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Fuentes ME, Lu X, Flores NM, Hausmann S, Mazur PK. Combined deletion of MEN1, ATRX and PTEN triggers development of high-grade pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in mice. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8510. [PMID: 38609433 PMCID: PMC11014914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) are a heterogeneous group of tumors that exhibit an unpredictable and broad spectrum of clinical presentations and biological aggressiveness. Surgical resection is still the only curative therapeutic option for localized PanNET, but the majority of patients are diagnosed at an advanced and metastatic stage with limited therapeutic options. Key factors limiting the development of new therapeutics are the extensive heterogeneity of PanNETs and the lack of appropriate clinically relevant models. In that context, genomic sequencing of human PanNETs revealed recurrent mutations and structural alterations in several tumor suppressors. Here, we demonstrated that combined loss of MEN1, ATRX, and PTEN, tumor suppressors commonly mutated in human PanNETs, triggers the development of high-grade pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in mice. Histopathological evaluation and gene expression analyses of the developed tumors confirm the presence of PanNET hallmarks and significant overlap in gene expression patterns found in human disease. Thus, we postulate that the presented novel genetically defined mouse model is the first clinically relevant immunocompetent high-grade PanNET mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Esmeralda Fuentes
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoyin Lu
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Natasha M Flores
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Simone Hausmann
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Pawel K Mazur
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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2
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Oropeza D, Herrera PL. Glucagon-producing α-cell transcriptional identity and reprogramming towards insulin production. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:180-197. [PMID: 37626005 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
β-Cell replacement by in situ reprogramming of non-β-cells is a promising diabetes therapy. Following the observation that near-total β-cell ablation in adult mice triggers the reprogramming of pancreatic α-, δ-, and γ-cells into insulin (INS)-producing cells, recent studies are delving deep into the mechanisms controlling adult α-cell identity. Systematic analyses of the α-cell transcriptome and epigenome have started to pinpoint features that could be crucial for maintaining α-cell identity. Using different transgenic and chemical approaches, significant advances have been made in reprogramming α-cells in vivo into INS-secreting cells in mice. The recent reprogramming of human α-cells in vitro is an important step forward that must now be complemented with a comprehensive molecular dissection of the mechanisms controlling α-cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Oropeza
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Luis Herrera
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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3
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Fahrmann JF, Wasylishen AR, Pieterman CRC, Irajizad E, Vykoukal J, Wu R, Dennison JB, Peterson CB, Zhao H, Do KA, Halperin DM, Agarwal SK, Blau JE, Jha S, Rivero JD, Nilubol N, Walter MF, Welch JM, Weinstein LS, Vriens MR, van Leeuwaarde RS, van Treijen MJC, Valk GD, Perrier ND, Hanash SM, Katayama H. Blood-based Proteomic Signatures Associated With MEN1-related Duodenopancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Progression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:3260-3271. [PMID: 37307230 PMCID: PMC11032251 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) are predisposed to develop duodenopancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (dpNETs), and metastatic dpNET is the primary cause of disease-related mortality. Presently, there is a paucity of prognostic factors that can reliably identify patients with MEN1-related dpNETS who are at high risk of distant metastasis. In the current study, we aimed to establish novel circulating molecular protein signatures associated with disease progression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Mass spectrometry-based proteomic profiling was conducted on plasmas procured through an international collaboration between MD Anderson Cancer Center, the National Institutes of Health, and the University Medical Center Utrecht from a cohort of 56 patients with MEN1 [14 with distant metastasis dpNETs (cases) and 42 with either indolent dpNETs or no dpNETs (controls)]. Findings were compared to proteomic profiles generated from serially collected plasmas from a mouse model of Men1-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (Men1fl/flPdx1-CreTg) and control mice (Men1fl/fl). RESULTS A total of 187 proteins were found to be elevated in MEN1 patients with distant metastasis compared to controls, including 9 proteins previously associated with pancreatic cancer and other neuronal proteins. Analyses of mouse plasmas revealed 196 proteins enriched for transcriptional targets of oncogenic MYCN, YAP1, POU5F1, and SMAD that were associated with disease progression in Men1fl/flPdx1-CreTg mice. Cross-species intersection revealed 19 proteins positively associated with disease progression in both human patients and in Men1fl/flPdx1-CreTg mice. CONCLUSIONS Our integrated analyses identified novel circulating protein markers associated with disease progression in MEN1-related dpNET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes F Fahrmann
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amanda R Wasylishen
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Carolina R C Pieterman
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Section of Surgical Endocrinology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Endocrine Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Ehsan Irajizad
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jody Vykoukal
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ranran Wu
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer B Dennison
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christine B Peterson
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hua Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Kim-Anh Do
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daniel M Halperin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sunita K Agarwal
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jenny E Blau
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Smita Jha
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jaydira Del Rivero
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, The National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Naris Nilubol
- Surgical Oncology Program, The National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mary F Walter
- Core for Clinical Laboratory Services, The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James M Welch
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lee S Weinstein
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Menno R Vriens
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, the Netherlands
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, ENETS Center of Excellence, Netherlands Cancer Institute Amsterdam, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrect 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Rachel S van Leeuwaarde
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, ENETS Center of Excellence, Netherlands Cancer Institute Amsterdam, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrect 1066 CX, the Netherlands
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Mark J C van Treijen
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, ENETS Center of Excellence, Netherlands Cancer Institute Amsterdam, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrect 1066 CX, the Netherlands
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Gerlof D Valk
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, ENETS Center of Excellence, Netherlands Cancer Institute Amsterdam, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrect 1066 CX, the Netherlands
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Nancy D Perrier
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Section of Surgical Endocrinology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Samir M Hanash
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Jha S, Simonds WF. Molecular and Clinical Spectrum of Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:779-818. [PMID: 36961765 PMCID: PMC10502601 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent data suggest an increase in the overall incidence of parathyroid disorders, with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) being the most prevalent parathyroid disorder. PHPT is associated with morbidities (fractures, kidney stones, chronic kidney disease) and increased risk of death. The symptoms of PHPT can be nonspecific, potentially delaying the diagnosis. Approximately 15% of patients with PHPT have an underlying heritable form of PHPT that may be associated with extraparathyroidal manifestations, requiring active surveillance for these manifestations as seen in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and 2A. Genetic testing for heritable forms should be offered to patients with multiglandular disease, recurrent PHPT, young onset PHPT (age ≤40 years), and those with a family history of parathyroid tumors. However, the underlying genetic cause for the majority of patients with heritable forms of PHPT remains unknown. Distinction between sporadic and heritable forms of PHPT is useful in surgical planning for parathyroidectomy and has implications for the family. The genes currently known to be associated with heritable forms of PHPT account for approximately half of sporadic parathyroid tumors. But the genetic cause in approximately half of the sporadic parathyroid tumors remains unknown. Furthermore, there is no systemic therapy for parathyroid carcinoma, a rare but potentially fatal cause of PHPT. Improved understanding of the molecular characteristics of parathyroid tumors will allow us to identify biomarkers for diagnosis and novel targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Jha
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1752, USA
| | - William F Simonds
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1752, USA
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5
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Forsythe SD, Pu T, Andrews SG, Madigan JP, Sadowski SM. Models in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Current Perspectives and Future Directions. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3756. [PMID: 37568572 PMCID: PMC10416968 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNENs) are a heterogeneous group of tumors derived from multiple neuroendocrine origin cell subtypes. Incidence rates for pNENs have steadily risen over the last decade, and outcomes continue to vary widely due to inability to properly screen. These tumors encompass a wide range of functional and non-functional subtypes, with their rarity and slow growth making therapeutic development difficult as most clinically used therapeutics are derived from retrospective analyses. Improved molecular understanding of these cancers has increased our knowledge of the tumor biology for pNENs. Despite these advances in our understanding of pNENs, there remains a dearth of models for further investigation. In this review, we will cover the current field of pNEN models, which include established cell lines, animal models such as mice and zebrafish, and three-dimensional (3D) cell models, and compare their uses in modeling various disease aspects. While no study model is a complete representation of pNEN biology, each has advantages which allow for new scientific understanding of these rare tumors. Future efforts and advancements in technology will continue to create new options in modeling these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D. Forsythe
- Neuroendocrine Cancer Therapy Section, Surgical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.D.F.); (S.G.A.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Tracey Pu
- Surgical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Stephen G. Andrews
- Neuroendocrine Cancer Therapy Section, Surgical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.D.F.); (S.G.A.); (J.P.M.)
| | - James P. Madigan
- Neuroendocrine Cancer Therapy Section, Surgical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.D.F.); (S.G.A.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Samira M. Sadowski
- Neuroendocrine Cancer Therapy Section, Surgical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.D.F.); (S.G.A.); (J.P.M.)
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6
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Wang Y, Wang F, Qin Y, Lou X, Ye Z, Zhang W, Gao H, Chen J, Xu X, Yu X, Ji S. Recent progress of experimental model in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: drawbacks and challenges. Endocrine 2023; 80:266-282. [PMID: 36648608 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine neoplasm, in general, refers to a heterogeneous group of all tumors originating from peptidergic neurons and neuroendocrine cells. Neuroendocrine neoplasms are divided into two histopathological subtypes: well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors account for more than 80% of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Due to the greater proportion of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors compared to pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma, this review will only focus on them. The worldwide incidence of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors is rising year by year due to sensitive detection with an emphasis on medical examinations and the improvement of testing technology. Although the biological behavior of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors tends to be inert, distant metastasis is common, often occurring very early. Because of the paucity of basic research on pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, the mechanism of tumor development, metastasis, and recurrence are still unclear. In this context, the representative preclinical models simulating the tumor development process are becoming ever more widely appreciated to address the clinical problems of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. So far, there is no comprehensive report on the experimental model of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. This article systematically summarizes the characteristics of preclinical models, such as patient-derived cell lines, patient-derived xenografts, genetically engineered mouse models, and patient-derived organoids, and their advantages and disadvantages, to provide a reference for further studies of neuroendocrine tumors. We also highlight the method of establishment of liver metastasis mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yi Qin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xin Lou
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zeng Ye
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wuhu Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Heli Gao
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaowu Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Shunrong Ji
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Gaspar TB, Lopes JM, Soares P, Vinagre J. An update on genetically engineered mouse models of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Endocr Relat Cancer 2022; 29:R191-R208. [PMID: 36197786 DOI: 10.1530/erc-22-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PanNENs) are rare and clinically challenging entities. At the molecular level, PanNENs' genetic profile is well characterized, but there is limited knowledge regarding the contribution of the newly identified genes to tumor initiation and progression. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) are the most versatile tool for studying the plethora of genetic variations influencing PanNENs' etiopathogenesis and behavior over time. In this review, we present the state of the art of the most relevant PanNEN GEMMs available and correlate their findings with the human neoplasms' counterparts. We discuss the historic GEMMs as the most used and with higher translational utility models. GEMMs with Men1 and glucagon receptor gene germline alterations stand out as the most faithful models in recapitulating human disease; RIP-Tag models are unique models of early-onset, highly vascularized, invasive carcinomas. We also include a section of the most recent GEMMs that evaluate pathways related to cell cycle and apoptosis, Pi3k/Akt/mTOR, and Atrx/Daxx. For the latter, their tumorigenic effect is heterogeneous. In particular, for Atrx/Daxx, we will require more in-depth studies to evaluate their contribution; even though they are prevalent genetic events in PanNENs, they have low/inexistent tumorigenic capacity per se in GEMMs. Researchers planning to use GEMMs can find a road map of the main clinical features in this review, presented as a guide that summarizes the chief milestones achieved. We identify pitfalls to overcome, concerning the novel designs and standardization of results, so that future models can replicate human disease more closely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Bordeira Gaspar
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
- Ipatimup - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Lopes
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
- Ipatimup - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Soares
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
- Ipatimup - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Vinagre
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
- Ipatimup - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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8
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Preclinical Models of Neuroendocrine Neoplasia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225646. [PMID: 36428741 PMCID: PMC9688518 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasia (NENs) are a complex and heterogeneous group of cancers that can arise from neuroendocrine tissues throughout the body and differentiate them from other tumors. Their low incidence and high diversity make many of them orphan conditions characterized by a low incidence and few dedicated clinical trials. Study of the molecular and genetic nature of these diseases is limited in comparison to more common cancers and more dependent on preclinical models, including both in vitro models (such as cell lines and 3D models) and in vivo models (such as patient derived xenografts (PDXs) and genetically-engineered mouse models (GEMMs)). While preclinical models do not fully recapitulate the nature of these cancers in patients, they are useful tools in investigation of the basic biology and early-stage investigation for evaluation of treatments for these cancers. We review available preclinical models for each type of NEN and discuss their history as well as their current use and translation.
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9
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Cheng Z, Guo D, Ruzi A, Pan T, You K, Chen Y, Huang X, Zhang J, Yang F, Niu L, Xu K, Li YX. Modeling MEN1 with Patient-Origin iPSCs Reveals GLP-1R Mediated Hypersecretion of Insulin. Cells 2022; 11:2387. [PMID: 35954231 PMCID: PMC9368616 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is an inherited disease caused by mutations in the MEN1 gene encoding a nuclear protein menin. Among those different endocrine tumors of MEN1, the pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are life-threatening and frequently implicated. Since there are uncertainties in genotype and phenotype relationship and there are species differences between humans and mice, it is worth it to replenish the mice model with human cell resources. Here, we tested whether the patient-origin induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines could phenocopy some defects of MEN1. In vitro β-cell differentiation revealed that the percentage of insulin-positive cells and insulin secretion were increased by at least two-fold in MEN1-iPSC derived cells, which was mainly resulted from significantly higher proliferative activities in the pancreatic progenitor stage (Day 7-13). This scenario was paralleled with increased expressions of prohormone convertase1/3 (PC1/3), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), GLP-1R, and factors in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signal pathway, and the GLP-1R was mainly expressed in β-like cells. Blockages of either GLP-1R or PI3K significantly reduced the percentages of insulin-positive cells and hypersecretion of insulin in MEN1-derived cells. Furthermore, in transplantation of different stages of MEN1-derived cells into immune-deficient mice, only those β-like cells produced tumors that mimicked the features of the PNETs from the original patient. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first case using patient-origin iPSCs modeling most phenotypes of MEN1, and the results suggested that GLP-1R may be a potential therapeutic target for MEN1-related hyperinsulinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Cheng
- Center for Health Research, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (Z.C.); (D.G.); (A.R.); (T.P.); (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (J.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Dongsheng Guo
- Center for Health Research, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (Z.C.); (D.G.); (A.R.); (T.P.); (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Aynisahan Ruzi
- Center for Health Research, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (Z.C.); (D.G.); (A.R.); (T.P.); (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Tingcai Pan
- Center for Health Research, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (Z.C.); (D.G.); (A.R.); (T.P.); (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Kai You
- Center for Health Research, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (Z.C.); (D.G.); (A.R.); (T.P.); (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yan Chen
- Center for Health Research, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (Z.C.); (D.G.); (A.R.); (T.P.); (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xinping Huang
- Center for Health Research, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (Z.C.); (D.G.); (A.R.); (T.P.); (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (J.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Jiaye Zhang
- Center for Health Research, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (Z.C.); (D.G.); (A.R.); (T.P.); (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Fan Yang
- Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China;
| | - Lizhi Niu
- Guangzhou Fuda Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou 510305, China; (L.N.); (K.X.)
| | - Kecheng Xu
- Guangzhou Fuda Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou 510305, China; (L.N.); (K.X.)
| | - Yin-Xiong Li
- Center for Health Research, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (Z.C.); (D.G.); (A.R.); (T.P.); (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (J.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510000, China
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
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10
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Sarnobat D, Charlotte Moffett R, Flatt PR, Irwin N, Tarasov AI. GABA and insulin but not nicotinamide augment α- to β-cell transdifferentiation in insulin-deficient diabetic mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:115019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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11
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Sarnobat D, Moffett RC, Flatt PR, Tarasov AI. Effects of first-line diabetes therapy with biguanides, sulphonylurea and thiazolidinediones on the differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis of islet cell populations. J Endocrinol Invest 2022; 45:95-103. [PMID: 34191257 PMCID: PMC8741670 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-021-01620-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Metformin, rosiglitazone and sulfonylureas enhance either insulin action or secretion and thus have been used extensively as early stage anti-diabetic medication, independently of the aetiology of the disease. When administered to newly diagnosed diabetes patients, these drugs produce variable results. Here, we examined the effects of the three early stage oral hypoglycaemic agents in mice with diabetes induced by multiple low doses of streptozotocin, focusing specifically on the developmental biology of pancreatic islets. METHODS Streptozotocin-treated diabetic mice expressing a fluorescent reporter specifically in pancreatic islet α-cells were administered the biguanide metformin (100 mg/kg), thiazolidinedione rosiglitazone (10 mg/kg), or sulfonylurea tolbutamide (20 mg/kg) for 10 days. We assessed the impact of the treatment on metabolic status of the animals as well as on the morphology, proliferative potential and transdifferentiation of pancreatic islet cells, using immunofluorescence. RESULTS The effect of the therapy on the islet cells varied depending on the drug and included enhanced pancreatic islet β-cell proliferation, in case of metformin and rosiglitazone; de-differentiation of α-cells and β-cell apoptosis with tolbutamide; increased relative number of β-cells and bi-hormonal insulin + glucagon + cells with metformin. These effects were accompanied by normalisation of food and fluid intake with only minor effects on glycaemia at the low doses of the agents employed. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that metformin and rosiglitazone attenuate the depletion of the β-cell pool in the streptozotocin-induced diabetes, whereas tolbutamide exacerbates the β-cell apoptosis, but is likely to protect β-cells from chronic hyperglycaemia by directly elevating insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sarnobat
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - R C Moffett
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - P R Flatt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - A I Tarasov
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK.
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12
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Maharjan CK, Ear PH, Tran CG, Howe JR, Chandrasekharan C, Quelle DE. Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5117. [PMID: 34680266 PMCID: PMC8533967 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) are unique, slow-growing malignancies whose molecular pathogenesis is incompletely understood. With rising incidence of pNETs over the last four decades, larger and more comprehensive 'omic' analyses of patient tumors have led to a clearer picture of the pNET genomic landscape and transcriptional profiles for both primary and metastatic lesions. In pNET patients with advanced disease, those insights have guided the use of targeted therapies that inhibit activated mTOR and receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) pathways or stimulate somatostatin receptor signaling. Such treatments have significantly benefited patients, but intrinsic or acquired drug resistance in the tumors remains a major problem that leaves few to no effective treatment options for advanced cases. This demands a better understanding of essential molecular and biological events underlying pNET growth, metastasis, and drug resistance. This review examines the known molecular alterations associated with pNET pathogenesis, identifying which changes may be drivers of the disease and, as such, relevant therapeutic targets. We also highlight areas that warrant further investigation at the biological level and discuss available model systems for pNET research. The paucity of pNET models has hampered research efforts over the years, although recently developed cell line, animal, patient-derived xenograft, and patient-derived organoid models have significantly expanded the available platforms for pNET investigations. Advancements in pNET research and understanding are expected to guide improved patient treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra K. Maharjan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Po Hien Ear
- Department of Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (P.H.E.); (C.G.T.); (J.R.H.)
| | - Catherine G. Tran
- Department of Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (P.H.E.); (C.G.T.); (J.R.H.)
| | - James R. Howe
- Department of Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (P.H.E.); (C.G.T.); (J.R.H.)
| | - Chandrikha Chandrasekharan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Dawn E. Quelle
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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13
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Marini F, Giusti F, Tonelli F, Brandi ML. Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4041. [PMID: 33919851 PMCID: PMC8070788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) are a rare group of cancers accounting for about 1-2% of all pancreatic neoplasms. About 10% of pNETs arise within endocrine tumor syndromes, such as Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). pNETs affect 30-80% of MEN1 patients, manifesting prevalently as multiple microadenomas. pNETs in patients with MEN1 are particularly difficult to treat due to differences in their growth potential, their multiplicity, the frequent requirement of extensive surgery, the high rate of post-operative recurrences, and the concomitant development of other tumors. MEN1 syndrome is caused by germinal heterozygote inactivating mutation of the MEN1 gene, encoding the menin tumor suppressor protein. MEN1-related pNETs develop following the complete loss of function of wild-type menin. Menin is a key regulator of endocrine cell plasticity and its loss in these cells is sufficient for tumor initiation. Somatic biallelic loss of wild-type menin in the neuroendocrine pancreas presumably alters the epigenetic control of gene expression, mediated by histone modifications and DNA hypermethylation, as a driver of MEN1-associated pNET tumorigenesis. In this light, epigenetic-based therapies aimed to correct the altered DNA methylation, and/or histone modifications might be a possible therapeutic strategy for MEN1 pNETs, for whom standard treatments fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Marini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (F.M.); (F.G.)
- F.I.R.M.O. Italian Foundation for the Research on Bone Diseases, Via Reginaldo Giuliani 195/A, 50141 Florence, Italy;
| | - Francesca Giusti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (F.M.); (F.G.)
| | - Francesco Tonelli
- F.I.R.M.O. Italian Foundation for the Research on Bone Diseases, Via Reginaldo Giuliani 195/A, 50141 Florence, Italy;
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- F.I.R.M.O. Italian Foundation for the Research on Bone Diseases, Via Reginaldo Giuliani 195/A, 50141 Florence, Italy;
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14
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Docherty FM, Sussel L. Islet Regeneration: Endogenous and Exogenous Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073306. [PMID: 33804882 PMCID: PMC8037662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are characterized by a progressive loss of beta cell mass that contributes to impaired glucose homeostasis. Although an optimal treatment option would be to simply replace the lost cells, it is now well established that unlike many other organs, the adult pancreas has limited regenerative potential. For this reason, significant research efforts are focusing on methods to induce beta cell proliferation (replication of existing beta cells), promote beta cell formation from alternative endogenous cell sources (neogenesis), and/or generate beta cells from pluripotent stem cells. In this article, we will review (i) endogenous mechanisms of beta cell regeneration during steady state, stress and disease; (ii) efforts to stimulate endogenous regeneration and transdifferentiation; and (iii) exogenous methods of beta cell generation and transplantation.
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15
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Brandi ML, Agarwal SK, Perrier ND, Lines KE, Valk GD, Thakker RV. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1: Latest Insights. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:133-170. [PMID: 33249439 PMCID: PMC7958143 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), a rare tumor syndrome that is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, is continuing to raise great interest for endocrinology, gastroenterology, surgery, radiology, genetics, and molecular biology specialists. There have been 2 major clinical practice guidance papers published in the past 2 decades, with the most recent published 8 years ago. Since then, several new insights on the basic biology and clinical features of MEN1 have appeared in the literature, and those data are discussed in this review. The genetic and molecular interactions of the MEN1-encoded protein menin with transcription factors and chromatin-modifying proteins in cell signaling pathways mediated by transforming growth factor β/bone morphogenetic protein, a few nuclear receptors, Wnt/β-catenin, and Hedgehog, and preclinical studies in mouse models have facilitated the understanding of the pathogenesis of MEN1-associated tumors and potential pharmacological interventions. The advancements in genetic diagnosis have offered a chance to recognize MEN1-related conditions in germline MEN1 mutation-negative patients. There is rapidly accumulating knowledge about clinical presentation in children, adolescents, and pregnancy that is translatable into the management of these very fragile patients. The discoveries about the genetic and molecular signatures of sporadic neuroendocrine tumors support the development of clinical trials with novel targeted therapies, along with advancements in diagnostic tools and surgical approaches. Finally, quality of life studies in patients affected by MEN1 and related conditions represent an effort necessary to develop a pharmacoeconomic interpretation of the problem. Because advances are being made both broadly and in focused areas, this timely review presents and discusses those studies collectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nancy D Perrier
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Gerlof D Valk
- University Medical Center Utrecht, CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
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16
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Detjen K, Hammerich L, Özdirik B, Demir M, Wiedenmann B, Tacke F, Jann H, Roderburg C. Models of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Current Status and Future Directions. Neuroendocrinology 2021; 111:217-236. [PMID: 32615560 DOI: 10.1159/000509864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are a rare, heterogeneous group of tumors that originate from the endocrine system of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. GEP-NENs are subdivided according to their differentiation into well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). Since GEP-NENs represent rare diseases, only limited data from large prospective, randomized clinical trials are available, and recommendations for treatment of GEP-NEN are in part based on data from retrospective analyses or case series. In this context, tractable disease models that reflect the situation in humans and that allow to recapitulate the different clinical aspects and disease stages of GEP-NET or GEP-NEC are urgently needed. In this review, we highlight available data on mouse models for GEP-NEN. We discuss how these models reflect tumor biology of human disease and whether these models could serve as a tool for understanding the pathogenesis of GEP-NEN and for disease modeling and pharmacosensitivity assays, facilitating prediction of treatment response in patients. In addition, open issues applicable for future developments will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Detjen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Linda Hammerich
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Burcin Özdirik
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Münevver Demir
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bertram Wiedenmann
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henning Jann
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Roderburg
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany,
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17
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Spears E, Serafimidis I, Powers AC, Gavalas A. Debates in Pancreatic Beta Cell Biology: Proliferation Versus Progenitor Differentiation and Transdifferentiation in Restoring β Cell Mass. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:722250. [PMID: 34421829 PMCID: PMC8378310 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.722250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In all forms of diabetes, β cell mass or function is reduced and therefore the capacity of the pancreatic cells for regeneration or replenishment is a critical need. Diverse lines of research have shown the capacity of endocrine as well as acinar, ductal and centroacinar cells to generate new β cells. Several experimental approaches using injury models, pharmacological or genetic interventions, isolation and in vitro expansion of putative progenitors followed by transplantations or a combination thereof have suggested several pathways for β cell neogenesis or regeneration. The experimental results have also generated controversy related to the limitations and interpretation of the experimental approaches and ultimately their physiological relevance, particularly when considering differences between mouse, the primary animal model, and human. As a result, consensus is lacking regarding the relative importance of islet cell proliferation or progenitor differentiation and transdifferentiation of other pancreatic cell types in generating new β cells. In this review we summarize and evaluate recent experimental approaches and findings related to islet regeneration and address their relevance and potential clinical application in the fight against diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Spears
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Ioannis Serafimidis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alvin C. Powers
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Anthony Gavalas, ; Alvin C. Powers,
| | - Anthony Gavalas
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Anthony Gavalas, ; Alvin C. Powers,
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18
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Di Domenico A, Pipinikas CP, Maire RS, Bräutigam K, Simillion C, Dettmer MS, Vassella E, Thirlwell C, Perren A, Marinoni I. Epigenetic landscape of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours reveals distinct cells of origin and means of tumour progression. Commun Biol 2020; 3:740. [PMID: 33288854 PMCID: PMC7721725 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01479-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent data suggest that Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumours (PanNETs) originate from α- or β-cells of the islets of Langerhans. The majority of PanNETs are non-functional and do not express cell-type specific hormones. In the current study we examine whether tumour DNA methylation (DNAme) profiling combined with genomic data is able to identify cell of origin and to reveal pathways involved in PanNET progression. We analyse genome-wide DNAme data of 125 PanNETs and sorted α- and β-cells. To confirm cell identity, we investigate ARX and PDX1 expression. Based on epigenetic similarities, PanNETs cluster in α-like, β-like and intermediate tumours. The epigenetic similarity to α-cells progressively decreases in the intermediate tumours, which present unclear differentiation. Specific transcription factor methylation and expression vary in the respective α/β-tumour groups. Depending on DNAme similarity to α/β-cells, PanNETs have different mutational spectra, stage of the disease and prognosis, indicating potential means of PanNET progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annunziata Di Domenico
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Renaud S Maire
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Bräutigam
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Simillion
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias S Dettmer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Erik Vassella
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chrissie Thirlwell
- UCL Cancer Institute, 72, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6JD, UK
- University of Exeter, College of Medicine and Health, St Luke's Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Aurel Perren
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Marinoni
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, 3008, Bern, Switzerland.
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19
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Sarnobat D, Moffett CR, Tanday N, Reimann F, Gribble FM, Flatt PR, Tarasov AI. Antidiabetic drug therapy alleviates type 1 diabetes in mice by promoting pancreatic α-cell transdifferentiation. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 182:114216. [PMID: 32926875 PMCID: PMC7614179 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gut incretins, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), enhance secretion of insulin in a glucose-dependent manner, predominantly by elevating cytosolic levels of cAMP in pancreatic β-cells. Successful targeting of the incretin pathway by several drugs, however, suggests the antidiabetic mechanism is likely to span beyond the acute effect on hormone secretion and include, for instance, stimulation of β-cell growth and/or proliferation. Likewise, the antidiabetic action of kidney sodium-glucose linked transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors exceeds simple increase glucose excretion. Potential reasons for these 'added benefits' may lie in the long-term effects of these signals on developmental aspects of pancreatic islet cells. In this work, we explored if the incretin mimetics or SGLT-2 inhibitors can affect the size of the islet α- or β-cell compartments, under the condition of β-cell stress. To that end, we utilised mice expressing YFP specifically in pancreatic α-cells, in which we modelled type 1 diabetes by injecting streptozotocin, followed by a 10-day administration of liraglutide, sitagliptin or dapagliflozin. We observed an onset of diabetic phenotype, which was partially reversed by the administration of the antidiabetic drugs. The mechanism for the reversal included induction of β-cell proliferation, decrease in β-cell apoptosis and, for the incretin mimetics, transdifferentiation of α-cells into β-cells. Our data therefore emphasize the role of chronic incretin signalling in induction of α-/β-cell transdifferentiation. We conclude that incretin peptides may act directly on islet cells, making use of the endogenous local sites of 'ectopic' expression, whereas SGLT-2 inhibitors work via protecting β-cells from chronic hyperglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Sarnobat
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Charlotte R Moffett
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Neil Tanday
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Frank Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust–MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust–MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Peter R Flatt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Andrei I Tarasov
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK.
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20
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Wasylishen AR, Sun C, Moyer SM, Qi Y, Chau GP, Aryal NK, McAllister F, Kim MP, Barton MC, Estrella JS, Su X, Lozano G. Daxx maintains endogenous retroviral silencing and restricts cellular plasticity in vivo. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba8415. [PMID: 32821827 PMCID: PMC7406367 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba8415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Tumor sequencing studies have emphasized the role of epigenetics and altered chromatin homeostasis in cancer. Mutations in DAXX, which encodes a chaperone for the histone 3.3 variant, occur in 25% of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs). To advance our understanding of physiological functions of Daxx, we developed a conditional Daxx allele in mice. We demonstrate that Daxx loss is well tolerated in the pancreas but creates a permissive transcriptional state that cooperates with environmental stress (inflammation) and other genetic lesions (Men1 loss) to alter gene expression and cell state, impairing pancreas recovery from inflammatory stress in vivo. The transcriptional changes are associated with dysregulation of endogenous retroviral elements (ERVs), and dysregulation of endogenous genes near ERVs is also observed in human PanNETs with DAXX mutations. Our results reveal a physiologic function of DAXX, provide a mechanism associated with impaired tissue regeneration and tumorigenesis, and expand our understanding of ERV regulation in somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Wasylishen
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chang Sun
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Genetics and Epigenetics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sydney M. Moyer
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Genetics and Epigenetics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuan Qi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gilda P. Chau
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Neeraj K. Aryal
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Genetics and Epigenetics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Florencia McAllister
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael P. Kim
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michelle C. Barton
- Genetics and Epigenetics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeannelyn S. Estrella
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoping Su
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Guillermina Lozano
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Genetics and Epigenetics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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21
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Boons G, Vandamme T, Ibrahim J, Roeyen G, Driessen A, Peeters D, Lawrence B, Print C, Peeters M, Van Camp G, Op de Beeck K. PDX1 DNA Methylation Distinguishes Two Subtypes of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms with a Different Prognosis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061461. [PMID: 32512761 PMCID: PMC7352978 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is a crucial epigenetic mechanism for gene expression regulation and cell differentiation. Furthermore, it was found to play a major role in multiple pathological processes, including cancer. In pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PNENs), epigenetic deregulation is also considered to be of significance, as the most frequently mutated genes have an important function in epigenetic regulation. However, the exact changes in DNA methylation between PNENs and the endocrine cells of the pancreas, their likely cell-of-origin, remain largely unknown. Recently, two subtypes of PNENs have been described which were linked to cell-of-origin and have a different prognosis. A difference in the expression of the transcription factor PDX1 was one of the key molecular differences. In this study, we performed an exploratory genome-wide DNA methylation analysis using Infinium Methylation EPIC arrays (Illumina) on 26 PNENs and pancreatic islets of five healthy donors. In addition, the methylation profile of the PDX1 region was used to perform subtyping in a global cohort of 83 PNEN, 2 healthy alpha cell and 3 healthy beta cell samples. In our exploratory analysis, we identified 26,759 differentially methylated CpGs and 79 differentially methylated regions. The gene set enrichment analysis highlighted several interesting pathways targeted by altered DNA methylation, including MAPK, platelet-related and immune system-related pathways. Using the PDX1 methylation in 83 PNEN, 2 healthy alpha cell and 3 healthy beta cell samples, two subtypes were identified, subtypes A and B, which were similar to alpha and beta cells, respectively. These subtypes had different clinicopathological characteristics, a different pattern of chromosomal alterations and a different prognosis, with subtype A having a significantly worse prognosis compared with subtype B (HR 0.22 [95% CI: 0.051–0.95], p = 0.043). Hence, this study demonstrates that several cancer-related pathways are differently methylated between PNENs and normal islet cells. In addition, we validated the use of the PDX1 methylation status for the subtyping of PNENs and its prognostic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitta Boons
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (G.B.); (T.V.); (J.I.); (M.P.); (G.V.C.)
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Timon Vandamme
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (G.B.); (T.V.); (J.I.); (M.P.); (G.V.C.)
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- NETwerk, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Joe Ibrahim
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (G.B.); (T.V.); (J.I.); (M.P.); (G.V.C.)
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Geert Roeyen
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Endocrine and Transplantation Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium;
| | - Ann Driessen
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Belgium;
| | - Dieter Peeters
- Histopathology, Imaging and Quantification Unit, HistoGeneX, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium;
- Department of Pathology, AZ Sint-Maarten, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Ben Lawrence
- Discipline of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand;
- Maurice Wilkins Centre Hosted by the University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand;
| | - Cristin Print
- Maurice Wilkins Centre Hosted by the University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand;
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Marc Peeters
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (G.B.); (T.V.); (J.I.); (M.P.); (G.V.C.)
| | - Guy Van Camp
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (G.B.); (T.V.); (J.I.); (M.P.); (G.V.C.)
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Ken Op de Beeck
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (G.B.); (T.V.); (J.I.); (M.P.); (G.V.C.)
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-3275-97-91
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22
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Hackeng WM, Schelhaas W, Morsink FHM, Heidsma CM, van Eeden S, Valk GD, Vriens MR, Heaphy CM, Nieveen van Dijkum EJM, Offerhaus GJA, Dreijerink KMA, Brosens LAA. Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres and Differential Expression of Endocrine Transcription Factors Distinguish Metastatic and Non-metastatic Insulinomas. Endocr Pathol 2020; 31:108-118. [PMID: 32103422 PMCID: PMC7250793 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-020-09611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-producing pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs)/insulinomas are generally considered to be indolent tumors with an excellent prognosis after complete resection. However, some insulinomas have a poor prognosis due to relapses and metastatic disease. Recently, studies in non-functional PanNETs indicated that behavior can be stratified according to alpha- and beta-cell differentiation, as defined by expression of the transcription factors ARX and PDX1, respectively. It is unknown whether similar mechanisms play a role in insulinomas. Therefore, we determined ARX and PDX1 expression in a cohort of 35 sporadic primary insulinomas and two liver metastases of inoperable primary insulinomas. In addition, WHO grade and loss of ATRX or DAXX were determined by immunohistochemistry, and alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) and CDKN2A status by fluorescence in situ hybridization. These findings were correlated with tumor characteristics and clinical follow-up data. In total, five out of 37 insulinoma patients developed metastatic disease. Metastatic insulinomas were all larger than 3 cm, whereas the indolent insulinomas were smaller (p value < 0.05). All three primary insulinomas that metastasized showed ARX expression, 2/3 showed ALT, and 1/3 had a homozygous deletion of CDKN2A as opposed to absence of ARX expression, ALT, or CDKN2A deletions in the 32 non-metastatic cases. The two liver metastases also showed ARX expression and ALT (2/2). The presence of ARX expression, which is usually absent in beta-cells, and genetic alterations not seen in indolent insulinomas strongly suggest a distinct tumorigenic mechanism in malignant insulinomas, with similarities to non-functional PanNETs. These observations may inform future follow-up strategies after insulinoma surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzel M Hackeng
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Willemien Schelhaas
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert H M Morsink
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte M Heidsma
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne van Eeden
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerlof D Valk
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Menno R Vriens
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - G Johan A Offerhaus
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen M A Dreijerink
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lodewijk A A Brosens
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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23
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Lines KE, Javid M, Reed AAC, Walls GV, Stevenson M, Simon M, Kooblall KG, Piret SE, Christie PT, Newey PJ, Mallon AM, Thakker RV. Genetic background influences tumour development in heterozygous Men1 knockout mice. Endocr Connect 2020; 9:426-437. [PMID: 32348957 PMCID: PMC7274560 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), an autosomal dominant disorder caused by MEN1 germline mutations, is characterised by parathyroid, pancreatic and pituitary tumours. MEN1 mutations also cause familial isolated primary hyperparathyroidism (FIHP), a milder condition causing hyperparathyroidism only. Identical mutations can cause either MEN1 or FIHP in different families, thereby implicating a role for genetic modifiers in altering phenotypic expression of tumours. We therefore investigated the effects of genetic background and potential for genetic modifiers on tumour development in adult Men1+/- mice, which develop tumours of the parathyroids, pancreatic islets, anterior pituitary, adrenal cortex and gonads, that had been backcrossed to generate C57BL/6 and 129S6/SvEv congenic strains. A total of 275 Men1+/- mice, aged 5-26 months were macroscopically studied, and this revealed that genetic background significantly influenced the development of pituitary, adrenal and ovarian tumours, which occurred in mice over 12 months of age and more frequently in C57BL/6 females, 129S6/SvEv males and 129S6/SvEv females, respectively. Moreover, pituitary and adrenal tumours developed earlier, in C57BL/6 males and 129S6/SvEv females, respectively, and pancreatic and testicular tumours developed earlier in 129S6/SvEv males. Furthermore, glucagon-positive staining pancreatic tumours occurred more frequently in 129S6/SvEv Men1+/- mice. Whole genome sequence analysis of 129S6/SvEv and C57BL/6 Men1+/- mice revealed >54,000 different variants in >300 genes. These included, Coq7, Dmpk, Ccne2, Kras, Wnt2b, Il3ra and Tnfrsf10a, and qRT-PCR analysis revealed that Kras was significantly higher in pituitaries of male 129S6/SvEv mice. Thus, our results demonstrate that Kras and other genes could represent possible genetic modifiers of Men1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Lines
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Mahsa Javid
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Anita A C Reed
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Gerard V Walls
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark Stevenson
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Michelle Simon
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Kreepa G Kooblall
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Sian E Piret
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul T Christie
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul J Newey
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Ann-Marie Mallon
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
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24
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Men1 maintains exocrine pancreas homeostasis in response to inflammation and oncogenic stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:6622-6629. [PMID: 32156729 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920017117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A more comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying pancreatic diseases, including pancreatitis and cancer, is essential to improve clinical management. MEN1 has established roles in epigenetic regulation and tumor suppression in the endocrine pancreas; however, intriguing recent data suggest MEN1 may also function in the exocrine pancreas. Using physiologically relevant genetic mouse models, we provide direct evidence that Men1 is essential for exocrine pancreas homeostasis in response to inflammation and oncogenic stress. Men1 loss causes increased injury and impaired regeneration following acute caerulein-induced pancreatitis, leading to more severe damage, loss of the normal acinar compartment, and increased cytokeratin 19-positive metaplasias and immune cell infiltration. We further demonstrate the Men1 protein is stabilized in response to insult, and loss of Men1 is associated with the overexpression of proinflammatory Jund target genes, suggesting that loss of Men1-mediated repression of Jund activity is, at least in part, responsible for the impaired response. Finally, we demonstrate that Men1 loss significantly accelerates mutant Kras-dependent oncogenesis. Combined, this work establishes Men1 as an important mediator of pancreas homeostasis in vivo.
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25
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26
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Generation and characterization of Men1 mutant mouse models for studying MEN1 disease. JOURNAL OF PANCREATOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1097/jp9.0000000000000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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27
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Xiao X, Guo P, Shiota C, Zhang T, Coudriet GM, Fischbach S, Prasadan K, Fusco J, Ramachandran S, Witkowski P, Piganelli JD, Gittes GK. Endogenous Reprogramming of Alpha Cells into Beta Cells, Induced by Viral Gene Therapy, Reverses Autoimmune Diabetes. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 22:78-90.e4. [PMID: 29304344 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Successful strategies for treating type 1 diabetes need to restore the function of pancreatic beta cells that are destroyed by the immune system and overcome further destruction of insulin-producing cells. Here, we infused adeno-associated virus carrying Pdx1 and MafA expression cassettes through the pancreatic duct to reprogram alpha cells into functional beta cells and normalized blood glucose in both beta cell-toxin-induced diabetic mice and in autoimmune non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. The euglycemia in toxin-induced diabetic mice and new insulin+ cells persisted in the autoimmune NOD mice for 4 months prior to reestablishment of autoimmune diabetes. This gene therapy strategy also induced alpha to beta cell conversion in toxin-treated human islets, which restored blood glucose levels in NOD/SCID mice upon transplantation. Hence, this strategy could represent a new therapeutic approach, perhaps complemented by immunosuppression, to bolster endogenous insulin production. Our study thus provides a potential basis for further investigation in human type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwei Xiao
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
| | - Ping Guo
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Chiyo Shiota
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Gina M Coudriet
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Shane Fischbach
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Krishna Prasadan
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Joseph Fusco
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | | | - Piotr Witkowski
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jon D Piganelli
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - George K Gittes
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
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28
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Zhang Y, Parajuli KR, Fava GE, Gupta R, Xu W, Nguyen LU, Zakaria AF, Fonseca VA, Wang H, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Sloop KW, Wu H. GLP-1 Receptor in Pancreatic α-Cells Regulates Glucagon Secretion in a Glucose-Dependent Bidirectional Manner. Diabetes 2019; 68:34-44. [PMID: 30389749 PMCID: PMC6302540 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is known to suppress glucagon secretion, but the mechanism by which GLP-1 exerts this effect is unclear. In this study, we demonstrated GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) expression in α-cells using both antibody-dependent and antibody-independent strategies. A novel α-cell-specific GLP-1R knockout (αGLP-1R-/-) mouse model was created and used to investigate its effects on glucagon secretion and glucose metabolism. Male and female αGLP-1R-/- mice both showed higher nonfasting glucagon levels than their wild-type littermates, whereas insulin and GLP-1 levels remained similar. Female αGLP-1R-/- mice exhibited mild glucose intolerance after an intraperitoneal glucose administration and showed increased glucagon secretion in response to a glucose injection compared with the wild-type animals. Furthermore, using isolated islets, we confirmed that αGLP-1R deletion did not interfere with β-cell function but affected glucagon secretion in a glucose-dependent bidirectional manner: the αGLP-1R-/- islets failed to inhibit glucagon secretion at high glucose and failed to stimulate glucagon secretion at very low glucose condition. More interestingly, the same phenomenon was recapitulated in vivo under hypoglycemic and postprandial (fed) conditions. Taken together, this study demonstrates that GLP-1 (via GLP-1R in α-cells) plays a bidirectional role, either stimulatory or inhibitory, in glucagon secretion depending on glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Zhang
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Keshab R Parajuli
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Genevieve E Fava
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Rajesh Gupta
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Weiwei Xu
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Lauren U Nguyen
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Anadil F Zakaria
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Vivian A Fonseca
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Healthcare Medical Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Kyle W Sloop
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Hongju Wu
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA
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29
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Chan CS, Laddha SV, Lewis PW, Koletsky MS, Robzyk K, Da Silva E, Torres PJ, Untch BR, Li J, Bose P, Chan TA, Klimstra DS, Allis CD, Tang LH. ATRX, DAXX or MEN1 mutant pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are a distinct alpha-cell signature subgroup. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4158. [PMID: 30315258 PMCID: PMC6185985 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06498-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The commonly mutated genes in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) are ATRX, DAXX, and MEN1. We genotyped 64 PanNETs and found 58% carry ATRX, DAXX, and MEN1 mutations (A-D-M mutant PanNETs) and this correlates with a worse clinical outcome than tumors carrying the wild-type alleles of all three genes (A-D-M WT PanNETs). We performed RNA sequencing and DNA-methylation analysis to reveal two distinct subgroups with one consisting entirely of A-D-M mutant PanNETs. Two genes differentiating A-D-M mutant from A-D-M WT PanNETs were high ARX and low PDX1 gene expression with PDX1 promoter hyper-methylation in the A-D-M mutant PanNETs. Moreover, A-D-M mutant PanNETs had a gene expression signature related to that of alpha-cells (FDR q-value < 0.009) of pancreatic islets including increased expression of HNF1A and its transcriptional target genes. This gene expression profile suggests that A-D-M mutant PanNETs originate from or transdifferentiate into a distinct cell type similar to alpha cells. In pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) ATRX, DAXX, and MEN1 are commonly mutated (A-D-M mutant PanNETs). Here, the authors find in a cohort of PanNETS 58% are A-D-M mutant PanNETs, with a worse clinical outcome and differences in gene expression and methylation compared to A-D-M wild type cases- these gene expression differences suggest that A-D-M mutant PanNETs potentially originate from a cell type similar to alpha cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang S Chan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA.,Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Saurabh V Laddha
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Peter W Lewis
- Epigenetics Theme, Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthew S Koletsky
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Kenneth Robzyk
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Edaise Da Silva
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Paula J Torres
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Brian R Untch
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Janet Li
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Promita Bose
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Timothy A Chan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - David S Klimstra
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - C David Allis
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Laura H Tang
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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30
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Huising MO, Lee S, van der Meulen T. Evidence for a Neogenic Niche at the Periphery of Pancreatic Islets. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1800119. [PMID: 30264410 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We recently discovered a novel subset of beta cells that resemble immature beta cells during pancreas development. We named these "virgin" beta cells as they do not stem from existing mature beta cells. Virgin beta cells are found exclusively at the islet periphery in areas that we therefore designated as the "neogenic niche." As beta cells are our only source of insulin, their loss leads to diabetes. Islets also contain glucagon-producing alpha cells and somatostatin-producing delta cells, that are important for glucose homeostasis and form a mantle surrounding the beta cell core. This 3D architecture is important and determines access to blood flow and innervation. We propose that the distinctive islet architecture may also play an important, but hitherto unappreciated role in generation of new endocrine cells, including beta cells. We discuss several predictions to further test the contribution of the neogenic niche to beta cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark O Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Sharon Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Talitha van der Meulen
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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31
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Li JWY, Hua X, Reidy-Lagunes D, Untch BR. MENIN loss as a tissue-specific driver of tumorigenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 469:98-106. [PMID: 28965973 PMCID: PMC8064664 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The MEN1 gene encodes MENIN, a tumor suppressor that plays a role in multiple cellular processes. Germline and somatic mutations in MEN1 have been identified in hereditary and sporadic tumors of neuroendocrine origins suggesting context-specific functions. In this review, we focus on the development of mutational Men1 in vivo models, the known cellular activities of MENIN and efforts to identify vulnerabilities in tumors with MENIN loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet W Y Li
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xianxin Hua
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Diane Reidy-Lagunes
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian R Untch
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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32
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Jiang Z, Shi D, Tu Y, Tian J, Zhang W, Xing B, Wang J, Liu S, Lou J, Gustafsson JÅ, Hua X, Ma X. Human Proislet Peptide Promotes Pancreatic Progenitor Cells to Ameliorate Diabetes Through FOXO1/Menin-Mediated Epigenetic Regulation. Diabetes 2018; 67:1345-1355. [PMID: 29716892 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We investigated how human proislet peptide (HIP) regulates differentiation of human fetus-derived pancreatic progenitor cells (HFPPCs) and explored the potential link between HIP signaling and the menin pathway, which is key to regulating pancreatic islet differentiation. The data show that HIP promoted expression of proislet transcription factors (TFs), including PDX-1, MAFA, and NKX6.1, as well as other maturation markers of β-cells, such as insulin, GLUT2, KIR6.2, SUR1, and VDCC. Moreover, HIP increased insulin content and promoted the ability of HFPPCs to normalize blood glucose in diabetic mice. HIP inhibited the TF FOXO1 by increasing AKT-mediated phosphorylation. HIP-induced repression of FOXO1 suppressed menin expression, leading to reducing menin binding to the promoter of the three key proislet TFs, decreasing recruitment of H3K9 methyltransferase SUV39H1, and thus reducing repressive H3K9me3 at the promoter. These coordinated actions lead to increased expression of the proislet TFs, resulting in induction of HFPPC differentiation. Consistently, constitutive activation of FOXO1 blocks HIP-induced transcription of these TFs. Together, these studies unravel the crucial role of the HIP/AKT/FOXO/menin axis in epigenetically controlling expression of proislet TFs, regulating the differentiation of HFPPCs, and normalizing blood glucose in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongzhe Jiang
- Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Diwen Shi
- Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yifan Tu
- Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingjing Tian
- Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenjian Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bowen Xing
- Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jihua Wang
- Xiamen Diabetes Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Suhuan Liu
- Xiamen Diabetes Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinning Lou
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Xianxin Hua
- Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Xiaosong Ma
- Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
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33
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Waldum HL, Öberg K, Sørdal ØF, Sandvik AK, Gustafsson BI, Mjønes P, Fossmark R. Not only stem cells, but also mature cells, particularly neuroendocrine cells, may develop into tumours: time for a paradigm shift. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2018; 11:1756284818775054. [PMID: 29872453 PMCID: PMC5974566 DOI: 10.1177/1756284818775054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are considered the origin of neoplasms in general, and malignant tumours in particular, and the stage at which the stem cells stop their differentiation determines the degree of malignancy. However, there is increasing evidence supporting an alternative paradigm. Tumours may develop by dedifferentiation from mature cells able to proliferate. Studies of gastric carcinogenesis demonstrate that mature neuroendocrine (NE) cells upon long-term overstimulation may develop through stages of hyperplasia, dysplasia, and rather benign tumours, into highly malignant carcinomas. Dedifferentiation of cells may change the histological appearance and impede the identification of the cellular origin, as seen with gastric carcinomas, which in many cases are dedifferentiated neuroendocrine tumours. Finding the cell of origin is important to identify risk factors for cancer, prevent tumour development, and tailor treatment. In the present review, we focus not only on gastric tumours, but also evaluate the role of neuroendocrine cells in tumourigenesis in two other foregut-derived organs, the lungs and the pancreas, as well as in the midgut-derived small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge L. Waldum
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, N-7491, Norway Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kjell Öberg
- Department of Endocrine Oncology Uppsala University and University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Øystein F. Sørdal
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arne K. Sandvik
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn I. Gustafsson
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Patricia Mjønes
- epartment of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Pathology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Reidar Fossmark
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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34
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Yi SA, Lee J, Park JW, Han J, Lee MG, Nam KH, Park JH, Oh H, Ahn SJ, Kim S, Kwon SH, Jo DG, Han JW. S6K1 controls epigenetic plasticity for the expression of pancreatic α/β cell marker genes. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:6674-6683. [PMID: 29665055 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The failure of insulin production by pancreatic β cells is a common hallmark of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Because administration of exogenous insulin is associated with diabetes-derived complications, endogenous α to β cell transition can be an attractive alternative. Although decreased β cell size and hypoinsulinaemia have been observed in S6K1-deficient mice, the molecular mechanism underlying the involvement of S6K1 in the transcriptional regulation of insulin remains elusive. Here, we show that the hypoinsulinaemic phenotype of S6K1-deficient mice stems from the dysregulated transcription of a set of genes required for insulin and glucagon production. First, we observed that increased expression of α cell marker genes and decreased expression of β cell marker genes in pancreas tissues from S6K1-deficient mice. Furthermore, S6K1 was highly activated in murine β cell line, βTC6, compared to murine α cell line αTC1. In both α and β cells, active S6K1 promoted the transcription of β cell marker genes, including insulin, whereas S6K1 inhibition increased the transcription of α cell marker genes. Moreover, S6K1 mediated pancreatic gene regulation by modifying two histone marks (activating H3K4me3 and repressing H3K27me3) on gene promoters. These results suggest that S6K1 drives the α to β transition through the epigenetic regulation of cell-specific genes, including insulin and glucagon. This novel role of S6K1 in islet cells provides basic clues to establish therapeutic strategies against T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ah Yi
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Woo Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Han
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gyu Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hong Nam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Hun Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwamok Oh
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jin Ahn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Saetbyul Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hee Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeung-Whan Han
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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35
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Fowler JL, Lee SSY, Wesner ZC, Olehnik SK, Kron SJ, Hara M. Three-Dimensional Analysis of the Human Pancreas. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1393-1400. [PMID: 29390052 PMCID: PMC5839749 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic islets are endocrine micro-organs scattered throughout the exocrine pancreas. Islets are surrounded by a network of vasculature, ducts, neurons, and extracellular matrix. Three-dimensional imaging is critical for such structural analyses. We have adapted transparent tissue tomography to develop a method to image thick pancreatic tissue slices (1 mm) with multifluorescent channels. This method takes only 2 to 3 days from specimen preparation and immunohistochemical staining to clearing tissues and imaging. Reconstruction of the intact pancreas visualizes islets with β, α, and δ cells together with their surrounding networks. Capturing several hundred islets at once ensures sufficient power for statistical analyses. Further surface rendering provides clear views of the anatomical relationship between islets and their microenvironment as well as the basis for volumetric quantification. As a proof-of-principle demonstration, we show an islet size-dependent increase of intraislet capillary density and an inverse decrease in sphericity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas L. Fowler
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Steve Seung-Young Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Zachary C. Wesner
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Scott K. Olehnik
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Stephen J. Kron
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Manami Hara
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Correspondence: Manami Hara, DDS, PhD, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC1027, Chicago, Illinois 60637. E-mail:
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36
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Kawasaki K, Fujii M, Sato T. Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: genes, therapies and models. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/2/dmm029595. [PMID: 29590641 PMCID: PMC5894937 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.029595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) refer to a group of heterogeneous cancers of neuroendocrine cell phenotype that mainly fall into one of two subtypes: gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs; well differentiated) or gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas (GEP-NECs; poorly differentiated). Although originally defined as orphan cancers, their steadily increasing incidence highlights the need to better understand their etiology. Accumulating epidemiological and clinical data have shed light on the pathological characteristics of these diseases. However, the relatively low number of patients has hampered conducting large-scale clinical trials and hence the development of novel treatment strategies. To overcome this limitation, tractable disease models that faithfully reflect clinical features of these diseases are needed. In this Review, we summarize the current understanding of the genetics and biology of these diseases based on conventional disease models, such as genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) and cell lines, and discuss the phenotypic differences between the models and affected humans. We also highlight the emerging disease models derived from human clinical samples, including patient-derived xenograft models and organoids, which may provide biological and therapeutic insights into GEP-NENs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Kawasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujii
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Toshiro Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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37
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Michlits G, Hubmann M, Wu SH, Vainorius G, Budusan E, Zhuk S, Burkard TR, Novatchkova M, Aichinger M, Lu Y, Reece-Hoyes J, Nitsch R, Schramek D, Hoepfner D, Elling U. CRISPR-UMI: single-cell lineage tracing of pooled CRISPR-Cas9 screens. Nat Methods 2017; 14:1191-1197. [PMID: 29039415 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pooled CRISPR screens are a powerful tool for assessments of gene function. However, conventional analysis is based exclusively on the relative abundance of integrated single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) between populations, which does not discern distinct phenotypes and editing outcomes generated by identical sgRNAs. Here we present CRISPR-UMI, a single-cell lineage-tracing methodology for pooled screening to account for cell heterogeneity. We generated complex sgRNA libraries with unique molecular identifiers (UMIs) that allowed for screening of clonally expanded, individually tagged cells. A proof-of-principle CRISPR-UMI negative-selection screen provided increased sensitivity and robustness compared with conventional analysis by accounting for underlying cellular and editing-outcome heterogeneity and detection of outlier clones. Furthermore, a CRISPR-UMI positive-selection screen uncovered new roadblocks in reprogramming mouse embryonic fibroblasts as pluripotent stem cells, distinguishing reprogramming frequency and speed (i.e., effect size and probability). CRISPR-UMI boosts the predictive power, sensitivity, and information content of pooled CRISPR screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Michlits
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Hubmann
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Szu-Hsien Wu
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Gintautas Vainorius
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Elena Budusan
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Sergei Zhuk
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas R Burkard
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC),Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Novatchkova
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC),Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Aichinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC),Vienna, Austria
| | - Yiqing Lu
- Center for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Reece-Hoyes
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roberto Nitsch
- Discovery Sciences RAD, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Schramek
- Center for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ulrich Elling
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
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38
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Traub S, Meier DT, Schulze F, Dror E, Nordmann TM, Goetz N, Koch N, Dalmas E, Stawiski M, Makshana V, Thorel F, Herrera PL, Böni-Schnetzler M, Donath MY. Pancreatic α Cell-Derived Glucagon-Related Peptides Are Required for β Cell Adaptation and Glucose Homeostasis. Cell Rep 2017; 18:3192-3203. [PMID: 28355570 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic α cells may process proglucagon not only to glucagon but also to glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). However, the biological relevance of paracrine GLP-1 for β cell function remains unclear. We studied effects of locally derived insulin secretagogues on β cell function and glucose homeostasis using mice with α cell ablation and with α cell-specific GLP-1 deficiency. Normally, intestinal GLP-1 compensates for the lack of α cell-derived GLP-1. However, upon aging and metabolic stress, glucose tolerance is impaired. This was partly rescued with the DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin, but not with glucagon administration. In isolated islets from these mice, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was heavily impaired and exogenous GLP-1 or glucagon rescued insulin secretion. These data highlight the importance of α cell-derived GLP-1 for glucose homeostasis during metabolic stress and may impact on the clinical use of systemic GLP-1 agonists versus stabilizing local α cell-derived GLP-1 by DPP-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Traub
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel T Meier
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Friederike Schulze
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Erez Dror
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thierry M Nordmann
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Goetz
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Norina Koch
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elise Dalmas
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Stawiski
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valmir Makshana
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Thorel
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Centre facultaire du diabète, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pedro L Herrera
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Centre facultaire du diabète, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Böni-Schnetzler
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Y Donath
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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39
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Lima CR, Gomes CC, Santos MF. Role of microRNAs in endocrine cancer metastasis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 456:62-75. [PMID: 28322989 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The deregulation of transcription and processing of microRNAs (miRNAs), as well as their function, has been involved in the pathogenesis of several human diseases, including cancer. Despite advances in therapeutic approaches, cancer still represents one of the major health problems worldwide. Cancer metastasis is an aggravating factor in tumor progression, related to increased treatment complexity and a worse prognosis. After more than one decade of extensive studies of miRNAs, the fundamental role of these molecules in cancer progression and metastasis is beginning to be elucidated. Recent evidences have demonstrated a significant role of miRNAs on the metastatic cascade, acting either as pro-metastatic or anti-metastatic. They are involved in distinct steps of metastasis including epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, migration/invasion, anoikis survival, and distant organ colonization. Studies on the roles of miRNAs in cancer have focused mainly on two fronts: the establishment of a miRNA signature for different tumors, which may aid in early diagnosis using these miRNAs as markers, and functional studies of specific miRNAs, determining their targets, function and regulation. Functional miRNA studies on endocrine cancers are still scarce and represent an important area of research, since some tumors, although not frequent, present a high mortality rate. Among the endocrine tumors, thyroid cancer is the most common and best studied. Several miRNAs show lowered expression in endocrine cancers (i.e. miR-200s, miR-126, miR-7, miR-29a, miR-30a, miR-137, miR-206, miR-101, miR-613, miR-539, miR-205, miR-9, miR-195), while others are commonly overexpressed (i.e. miR-21, miR-183, miR-31, miR-let7b, miR-584, miR-146b, miR-221, miR-222, miR-25, miR-595). Additionally, some miRNAs were found in serum exosomes (miR-151, miR-145, miR-31), potentially serving as diagnostic tools. In this review, we summarize studies concerning the discovery and functions of miRNAs and their regulatory roles in endocrine cancer metastasis, which may contribute for the finding of novel therapeutic targets. The review focus on miRNAs with at least some identified targets, with established functions and, if possible, upstream regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cilene Rebouças Lima
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 1524, Prédio I, CEP 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Cibele Crastequini Gomes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 1524, Prédio I, CEP 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marinilce Fagundes Santos
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 1524, Prédio I, CEP 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Agarwal SK. The future: genetics advances in MEN1 therapeutic approaches and management strategies. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:T119-T134. [PMID: 28899949 PMCID: PMC5679100 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The identification of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) gene in 1997 has shown that germline heterozygous mutations in the MEN1 gene located on chromosome 11q13 predisposes to the development of tumors in the MEN1 syndrome. Tumor development occurs upon loss of the remaining normal copy of the MEN1 gene in MEN1-target tissues. Therefore, MEN1 is a classic tumor suppressor gene in the context of MEN1. This tumor suppressor role of the protein encoded by the MEN1 gene, menin, holds true in mouse models with germline heterozygous Men1 loss, wherein MEN1-associated tumors develop in adult mice after spontaneous loss of the remaining non-targeted copy of the Men1 gene. The availability of genetic testing for mutations in the MEN1 gene has become an essential part of the diagnosis and management of MEN1. Genetic testing is also helping to exclude mutation-negative cases in MEN1 families from the burden of lifelong clinical screening. In the past 20 years, efforts of various groups world-wide have been directed at mutation analysis, molecular genetic studies, mouse models, gene expression studies, epigenetic regulation analysis, biochemical studies and anti-tumor effects of candidate therapies in mouse models. This review will focus on the findings and advances from these studies to identify MEN1 germline and somatic mutations, the genetics of MEN1-related states, several protein partners of menin, the three-dimensional structure of menin and menin-dependent target genes. The ongoing impact of all these studies on disease prediction, management and outcomes will continue in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita K Agarwal
- Metabolic Diseases BranchNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Feng Z, Ma J, Hua X. Epigenetic regulation by the menin pathway. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:T147-T159. [PMID: 28811300 PMCID: PMC5612327 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a trend of increasing prevalence of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), and the inherited multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome serves as a genetic model to investigate how NETs develop and the underlying mechanisms. Menin, encoded by the MEN1 gene, at least partly acts as a scaffold protein by interacting with multiple partners to regulate cellular homeostasis of various endocrine organs. Menin has multiple functions including regulation of several important signaling pathways by controlling gene transcription. Here, we focus on reviewing the recent progress in elucidating the key biochemical role of menin in epigenetic regulation of gene transcription and cell signaling, as well as posttranslational regulation of menin itself. In particular, we will review the progress in studying structural and functional interactions of menin with various histone modifiers and transcription factors such as MLL, PRMT5, SUV39H1 and other transcription factors including c-Myb and JunD. Moreover, the role of menin in regulating cell signaling pathways such as TGF-beta, Wnt and Hedgehog, as well as miRNA biogenesis and processing will be described. Further, the regulation of the MEN1 gene transcription, posttranslational modifications and stability of menin protein will be reviewed. These various modes of regulation by menin as well as regulation of menin by various biological factors broaden the view regarding how menin controls various biological processes in neuroendocrine organ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Feng
- Department of Cancer BiologyAbramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Abramson Cancer Center, Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism (IDOM), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jian Ma
- Department of Cancer BiologyAbramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Abramson Cancer Center, Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism (IDOM), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary BiotechnologyHarbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xianxin Hua
- Department of Cancer BiologyAbramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Abramson Cancer Center, Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism (IDOM), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Takeda Y, Fujita Y, Sakai K, Abe T, Nakamura T, Yanagimachi T, Sakagami H, Honjo J, Abiko A, Makino Y, Haneda M. Expression of transcription factors in MEN1-associated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep 2017; 2017:EDM170088. [PMID: 28924486 PMCID: PMC5592709 DOI: 10.1530/edm-17-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
MEN1-associated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) may potentially express distinct hormones, but the mechanism has not been elucidated. Transcription factors such as MafA and Pdx1 have been identified to lead to beta cell differentiation, while Arx and Brn4 to alpha cell differentiation in developing pancreas. We hypothesized those transcription factors are important to produce specific hormones in pNETs, similarly to developing pancreas, and examined the expression of transcription factors in a case of MEN1 who showed immunohistological coexistence of several hormone-producing pNETs including insulinoma. A 70-year-old woman was found to manifest hypoglycemia with non-suppressed insulinemia and hypercalcemia with elevated PTH level. She was diagnosed as MEN1 based on the manifestation of primary hyperparathyroidism, pituitary adenoma and insulinoma, with genetic variation of MEN1 gene. She had pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy because CT scan and SACI test indicated that insulinoma was localized in the head of the pancreas. Histopathological finding was MEN1-associated NET, G1. Interestingly, immunohistological examination of the resected pancreas revealed that two insulinomas, a glucagon-positive NET and a multiple hormone-positive NET coexisted. Hence, we examined the expression of transcription factors immunohistochemically to elucidate the role of the transcription factors in MEN1-associated hormone-producing pNETs. We observed homogeneous expressions of MafA and Pdx1 in insulinomas and Arx in glucagon-positive NET, respectively. Moreover, multiple hormone-positive NETs expressed several transcription factors heterogeneously. Collectively, our results suggested that transcription factors could play important roles in the production of specific hormones in MEN1-associated pNETs, similar to islet differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Takeda
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Fujita
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Kentaro Sakai
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Tomoe Abe
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Nakamura
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yanagimachi
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Sakagami
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Jun Honjo
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Atsuko Abiko
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Yuichi Makino
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Masakazu Haneda
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
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Agarwal SK. Update on exploring the tumors of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 in mouse models for basic and preclinical studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINE ONCOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/ije-2017-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sunita K Agarwal
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Menin regulates Inhbb expression through an Akt/Ezh2-mediated H3K27 histone modification. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2017; 1860:427-437. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Bonnavion R, Teinturier R, Gherardi S, Leteurtre E, Yu R, Cordier-Bussat M, Du R, Pattou F, Vantyghem MC, Bertolino P, Lu J, Zhang CX. Foxa2, a novel protein partner of the tumour suppressor menin, is deregulated in mouse and human MEN1 glucagonomas. J Pathol 2017; 242:90-101. [PMID: 28188614 DOI: 10.1002/path.4885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Foxa2, known as one of the pioneer factors, plays a crucial role in islet development and endocrine functions. Its expression and biological functions are regulated by various factors, including, in particular, insulin and glucagon. However, its expression and biological role in adult pancreatic α-cells remain elusive. In the current study, we showed that Foxa2 was overexpressed in islets from α-cell-specific Men1 mutant mice, at both the transcriptional level and the protein level. More importantly, immunostaining analyses showed its prominent nuclear accumulation, specifically in α-cells, at a very early stage after Men1 disruption. Similar nuclear FOXA2 expression was also detected in a substantial proportion (12/19) of human multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) glucagonomas. Interestingly, our data revealed an interaction between Foxa2 and menin encoded by the Men1 gene. Furthermore, using several approaches, we demonstrated the relevance of this interaction in the regulation of two tested Foxa2 target genes, including the autoregulation of the Foxa2 promoter by Foxa2 itself. The current study establishes menin, a novel protein partner of Foxa2, as a regulator of Foxa2, the biological functions of which extend beyond the pancreatic endocrine cells. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Bonnavion
- INSERM U1052, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Romain Teinturier
- INSERM U1052, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Samuele Gherardi
- INSERM U1052, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuelle Leteurtre
- Institut de Pathologie, CHRU de Lille, Lille, France.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Univ. Lille 2, INSERM UMR 1190, Lille, France
| | - Run Yu
- Division of Endocrinology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martine Cordier-Bussat
- INSERM U1052, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Rui Du
- The E-Institute of Shanghai, Sino-French Life Science and Genomic Centre, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, PR China.,Shanghai Clinical Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - François Pattou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Univ. Lille 2, INSERM UMR 1190, Lille, France.,CHRU Lille, Endocrine Surgery, Lille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Vantyghem
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Univ. Lille 2, INSERM UMR 1190, Lille, France.,CHRU Lille, Endocrinology, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Bertolino
- INSERM U1052, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jieli Lu
- INSERM U1052, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,The E-Institute of Shanghai, Sino-French Life Science and Genomic Centre, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, PR China.,Shanghai Clinical Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chang Xian Zhang
- INSERM U1052, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,The E-Institute of Shanghai, Sino-French Life Science and Genomic Centre, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, PR China
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46
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Benthuysen JR, Carrano AC, Sander M. Advances in β cell replacement and regeneration strategies for treating diabetes. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3651-3660. [PMID: 27694741 DOI: 10.1172/jci87439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, new approaches have been explored that are aimed at restoring functional β cell mass as a treatment strategy for diabetes. The two most intensely pursued strategies are β cell replacement through conversion of other cell types and β cell regeneration by enhancement of β cell replication. The approach closest to clinical implementation is the replacement of β cells with human pluripotent stem cell-derived (hPSC-derived) cells, which are currently under investigation in a clinical trial to assess their safety in humans. In addition, there has been success in reprogramming developmentally related cell types into β cells. Reprogramming approaches could find therapeutic applications by inducing β cell conversion in vivo or by reprogramming cells ex vivo followed by implantation. Finally, recent studies have revealed novel pharmacologic targets for stimulating β cell replication. Manipulating these targets or the pathways they regulate could be a strategy for promoting the expansion of residual β cells in diabetic patients. Here, we provide an overview of progress made toward β cell replacement and regeneration and discuss promises and challenges for clinical implementation of these strategies.
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47
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Stereological analyses of the whole human pancreas. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34049. [PMID: 27658965 PMCID: PMC5034323 DOI: 10.1038/srep34049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The large size of human tissues requires a practical stereological approach to perform a comprehensive analysis of the whole organ. We have developed a method to quantitatively analyze the whole human pancreas, as one of the challenging organs to study, in which endocrine cells form various sizes of islets that are scattered unevenly throughout the exocrine pancreas. Furthermore, the human pancreas possesses intrinsic characteristics of intra-individual variability, i.e. regional differences in endocrine cell/islet distribution, and marked inter-individual heterogeneity regardless of age, sex and disease conditions including obesity and diabetes. The method is built based on large-scale image capture, computer-assisted unbiased image analysis and quantification, and further mathematical analyses, using widely-used software such as Fiji/ImageJ and MATLAB. The present study includes detailed protocols of every procedure as well as all the custom-written computer scripts, which can be modified according to specific experimental plans and specimens of interest.
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Gao Z, Zhang L, Xie W, Wang S, Bao X, Guo Y, Zhang H, Hu Q, Chen Y, Wang Z, Xue M, Jin G. Male Men1 heterozygous mice exhibit fasting hyperglycemia in the early stage of MEN1. J Endocrinol 2016; 230:347-55. [PMID: 27432891 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is an autosomal dominant inherited syndrome characterized by multiple tumors in the parathyroid glands, endocrine pancreas and anterior pituitary. Recent clinical studies have revealed a strong association between MEN1 syndrome and the risk of developing diabetes mellitus; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, heterozygous Men1 knockout (Men1(+/-)) mice were used as MEN1 models to investigate MEN1-associated glucose metabolic phenotypes and mechanisms. Heterozygous deficiency of Men1 in 12-month-old male mice induced fasting hyperglycemia, along with increased serum insulin levels. However, male Men1(+/-) mice did not show insulin resistance, as evidenced by Akt activation in hepatic tissues and an insulin tolerance test. Increased glucose levels following pyruvate challenge and expression of key gluconeogenic genes suggested increased hepatic glucose output in the male Men1(+/-) mice. This effect could be partly due to higher basal serum glucagon levels, which resulted from pancreatic islet cell proliferation induced by heterozygous loss of Men1 Taken together, our results indicate that fasted male Men1(+/-) mice, in the early stage of development of MEN1, display glucose metabolic disorders. These disorders are caused not by direct induction of insulin resistance, but via increased glucagon secretion and the consequent stimulation of hepatic glucose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiuzi Gao
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesMedical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesMedical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenting Xie
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesMedical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesMedical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaorui Bao
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesMedical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuli Guo
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesMedical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Houjian Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesMedical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qingzhong Hu
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesMedical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesMedical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zeen Wang
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesMedical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Maoqiang Xue
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesMedical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guanghui Jin
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesMedical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Ye R, Wang M, Wang QA, Spurgin SB, Wang ZV, Sun K, Scherer PE. Autonomous interconversion between adult pancreatic α-cells and β-cells after differential metabolic challenges. Mol Metab 2016; 5:437-448. [PMID: 27408770 PMCID: PMC4921793 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence hints at the ability of β-cells to emerge from non-β-cells upon genetic or pharmacological interventions. However, their quantitative contributions to the process of autonomous β-cell regeneration without genetic or pharmacological manipulations remain to be determined. Methods & results Using PANIC-ATTAC mice, a model of titratable, acute β-cell apoptosis capable of autonomous, and effective islet mass regeneration, we demonstrate that an extended washout of residual tamoxifen activity is crucial for β-cell lineage tracing studies using the tamoxifen-inducible Cre/loxP systems. We further establish a doxycycline-inducible system to label different cell types in the mouse pancreas and pursued a highly quantitative assessment to trace adult β-cells after various metabolic challenges. Beyond proliferation of pre-existing β-cells, non-β-cells contribute significantly to the post-challenge regenerated β-cell pool. α-cell trans-differentiation is the predominant mechanism upon post-apoptosis regeneration and multiparity. No contributions from exocrine acinar cells were observed. During diet-induced obesity, about 25% of α-cells arise de novo from β-cells. Ectopic expression of Nkx6.1 promotes α-to-β conversion and insulin production. Conclusions We identify the origins and fates of adult β-cells upon post-challenge upon autonomous regeneration of islet mass and establish the quantitative contributions of the different cell types using a lineage tracing system with high temporal resolution. Insufficient washout for tamoxifen leads to β-cell lineage tracing artifacts. Inter-conversion between α- and β-cells after differential metabolic challenges. Developmental distance and precursor population determine conversion efficiency. Nkx6.1 promotes α-to-β conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risheng Ye
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Miao Wang
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Qiong A Wang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Stephen B Spurgin
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zhao V Wang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kai Sun
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Cell Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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50
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Wiedemann T, Pellegata NS. Animal models of multiple endocrine neoplasia. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 421:49-59. [PMID: 26184857 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes are autosomal dominant diseases with high penetrance characterized by proliferative lesions (usually hyperplasia or adenoma) arising in at least two endocrine tissues. Four different MEN syndromes have been so far identified: MEN type 1 (MEN1), MEN2A (also referred to as MEN2), MEN2B (or MEN3) and MEN4, which have slightly varying tumor spectra and are caused by mutations in different genes. MEN1 associates with loss-of-function mutations in the MEN1 gene encoding the tumor suppressor menin. The MEN2A and MEN2B syndromes are due to activating mutations in the proto-oncogene RET (Rearranged in Transfection) and are characterized by different phenotypic features of the affected patients. MEN4 was the most recent addition to the family of the MEN syndromes. It was discovered less than 10 years ago thanks to studies of a rat strain that spontaneously develops multiple endocrine tumors (named MENX). These studies identified an inactivating mutation in the Cdkn1b gene, encoding the putative tumor suppressor p27, as the causative mutation of the rat syndrome. Subsequently, germline mutations in the human ortholog CDKN1B were also found in a subset of patients with a MEN-like phenotype and this led to the identification of MEN4. Small animal models have been instrumental in understanding important biochemical, physiological and pathological processes of cancer onset and spread in intact living organisms. Moreover, they have provided us with insight into gene function(s) and molecular mechanisms of disease progression. We here review the currently available animal models of MEN syndromes and their impact on the elucidation of the pathophysiology of these diseases, with a special focus on the rat MENX syndrome that we have been characterizing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wiedemann
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Natalia S Pellegata
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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