain EJ, Watson CA, Rehfuss R, Wexler RR, Lam PYS. Discovery of diarylurea P2Y(1) antagonists with improved aqueous solubility. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3239-43. [PMID: 23602442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical data suggests that P2Y1 antagonists, such as diarylurea compound 1, may provide antithrombotic efficacy similar to P2Y12 antagonists and may have the potential of providing reduced bleeding liabilities. This manuscript describes a series of diarylureas bearing solublizing amine side chains as potent P2Y1 antagonists. Among them, compounds 2l and 3h had improved aqueous solubility and maintained antiplatelet activity compared with compound 1. Compound 2l was moderately efficacious in both rat and rabbit thrombosis models and had a moderate prolongation of bleeding time in rats similar to that of compound 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy C Wang
- Medicinal Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
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30
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31
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A platelet target for venous thrombosis? P2Y1 deletion or antagonism protects mice from vena cava thrombosis. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2012; 34:199-207. [PMID: 22588534 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-012-0745-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A role for platelets in the pathogenesis of venous thrombosis was suggested by clinical and preclinical studies. However, examination of the platelet receptor, P2Y1, in this area has been limited. The goal of the current study was to examine effects of P2Y1 deletion, or selective antagonism with MRS2500, in oxidative venous thrombosis in mice. The P2Y12 antagonist, clopidogrel, was included as a reference agent. Anesthetized C57BL/6 or genetically modified mice underwent 3.5 or 5 % FeCl(3)-induced vena cava thrombosis. Pharmacokinetic properties of MRS2500 were defined for dose selection. Platelet aggregation and renal or tail bleeding times (BT) were measured to put antithrombotic effects into perspective. P2Y1 deletion significantly reduced (p < 0.001) venous thrombus weight by 74 % in 3.5 % FeCl(3) injury compared to P2Y1(+/+) littermates. MRS2500 (2 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly decreased (p < 0.001) thrombus weight 64 % in C57BL/6 mice. In the more severe 5 % FeCl(3)-induced injury model, thrombus weight significantly (p < 0.001) decreased 68 % in P2Y1(-/-) mice versus P2Y1(+/+) mice, and MRS2500 (2 mg/kg) was also beneficial (54 % decrease, p < 0.01). Renal BT doubled in P2Y1(-/-) versus P2Y1(+/+) mice, and increased threefold with MRS2500 compared to vehicle. Tail BT was markedly prolonged in P2Y1(-/-) mice (7.9X) and in C57BL/6 mice given MRS2500. The current study demonstrates that P2Y1 deletion or antagonism significantly reduced venous thrombosis in mice, suggesting that P2Y1 receptors play a role in the pathogenesis of venous thrombosis, at least in this species. However as with many antithrombotic agents the benefit comes at the potential price of an increase in provoked bleeding times.
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32
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Labarthe B, Babin J, Bryckaert M, Théroux P, Bonnefoy A. Effects of P2Y(1) receptor antagonism on the reactivity of platelets from patients with stable coronary artery disease using aspirin and clopidogrel. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:221-31. [PMID: 21950486 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE P2Y(1) is a purine receptor that triggers platelet aggregation. Its inhibition was studied in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) receiving standard anti-platelet therapy. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Blood samples from 10 patients on aspirin therapy (ASA, 80 mg·day(-1) ) were withdrawn before and 24 h after the administration of 450 mg clopidogrel (ASA/C) and were anti-coagulated with citrate or hirudin/PPACK in the presence or absence of the P2Y(1 ) inhibitor MRS2179 (M, 100 µM). Platelet responses to ADP (2.5 µM) and TRAP (2.5 µM), and collagen-induced thrombosis under flow conditions were analysed. KEY RESULTS Compared with ASA, ASA + M strongly inhibited ADP-induced peak platelet aggregation (88%), late aggregation (84%), P-selectin expression (85%) and α(IIb) β(3) activation (62%) (28%, 65%, 70% and 51% inhibition, respectively, for ASA/C vs. ASA). ASA + M also inhibited platelet/monocyte and platelet/neutrophil conjugate formation by 69% and 71% (57% and 59% for ASA/C vs. ASA). In TRAP-activated blood, ASA + M unexpectedly inhibited α(IIb) b(3) activation by 30%. In blood perfused in collagen-coated glass capillaries (shear rate of 1500 s(-1) ), ASA/C prevented thrombus growth beyond 5 min in relation to thrombus fragments embolization. ASA + M with or without clopidogrel completely prevented thrombus formation. Finally, ex vivo addition of MRS2179 and ASA to the blood of healthy donors markedly blocked thrombus formation on collagen in flow conditions, in contrast to ASA plus the P2Y(12) inhibitor 2-MeSAMP. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Through particularly efficient complementarities with ASA to inhibit platelet activation and thrombus formation, the inhibition of P2Y(1) in the blood of patients with CAD appears to play a more important role than previously anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Labarthe
- Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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33
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Hu L, Fan Z, Du H, Ni R, Zhang S, Yin K, Ye J, Zhang Y, Wei X, Zhang X, Gross PL, Kunapuli SP, Ding Z. BF061, a novel antiplatelet and antithrombotic agent targeting P2Y₁₂ receptor and phosphodiesterase. Thromb Haemost 2011; 106:1203-14. [PMID: 21946947 DOI: 10.1160/th11-06-0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The addition of phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors has been reported to potentiate the antithrombotic effects of P2Y₁₂ antagonists without increasing bleeding risk. In this study, we report that a potent antiplatelet agent, 2-ethylthio-6-phenethylaminoadenosine (BF061), inhibits platelet activation and thrombosis via P2Y₁₂ antagonism and PDE inhibition. We explored the antiplatelet mechanism of BF061 by measuring cAMP, cGMP levels, PDE activity, and the interaction between ADP and P2Y₁₂ using atomic force microscopy. The antithrombotic effect of BF061 was evaluated in mice using intravital microscopy in FeCl₃₋induced mesenteric and laser-induced cremasteric arterial thrombosis models. BF061 robustly inhibited platelet aggregation and ATP release induced by multiple platelet agonists via P2Y₁₂ antagonism and PDE inhibition. Interestingly, despite being structurally similar to BF061, P2Y₁₂ receptor antagonist AR-C69931MX had no effect on human platelet PDE. In FeCl3-induced mesenteric arterial thrombosis model, BF061 effectively prevented thrombus formation similarly to clopidogrel; it also reduced thrombus volume in laser-injured cremaster arteriole model. In contrast, BF061 induced dramatically less bleeding at an antithrombotic dose compared to clopidogrel. In summary, we developed a novel antiplatelet and antithrombotic agent targeting both P2Y₁₂ and PDE. Given the prevalence of combined antiplatelet therapy in clinical practice, an antiplatelet agent bearing dual activities may have therapeutic advantage as a potential antithrombotic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai,China
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34
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P2 receptors and platelet function. Purinergic Signal 2011; 7:293-303. [PMID: 21792575 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-011-9247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Following vessel wall injury, platelets adhere to the exposed subendothelium, become activated and release mediators such as TXA(2) and nucleotides stored at very high concentration in the so-called dense granules. Released nucleotides and other soluble agents act in a positive feedback mechanism to cause further platelet activation and amplify platelet responses induced by agents such as thrombin or collagen. Adenine nucleotides act on platelets through three distinct P2 receptors: two are G protein-coupled ADP receptors, namely the P2Y(1) and P2Y(12) receptor subtypes, while the P2X(1) receptor ligand-gated cation channel is activated by ATP. The P2Y(1) receptor initiates platelet aggregation but is not sufficient for a full platelet aggregation in response to ADP, while the P2Y(12) receptor is responsible for completion of the aggregation to ADP. The latter receptor, the molecular target of the antithrombotic drugs clopidogrel, prasugrel and ticagrelor, is responsible for most of the potentiating effects of ADP when platelets are stimulated by agents such as thrombin, collagen or immune complexes. The P2X(1) receptor is involved in platelet shape change and in activation by collagen under shear conditions. Each of these receptors is coupled to specific signal transduction pathways in response to ADP or ATP and is differentially involved in all the sequential events involved in platelet function and haemostasis. As such, they represent potential targets for antithrombotic drugs.
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35
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Long-term (trophic) purinergic signalling: purinoceptors control cell proliferation, differentiation and death. Cell Death Dis 2011; 1:e9. [PMID: 21364628 PMCID: PMC3032501 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2009.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The purinergic signalling system, which uses purines and pyrimidines as chemical transmitters, and purinoceptors as effectors, is deeply rooted in evolution and development and is a pivotal factor in cell communication. The ATP and its derivatives function as a 'danger signal' in the most primitive forms of life. Purinoceptors are extraordinarily widely distributed in all cell types and tissues and they are involved in the regulation of an even more extraordinary number of biological processes. In addition to fast purinergic signalling in neurotransmission, neuromodulation and secretion, there is long-term (trophic) purinergic signalling involving cell proliferation, differentiation, motility and death in the development and regeneration of most systems of the body. In this article, we focus on the latter in the immune/defence system, in stratified epithelia in visceral organs and skin, embryological development, bone formation and resorption, as well as in cancer.
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36
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Zerr M, Hechler B, Freund M, Magnenat S, Lanois I, Cazenave JP, Léon C, Gachet C. Major contribution of the P2Y₁receptor in purinergic regulation of TNFα-induced vascular inflammation. Circulation 2011; 123:2404-13. [PMID: 21576651 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.002139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease, and extracellular nucleotides are one of the factors possibly involved in vascular inflammation. The P2Y(1) receptor for adenosine 5'-diphosphate has been shown to be involved in the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E--deficient mice. Our aim is to determine whether the endothelial P2Y(1) receptor plays a role in leukocyte recruitment during vascular inflammation and characterize underlying mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS We show here that the P2Y(1) receptor plays a role in leukocyte recruitment in inflamed mouse femoral arteries. Moreover, in wild-type bone marrow--transplanted chimeric P2Y(1)-deficient mice with an apolipoprotein E--deficient background, a strong reduction of adhesion molecule--dependent leukocyte recruitment was observed after local injection of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1β, excluding a role for the platelet or other hematopoietic cell type P2Y(1) in these events. Similarly, the in vitro adhesion of isolated mouse monocytes to tumor necrosis factor α--stimulated murine endothelial cell monolayers and their migration across the cell layers were strongly reduced in P2Y(1)-deficient compared with wild-type endothelial cells, as was the expression of the adhesion molecules P-selectin, Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1. Pharmacological inhibition using the selective antagonist MRS2500 also resulted in decreased expression of adhesion molecules. These events are related to the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and activating transcription factor 2 pathway. Finally, in vivo administration of MRS2500 resulted in strong reduction of leukocyte recruitment in inflamed femoral arteries of apolipoprotein E--deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS The data highlight a key role of the endothelial P2Y(1) receptor in acute vascular inflammation. Pharmacological targeting the P2Y(1) receptor could represent a promising approach for the treatment of vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Zerr
- UMR_S949 INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, Strasbourg, France
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37
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Hechler B, Nonne C, Eckly A, Magnenat S, Rinckel JY, Denis CV, Freund M, Cazenave JP, Lanza F, Gachet C. Arterial thrombosis: relevance of a model with two levels of severity assessed by histologic, ultrastructural and functional characterization. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:173-84. [PMID: 19874458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously described a model of laser-induced thrombosis in mesenteric arterioles with superficial and deep levels of injury producing a transient thrombus resolving within 2 min and a larger almost occlusive thrombus, respectively. Both types of lesion were sensitive to platelet GPIIb-IIIa and P2Y(12) inhibition, whereas only deep injuries were sensitive to thrombin blockade. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to use histologic methods and electron and intravital microscopy to characterize the lesions and thrombi and to extend our knowledge of the sensitivity of this model to genetic and pharmacologic inhibition. RESULTS A superficial injury was found to detach the endothelial cells and expose a collagen III- and IV-rich subendothelium where platelets could adhere. Tissue factor and fibrin were not detected. Deeper penetration of the external elastic lamina occurred in deep injuries, with exposure of collagen I, III and IV. Here the thrombus was composed of platelets exhibiting a decreasing gradient of degranulation from the deepest lesion area to the surface. Fibrin was found close to the most activated platelets. Consistently, glycoprotein VI (GPVI)-collagen and GPIb-von Willebrand factor (VWF) interactions were found to be critical in superficial injuries. After deep lesion, thrombus formation was modestly reduced in GPVI-immunodepleted mice and still strongly inhibited in VWF(-/-) mice. Combined hirudin infusion and GPVI depletion further inhibited thrombosis after deep injury. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the feasibility of inducing arterial thrombosis with distinct levels of severity and establishes the central roles of collagen and VWF in thrombus formation after superficial injury. Collagen, VWF and thrombin all appear to contribute to thrombosis after deep arterial lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hechler
- UMR S949 INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, Strasbourg, France
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38
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Abstract
Individuals whose platelets lack dense or alpha-granules suffer various degrees of abnormal bleeding, implying that granule cargo contributes to hemostasis. Despite these clinical observations, little is known regarding the effects of impaired platelet granule secretion on thrombus formation in vivo. In platelets, SNARE proteins mediate the membrane fusion events required for granule cargo release. Endobrevin/VAMP-8 is the primary vesicle-SNARE (v-SNARE) responsible for efficient release of dense and alpha-granule contents; thus, VAMP-8(-/-) mice are a useful model to evaluate the importance of platelet granule secretion in thrombus formation. Thrombus formation, after laser-induced vascular injury, in these mice is delayed and decreased, but not absent. In contrast, thrombus formation is almost completely abolished in the mouse model of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, ruby-eye, which lacks dense granules. Evaluation of aggregation of VAMP-8(-/-) and ruby-eye platelets indicates that defective ADP release is the primary abnormality leading to impaired aggregation. These results demonstrate the importance of dense granule release even in the earliest phases of thrombus formation and validate the distal platelet secretory machinery as a potential target for antiplatelet therapies.
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39
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Abstract
There are a myriad of options on where and how to perform thrombosis studies in mice. Models have been developed for systemic thrombosis, larger and smaller vessels of both the arterial and venous systems as well as several different microvascular beds. However, there are important differences between the models and investigators need to be careful and thoughtful when they choose which model to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert C Whinna
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7035, USA.
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40
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Morales-Ramos AI, Mecom JS, Kiesow TJ, Graybill TL, Brown GD, Aiyar NV, Davenport EA, Kallal LA, Knapp-Reed BA, Li P, Londregan AT, Morrow DM, Senadhi S, Thalji RK, Zhao S, Burns-Kurtis CL, Marino JP. Tetrahydro-4-quinolinamines identified as novel P2Y(1) receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:6222-6. [PMID: 18926700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.09.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Revised: 09/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput screening of the GSK compound collection against the P2Y(1) receptor identified a novel series of tetrahydro-4-quinolinamine antagonists. Optimal substitution around the piperidine group was pivotal for ensuring activity. An exemplar analog from this series was shown to inhibit platelet aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel I Morales-Ramos
- Department of Chemistry, Metabolic Pathways Centre for Excellence in Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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41
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Abstract
Background—
The P2Y
1
receptor plays a key role in arterial thrombosis and is widely expressed in many cell types involved in atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate its potential involvement in the development of atherosclerotic lesions.
Methods and Results—
Apolipoprotein E–deficient (
ApoE
−/−
) and
P2Y
1
−/−
/
ApoE
−/−
mice were maintained on regular chow for 17 or 30 weeks before analysis of atherosclerotic lesions. At 17 weeks, lesions in the aortic sinus and entire aorta were smaller in
P2Y
1
−/−
/
ApoE
−/−
compared with those in
ApoE
−/−
animals. At 30 weeks, the aortic sinus lesions in
P2Y
1
−/−
/
ApoE
−/−
mice were still diminished in size and displayed reduced inflammation, reflected by decreased macrophage infiltration and diminished VCAM-1 immunostaining, compared with those in
ApoE
−/−
mice. They also had a lower smooth muscle cell content. Unexpectedly, bone marrow transplantation showed that the absence of the P2Y
1
receptor in blood cells only led to no significant modification of the lesion compared with control
ApoE
−/−
reconstituted animals. Conversely, the absence of the P2Y
1
receptor except in blood cells resulted in a reduction in lesion size similar to that in control
P2Y
1
−/−
/
ApoE
−/−
reconstituted mice, pointing to a role of non–hematopoietic-derived P2Y
1
receptors, most likely the endothelial or smooth muscle cell P2Y
1
receptors. In addition, although this was not statistically significant, plasma cholesterol levels were consistently decreased in
P2Y
1
−/−
animals, suggesting that a modification of lipid metabolism could be responsible for the observed phenotype.
Conclusion—
The P2Y
1
receptor contributes to atherosclerosis, primarily through its role in non–hematopoietic-derived cells.
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42
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Abstract
Several recent findings point to an important role for redox regulation of platelet responses to collagen involving the receptor, glycoprotein (GP)VI. First, the antioxidant dietary compound, quercetin, was shown to inhibit GPVI-dependent platelet activation and signaling responses to collagen. Second, collagen increased platelet production of the oxygen radical, superoxide anion (O2-), mediated by the multi-subunit enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H) oxidase. In that case, O2- was implicated in regulating not initial aggregation, but collagen-induced thrombus stabilization involving release of ADP. Third, our laboratory showed that an unpaired thiol in the GPVI cytoplasmic tail undergoes rapid oxidation to form GPVI homodimers following ligand binding, preceding GPVI signaling and ectodomain metalloproteolysis, and indicating formation of an oxidative submembranous environment in activated platelets. This review examines receptor/redox regulation in other cells, and relevance to the pathophysiological function of GPVI and other platelet receptors initiating thrombus formation in haemostasis or thrombotic diseases such as heart attack and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane F Arthur
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research & Education Precinct, Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia
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Andrews RK, Karunakaran D, Gardiner EE, Berndt MC. Platelet Receptor Proteolysis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:1511-20. [PMID: 17463334 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.141390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The platelet plasma membrane is literally at the cutting-edge of recent research into proteolytic regulation of the function and surface expression of platelet receptors, revealing new mechanisms for how the thrombotic propensity of platelets is controlled in health and disease. Extracellular proteolysis of receptors irreversibly inactivates receptor-mediated adhesion and signaling, as well as releasing soluble fragments into the plasma where they act as potential markers or modulators. Platelet-surface sheddases, particularly of the metalloproteinase-disintegrin (ADAM) family, can be regulated by many of the same mechanisms that control receptor function, such as calmodulin association or activation of signaling pathways. This provides layers of regulation (proteinase and receptor), and a higher order of control of cellular function. Activation of pathways leading to extracellular shedding is concomitant with activation of intracellular proteinases such as calpain, which may also irreversibly deactivate receptors. In this review, platelet receptor shedding will be discussed in terms of (1) the identity of proteinases involved in receptor proteolysis, (2) key platelet receptors regulated by proteolytic pathways, and (3) how shedding might be regulated in normal physiology or future therapeutics. In particular, a focus on proteolytic regulation of the platelet collagen receptor, glycoprotein (GP)VI, illustrates many of the key biochemical, cellular, and clinical implications of current research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Andrews
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research & Education Precinct, Melbourne 3004, Australia.
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46
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Arthur JF, Shen Y, Mu FT, Leon C, Gachet C, Berndt MC, Andrews RK. Calmodulin interacts with the platelet ADP receptor P2Y1. Biochem J 2006; 398:339-43. [PMID: 16848759 PMCID: PMC1559453 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
P2Y1 [P2 (purinergic type-2)-receptor 1] is a G-protein-coupled ADP receptor that regulates platelet activation and ADP-induced Ca2+ signalling. Studies using P2Y1-knockout mice, G(q)-deficient mice or P2Y1-selective inhibitors have previously identified a key role for P2Y1 in pathophysiological thrombus formation at high shear stress. We provide evidence that a positively charged juxtamembrane sequence within the cytoplasmic C-terminal tail of P2Y1 can bind directly to the cytosolic regulatory protein calmodulin. Deletion by mutagenesis of the calmodulin-binding domain of P2Y1 inhibits intracellular Ca2+ flux in transfected cells. These results suggest that the interaction of calmodulin with the P2Y1 C-terminal tail may regulate P2Y1-dependent platelet aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane F Arthur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Abbracchio MP, Burnstock G, Boeynaems JM, Barnard EA, Boyer JL, Kennedy C, Knight GE, Fumagalli M, Gachet C, Jacobson KA, Weisman GA. International Union of Pharmacology LVIII: update on the P2Y G protein-coupled nucleotide receptors: from molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology to therapy. Pharmacol Rev 2006; 58:281-341. [PMID: 16968944 PMCID: PMC3471216 DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 979] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been many advances in our knowledge about different aspects of P2Y receptor signaling since the last review published by our International Union of Pharmacology subcommittee. More receptor subtypes have been cloned and characterized and most orphan receptors de-orphanized, so that it is now possible to provide a basis for a future subdivision of P2Y receptor subtypes. More is known about the functional elements of the P2Y receptor molecules and the signaling pathways involved, including interactions with ion channels. There have been substantial developments in the design of selective agonists and antagonists to some of the P2Y receptor subtypes. There are new findings about the mechanisms underlying nucleotide release and ectoenzymatic nucleotide breakdown. Interactions between P2Y receptors and receptors to other signaling molecules have been explored as well as P2Y-mediated control of gene transcription. The distribution and roles of P2Y receptor subtypes in many different cell types are better understood and P2Y receptor-related compounds are being explored for therapeutic purposes. These and other advances are discussed in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Abbracchio
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
The main role of blood platelets is to ensure primary hemostasis, which is the maintenance of vessel integrity and cessation of bleeding upon injury. While playing a major part in acute arterial thrombosis, platelets are also involved in inflammation, atherosclerosis, and angiogenesis. ADP and ATP play a crucial role in platelet activation, and their receptors are potential targets for antithrombotic drugs. The ATP-gated cation channel P2X(1) and the two G protein-coupled ADP receptors, P2Y(1) and P2Y(12), selectively contribute to platelet aggregation and formation of a thrombus. Owing to its central role in the growth and stabilization of a thrombus, the P2Y(12) receptor is an established target of antithrombotic drugs such as clopidogrel. Studies in P2Y(1) and P2X(1) knockout mice and selective P2Y(1) and P2X(1) antagonists have shown that these receptors are also attractive targets for new antithrombotic compounds. The potential role of platelet P(2) receptors in the involvement of platelets in inflammatory processes is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gachet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 311, Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, Strasbourg 67065, France.
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Erhardt JA, Toomey JR, Douglas SA, Johns DG. P2X1 stimulation promotes thrombin receptor-mediated platelet aggregation. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4:882-90. [PMID: 16634759 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
P2X1 receptors are ATP-gated channel demonstrated to be involved in multiple platelet responses, although in vitro analysis has been complicated by the effects of rapid desensitization. To further investigate potential roles of P2X1 receptors in platelet activation, the current study employed methods which maximally preserved P2X1 functionality. In preliminary in vivo studies, P2X1-deficiency reduced thrombus formation following the laser-induced, but not FeCl3-induced injury. Given the multiple potential mechanisms involved in thrombus formation in vivo, including tissue-factor/thrombin generation pathways, subsequent studies were designed to investigate the effects of P2X1 inhibition or stimulation on platelet activation in vitro; specifically, the interaction of P2X1 with thrombin receptor stimulation. Aggregation initiated by low/threshold levels of a protease-activated receptor (PAR)4 agonist was reduced in P2X1-deficient murine platelets, and inhibition of P2X1 in wild-type platelets similarly reduced PAR4-mediated aggregation. In human platelets, aggregation to low/threshold stimulation of PAR1 was inhibited with the P2X1 antagonist MRS2159. In addition, P2X1 stimulation primed human platelet responses, such that subsequent sub-threshold PAR1 responses were converted into significant aggregation. Selective ADP receptor inhibitors attenuated P2X1-mediated priming, suggesting that the synergy between P2X1 and sub-threshold PAR1 stimulation was in part because of enhanced granular release of ADP. Overall, the present study defines a novel interaction between platelet P2X1 and thrombin receptors, with P2X1 functioning to amplify aggregation responses at low levels of thrombin receptor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Erhardt
- GlaxoSmithKline, Department of Vascular Biology, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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Gachet C, Léon C, Hechler B. The platelet P2 receptors in arterial thrombosis. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2006; 36:223-7. [PMID: 16466948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2005.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
ADP and ATP play a crucial role in hemostasis and thrombosis and their receptors are potential targets for antithrombotic drugs. The ATP-gated channel P2X1 and the two G protein-coupled P2Y1 and P2Y12 ADP receptors selectively contribute to platelet aggregation. Due to its central role in the formation and stabilization of a thrombus, the P2Y12 receptor is a well established target of antithrombotic drugs like clopidogrel which has proved efficacious in many clinical trials and experimental models of thrombosis. Competitive P2Y12 antagonists have also been shown to be effective in experimental thrombosis as well as in several clinical trials. Studies in P2Y1 and P2X1 knock-out mice and experimental thrombosis models using selective P2Y1 and P2X1 antagonists have shown that, depending on the conditions, these receptors could also be potential targets for new antithrombotic drugs. Since both P2X1 and P2Y1 receptor inhibition result in milder prolongation of the bleeding time as compared to P2Y12 inhibition, the idea is put forward that combination of P2 receptor antagonists could improve efficacy with diminished hemorrhagic risk. However, further studies are required to validate such a point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gachet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 311, Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, Strasbourg, France.
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