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Kahraman S, Shibue K, De Jesus DF, Kim H, Hu J, Manna D, Wagner B, Choudhary A, Kulkarni RN. Fluorescein-based sensors to purify human α-cells for functional and transcriptomic analyses. eLife 2023; 12:e85056. [PMID: 37732504 PMCID: PMC10567109 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic α-cells secrete glucagon, an insulin counter-regulatory peptide hormone critical for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Investigation of the function of human α-cells remains a challenge due to the lack of cost-effective purification methods to isolate high-quality α-cells from islets. Here, we use the reaction-based probe diacetylated Zinpyr1 (DA-ZP1) to introduce a novel and simple method for enriching live α-cells from dissociated human islet cells with ~95% purity. The α-cells, confirmed by sorting and immunostaining for glucagon, were cultured up to 10 days to form α-pseudoislets. The α-pseudoislets could be maintained in culture without significant loss of viability, and responded to glucose challenge by secreting appropriate levels of glucagon. RNA-sequencing analyses (RNA-seq) revealed that expression levels of key α-cell identity genes were sustained in culture while some of the genes such as DLK1, GSN, SMIM24 were altered in α-pseudoislets in a time-dependent manner. In conclusion, we report a method to sort human primary α-cells with high purity that can be used for downstream analyses such as functional and transcriptional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevim Kahraman
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes CenterBostonUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Kimitaka Shibue
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes CenterBostonUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Dario F De Jesus
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes CenterBostonUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Hyunki Kim
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes CenterBostonUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Jiang Hu
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes CenterBostonUnited States
| | - Debasish Manna
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Engineering, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Bridget Wagner
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
| | - Amit Choudhary
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Engineering, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes CenterBostonUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
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Gu L, Cui X, Lin X, Yang J, Wei R, Hong T, Yang K. γ-aminobutyric acid modulates α-cell hyperplasia but not β-cell regeneration induced by glucagon receptor antagonism in type 1 diabetic mice. Acta Diabetol 2023; 60:19-28. [PMID: 36129525 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-022-01970-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate whether treatment with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) alone or in combination with glucagon receptor (GCGR) monoclonal antibody (mAb) exerted beneficial effects on β-cell mass and α-cell mass, and to explore the origins of the regenerated β-cells in mice with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T1D mice were treated with intraperitoneal injection of GABA (250 μg/kg per day) and/or REMD 2.59 (a GCGR mAb, 5 mg/kg per week), or IgG dissolved in PBS for 8 weeks. Plasma hormone levels and islet cell morphology were evaluated by ELISA and immunofluorescence, respectively. The origins of the regenerated β-cells were analyzed by double-immunostaining, α-cell lineage-tracing and BrdU-tracing studies. RESULTS After the 8-week treatment, GABA or GCGR mAb alone or in combination ameliorated hyperglycemia in STZ-induced T1D mice. GCGR mAb upregulated plasma insulin level and increased β-cell mass, and GABA appeared to have similar effects in T1D mice. However, combination treatment did not reveal any additive or synergistic effect. Interestingly, the GCGR mAb-induced increment of plasma glucagon level and α-cell mass was attenuated by the combined treatment of GABA. In addition, duct-derived β-cell neogenesis and α-to-β cell conversion but not β-cell proliferation contributed to the increased β-cell mass in T1D mice. CONCLUSION These results suggested that GABA attenuated α-cell hyperplasia but did not potentiates β-cell regeneration induced by GCGR mAb in T1D mice. Our findings provide novel insights into a combination treatment strategy for β-cell regeneration in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangbiao Gu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaona Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiafang Lin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Rui Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Tianpei Hong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Ou K, Song J, Zhang S, Fang L, Lin L, Lan M, Chen M, Wang C. Prenatal exposure to a mixture of PAHs causes the dysfunction of islet cells in adult male mice: Association with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2022; 239:113695. [PMID: 35623150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been detected throughout the human body. Whether exposure to PAHs is associated with the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus should be investigated. To this end, pregnant mice were exposed to mixed PAHs (5, 50, or 500 μg/kg) once every other day during gestation. The adult male offspring displayed impaired glucose tolerance and reduced serum levels of glucagon and insulin. Immunohistochemical staining revealed increased numbers of apoptotic β-cells and a reduced β-cell mass in these males. The downregulated expression of pancreatic estrogen receptor α, androgen receptor, and transcription factor PDX1 was responsible for impacting β-cell development. The relatively reduced α-cell area was associated with downregulated ARX expression. The transcription of Isn2 and Gcg in pancreatic tissue was downregulated, which indicated that the function of β-cells and α-cells was impaired. Methylation levels in the Isn2 promotor were significantly elevated in mice prenatally exposed to 500 µg/kg PAHs, which was consistent with the change in its mRNA levels. The number of macrophages infiltrating islets was significantly increased, indicating that prenatal PAH exposure might reduce islet cell numbers in an autoimmune manner. This study shows that prenatal exposure to PAHs may promote the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlin Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Jialin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Lu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Lesi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Miaolin Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Meng Chen
- College of Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China.
| | - Chonggang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China.
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4
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Sarnobat D, Moffett RC, Flatt PR, Tarasov AI. Effects of first-line diabetes therapy with biguanides, sulphonylurea and thiazolidinediones on the differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis of islet cell populations. J Endocrinol Invest 2022; 45:95-103. [PMID: 34191257 PMCID: PMC8741670 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-021-01620-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Metformin, rosiglitazone and sulfonylureas enhance either insulin action or secretion and thus have been used extensively as early stage anti-diabetic medication, independently of the aetiology of the disease. When administered to newly diagnosed diabetes patients, these drugs produce variable results. Here, we examined the effects of the three early stage oral hypoglycaemic agents in mice with diabetes induced by multiple low doses of streptozotocin, focusing specifically on the developmental biology of pancreatic islets. METHODS Streptozotocin-treated diabetic mice expressing a fluorescent reporter specifically in pancreatic islet α-cells were administered the biguanide metformin (100 mg/kg), thiazolidinedione rosiglitazone (10 mg/kg), or sulfonylurea tolbutamide (20 mg/kg) for 10 days. We assessed the impact of the treatment on metabolic status of the animals as well as on the morphology, proliferative potential and transdifferentiation of pancreatic islet cells, using immunofluorescence. RESULTS The effect of the therapy on the islet cells varied depending on the drug and included enhanced pancreatic islet β-cell proliferation, in case of metformin and rosiglitazone; de-differentiation of α-cells and β-cell apoptosis with tolbutamide; increased relative number of β-cells and bi-hormonal insulin + glucagon + cells with metformin. These effects were accompanied by normalisation of food and fluid intake with only minor effects on glycaemia at the low doses of the agents employed. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that metformin and rosiglitazone attenuate the depletion of the β-cell pool in the streptozotocin-induced diabetes, whereas tolbutamide exacerbates the β-cell apoptosis, but is likely to protect β-cells from chronic hyperglycaemia by directly elevating insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sarnobat
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - R C Moffett
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - P R Flatt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - A I Tarasov
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Song J, He Q, Guo X, Wang L, Wang J, Cui C, Hu H, Yang M, Cui Y, Zang N, Yan F, Liu F, Sun Y, Liang K, Qin J, Zhao R, Wang C, Sun Z, Hou X, Li W, Chen L. Mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium alleviates high fat-induced hyperglucagonemia via miR-181a-5p and its target PTEN/AKT signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 537:111445. [PMID: 34464683 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND α-cell dysregulation gives rise to fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM). Administration of Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or their conditioned medium can improve islet function and enhance insulin secretion. However, studies showing the direct effect of MSCs on islet α-cell dysfunction are limited. METHODS In this study, we used high-fat diet (HFD)-induced mice and α-cell line exposure to palmitate (PA) to determine the effects of bone marrow-derived MSC-conditioned medium (bmMSC-CM) on glucagon secretion. Plasma and supernatant glucagon were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). To investigate the potential signaling pathways, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), AKT and phosphorylated AKT(p-AKT) were assessed by Western blotting. RESULTS In vivo, bmMSC-CM infusion improved the glucose and insulin tolerance and protected against HFD-induced hyperglycemia and hyperglucagonemia. Meanwhile, bmMSC-CM infusion ameliorated HFD-induced islet hypertrophy and decreased α- and β-cell area. Consistently, in vitro, glucagon secretion from α-cells or primary islets was inhibited by bmMSC-CM, accompanied by reduction of intracellular PTEN expression and restoration of AKT signaling. Previous studies and the TargetScan database indicate that miR-181a and its target PTEN play vital roles in ameliorating α-cell dysfunction. We observed that miR-181a-5p was highly expressed in BM-MSCs but prominently lower in αTC1-6 cells. Overexpression or downregulation of miR-181a-5p respectively alleviated or aggravated glucagon secretion in αTC1-6 cells via the PTEN/AKT signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our observations suggest that MSC-derived miR-181a-5p mitigates glucagon secretion of α-cells by regulating PTEN/AKT signaling, which provides novel evidence demonstrating the potential for MSCs in treating T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Qin He
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Xinghong Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Lingshu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Jinbang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Chen Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Huiqing Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Mengmeng Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yixin Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Nan Zang
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Fei Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Fuqiang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yujing Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Kai Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Ruxing Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Zheng Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Xinguo Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China; Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China; Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China; Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China; Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China; Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China; Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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Zhang Y, Han C, Zhu W, Yang G, Peng X, Mehta S, Zhang J, Chen L, Liu Y. Glucagon Potentiates Insulin Secretion Via β-Cell GCGR at Physiological Concentrations of Glucose. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092495. [PMID: 34572144 PMCID: PMC8471175 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Incretin-potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) is critical to maintaining euglycemia, of which GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) on β-cells plays an indispensable role. Recently, α-cell-derived glucagon but not intestine-derived GLP-1 has been proposed as the critical hormone that potentiates GSIS via GLP-1R. However, the function of glucagon receptors (GCGR) on β-cells remains elusive. Here, using GCGR or GLP-1R antagonists, in combination with glucagon, to treat single β-cells, α-β cell clusters and isolated islets, we found that glucagon potentiates insulin secretion via β-cell GCGR at physiological but not high concentrations of glucose. Furthermore, we transfected primary mouse β-cells with RAB-ICUE (a genetically encoded cAMP fluorescence indicator) to monitor cAMP level after glucose stimulation and GCGR activation. Using specific inhibitors of different adenylyl cyclase (AC) family members, we revealed that high glucose concentration or GCGR activation independently evoked cAMP elevation via AC5 in β-cells, thus high glucose stimulation bypassed GCGR in promoting insulin secretion. Additionally, we generated β-cell-specific GCGR knockout mice which glucose intolerance was more severe when fed a high-fat diet (HFD). We further found that β-cell GCGR activation promoted GSIS more than GLP-1R in HFD, indicating the critical role of GCGR in maintaining glucose homeostasis during nutrient overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (Y.Z.); (C.H.); (W.Z.); (G.Y.); (X.P.)
| | - Chengsheng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (Y.Z.); (C.H.); (W.Z.); (G.Y.); (X.P.)
| | - Wenzhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (Y.Z.); (C.H.); (W.Z.); (G.Y.); (X.P.)
| | - Guoyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (Y.Z.); (C.H.); (W.Z.); (G.Y.); (X.P.)
| | - Xiaohong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (Y.Z.); (C.H.); (W.Z.); (G.Y.); (X.P.)
| | - Sohum Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0702, USA; (S.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0702, USA; (S.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Liangyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (Y.Z.); (C.H.); (W.Z.); (G.Y.); (X.P.)
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing 100871, China
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yanmei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (Y.L.)
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7
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Westholm E, Wendt A, Eliasson L. Islet Function in the Pathogenesis of Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes Mellitus. Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes 2021; 14:11795514211031204. [PMID: 34345195 PMCID: PMC8280842 DOI: 10.1177/11795514211031204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes mellitus (CFRD) is the most common non-pulmonary
co-morbidity in cystic fibrosis (CF). CF is caused by mutations in the cystic
fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR), which
leads to aberrant luminal fluid secretions in organs such as the lungs and
pancreas. How dysfunctional CFTR leads to CFRD is still under debate. Both
intrinsic effects of dysfunctional CFTR in hormone secreting cells of the islets
and effects of exocrine damage have been proposed. In the current review, we
discuss these non-mutually exclusive hypotheses with a special focus on how
dysfunctional CFTR in endocrine cells may contribute to an altered glucose
homeostasis. We outline the proposed role of CFTR in the molecular pathways of
β-cell insulin secretion and α-cell glucagon secretion, and touch upon the
importance of the exocrine pancreas and intra-pancreatic crosstalk for proper
islet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efraim Westholm
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anna Wendt
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lena Eliasson
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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8
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Abstract
A glucagon knock-out mouse with preserved GLP-1 and GLP-2 secretion allows for the improved study of transplanted human islets and glucagon responses- providing an unprecedented resource in human α-cell and diabetes research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore dos Santos
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- CONTACT Theodore dos Santos Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AlbertaT6G2R3, Canada
| | - Patrick E. MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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9
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Tesi M, Bugliani M, Ferri G, Suleiman M, De Luca C, Bosi E, Masini M, De Tata V, Gysemans C, Cardarelli F, Cnop M, Eizirik DL, Marchetti P, Marselli L. Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Induce Insulin and Glucagon Double Positive Human Islet Cells That Are Resistant to Apoptosis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:320. [PMID: 33669901 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of islet cells double positive for insulin and glucagon (Ins+/Glu+) has been described in the pancreas from both type 2 (T2D) and type 1 (T1D) diabetic subjects. We studied the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines on the occurrence, trajectory, and characteristics of Ins+/Glu+ cells in human pancreatic islets. Pancreas samples, isolated islets, and dispersed islet cells from 3 T1D and 11 non-diabetic (ND) multi-organ donors were studied by immunofluorescence, confocal microscopy, and/or electron microscopy. ND islet cells were exposed to interleukin-1β and interferon-γ for up to 120 h. In T1D islets, we confirmed an increased prevalence of Ins+/Glu+ cells. Cytokine-exposed islets showed a progressive increase of Ins+/Glu+ cells that represented around 50% of endocrine cells after 120h. Concomitantly, cells expressing insulin granules only decreased significantly over time, whereas those containing only glucagon granules remained stable. Interestingly, Ins+/Glu+ cells were less prone to cytokine-induced apoptosis than cells containing only insulin. Cytokine-exposed islets showed down-regulation of β-cell identity genes. In conclusion, pro-inflammatory cytokines induce Ins+/Glu+ cells in human islets, possibly due to a switch from a β- to a β-/α-cell phenotype. These Ins+/Glu+ cells appear to be resistant to cytokine-induced apoptosis.
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10
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Filippello A, Scamporrino A, Di Mauro S, Malaguarnera R, Di Pino A, Scicali R, Purrello F, Piro S. Direct Effects of D-Chiro-Inositol on Insulin Signaling and Glucagon Secretion of Pancreatic Alpha Cells. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1404. [PMID: 33020399 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin resistance state of pancreatic α-cells seems to be related to glucagon hypersecretion in type 2 diabetes. Treatment that can improve the insulin sensitivity of α-cells could control glucagon levels in patients with diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to investigate the preventive role of D-chiro-inositol (DCI), which has insulin receptor-sensitizer effects on insulin signaling pathways and glucagon secretion in pancreatic α-TC1 clone 6 cells. Cells were chronically treated with palmitate to induce insulin resistance in the presence/absence of DCI. DCI treatment improved the insulin signaling pathway and restored insulin-mediated glucagon suppression in α-TC1-6 cells exposed to palmitate. These results indicate that DCI treatment prevents the insulin resistance of α-TC1-6 cells chronically exposed to palmitate. Our data provide evidence that DCI could be useful to improve the insulin sensitivity of pancreatic α-cells in diabetes treatment.
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11
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Zaborska KE, Dadi PK, Dickerson MT, Nakhe AY, Thorson AS, Schaub CM, Graff SM, Stanley JE, Kondapavuluru RS, Denton JS, Jacobson DA. Lactate activation of α-cell K ATP channels inhibits glucagon secretion by hyperpolarizing the membrane potential and reducing Ca 2+ entry. Mol Metab 2020; 42:101056. [PMID: 32736089 PMCID: PMC7479281 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Elevations in pancreatic α-cell intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) lead to glucagon (GCG) secretion. Although glucose inhibits GCG secretion, how lactate and pyruvate control α-cell Ca2+ handling is unknown. Lactate enters cells through monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) and is also produced during glycolysis by lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), an enzyme expressed in α-cells. As lactate activates ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels in cardiomyocytes, lactate may also modulate α-cell KATP. Therefore, this study investigated how lactate signaling controls α-cell Ca2+ handling and GCG secretion. Methods Mouse and human islets were used in combination with confocal microscopy, electrophysiology, GCG immunoassays, and fluorescent thallium flux assays to assess α-cell Ca2+ handling, Vm, KATP currents, and GCG secretion. Results Lactate-inhibited mouse (75 ± 25%) and human (47 ± 9%) α-cell [Ca2+]i fluctuations only under low-glucose conditions (1 mM) but had no effect on β- or δ-cells [Ca2+]i. Glyburide inhibition of KATP channels restored α-cell [Ca2+]i fluctuations in the presence of lactate. Lactate transport into α-cells via MCTs hyperpolarized mouse (14 ± 1 mV) and human (12 ± 1 mV) α-cell Vm and activated KATP channels. Interestingly, pyruvate showed a similar KATP activation profile and α-cell [Ca2+]i inhibition as lactate. Lactate-induced inhibition of α-cell [Ca2+]i influx resulted in reduced GCG secretion in mouse (62 ± 6%) and human (43 ± 13%) islets. Conclusions These data demonstrate for the first time that lactate entry into α-cells through MCTs results in KATP activation, Vm hyperpolarization, reduced [Ca2+]i, and inhibition of GCG secretion. Thus, taken together, these data indicate that lactate either within α-cells and/or elevated in serum could serve as important modulators of α-cell function. Lactate reduces islet α-cell Ca2+ entry under low glucose conditions. Lactate does not alter β- or δ-cell Ca2+ handling under low glucose conditions. Lactate enters islet α-cells through monocarboxylate transporters. Lactate hyperpolarizes islet α-cell membrane potential by activating KATP channels. Lactate reduces mouse and human islet glucagon secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina E Zaborska
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Prasanna K Dadi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Matthew T Dickerson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Arya Y Nakhe
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ariel S Thorson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Charles M Schaub
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sarah M Graff
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jade E Stanley
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Roy S Kondapavuluru
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jerod S Denton
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - David A Jacobson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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12
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Titova AA, Mavlikeev MO, Kaligin MS, Suleymanova DM, Chekmaryeva IA, Kiyasov AP, Deev RV. Early ultra- and microstructural alterations in rat pancreas in alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus. Ultrastruct Pathol 2019; 44:61-70. [PMID: 31888398 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2019.1710313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An adequate experimental model is important to understand pathophysiological processes ongoing in the pancreas with diabetes mellitus. Our study was aimed to describe early ultra- and microstructural changes in the rat pancreas in 12-48 h after alloxan administration in a dose of 180 mg/kg. A histopathological examination of the endocrine pancreas revealed the loss of borders between endocrine cells, granular dystrophy and degranulation, sings of necrosis in central cells of the Langerhans islets and apoptosis of their peripheral ones manifested as DNA fragmentation and an increased expression of apoptosis markers. There was a gradual increase of a Langerhans islet area, a decreased percentage of insulin+ cells and an increased one of glucagon+ cells, as well as the presence of proliferating islet cells were found. Structural changes of the exocrine pancreas included fatty degeneration, signs of exocrine cell mitochondrial damage, increased acini, which are located mainly around the Langerhans islets, as well as perivascular edema and leukocytic infiltration. Described ultra- and microstructural alterations suggest a significant contribution of apoptosis to death of endocrine cells exposed to alloxan. Coexisting damage of the exocrine pancreas with its stroma involvement is for the first time described.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Titova
- Morphology and General Pathology Department, Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - M O Mavlikeev
- Morphology and General Pathology Department, Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - M S Kaligin
- Morphology and General Pathology Department, Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - D M Suleymanova
- Morphology and General Pathology Department, Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - I A Chekmaryeva
- Department of Pathology, Surgery Institute named after A.V.Vishnevsky, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - A P Kiyasov
- Morphology and General Pathology Department, Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - R V Deev
- Pathology Department, North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, Saint-Petersburgh, Russian Federation.,Human Stem Cell Institute PJSC, Moscow, Russian Federation
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13
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Chang YH, Katoh MC, Abdellatif AM, Xiafukaiti G, Elzeftawy A, Ojima M, Mizuno S, Kuno A, Takahashi S. Uncovering the role of MAFB in glucagon production and secretion in pancreatic α-cells using a new α-cell-specific Mafb conditional knockout mouse model. Exp Anim 2019; 69:178-188. [PMID: 31787710 PMCID: PMC7220711 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.19-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cre/loxP is a site-specific recombination system extensively used to enable the conditional deletion or activation of target genes in a spatial- and/or temporal-specific manner. A number of pancreatic-specific Cre driver mouse lines have been broadly established for studying the development, function and pathology of pancreatic cells. However, only a few models are currently available for glucagon-producing α-cells. Disagreement exists over the role of the MAFB transcription factor in glucagon expression during postnatal life, which might be due to the lack of α-cell-specific Cre driver mice. In the present study, we established a novel Gcg-Cre knock-in mouse line with the Cre transgene expressed under the control of the preproglucagon (Gcg) promoter without disrupting the endogenous Gcg gene expression. Then, we applied this newly developed Gcg-Cre mouse line to generate a new α-cell-specific Mafb conditional knockout mouse model (MafbΔGcg). Not only α-cell number but also glucagon production were significantly decreased in MafbΔGcg mice compared to control littermates, suggesting an indispensable role of MAFB in both α-cell development and function. Taken together, our newly developed Gcg-Cre mouse line, which was successfully utilized to uncover the role of MAFB in α-cells, is a useful tool for genetic manipulation in pancreatic α-cells, providing a new platform for future studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsin Chang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Megumi C Katoh
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Ahmed M Abdellatif
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, 60 Elgomhoria st, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Guli Xiafukaiti
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Abdelaziz Elzeftawy
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masami Ojima
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Seiya Mizuno
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kuno
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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14
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Goto R, Kondo T, Ono K, Kitano S, Miyakawa N, Watanabe T, Sakaguchi M, Sato M, Igata M, Kawashima J, Motoshima H, Matsumura T, Shimoda S, Araki E. Mineralocorticoid Receptor May Regulate Glucose Homeostasis through the Induction of Interleukin-6 and Glucagon-Like peptide-1 in Pancreatic Islets. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050674. [PMID: 31091693 PMCID: PMC6571682 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Because the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system influences glucose homeostasis, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) signal in pancreatic islets may regulate insulin response upon glucose load. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) production is stimulated by interleukin-6 (IL-6) in pancreatic α-cells. To determine how glucose homeostasis is regulated by interactions of MR, IL-6 and GLP-1 in islets, we performed glucose tolerance and histological analysis of islets in primary aldosteronism (PA) model rodents and conducted in vitro experiments using α-cell lines. We measured active GLP-1 concentration in primary aldosteronism (PA) patients before and after the administration of MR antagonist eplerenone. In PA model rodents, aldosterone decreased insulin-secretion and the islet/pancreas area ratio and eplerenone added on aldosterone (E+A) restored those with induction of IL-6 in α-cells. In α-cells treated with E+A, IL-6 and GLP-1 concentrations were increased, and anti-apoptotic signals were enhanced. The E+A-treatment also significantly increased MR and IL-6 mRNA and these upregulations were blunted by MR silencing using small interfering RNA (siRNA). Transcriptional activation of the IL-6 gene promoter by E+A-treatment required an intact MR binding element in the promoter. Active GLP-1 concentration was significantly increased in PA patients after eplerenone treatment. MR signal in α-cells may stimulate IL-6 production and increase GLP-1 secretion, thus protecting pancreatic β-cells and improving glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Goto
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Kondo
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Kaoru Ono
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Sayaka Kitano
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Nobukazu Miyakawa
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Takuro Watanabe
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Masaji Sakaguchi
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Miki Sato
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Motoyuki Igata
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Junji Kawashima
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Motoshima
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Matsumura
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Seiya Shimoda
- Food and Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto, 862-8502, Japan.
| | - Eiichi Araki
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
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15
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Cataldo Bascuñan LR, Lyons C, Bennet H, Artner I, Fex M. Serotonergic regulation of insulin secretion. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 225:e13101. [PMID: 29791774 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The exact physiological role for the monoamine serotonin (5-HT) in modulation of insulin secretion is yet to be fully understood. Although the presence of this monoamine in islets of Langerhans is well established, it is only with recent advances that the complex signalling network in islets involving 5-HT is being unravelled. With more than fourteen different 5-HT receptors expressed in human islets and receptor-independent mechanisms in insulin-producing β-cells, our understanding of 5-HT's regulation of insulin secretion is increasing. It is now widely accepted that failure of the pancreatic β-cell to release sufficient amounts of insulin is the main cause of type 2 diabetes (T2D), an ongoing global epidemic. In this context, 5-HT signalling may be of importance. In fact, 5-HT may serve an essential role in regulating the release of insulin and glucagon, the two main hormones that control glucose and lipid homoeostasis. In this review, we will discuss past and current understanding of 5-HT's role in the endocrine pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. R. Cataldo Bascuñan
- Endocrine Cell Differentiation and Function Group; Stem Cell Centre; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - C. Lyons
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö; Unit of Molecular Metabolism; Lund University Diabetes Centre; Lund University; Malmö Sweden
- Clinical Research Center; Lund University; Malmö Sweden
- Malmö University Hospital; Lund University; Malmö Sweden
| | - H. Bennet
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö; Unit of Molecular Metabolism; Lund University Diabetes Centre; Lund University; Malmö Sweden
- Clinical Research Center; Lund University; Malmö Sweden
- Malmö University Hospital; Lund University; Malmö Sweden
| | - I. Artner
- Endocrine Cell Differentiation and Function Group; Stem Cell Centre; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - M. Fex
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö; Unit of Molecular Metabolism; Lund University Diabetes Centre; Lund University; Malmö Sweden
- Clinical Research Center; Lund University; Malmö Sweden
- Malmö University Hospital; Lund University; Malmö Sweden
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16
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Abstract
An aging world population exposed to a sedentary life style is currently plagued by chronic metabolic diseases, such as type-2 diabetes, that are spreading worldwide at an unprecedented rate. One of the most promising pharmacological approaches for the management of type 2 diabetes takes advantage of the peptide hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) under the form of protease resistant mimetics, and DPP-IV inhibitors. Despite the improved quality of life, long-term treatments with these new classes of drugs are riddled with serious and life-threatening side-effects, with no overall cure of the disease. New evidence is shedding more light over the complex physiology of GLP-1 in health and metabolic diseases. Herein, we discuss the most recent advancements in the biology of gut receptors known to induce the secretion of GLP-1, to bridge the multiple gaps into our understanding of its physiology and pathology.
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17
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Pedersen MG, Tagliavini A, Cortese G, Riz M, Montefusco F. Recent advances in mathematical modeling and statistical analysis of exocytosis in endocrine cells. Math Biosci 2016; 283:60-70. [PMID: 27838280 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Most endocrine cells secrete hormones as a result of Ca2+-regulated exocytosis, i.e., fusion of the membranes of hormone-containing secretory granules with the cell membrane, which allows the hormone molecules to escape to the extracellular space. As in neurons, electrical activity and cell depolarization open voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels, and the resulting Ca2+ influx elevate the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, which in turn causes exocytosis. Whereas the main molecular components involved in exocytosis are increasingly well understood, quantitative understanding of the dynamical aspects of exocytosis is still lacking. Due to the nontrivial spatiotemporal Ca2+ dynamics, which depends on the particular pattern of electrical activity as well as Ca2+ channel kinetics, exocytosis is dependent on the spatial arrangement of Ca2+ channels and secretory granules. For example, the creation of local Ca2+ microdomains, where the Ca2+ concentration reaches tens of µM, are believed to be important for triggering exocytosis. Spatiotemporal simulations of buffered Ca2+ diffusion have provided important insight into the interplay between electrical activity, Ca2+ channel kinetics, and the location of granules and Ca2+ channels. By confronting simulations with statistical time-to-event (or survival) regression analysis of single granule exocytosis monitored with TIRF microscopy, a direct connection between location and rate of exocytosis can be obtained at the local, single-granule level. To get insight into whole-cell secretion, simplifications of the full spatiotemporal dynamics have shown to be highly helpful. Here, we provide an overview of recent approaches and results for quantitative analysis of Ca2+ regulated exocytosis of hormone-containing granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Gram Pedersen
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padua, Via Gradenigo 6/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Alessia Tagliavini
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padua, Via Gradenigo 6/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giuliana Cortese
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Cesare Battisti 141, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Michela Riz
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padua, Via Gradenigo 6/B, 35131 Padova, Italy; Sanofi, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Francesco Montefusco
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padua, Via Gradenigo 6/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Abstract
More than a decade ago, zinc was suggested to have a role as an intra-islet regulator of glucagon secretion. Several lines of experimental evidence have since provided support for this hypothesis, though contradictory observations have also been reported. Meanwhile, Slc30A/ZnT8, a zinc transporter expressed in insulin and glucagon secretory granules, was identified. Furthermore, genome wide association analyses revealed it to be a candidate causative gene for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Recent progress in gene manipulation in animals yielded considerable information on the role of zinc in islet cells. In this mini-review, data pertaining the roles played by zinc in islet hormone secretion are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisamitsu Ishihara
- 1Division of Diabetes and Metabolism, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8610 Japan
| | - Claes B Wollheim
- 2Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University Medical Centre, rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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19
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O’Malley TJ, Fava GE, Zhang Y, Fonseca VA, Wu H. Progressive change of intra-islet GLP-1 production during diabetes development. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2014; 30:661-8. [PMID: 24510483 PMCID: PMC4126896 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucagon share the same precursor molecule proglucagon, but each arises from a distinct posttranslational process in a tissue-specific manner. Recently, it has been shown that GLP-1 is co-expressed with glucagon in pancreatic islet cells. This study was aimed to investigate the progressive changes of GLP-1 versus glucagon production in pancreatic islets during the course of diabetes development. METHODS Both type 1 (non-obese diabetes mice) and type 2 (db/db mice) diabetes models were employed in this study. The mice were monitored closely for their diabetes progression and were sacrificed at different stages according to their blood glucose levels. GLP-1 and glucagon expression in the pancreatic islets was examined using immunohistochemistry assays. Quantitative analysis was performed to evaluate the significance of the changes. RESULTS The ratio of GLP-1-expressing cells to glucagon-expressing cells in the islets showed significant, progressive increase with the development of diabetes in db/db mice. The increase of GLP-1 expression was in agreement with the upregulation of PC1/3 expression in these cells. Interestingly, intra-islet GLP-1 expression was not significantly changed during the development of type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetes mice. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated that GLP-1 was progressively upregulated in pancreatic islets during type 2 diabetes development. In addition, the data suggest clear differences in intra-islet GLP-1 production between type 1 and type 2 diabetes developments. These differences may have an effect on the clinical and pathophysiological processes of these diseases and may be a target for therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hongju Wu
- Corresponding author: Dr. Hongju Wu, Department of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Ave.-SL53, New Orleans, LA 70112. Phone: 504-988-2153. Fax: 504-988-6271.
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20
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Abstract
Glucagon, a key hormone in the regulation of glucose homeostasis, acts as a counter-regulatory hormone to insulin by promoting hepatic glucose output. Under normal conditions, insulin and glucagon operate in concert to maintain the glucose level within a narrow physiological range. In diabetes, however, while insulin secretion or action is insufficient, the production and secretion of glucagon are excessive, contributing to the development of diabetic hyperglycemia. Within an islet, intra-islet insulin, in cooperation with intra-islet GABA, suppresses glucagon secretion via direct modulation of α-cell intracellular signaling pathways involving Akt activation, GABA receptor phosphorylation and the receptor plasma membrane translocation, while intra-islet glucagon plays an important role in modulating β-cell function and insulin secretion. Defects in the insulin-glucagon fine-tuning machinery may result in β-cell glucose incompetence, leading to unsuppressed glucagon secretion and subsequent hyperglycemia, which often occur under extreme conditions of glucose influx or efflux. Therefore, deciphering the precise molecular mechanisms underlying glucagon secretion and action will facilitate our understanding of glucagon physiology, in particular, its role in regulating islet β-cell function, and hence the mechanisms behind glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital Toronto, ON, Canada ; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada ; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
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21
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Kilimnik G, Kim A, Steiner DF, Friedman TC, Hara M. Intraislet production of GLP-1 by activation of prohormone convertase 1/3 in pancreatic α-cells in mouse models of ß-cell regeneration. Islets 2010; 2:149-55. [PMID: 20657753 PMCID: PMC2908328 DOI: 10.4161/isl.2.3.11396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The islet of Langerhans is a highly vascularized micro-organ consisting of not only ß-cells but multiple cell types such as α-, delta-, pancreatic polypeptide- and epsilon-cells that work together to regulate glucose homeostatis. We have recently proposed a new model of the neonatal islet formation in mice by a process of fission following contiguous endocrine cell proliferation in the form of branched cord-like structures in embryos and newborns. There exist large stretches of interconnected islet structures along large blood vessels in the neonatal pancreas, which, upon further development, segregate into smaller fragments (i.e., islets) that eventually become more spherical by internal proliferation as seen in the adult pancreas. α-cells span these elongated islet-like structures in the developing pancreas, which we hypothesize represent sites of fission and facilitate the eventual formation of discrete islets. The α-cells express both prohormone convertase 2 and 1/3 (PC 2 and PC 1/3, respectively), which resulted in the processing of the proglucagon precursor into glucagon-like peptide 1, thereby leading to local production of this important ß-cell growth factor. Furthermore, while α-cells in the adult basically only express PC 2, significant activation of PC 1/3 is also observed in mouse models of insulin resistance such as pregnant, ob/ ob, db/db and prediabetic NOD mice, which may be a common mechanism in proliferating ß-cells. Our study suggests an important role of α-cells for ß-cell proliferation and further for the endocrine cell network within an islet.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Kilimnik
- Department of Medicine; The University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Abraham Kim
- Department of Medicine; The University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
| | | | - Theodore C. Friedman
- Divison of Endocrinology; Department of Internal Medicine; Charles Drew University of Medicine & Sciences; Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Manami Hara
- Department of Medicine; The University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
- Correspondence to: Manami Hara;
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Abstract
Emerging reports on the organization of the different hormone-secreting cell types (alpha, glucagon; beta, insulin; and delta, somatostatin) in human islets have emphasized the distinct differences between human and mouse islets, raising questions about the relevance of studies of mouse islets to human islet physiology. Here, we examine the differences and similarities between the architecture of human and mouse islets. We studied islets from various mouse models including ob/ob and db/db and pregnant mice. We also examined the islets of monkeys, pigs, rabbits and birds for further comparisons. Despite differences in overall body and pancreas size as well as total beta-cell mass among these species, the distribution of their islet sizes closely overlaps, except in the bird pancreas in which the delta-cell population predominates (both in singlets and clusters) along with a small number of islets. Markedly large islets (>10,000 mum(2)) were observed in human and monkey islets as well as in islets from ob/ob and pregnant mice. The fraction of alpha-, beta- and delta-cells within an islet varied between islets in all the species examined. Furthermore, there was variability in the distribution of alpha- and delta-cells within the same species. In summary, human and mouse islets share common architectural features that may reflect demand for insulin. Comparative studies of islet architecture may lead to a better understanding of islet development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Kim
- Department of Medicine; The University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Kevin Miller
- Department of Medicine; The University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Junghyo Jo
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - German Kilimnik
- Department of Medicine; The University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Pawel Wojcik
- Department of Medicine; The University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Manami Hara
- Department of Medicine; The University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
- Correspondence to: Manami Hara;
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Rosanas-Urgell A, Garcia-Fernàndez J, Marfany G. ParaHox genes in pancreatic cell cultures: effects on the insulin promoter regulation. Int J Biol Sci 2008; 4:48-57. [PMID: 18274620 PMCID: PMC2238182 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.4.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding PDX1 (pancreatic duodenum homeobox 1), the main transcription factor regulating the glucose-dependent transactivation of the insulin promoter in pancreatic β-cells, clusters with two closely related homeobox genes (Gsh1 and Cdx2/3), all of them belonging to the ParaHox gene family. The ParaHox gene evolutionary history in the vertebrate lineage involved duplications of the cluster and subsequent loss of some members, so that eventually, the human and murine genomes contain only 6 ParaHox genes. The crucial role of PDX1 in pancreas development, beta-cell formation and insulin transcription regulation has long been established. There is some data on CDX2/3 function in α-cells, but remarkably, nothing is known on the role of the other ParaHox genes, which are also expressed in the endocrine pancreas. Homeobox transcription factors that belong to the same family show high conservation of the homeodomain and share similar target sites and oligomeric partners, and thus may act redundantly, synergistically or antagonistically on the same promoters. Therefore, we explored the effects of the Parahox proteins (GSH1, GSH2, CDX1, CDX2/3 and CDX4) on the regulation of the insulin promoter in transfected α- and β- cultured cell lines at different glucose concentrations and compared them to those of PDX1. Noticeably, several ParaHox transcription factors are able to transactivate or inhibit the insulin promoter, depending on the cell type and glucose concentration, thus suggesting their possible participation in the regulation of similar target genes, such as insulin, either by silencing or activating them, in the absence of PDX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rosanas-Urgell
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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