IL1B Increases Intestinal Tight Junction Permeability by Up-regulation of MIR200C-3p, Which Degrades Occludin mRNA

Diminution of HSP75 disrupts intestinal epithelial barrier by inciting mPTP opening in ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis is an idiopathic, chronic inflammatory disorder. The disruption of intestinal epithelial barrier caused by excessive apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells is a pivotal factor in the etiology and pathology. The mitochondrial pathway is the most significant apoptosis mode of intestinal epithelial cells, which was regulated by the mitochondrial permeability transition pore(mPTP). However, the precise mechanism remains elusive. As a crucial molecule in combating stress and maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, the heat shock protein 75(HSP75) may play a vital role in regulating the openness of the mPTP. In our research, we ascertained that HSP75 was significantly diminished in the intestinal mucosal of UC patients and experimental colitis mice, concomitantly with the disruption of intestinal epithelial barrier. Furthermore, a negative correlation between HSP75 and the openness of mPTP, mitochondrial-driven apoptosis, and disruption of intestinal epithelial barrier has been demonstrated in vivo and vitro. Secondly, HSP75 level is negatively correlated with the expression of ANT, VDAC, and PiC, which considered to be the components of mPTP. However, the CypD is unaffected by HSP75. Finally, HSP75 altered the synthesis of ANT, VDAC, PiC and the acetylation modification of ANT, but there is no direct interaction between HSP75 and mPTP component proteins. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that HSP75 significantly decreased in the intestinal mucosa of UC, and preliminarily revealed a novel mechanism of HSP75 regulating the synthesis and openness of mPTP in the intestinal epithelial cells(IECs) of UC, suggesting that the targeted intestinal mucosa supplementation of HSP75 is anticipated to reverse the pathological process.

Orally administered Chrysophyta polysaccharide ameliorates DSS-induced colitis via intestinal barrier improvement, oxidative stress regulation, NF-κB pathway inhibition, and gut microbiota modulation

Chrysophyta polysaccharide (CPP) exhibits immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties. However, its potential to alleviate colitis remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the effects of CPP on colitis and its underlying mechanisms. CPP was administered at three doses: H-CPP (100 mg/kg/day), M-CPP (50 mg/kg/day), and L-CPP (25 mg/kg/day). Treatment with H-CPP and M-CPP significantly up-regulated tight junction proteins, inhibited epithelial cell apoptosis, regulated oxidative stress, and alleviated colitis. H-CPP and M-CPP treatments inhibited the NF-κB pathway and modulated TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-1β. Furthermore, H-CPP treatment improved the gut microbiota by increasing Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium while decreasing Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Escherichia-Shigella, Dorea, and Parabacteroides. Simultaneously, H-CPP treatment promoted the production of Acetovanillone and L-Tryptophan. Therefore, in a dose-dependent manner, CPP reduces the severity of colitis by regulating cytokines, protecting intestinal mucosal barrier, promoting beneficial metabolites, and regulating gut microbiota. These findings will enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the health-regulating effects of CPP and the development of dietary supplements targeting colitis, with significant economic and social implications.

cGAS-STING Pathway's Impact on Intestinal Barrier

Intestinal inflammation and increased permeability have been linked to metabolic dysregulation in patients with compromised intestinal barrier function. Among the pathways, garnering attention is the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway. Upon binding to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), cGAS catalyzes the conversion of ATP and GTP into cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP). Subsequently, cGAMP binds to STING, triggering the activation of tank-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), which activates interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), thus inducing the production of type I interferon. Activated TBK1 can also induce the activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), thus mediating the production of proinflammatory cytokines. The effects of this process vary among innate and adaptive immune cells, as well as intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). This review aims to elucidate the impact and role of the cGAS-STING pathway on intestinal barrier function.

CO-Releasing Polyoxometalates Nanozyme with Gut Mucosal Immunity and Microbiota Homeostasis Remodeling Effects for Restoring Intestinal Barrier Integrity

Disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier, driven by imbalances in gut mucosal immunity and microbial homeostasis, is central to the onset and progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study introduces a CO-releasing polyoxometalates (POMs) nanozyme (PMC), synthesized by coordinating pentacarbonyl manganese bromide with molybdenum-based POM nanoclusters. PMC demonstrates targeted accumulation at IBD-affected sites, efficient scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and responsive CO release, resulting in multiple therapeutic effects. Extensive in vitro and in vivo studies have validated the exceptional capacity of PMC to repair intestinal barrier, attributed to their potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, thereby achieving significant therapeutic efficacy in ulcerative colitis treatment. 16S rRNA sequencing indicated that PMC efficiently remodeled the gut microbiota composition. Single-cell RNA sequencing indicates a reduction in pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages, alongside suppressed ROS and inflammatory signaling pathways. Concurrently, an increase in reparative M2 macrophages and intestinal stem cells is observed, in addition to significant activation of the VEGF signaling pathway in macrophages and the NOTCH pathway in stem cells, underscoring the potential of PMC to restore immune balance and promote tissue repair. This study positions PMC as a promising, multifunctional therapeutic agent for IBD treatment owing to its robust intestinal barrier-restoring capability.

Altered miRNA expression in duodenal tissue of celiac patients and the impact of a gluten-free diet: a preliminary study

BACKGROUND

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial regulators of gene expression, impacting a wide range of biological processes. Their dysregulation can result in pathological changes and contribute to the development of various disorders. This study aims to evaluate the expression of selected miRNAs in duodenal tissue of paediatric patients with active celiac disease (CD), investigate the role of dysregulated miRNAs in disease pathogenesis and assess the changes in their expression profile in response to a gluten-free diet (GFD).

METHODS AND RESULTS

The study included newly diagnosed celiac patients (n = 20), celiac patients adhering to a GFD (n = 17) and a control group (n = 29). The miRNA expression in duodenal samples was quantified by real-time PCR. Dysregulated miRNAs were analysed for functional enrichment in molecular pathways. Our results identified 8 dysregulated miRNAs in celiac patients: miR-155-5p (upregulated) and hsa-miR-22-5p, hsa-miR-192-5p, hsa-miR-338-3p, hsa-miR-31-5p, hsa-miR-31-3p, hsa-miR-215-5p and hsa-miR-378d (downregulated). Pathway analysis implicated these miRNAs in regulating various signaling pathways related to inflammation, immune response and intercellular junctions, all of which are relevant to the pathogenesis of CD. Moreover, miR-31-3p was upregulated in CD patients on a GFD, exhibiting a negative correlation with the duration of GFD. For other miRNAs, the level of expression in CD patients adhering to a GFD was restored to levels similar to those observed in the control group.

CONCLUSION

This preliminary study reveals significant changes in miRNA expression in duodenal biopsies from paediatric CD patients and how these patterns shift with dietary intervention. Understanding the interactions among dysregulated miRNAs may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for managing CD.

Regulation and therapeutic potential of NLRP3 inflammasome in intestinal diseases

The NOD-like receptor family, particularly the protein 3 that contains the pyrin domain (NLRP3), is an intracellular sensing protein complex responsible for detecting patterns associated with pathogens and injuries. NLRP3 plays a crucial role in the innate immune response. Currently, a wide range of research has indicated the crucial importance of NLRP3 in various inflammatory conditions. Similarly, the NLRP3 inflammasome plays a significant role in preserving intestinal balance and impacting the advancement of diseases. In addition, several randomized trials have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of targeting NLRP3 in the treatment of colitis, colorectal cancer, and related diseases. This review explores the mechanisms of NLRP3 assembly and activation in the gut. We describe its pathological significance in intestinal diseases. Finally, we summarize current and future therapeutic approaches targeting NLRP3 for intestinal diseases.

Breaking the Barrier: The Role of Proinflammatory Cytokines in BBB Dysfunction

The BBB is created by a special system of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), pericytes (PCs), the capillary basement membrane, and the terminal branches ("end-feet") of astrocytes (ACs). The key function of the BBB is to protect the central nervous system (CNS) from potentially harmful/toxic substances in the bloodstream by selectively controlling the entry of cells and molecules, including nutrients and components of the immune system. The loss of BBB integrity in response to neuroinflammation, as manifested by an increase in permeability, depends predominantly on the activity of proinflammatory cytokines. However, the pathomechanism of structural and functional changes in the BBB under the influence of individual cytokines is still poorly understood. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on this topic, which is important from both pathophysiological and therapeutic points of view. The structures and functions of all components of the BBB are reviewed, with emphasis given to differences between this and other locations of the circulatory system. The protein composition of the interendothelial tight junctions in the context of regulating BBB permeability is presented, as is the role of pericyte-BMEC interactions in the exchange of metabolites, ions, and nucleic acids. Finally, the documented actions of proinflammatory cytokines within the BBB are discussed.

Glycine tabacina extract alleviates inflammatory bowel disease via NF-κB, JNK and Nrf2 signaling pathways

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic inflammatory disorders of the colon, often triggered by unhealthy diets, infections, and dysregulated immune responses. Current treatments for IBD are limited by relapse, drug resistance, side effects, and high costs. Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth, a legume native to southeastern China, has traditionally been used for its medicinal properties in treating rheumatoid arthritis, nephritis, and osteoporosis. However, its effects on IBD remain unexplored.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to investigate the anti-colitis effects and underlying mechanisms of Glycine tabacina ethanol extract (GTE) using in vitro and in vivo models.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The chemical components of GTE were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The effects of GTE on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and oxidative stress were assessed in Caco-2 cells. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice was used to evaluate GTE's therapeutic potential. ELISA, RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence, and immunoblotting were performed to measure gene expression and signaling pathway activity. Histological analysis of colon tissues was conducted using H&E staining.

RESULTS

GTE significantly reduced LPS-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in Caco-2 cells and alleviated DSS-induced colitis in mice. Mechanistically, GTE decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and reactive oxygen species (ROS), while improving intestinal barrier integrity. Furthermore, GTE suppressed the NF-κB and MAPK/JNK pathways while activating the Nrf2 pathway. These results suggest that GTE may serve as a promising therapeutic agent for IBD by modulating key inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways.

CONCLUSIONS

The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of GTE mitigated intestinal epithelial cell damage by preserving tight junction proteins and maintaining intestinal barrier integrity. Given its high efficacy and favorable safety profile, GTE represents a promising therapeutic candidate for managing chronic and refractory inflammatory disorders such as IBD.

Optimizing Protocols for MicroRNA Profiling of Infant and Toddler Stool

Background

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are increasingly being investigated as potential biomarkers for child development and disease. Although a growing number of studies are utilizing infant and toddler stool for transcriptomic analyses, no studies have compared protocols for preserving and extracting miRNAs from this specimen type, despite unique challenges, including abundant levels of RNAses and microbial RNA.

Methods

To address this, we first compared three commercially available kits and four preservation methods for their ability to yield high quality RNA from infant and toddler stool (Phase 1). RNA quality was determined by fragment analyzer.

Results

Of the three RNA extraction kits compared, Zymo BIOMICs yielded the highest overall RNA Quality Number (RQN) (median (range) RQN 9.4 (5.7-10.0)). Of the four preservation methods tested, stool collected in RNAlater and Zymo DNA/RNA Shield Fecal Collection Tubes yielded the highest two RQNs (median (range) RQN 9.8 (5.7-10.0) and 9.4 (5.4-10.0), respectively), which did not differ significantly from each other ( p = 0.47). Second, using miRNA-seq we directly compared miRNA profiles for RNA extracted using the Zymo BIOMICs kit from paired aliquots of the same stool sample from four infants collected into RNAlater and Zymo DNA/RNA Shield Fecal Collection Tubes (Phase 2). Given that microbial sequences greatly outnumber human miRNAs in stool, reads were first classified as human versus microbial prior to aligning human-classified reads to miRBase v22.1. The percentage of reads classified as human and the percentage of human reads aligning to miRBase did not differ for samples collected in RNAlater versus Zymo Shield ( p = 0.12 and p = 0.86, respectively). Furthermore, after multiple testing correction, normalized miRNA counts did not differ significantly between the two preservatives for any of the 42 human miRNAs detected across the eight samples.

Conclusions

Collecting infant and toddler stool in either RNAlater or Zymo DNA/RNA Shield Fecal Collection Tubes, when paired with RNA extraction using the Zymo BIOMICs extraction kit, yielded high-quality RNA with similar human miRNA profiles. Moreover, of the 42 miRNAs that were detected, several (i.e., miR-194a-3p, miR-200c-3p, miR-26a-5p) are thought to contribute to overall gut homeostasis. These findings may inform protocols for future studies that aim to profile miRNAs in infant and toddler stool to evaluate their potential utility as biomarkers for children's health.

Importance of rectal over colon status in ulcerative colitis remission: the role of microinflammation and mucosal barrier dysfunction in relapse

BACKGROUND

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a refractory inflammatory disease that affects the rectum and colon, with pivotal involvement of the rectal environment in relapse initiation. This study was conducted in two phases to examine the differences in gene expression between the rectum and colon and to identify relapse factors.

METHODS

In ***Study 1, RNA sequencing was performed on biopsies from the colon and rectum of patients with active UC, those with remission UC, and controls. In Study 2, the mucosal impedance (MI) values reflecting mucosal barrier function and the mRNA expression of tight junction proteins and inflammatory cytokines were examined in 32 patients with remission UC and 22 controls. Relapse was monitored prospectively.

RESULTS

In Study 1, comprehensive genetic analysis using RNA sequencing revealed distinct gene profiles in the rectum and sigmoid colon of patients with remission UC. The rectum of these patients exhibited an enriched immune response and apical junction phenotype with persistent upregulation of CLDN2 gene expression. In Study 2, even in patients with remission UC, the MI values in the rectum, but not in the sigmoid colon, were significantly decreased, whereas they were negatively correlated with CLDN2, IL-1β, and IL-6 expressions.

CONCLUSION

The status of the rectum in patients with remission UC differs from that of the colon, with microinflammation and impaired mucosal barrier function, which are associated with the upregulation of CLDN2, playing a role in relapse.

The clinical significance and biological function of tropomyosin 3 in ulcerative colitis

BACKGROUND

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a lifelong chronic inflammatory disease that is characterized by the absence of specific markers for diagnosis and prognosis. TPM3 is an integral component of the thin filament, responsible for the structural stability of actin filaments and modulation of cytoskeletal function. This study investigated the regulatory role of TPM3 in UC and its potential mechanisms.

METHODS

At the clinical level, TPM3 levels were assessed in serum and mucosal tissues of UC and other enteric disease. At the cellular level, the effects of TMP3 overexpressing lentivirus on Caco-2 cell phenotype and the barrier of IL-1β-induced UC model were explored. At the animal level, the effects of TMP3 overexpressing lentivirus on symptoms and colonic damage in a DSS-induced UC model were explored.

RESULTS

TPM3 expression in serum of UC patients was significantly lower than that of other enteric disease, and TPM3 levels in the intestinal mucosa showed a negative correlation with the Mayo score of UC patients. TPM3 overexpression alleviates IL-1β-induced apoptosis and inhibition of invasion and migration in UC model in vitro. In monolayer Caco-2 cells, TPM3 overexpression rescued the IL-1β-induced decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance and tight junction markers (ZO-1 and Occludin) and increase in permeability. In animal experiments, TPM3 overexpression increased body weight and colon length and decreased disease activity index in a DSS-induced UC model. In tissue staining, it alleviated pathological damage and upregulated Occuludin and TPM3 levels in the colon.

CONCLUSION

TPM3 levels correlated with UC disease course and TPM3 overexpression alleviated symptoms/phenotypes and barrier damage in UC models in vivo and in vitro. TPM3 may serve as a potential novel biomarker for UC diagnosis and prognosis.

Bupleuri Radix Ameliorates Vascular Inflammation in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells via Modulation of Tight Junction Protein Expression and Inhibition of Nuclear Factor-κB Activation

Objectives

The vascular endothelium plays a central role in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis. Inflammation of vascular endothelial cells has been closely related to the development of a wide range of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis. Bupleuri Radix (BR) possesses several biological properties, including anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, it can prevent and cure several diseases, such as the common cold, hepatitis, menoxenia, and hyperlipidemia. However, it is unclear whether BR can regulate vascular endothelial function under inflammatory conditions induced by interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a key proinflammatory cytokine. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of BR on endothelial cell function using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with IL-1β-induced inflammation.

Methods

The effects of BR on cell migration, angiogenesis, and monocyte adhesion were determined using scratch wound-healing assay, tube-formation assay, cell adhesion assay, fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran Transwell assay, and transepithelial electrical resistance assay. The expression of tight junction (TJ) protein and adhesion molecules was estimated using western blotting and immunofluorescence assay. The generation of reactive oxygen species was assessed using flow cytometry.

Results

BR significantly suppressed the proliferation, migration, and tube-formation ability of IL-1β-stimulated HUVECs, and the expression of adhesion molecules, especially intracellular adhesion molecule-1. BR also regulated TJ protein expression, thereby restoring the transepithelial electrical resistance value to a level comparable to that of IL-1β-treated HUVECs. Moreover, BR decreased the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species and the nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor-kappa-B p65 subunit.

Conclusion

These findings revealed for the first time that BR prevents IL-1β-induced inflammation of blood vessel. Therefore, BR has the potential to protect the damage of vascular endothelial cells and prevent the progression of cardiovascular diseases.

Alleviation effects of Lactobacillus plantarum in colitis aggravated by a high-salt diet depend on intestinal barrier protection, NF-κB pathway regulation, and oxidative stress improvement

A high-salt diet (HSD) can result in numerous health issues, including exacerbation of intestinal inflammation. Therefore, there is an immediate necessity of developing dietary supplements that can mitigate colitis exacerbated by a HSD. This study examined the impact of Lactobacillus plantarum HGD228 on colitis exacerbated by a HSD and the mechanisms underlying its alleviation. HGD228 treatment significantly enhanced colonic goblet cells and MUC2, upregulated ZO-1 and occludin, inhibited epithelial cell apoptosis, and mitigated colitis exacerbated by a HSD. Moreover, HGD228 significantly regulated oxidative stress-related enzymes, including SOD, GSH-PX, and CAT. HGD228 treatment significantly suppressed the NF-κB pathway induced by a HSD and regulated the levels of cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-1β. Furthermore, HGD228 reestablished the gut microbiota altered by HSDDSS, increasing Bifidobacterium while decreasing Escherichia-Shigella and Clostridium sensu stricto 1. HGD228 treatment also enhanced the production of butyric acid and acetic acid, suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines, and strengthened the intestinal mucosal barrier. Therefore, HGD228 enhanced the production of beneficial metabolites by regulating inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress, preserving the mucosal barrier, and enhancing gut microbiota, and mitigated colitis aggravated by a HSD. These results will aid in clinical trials of probiotics and the development of dietary supplements for colitis, with promising application value.

Regulation of Intestinal Barrier Function and Gut Microbiota by Hot Melt Extrusion-Drug Delivery System-Prepared Mulberry Anthocyanin in an Inflammatory Bowel Disease Model

Background/Objectives: Anthocyanins (ACNs) derived from mulberry (Morus alba L.) exhibit potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, their low stability and bioavailability in physiological environments limit their therapeutic potential. This study aimed to enhance the stability and controlled release ACNs using a hot-melt extrusion drug delivery system (HME-DDS) formulation, HME-MUL-F2, and evaluate its effects on gut barrier function and microbiota composition in a DSS-induced colitis model. Methods: The anthocyanin content of HME-MUL-F2 was quantified and compared with that of raw mulberry extract. The formulation's protective effects were assessed in Caco-2 and RAW 264.7 cells, confirming its biocompatibility and anti-inflammatory properties. The therapeutic efficacy was further evaluated in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) model, focusing on gut barrier integrity, inflammatory cytokine modulation, and gut microbiota composition. Results: HME-MUL-F2 significantly improved gut barrier function by upregulating tight junction proteins and reducing inflammatory cytokine levels in the colitis model. Moreover, the formulation modulated gut microbiota composition, promoting beneficial bacteria while suppressing pathogenic strains. HME-MUL-F2 administration led to a significant increase in the Bacteroidetes-to-Firmicutes ratio, which is associated with improved gut health. These results indicate that HME-MUL-F2 significantly enhances anthocyanin bioavailability, leading to improved gut health and potential therapeutic applications for inflammatory conditions. Conclusions: This study highlights the potential of HME technology for improving the stability, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy of anthocyanins. HME-MUL-F2 is a sustained-release formulation that enhances gut barrier function and modulates intestinal microbial balance in a DSS-induced inflammatory bowel disease model. These findings strongly suggest that the observed therapeutic effects of HME-MUL-F2 are primarily due to enhanced anthocyanin bioavailability and targeted delivery to the colon, although further clinical studies will provide more definitive confirmation.

Integrated analyses of transcriptomes, metabolomes, and proteomes unveil the role of FoXO signaling axis in buck semen cryopreservation

Sperm cryopreservation is a complex process involving gene expression, protein synthesis, membrane stability, and metabolic adaptation. However, molecular alterations in sperm cryopreservation and the mechanisms defending against freezing damage remain poorly understood. This study investigates these changes and defense mechanisms using transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics data. During sperm cryopreservation, the expression level of G protein subunit alpha i3 (GNAI3) was significantly downregulated in post-thaw sperm (P < 0.001), while matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) was upregulated compared to FS groups (P < 0.01). Additionally, interleukin 6 (IL6) expression in the CS group showed an approximate increase (P < 0.05), whereas ribosomal protein S27a (RPS27A) expression decreased markedly (P < 0.05). Other important molecules such as macrophage stimulating 1 receptor (MST1R), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 subunit alpha (HIF1A), fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8), CD9 molecule (CD9), peptidase D (PEPD) and terminal nucleotidyltransferase 5B (TENT5B) also exhibited significant changes in expression (P < 0.05). Moreover, the study revealed the regulatory roles of metabolites such as glucose and glutamic acid during sperm cryopreservation. The involvement of catalase (CAT) protein in antioxidant defense was also noted. The interactions among mRNAs, miRNAs, proteins, and metabolites highlight the critical role of the FoxO signaling pathway in modulating responses to freezing. Our study reveals the molecular regulatory mechanisms of sperm during cryopreservation, emphasizing the importance of the FoxO pathway and specific metabolites in response to cryo-injury. These findings provide deeper insights into the complexity of sperm cryobiology and offer practical guidance for optimizing sperm cryopreservation.

Characterization of post-inflammatory irritable bowel syndrome animal model following acute colitis recovery

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent disorder with an unclear pathophysiology. This study aimed to investigate the features of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced low-grade inflammation using murine models of acute severe colitis (acute model) and chronic mild repeated colitis (chronic model), with potential implications for IBS research. The acute model was induced with 3% DSS for 5 days, followed by a 12-week recovery period. The chronic model involved administration of 0.5% DSS for 5 days, followed by a 5-day resting period, repeated thrice. We conducted comparative analyses to assess inflammation severity, intestinal motility, permeability, visceral hypersensitivity, and microbiome composition. In the acute model, mild leukocyte infiltration was observed, colonic transit time shortened at 12 weeks (P < 0.001), occludin expression decreased (P = 0.041), inflammatory cytokines, and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 was upregulated in colonic mucosa (P < 0.050). In the chronic model, only mild inflammatory changes were noted. Microbiota analysis in the acute model revealed differences in microbial abundance and compositions (P = 0.001). The acute model demonstrated low-grade inflammation that caused gut dysmotility, altered permeability, and increased visceral hypersensitivity with notable microbial composition changes, potentially relevant to IBS phenotypes.

Human colonic EVs induce murine enteric neuroplasticity via the lncRNA GAS5/miR-23/NMDA NR2B axis

Postinfectious, diarrhea-predominant, irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS-D) is difficult to treat owing to its unknown pathophysiology. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from human colon tissue and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), such as growth arrest-specific 5 (GAS5), may play key roles in the pathophysiology of PI-IBS-D. To determine whether altered colonic EV lncRNA signaling leads to gastrointestinal dysfunction and heightened visceral nociception in patients with PI-IBS-D via the GAS5/miR-23ab/NMDA NR2B axis, we conducted translational studies, including those on (a) the role of colonic EV lncRNAs in patients with PI-IBS-D, human colonoids, and PI-IBS-D tissues; (b) i.p. injection of colonic EVs from patients with PI-IBS-D into Rab27a/b-/- mice (P-EV mice) to investigate whether colonic EVs drive visceral hypersensitivity in vivo via the GAS5/miR-23ab/NMDA NR2B axis; and (c) treatment of mice with oligo-miR-23 precursors and anti-GAS5 Vivo-Morpholinos for GAS5/miR-23ab/NMDA NR2B axis mechanisms. Colonic EVs from patients with PI-IBS-D, but not from control participants, demonstrated reduced miR-23a/b expression caused by enhanced GAS5 expression, which drives increased NR2B expression. Intraperitoneal injection of anti-GAS5-Vivo-Morpholino into P-EV mice increased miR-23 levels and decreased NR2B expression and VMR to CD. EVs are internal messengers that alter gastrointestinal function and increase visceral nociception in patients with PI-IBS-D. Strategies to deliver EVs to modulate GAS5/miR-23ab/NMDA NR2B axis signaling may lead to new and innovative treatments for patients with PI-IBS-D.

Pleurotus eryngii Mushrooms Fermented with Human Fecal Microbiota Protect Intestinal Barrier Integrity: Immune Modulation and Signalling Pathways Counter Deoxycholic Acid-Induced Disruption in Healthy Colonic Tissue

Background: This study explores the potential of the Pleurotus eryngii mushroom fermentation supernatant (FS-PEWS) as an intervention for mitigating sodium deoxycholate (SDC)-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and inflammation. Methods: FS-PEWS was assessed for its protective effects against SDC-induced barrier dysfunction and inflammation using an in vitro Caco-2 cell model and ex vivo colonic biopsies from healthy adult donors, where barrier integrity, permeability, immunomodulation and receptor-mediated pathways were evaluated. Results: In Caco-2 cells, SDC exposure downregulated ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1 expression, with FS-PEWS restoring ZO-1 and claudin-1 levels while maintaining cell viability. In colonic biopsies from healthy adults, FS-PEWS maintained tissue integrity and selectively mitigated transcellular permeability without affecting paracellular permeability when combined with the stressor. Additionally, FS-PEWS exhibited potent anti-inflammatory effects, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β and modulating receptor-mediated pathways, i.e., TLR-4, dectin-1. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the potential of FS-PEWS to sustain intestinal barrier function and modulate immune responses under stress, highlighting its therapeutic potential for managing gut barrier dysfunction and inflammation associated with microbial metabolite-induced disruptions.

A gut-on-a-chip incorporating human faecal samples and peristalsis predicts responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors for melanoma

Patient responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors can be influenced by the gastrointestinal microbiome. Mouse models can be used to study microbiome-host crosstalk, yet their utility is constrained by substantial anatomical, functional, immunological and microbial differences between mice and humans. Here we show that a gut-on-a-chip system mimicking the architecture and functionality of the human intestine by including faecal microbiome and peristaltic-like movements recapitulates microbiome-host interactions and predicts responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with melanoma. The system is composed of a vascular channel seeded with human microvascular endothelial cells and an intestinal channel with intestinal organoids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells, with the two channels separated by a collagen matrix. By incorporating faecal samples from patients with melanoma into the intestinal channel and by performing multiomic analyses, we uncovered epithelium-specific biomarkers and microbial factors that correlate with clinical outcomes in patients with melanoma and that the microbiome of non-responders has a reduced ability to buffer cellular stress and self-renew. The gut-on-a-chip model may help identify prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Transcriptomics and metabolomics reveal the alleviation effect of pectic polysaccharide on dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis mice

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a relapsing disease with an increasing morbidity and prevalence. Dietary polysaccharides have recently become a research hotspot because of their therapeutic effects and safety on UC. Our previous research elucidated that pectic polysaccharide from Phyllanthus emblica L. (PEP-1) could alleviate dextran sodium sulfate-induced UC mice. Herein, metabolomics and transcriptomics were further applied to disclose the underlying mechanisms behind PEP-1's anti-inflammatory effects. PEP-1 intervention altered the serum metabolite contents and pathways represented by decreasing xanthine and sphinganine levels. Changes in gene expressions correlated with metabolite variations led by the suppression of the expression of the inflammatory factors, colorectal cancer promoter, and NF-κB pathway as well as the enhancement of tight junctions. This study demonstrated that the ameliorating effect of chronic UC was partially ascribed to the alteration of the serum metabolites and changes in gene expression.

Identification and functional analysis of hub genes involved in deoxynivalenol-induced enterotoxicity in porcine (Sus scrofa)

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a type of mycotoxin commonly found in food and animal feed. When consumed, it can have harmful effects on the intestine. The porcine digestive system is physiologically similar to that of humans, making pigs a suitable model for studying DON-induced enterotoxicity. However, the exact ways DON causes intestinal damage in pigs still need to be fully understood. To address this knowledge gap, this study aimed to identify hub genes associated with enterotoxicity caused by DON exposure. Transcriptomic datasets from porcine jejunal explants exposed to DON were extensively analyzed using bioinformatic techniques in this study. A total of 265 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, with 238 being up-regulated and 27 being down-regulated, indicating that exposure to DON tends to increase gene expression. Further analysis revealed that the up-regulated DEGs were enriched in tumor necrosis factor, nuclear factor kappa-B, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription-related signaling pathways. In addition, Weighted gene co-expression network analysis was performed to identify highly co-expressed modules. Then, genes in the highest co-expressed module were intersected with the up-regulated DEGs to construct a Protein-Protein Interaction network, resulting in 237 overlapping genes. Subsequently, 6 hub genes (CXCR4, PTGS2, ICAM1, IL-1A, IL-1B, and IL-10) that played a central role in the response to DON were identified using cytohubba in conjunction with the Molecular Complex Detection. In summary, exposure to DON is more likely to result in increased rather than decreased gene expression. Six of the upregulated genes, which are involved in immunoregulation and inflammation, were identified as hub genes related to DON-induced enterotoxicity in pigs. This study provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying DON-induced enterotoxicity and could guide interventions for this condition.

Uncovering the Beneficial Role of Limosilactobacillus fermentum E7 Exhibiting Antioxidant Activity in Ameliorating DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in a Murine Model

BACKGROUND

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic intestinal disease of growing global concern. Bacteria associated with fermented food or probiotics regulate immune and inflammatory responses, playing a key role in intestinal immune homeostasis.

RESULTS

Five probiotics with relatively good antioxidant effects, namely Lactiplantibacillus plantarum H6, Latilactobacillus sakei QC9, Limosilactobacillus fermentum E7, Bacillus subtills D1, and Bacillus licheniformis Q13, were screened out from 30 strains of probiotics through in vitro antioxidant assays. The five probiotics had varying degrees of alleviating effects on UC mice and improved various physiological indicators, such as oxidative stress parameters and histopathological sections. The effects of E7, D1, and Q13 were more pronounced. Furthermore, E7 effectively regulated UC mouse intestinal microbiota composition, increased short-chain fatty acid concentration, and promoted the expression of anti-inflammatory factors, such as interleukin 10 (IL-10), while suppressing that of pro-inflammatory factors, such as interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Meanwhile, D1 and Q13 only exhibited partial alleviating effects. Finally, E7 increased the expression of tight junction proteins in colon tissues.

CONCLUSIONS

E7 showed superior efficacy to other probiotics in alleviating UC, offering novel therapeutic prospects for safer and effective management of UC.

Intestinal Epithelial Tight Junction Barrier Regulation by Novel Pathways

Intestinal epithelial tight junctions (TJs), a dynamically regulated barrier structure composed of occludin and claudin family of proteins, mediate the interaction between the host and the external environment by allowing selective paracellular permeability between the luminal and serosal compartments of the intestine. TJs are highly dynamic structures and can undergo constant architectural remodeling in response to various external stimuli. This is mediated by an array of intracellular signaling pathways that alters TJ protein expression and localization. Dysfunctional regulation of TJ components compromising the barrier homeostasis is an important pathogenic factor for pathological conditions including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Previous studies have elucidated the significance of TJ barrier integrity and key regulatory mechanisms through various in vitro and in vivo models. In recent years, considerable efforts have been made to understand the crosstalk between various signaling pathways that regulate formation and disassembly of TJs. This review provides a comprehensive view on the novel mechanisms that regulate the TJ barrier and permeability. We discuss the latest evidence on how ion transport, cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix proteins, signaling pathways, and cell survival mechanism of autophagy regulate intestinal TJ barrier function. We also provide a perspective on the context-specific outcomes of the TJ barrier modulation. The knowledge on the diverse TJ barrier regulatory mechanisms will provide further insights on the relevance of the TJ barrier defects and potential target molecules/pathways for IBD.

Phillygenin ameliorates tight junction proteins reduction, fibrosis, and apoptosis in mice with chronic colitis via TGR5-mediated PERK-eIF2α-Ca2+ pathway

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic, relapsing, and etiologically complicated chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Despite substantial progress in the management of UC, the outcomes of mucosal barrier repair are unsatisfactory. In this study, phillygenin (PHI) treatment alleviated the symptoms of chronic colitis in mice, including body weight loss, severe disease activity index scores, colon shortening, splenomegaly, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response. In particular, PHI treatment ameliorated the tight junction proteins (TJs) reduction, fibrosis, apoptosis, and intestinal stem cell activity, indicating that PHI exerted beneficial effects on the intestinal mucosal barrier in mice with chronic colitis. In the NCM460 cells damage model, dextran sulfate sodium triggered the sequential induction of TJs reduction, fibrosis, and apoptosis. Takeda G protein-coupled receptor-5 (TGR5) dysfunction mediated NCM460 cell injury. Moreover, PHI treatment enhanced TJs and suppressed fibrosis and apoptosis to maintain NCM460 cell function, depending on TGR5 activation. PHI promoted TGR5 activation and elevated intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels in HEK 293T cells transfected with TGR5 expression plasmids. Cellular thermal shift assay and molecular docking studies confirmed that PHI directly binds to TGR5, indicating that PHI is an agonist of TGR5. The process of PERK-eIF2α pathway-mediated endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release was involved in NCM460 cell injury as well, which was associated with TGR5 dysfunction. When NCM460 cells were pretreated with PHI, the PERK-eIF2α pathway and elevated Ca2+ levels were blocked. In conclusion, our study demonstrated a novel mechanism that PHI inhibited the PERK-eIF2α-Ca2+ pathway through TGR5 activation to against DSS-induced TJs reduction, fibrosis, and apoptosis.

Inhibition of AhR disrupts intestinal epithelial barrier and induces intestinal injury by activating NF-κB in COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is frequently associated with intestinal comorbidities. Damage to the intestinal barrier plays a crucial role in these disorders, leading to increased intestinal and systemic inflammation, and thereby promoting the progression of COPD. This study aims to investigate the mechanism of intestinal epithelial barrier damage, focusing on the roles of the Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) and NF-κB in COPD-related intestinal damage. A COPD rat model was induced by cigarette smoke and bacterial infection, while Caco-2/HT29 intestinal epithelial cells were treated with TNF-α or IL-1β to assess intestinal disorder and the underlying mechanisms of barrier damage. COPD rats exhibited significant lung function decline, pathological damage, and inflammatory response in lung tissues. Additionally, significant intestinal injury was observed, accompanied by pronounced colonic pathological damage, an enhanced inflammatory response, and intestinal barrier disruption. This was evidenced by decreased expression of apical junction proteins and elevated serum diamine oxidase levels. Pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α or IL-1β significantly downregulated the expression of apical junction proteins in Caco-2/HT29 cells, reduced transepithelial electrical resistance of Caco-2 cells, and increased FD-4 permeability. Moreover, TNF-α or IL-1β induction activated NF-κB in Caco-2/HT29 cells, with a similar activation observed in the colonic tissues of COPD rats. The NF-κB inhibitor PDTC suppressed this activation and protected against intestinal epithelial barrier damage. Furthermore, AhR inhibition was observed both in vitro and in vivo. The AhR activator FICZ inhibited NF-κB activation and mitigated intestinal epithelial barrier damage, whereas the AhR inhibitor CH223191 inhibited AhR and exacerbated intestinal epithelial barrier damage by facilitating NF-κB activation. However, the NF-κB inhibitor PDTC did not significantly affect AhR. Additionally, TNF-α/IL-1β inhibited the binding of AhR and p-NF-κB. Consequently, AhR inhibition can downregulate the expression of apical junction proteins, probably through activation of NF-κB signaling leading to intestinal epithelial barrier damage. This study confirmed the presence of lesions in the lungs and intestines of COPD rats, as well as the associated damage to the intestinal epithelial barrier. The inhibition of AhR followed by the activation of NF-κB has been identified as a critical mechanism underlying the injury to the intestinal epithelial barrier.

Processed Dietary Fiber Partially Hydrolyzed Guar Gum Increases Susceptibility to Colitis and Colon Tumorigenesis in Mice

The vital role of naturally occurring dietary fibers (DFs) in maintaining intestinal health has fueled the incorporation of isolated DFs into processed foods. A select group of soluble DFs, such as partially hydrolyzed guar gum (Phgg), are being promoted as dietary supplements to meet recommended DF intake. However, the potential effects of regular consumption of these processed DFs on gastrointestinal health remain largely unknown. The present study assessed the impact of Phgg on the development of intestinal inflammation and colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis (CAC). Wild-type C57BL/6 mice were fed isocaloric diets containing either 7.5% Phgg and 2.5% cellulose (Phgg group) or 10% cellulose (control) for four weeks. To induce colitis, a subgroup of mice from each group was switched to 1.4% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water for seven days. CAC was induced in another subgroup through a single dose of azoxymethane (AOM, 7.5 mg/kg i.p.) followed by three DSS/water cycles. To our surprise, Phgg feeding exacerbated DSS-induced colitis, as evidenced by body weight loss, disrupted colonic crypt architecture, and increased pro-inflammatory markers accompanied by a decrease in anti-inflammatory markers. Additionally, Phgg feeding led to increased colonic expression of genes promoting cell proliferation. Accordingly, extensive colon tumorigenesis was observed in Phgg-fed mice in the AOM/DSS model, whereas the control group exhibited no visible tumors. To investigate whether reducing Phgg has a distinct effect on colitis and CAC development, mice were fed a low-Phgg diet (2.5% Phgg). The low-Phgg group also exhibited increased colitis and tumorigenesis compared to the control, although the severity was markedly lower than in the regular Phgg (7.5%) group, suggesting a dose-dependent effect of Phgg in colitis and CAC development. Our study reveals that Phgg supplementation exacerbates colitis and promotes colon tumorigenesis, warranting further investigation into the potential gastrointestinal health risks associated with processed Phgg consumption.

Posttranscriptional Regulation of Intestinal Mucosal Growth and Adaptation by Noncoding RNAs in Critical Surgical Disorders

The human intestinal epithelium has an impressive ability to respond to insults and its homeostasis is maintained by well-regulated mechanisms under various pathophysiological conditions. Nonetheless, acute injury and inhibited regeneration of the intestinal epithelium occur commonly in critically ill surgical patients, leading to the translocation of luminal toxic substances and bacteria to the bloodstream. Effective therapies for the preservation of intestinal epithelial integrity and for the prevention of mucosal hemorrhage and gut barrier dysfunction are limited, primarily because of a poor understanding of the mechanisms underlying mucosal disruption. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), which include microRNAs (miRNAs), long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and small vault RNAs (vtRNAs), modulate a wide array of biological functions and have been identified as orchestrators of intestinal epithelial homeostasis. Here, we feature the roles of many important ncRNAs in controlling intestinal mucosal growth, barrier function, and repair after injury-particularly in the context of postoperative recovery from bowel surgery. We review recent literature surrounding the relationships between lncRNAs, microRNAs, and RNA-binding proteins and how their interactions impact cell survival, proliferation, migration, and cell-to-cell interactions in the intestinal epithelium. With advancing knowledge of ncRNA biology and growing recognition of the importance of ncRNAs in maintaining the intestinal epithelial integrity, ncRNAs provide novel therapeutic targets for treatments to preserve the gut epithelium in individuals suffering from critical surgical disorders.

Swiprosin-1 participates in the berberine-regulated AMPK/MLCK pathway to attenuate colitis-induced tight junction damage

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is essential in maintaining the epithelial tight junction (TJ) barrier. Berberine, a phytochemical AMPK agonist, has been widely reported to ameliorate colitis. Berberine or AMPK activation inhibits cytoskeletal contraction induced by myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), thereby ameliorating TJ barrier defects. We previously found that swiprosin-1, an actin-binding protein, affects MLCK expression. Here, we aimed to reveal the role of swiprosin-1 in the regulation of AMPK/MLCK by berberine.

METHODS

Caco-2 monolayer transfected with AMPKα1 (or swiprosin-1) siRNA was treated with berberine after being stimulated with TNFα/IFNγ to assess the effect on the TJ barrier. Intestinal epithelial conditional knockout mice for AMPKα1 (or swiprosin-1) were treated with berberine after experimental colitis to evaluate the effect on the TJ barrier. TJ integrity was evaluated by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence for ZO-1 and Occludin.

RESULTS

The protection of berberine against TJ barrier damage was blocked by AMPK inhibitor or knockout of AMPKα1 in epithelial cells. Swiprosin-1 was distributed in colonic epithelial cells and upregulated in colitis. Knockout of swiprosin-1 in intestinal epithelial cells ameliorated TJ barrier damage and abolished the protective effect of berberine. Impaired assembly of TJ caused by overexpression of swiprosin-1 was alleviated by MLCK inhibitor, and inhibition of the MLCK pathway by berberine also required the presence of swiprosin-1. In addition, berberine downregulated swiprosin-1 expression in an AMPK-dependent manner.

CONCLUSION

Swiprosin-1 may be a key intermediate molecule in the regulation of the AMPK/MLCK pathway by berberine to attenuate colitis-induced TJ barrier damage.

Unraveling the intricacies of neutrophil extracellular traps in inflammatory bowel disease: Pathways, biomarkers, and promising therapies

The development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, involves various factors and is characterized by persistent inflammation of the mucosal lining. However, the role of neutrophils in this process remains controversial. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which consist of chromatin, antimicrobial proteins, and oxidative enzymes, are released by neutrophils to trap pathogens. They are also involved in various immune-mediated and vascular diseases. NETs act as a vital defense mechanisms at the gut-mucosal interface and are frequently exposed to bacterial, viral, and fungal threats. However, they can also contribute to inflammation and worsen imbalances in the gut bacteria. Recent studies have suggested that NETs have a significant impact on IBD development. Previous studies have shown increased levels of NETs in tissue and blood samples from patients with IBD, as well as in experimental colitis mouse models. Therefore, this review discusses how NETs are formed and their role in the pathophysiology of IBD. It discusses how NETs may lead to tissue damage and contribute to IBD-associated complications. Moreover, non-invasive biomarkers are needed to replace invasive procedures such as endoscopy to better evaluate the disease status. Given the crucial role of NETs in IBD progression, this review focuses on potential NET biomarkers that can help predict the evolution of IBD. Furthermore, this review identifies potential therapeutic targets for regulating NET production, which could expand the range of available treatment options for IBD.

Postbiotic Effect of Escherichia coli CEC15 and Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 on a Murine Model of 5-FU-induced Intestinal Mucositis

Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, can bring health benefits to the host. Most of these organisms are found naturally in the human gastrointestinal tract. Escherichia coli strains Nissle 1917 (EcN), and CEC15 have shown beneficial effects in murine models of intestinal inflammation, such as colitis and mucositis. The present study evaluated the effects as postbiotic of heat-inactivated and cell-free supernatant preparations of EcN and CEC15 in attenuating 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced intestinal mucositis in mice and compared them with the probiotic effects of the live preparations. BALB/c mice were fed, by daily gavage, with 1010 CFU of live or inactivated bacteria or with 300 µL of cell-free supernatant for 12 days. On the 10th day, all animals, except for the control group, received an intraperitoneal injection of 5-FU (300 mg/kg). After 72 h of 5-FU administration, animals were euthanized, and the ileum and blood were collected for analysis. Treatments with live and heat-inactivated CEC15 mitigated weight loss, preserved intestinal length, reduced histological damage, maintained goblet cells, decreased neutrophil infiltration, and modulated expression of inflammatory and barrier genes when compared to 5-FU mucositis controls. EcN showed more limited effects. CEC15 upregulated mRNA expression of the mucin MUC2 and tight junction protein TJP1. CEC15 demonstrated protective effects against 5-FU-induced mucositis, whether administered with live, heat-inactivated, or cell-free supernatant. This suggests that CEC15 mediates a protective response via secreted metabolites and does not require viability. The postbiotic forms of CEC15 present advantages for use in immunocompromised patients. This study elucidates the anti-inflammatory and barrier-protective effects of CEC15 against intestinal mucositis.

Evaluation value of ultrasound on gastrointestinal function in patients with acute heart failure

Objective

To study the changes in gastrointestinal wall thickness, blood flow, motility, and symptoms in patients with acute heart failure, and to assess gastrointestinal function by ultrasound.

Methods

In this study, patients diagnosed with acute heart failure were selected as the study group, and healthy individuals were selected as the control group. Both groups collected general data and completed the Chinese version of the gastrointestinal symptom rating scale. Ultrasonography was used to measure several abdominal vascular and gastrointestinal-related indicators. Statistical analysis used grouped comparison and correlation analysis.

Results

The study group scored higher than the control group in total score, lower abdominal symptom score, constipation score, and difficult defecation score (Z = -2.828, -2.022, -2.015, -2.015, all P < 0.05). The hepatic vein diameter, superior mesenteric vein inner diameter and wall thickness of the ascending colon in the study group were significantly higher than those in the control group (t = 9.543, P < 0.001; t = 2.277, P = 0.025; Z = -2.062, P = 0.039). Antral contraction amplitude, antral contraction frequency, motility index, jejunal peristalsis frequency, and ascending colon peristalsis frequency were significantly lower in the study group compared to the control group (Z = -2.571, -4.196, -3.681, -5.451, -4.061, all P < 0.001). The wall thickness of the antrum, jejunum, and ascending colon were positively correlated with the diameter of the hepatic vein (r = 0.394, P = 0.011; r = 0.352, P = 0.024; r = 0.450, P = 0.003). Motility index and ascending colon peristalsis frequency were positively correlated with the peak velocity of superior mesenteric vein (r = 0.456, P = 0.029; r = 0.507, P = 0.007). The wall thickness of the jejunum was positively correlated with the peak velocity of superior mesenteric artery (r = 0.330, P = 0.035). Peak velocity of superior mesenteric artery, antral contraction frequency, and jejunal peristalsis frequency were negatively correlated with the reflux score (r = -0.409, P = 0.038; r = -0.423, P = 0.032; r = -0.409, P = 0.038). The wall thickness of the ascending colon was positively correlated with the reflux score (r = 0.414, P = 0.035).

Conclusion

This study found that patients with acute heart failure exhibited thickening of the gastrointestinal wall and generally reduced gastrointestinal motility, with predominantly lower abdominal symptoms. These findings indicate that ultrasound can effectively monitor the gastrointestinal structure and function of patients with acute heart failure, which is expected to provide help for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Elafibranor alleviates alcohol-related liver fibrosis by restoring intestinal barrier function

We discuss the article by Koizumi et al published in the World Journal of Gastroenterology. Our focus is on the therapeutic targets for fibrosis associated with alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) and the mechanism of action of elafibranor (EFN), a dual agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and peroxisome PPAR δ (PPARδ). EFN is currently in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and primary biliary cholangitis. ALD progresses from alcoholic fatty liver to alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), with chronic ASH eventually leading to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and, in some cases, hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathogenesis of ALD is driven by hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, and acetaldehyde toxicity. Alcohol consumption disrupts lipid metabolism by inactivating PPARα, exacerbating the progression of ALD. EFN primarily activates PPARα, promoting lipolysis and β-oxidation in ethanol-stimulated HepG2 cells, which significantly reduces hepatic steatosis, apoptosis, and fibrosis in an ALD mouse model. Additionally, alcohol disrupts the gut-liver axis at several interconnected levels, contributing to a proinflammatory environment in the liver. EFN helps alleviate intestinal hyperpermeability by restoring tight junction protein expression and autophagy, inhibiting apoptosis and inflammatory responses, and enhancing intestinal barrier function through PPARδ activation.

Interleukin 1β Mediates the Pathogenesis of Nasal Mucosal Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction in Allergic Rhinitis

Background

The nasal mucosal epithelial barrier is the primary site of allergic rhinitis (AR). Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), as a crucial factor in immune inflammation, not only plays a crucial role in hypersensitivity reactions but also affects the digestive mucosa and skin epithelial barrier. However, the role of IL-1β in the nasal mucosal epithelial barrier in AR has not been reported, and this study aimed to investigate the effect and possible mechanisms involved.

Methods

Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus 1 was used as an allergen to construct an AR mouse model and stimulate human nasal mucosal epithelial cells (HNEpCs) and observe the expression changes of IL-1β and epithelial barrier indicators CLDN1 and OCLN in mouse nasal mucosa and HNEpCs. Then, the possible mechanisms of action were explored via exogenous IL-1β stimulation and pharmacological inhibition of IL-1β or its receptor interleukin-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1).

Results

The results showed that Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus 1-primed mouse nasal mucosa or human HENpCs had increased expression of IL-1β and decreased CLDN1 and OCLN, and IL-1β could directly lead to reduced expression of epithelial barrier indexes in HNEpCs. In addition, inhibition of IL-1β or IL-1R1 can effectively alleviate the damage to the epithelial barrier.

Conclusion

IL-1β has a destructive effect on the nasal mucosal epithelial barrier in AR, and inhibition of IL-1β or its receptor IL-1R1 can effectively protect the nasal mucosal barrier. IL-1β is a potential target for the treatment of AR.

Oxymatrine alleviates NSAID-associated small bowel mucosal injury by regulating MIP-1/CCR1 signalling and gut microbiota

Oxymatrine (OMT) as a quinazine alkaloid extracted from matrine has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-tumour effects. However, the protective mechanism of OMT on NSAID-associated small bowel mucosal injury remains unreported. We found that OMT could improve the clinical symptoms and pathological inflammation scoring, reduce the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α and cell apoptosis, promote cell proliferation and protect intestinal mucosal barrier as compared with the Diclofenac Sodium (DS) group. Further RNA-seq and KEGG analysis uncovered that the differentially expressed genes between DS and control groups were mainly enriched in immune regulation, of which MIP-1γ and its receptor CCR1 expression were validated to be repressed by OMTH. MAPK/NF-κB as the MIP-1 upstream signalling was also inactivated by OMT treatment. In this study, OMT regulated gut microbiota. Venn diagrams visualized and identified 1163 shared OTUs between DS group and OMTH group. The results showed that the α diversity index in the DS group was lower than that in the OMTH group, indicating that the complexity of the flora was reduced in the intestinal inflammatory state. β diversity mainly includes Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Principal Co-ordinates Analysis (PCoA). The differences between groups can be observed through PCA. The more similar the composition of the flora, the closer the samples are. We found that the difference was smaller in the DS group than in the OMTH group. The results of PcoA showed that the sample similarity between OMTH groups was the highest. Moreover, gut microbiota analysis unveiled that the abundances of Ruminococcus 1, Oscillibacter and Prevotellaceae at the genus level as well as Lactobacillus SP-L-Yj at the species level were increased in OMTH group as compared with the DS group but the abundance of Allobaculum, Ruminococceos-UCG-005, Ruminococceos-NK4A214 and Clostridium associated with DS-induced small bowel mucosal injury could be decreased by OMTH. MIP-1α and CCR1 were upregulated in human small bowel injury samples as compared with the normal ileal mucosa tissues. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that OMT could alleviate NSAID-associated small bowel mucosal injury by inhibiting MIP-1γ/CCR1 signalling and regulating gut microbiota.

Angiopoietin-1 attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia in a Hirschsprung's disease murine model by improving intestinal vascular integrity: implications for treating postoperative Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis

PURPOSE

Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) mitigates inflammation as a proangiogenic growth factor. Action of Ang1 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemic inflammation was investigated in endothelin receptor-B null Hirschsprung's disease mice (KO).

METHODS

LPS or saline was injected intraperitoneally in KO (KO-LPS; n = 9, KO-sal; n = 5) and wild-type (WT) (WT-LPS; n = 6, WT-sal; n = 6) pups obtained within 24 h of birth. Normoganglionic terminal ileum harvested 6 h after LPS was used for RNA extraction and histology. IL-1β, SELE, VEGFA, Ang1, Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2), and TIE2 expression analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), vascular permeability assessed by the Miles assay, severity of inflammation, and immunofluorescence for phospho-TIE2 and VE-cadherin were used to assess endothelial cell contact integrity and compared with KO pups pretreated with intraperitoneal Ang1 [Ang1(KO-LPS); n = 5] or saline [sal(KO-LPS); n = 6] 2 h before LPS.

RESULTS

KO-LPS pups showed significantly increased inflammation (p < 0.05) and expression of IL-1β, SELE, VEGFA, and Ang2 (p = 0.019, 0.003, 0.008 and < 0.0001, respectively); expression of Ang1 and TIE2 remained unchanged when compared with KO-saline. In Ang1(KO-LPS) ileum, changes seen in sal(KO-LPS) were eliminated and phospho-TIE2 and VE-cadherin fluorescence increased.

CONCLUSION

Ang1 successfully attenuated LPS-induced normoganglionic intestinal inflammation, downregulated pro-inflammatory genes, and improved vascular barrier integrity in KO pups.

GYY4137, as a slow-releasing H2S donor, ameliorates sodium deoxycholate-induced chronic intestinal barrier injury and gut microbiota dysbiosis

Introduction

Numerous studies have revealed that a long-term high-fat diet can raise intestinal deoxycholate acid concentration, which can harm intestinal mucosal barrier function in several ways. This study aims to verify the protective effect of GYY4137, as a slow-releasing H2S donor, on microbiome disturbance and the chronic injury of the intestinal mucosal barrier function caused by sodium deoxycholate.

Methods

Caco-2 monolayer and mouse models were treated with a relatively high concentration of sodium deoxycholate (1.0 mM and 0.2%, respectively) for longer periods (32 h and 12 weeks, respectively) to understand the effects of GYY4137 on sodium deoxycholate-induced chronic intestinal barrier dysfunction and its fundamental mechanisms.

Results

A relatively long period of sodium deoxycholate treatment can remarkably increase the intestinal barrier permeability, alter the distribution and expression of tight junction proteins and generate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) in the Caco-2 monolayers and mouse models. Moreover, it can activate the MLCK-P-MLC2 pathway in the Caco-2 monolayers, which was further confirmed using RNA sequencing. The body weight, intestinal barrier histological score, and TUNEL index of sodium deoxycholate-treated mice worsened. In addition, an induced microbiome imbalance was observed in these mice. The above variations can be reversed with the administration of GYY4137.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that GYY4137 ameliorates sodium deoxycholate-induced chronic intestinal barrier injury by restricting the MLCK-P-MLC2 pathway while elevating the expression level of tight junction proteins, anti-apoptosis and maintaining the microbiome's homeostasis.

Jianpi-Huatan-Huoxue-Anshen formula ameliorates gastrointestinal inflammation and microecological imbalance in chemotherapy-treated mice transplanted with H22 hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Jianpi-Huatan-Huoxue-Anshen formula [Tzu-Chi cancer-antagonizing & life-protecting II decoction (TCCL)] is a Chinese medical formula that has been clinically shown to reduce the gastrointestinal side effects of chemotherapy in cancer patients and improve their quality of life. However, its effect and mechanism on the intestinal microecology after chemotherapy are not yet clear.

AIM

To discover the potential mechanisms of TCCL on gastrointestinal inflammation and microecological imbalance in chemotherapy-treated mice transplanted with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

METHODS

Ninety-six mice were inoculated subcutaneously with HCC cells. One week later, the mice received a large dose of 5-fluorouracil by intraperitoneal injection to establish a HCC chemotherapy model. Thirty-six mice were randomly selected before administration, and feces, ileal tissue, and ileal contents were collected from each mouse. The remaining mice were randomized into normal saline, continuous chemotherapy, Yangzheng Xiaoji capsules-treated, and three TCCL-treated groups. After treatment, feces, tumors, liver, spleen, thymus, stomach, jejunum, ileum, and colon tissues, and ileal contents were collected. Morphological changes, serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-22, TNF-α, and TGF-β, intestinal SIgA, and protein and mRNA expression of ZO-1, NF-κB, Occludin, MUC-2, Claudin-1, and IκB-α in colon tissues were documented. The effect of TCCL on the abundance and diversity of intestinal flora was analyzed using 16S rDNA sequencing.

RESULTS

TCCL treatment improved thymus and spleen weight, thymus and spleen indexes, and body weight, decreased tumor volumes and tumor tissue cell density, and alleviated injury to gastric, ileal, and colonic mucosal tissues. Among proteins and genes associated with inflammation, IL-10, TGF-β, SIgA, ZO-1, MUC-2, and Occludin were upregulated, whereas NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-22, IL-8, and IκB-α were downregulated. Additionally, TCCL increased the proportions of fecal Actinobacteria, AF12, Adlercreutzia, Clostridium, Coriobacteriaceae, and Paraprevotella in the intermediate stage of treatment, decreased the proportions of Mucipirillum, Odoribacter, RF32, YS2, and Rikenellaceae but increased the proportions of p_Deferribacteres and Lactobacillus at the end of treatment. Studies on ileal mucosal microbiota showed similar findings. Moreover, TCCL improved community richness, evenness, and the diversity of fecal and ileal mucosal flora.

CONCLUSION

TCCL relieves pathological changes in tumor tissue and chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal injury, potentially by reducing the release of pro-inflammatory factors to repair the gastrointestinal mucosa, enhancing intestinal barrier function, and maintaining gastrointestinal microecological balance. Hence, TCCL is a very effective adjuvant to chemotherapy.

Intestinal Barrier Impairment, Preservation, and Repair: An Update

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Our objective was to review published studies of the intestinal barrier and permeability, the deleterious effects of dietary components (particularly fat), the impact of altered intestinal permeability in disease models and human diseases, the role of the microbiome and epigenomics in control of barrier function, and the opportunities to restore normal barrier function with dietary interventions and products of the microbiota.

METHODS

We conducted a literature review including the following keywords alone or in combination: intestinal barrier, permeability, microbiome, epigenomics, diet, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, probiotics.

RESULTS

Intestinal permeability is modified by a diet including fat, which increases permeability, and nutrients such as fiber, glutamine, zinc, vitamin D, polyphenols, emulsifiers, and anthocyanins, which decrease permeability. There is significant interaction of the microbiome and barrier function, including the inflammatory of luminal/bacterial antigens, and anti-inflammatory effects of commensals or probiotics and their products, including short-chain fatty acids. Epigenomic modification of barrier functions are best illustrated by effects on junction proteins or inflammation. Detailed documentation of the protective effects of diet, probiotics, prebiotics, and microbiota is provided.

CONCLUSION

intestinal permeability is a critical factor in protection against gastrointestinal diseases and is impacted by nutrients that preserve or heal and repair the barrier and nurture anti-inflammatory effects.

Enhanced Effect of β-Lactoglobulin Immunization in Mice with Mild Intestinal Deterioration Caused by Low-Dose Dextran Sulphate Sodium: A New Experimental Approach to Allergy Studies

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Cow's milk allergy is one of the most common food allergies in children, and its pathomechanism is still under investigation. Recently, an increasing number of studies have linked food allergy to intestinal barrier dysfunction. The present study aimed to investigate changes in the intestinal microenvironment during the development of β-lactoglobulin (β-lg) allergy under conditions of early intestinal dysfunction.

METHODS

BALB/c mice received intraperitoneal β-lg with Freund's adjuvant, followed by oral β-lg while receiving dextran sulphate sodium salt (DSS) in their drinking water (0.2% w/v). The immunized group without DSS and the groups receiving saline, oral β-lg, or DSS served as controls.

RESULTS

The study showed that the immunization effect was greater in mice with mild intestinal barrier dysfunction. Although DSS did not affect the mice's humoral response to β-lg, in combination with β-lg, it significantly altered their cellular response, affecting the induction and distribution of T cells in the inductive and peripheral tissues and the activation of immune mediators. Administration of β-lg to sensitized mice receiving DSS increased disease activity index (DAI) scores and pro-inflammatory cytokine activity, altered the distribution of claudins and zonulin 1 (ZO-1) in the colonic tissue, and negatively affected the balance and activity of the gut microbiota.

CONCLUSIONS

The research model used appears attractive for studying food allergen sensitization, particularly in relation to the initial events leading to mucosal inflammation and the development of food hypersensitivity.

Interindividual Variation in Gut Nitrergic Neuron Density Is Regulated By GDNF Levels and ETV1

BACKGROUND & AIMS

The size and function of the enteric nervous system (ENS) can vary substantially between individuals. Because ENS function is involved in the etiology of a growing number of common human diseases, understanding mechanisms that regulate ENS variation is important.

METHODS

We analyzed RNAseq data from 41 normal adult human colon biopsies and single-cell RNA-seq data from human and mouse developing gut. To establish cause-consequence relationship we used alleles in mice that allow levels change of the candidate effector molecule in the comparable range to human samples. We used siRNA and primary neuronal cultures to define downstream molecular events and characterized gut functional changes in mice where molecular phenotypes paralleled findings in humans.

RESULTS

We found that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) levels in the human colon vary about 5-fold and correlate strongly with nitrergic marker expression. In mice, we defined that GDNF levels are regulated via its 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) in the gastrointestinal tract and observed similar correlation between GDNF levels and nitrergic lineage development. We identified miR-9 and miR-133 as evolutionarily conserved candidates for negative regulation of GDNF expression in the gastrointestinal tract. Functionally, an increase in inhibitory nitrergic innervation results in an increase in gastrointestinal tract transit time, stool size, and water content accompanied with modestly reduced epithelial barrier function. Mechanistically, we found that GDNF levels regulate nitrergic lineage development via induction of transcription factor ETV1, corroborated by single-cell gene expression data in human and mouse developing enteric neurons.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results reveal how normal variation in GDNF levels influence ENS size, composition, and gut function, suggesting a mechanism for well-known interindividual variation among those parameters.

Unveiling the anti-inflammatory potential of 11β,13-dihydrolactucin for application in inflammatory bowel disease management

Management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) poses significant challenges, and there is a need for innovative therapeutic approaches. This study investigates the anti-inflammatory properties of the dietary sesquiterpene lactone (SL) 11β,13-dihydrolactucin, which can be found in chicory, in three distinct complementary models of intestinal inflammation (two cell models and a zebrafish model), offering comprehensive insights into its potential application for IBD treatment alternatives. In a triple cell co-culture composed of Caco-2, HT29-MTX-E12, and Raji B, 11β,13-dihydrolactucin demonstrated remarkable anti-inflammatory activity at several levels of the cellular inflammatory response. Notably, 11β,13-dihydrolactucin prevented the activation of critical signalling pathways associated with inflammation, namely NF-κB and MAPK p38. This SL also decreased the release of the neutrophil-recruiting chemokine IL-8. Additionally, the compound reduced the gene expression of IL-6 and TNF-α, as well as the gene and protein expression of the inflammatory inducible enzymes iNOS and COX-2. In a myofibroblast-like human cell model, 11β,13-dihydrolactucin decreased the release of the cytokine TNF-α and the COX-2-derived inflammation mediator PGE2. Finally, in a zebrafish model of gut inflammation, 11β,13-dihydrolactucin effectively reduced neutrophil infiltration, further supporting its anti-inflammatory efficacy in a physiological context. Collectively, our findings highlight the promising anti-inflammatory potential of 11β,13-dihydrolactucin across various facets of intestinal inflammation, providing a foundation for the consideration of chicory as a promising candidate for incorporation in food or nutraceutical products for the potential prevention of IBD.

Indole-3-Carboxaldehyde Alleviates LPS-Induced Intestinal Inflammation by Inhibiting ROS Production and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation

Indole-3-carboxaldehyde (IAld) is a tryptophan (Trp) metabolite derived from gut microbiota, which has a potential protective effect on intestinal inflammatory diseases. Abnormal activation of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is an important cause of intestinal inflammation. However, the effect and mechanism of IAld on NLRP3 inflammasome activation remain unclear. Here, we found that IAld inhibited the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in intestinal epithelial cells, and effectively prevented intestinal epithelial barrier injury caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that IAld activated the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), subsequently prevented reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, maintained mitochondrial membrane potential, and blocked the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammatory pathway in intestinal epithelial cells. Also, the AhR-specific inhibitor CH-223191 effectively blocked the IAld-induced NLRP3 inhibition and intestinal epithelial barrier repairment. In addition, in vivo results showed that IAld prevented pro-inflammatory mediator production and intestinal inflammatory damage in LPS-induced mice, which is related to AhR activation and NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition. Collectively, our study unveiled that IAld is an effective endogenous antioxidant and suggested the AhR as a potential treatment target for NLRP3-induced intestinal inflammatory diseases.

Inflammation alters the expression pattern of drug transporters during Caco-2 cell stimulation and azoxymethane-induced colon tumorigenesis

Drug transporters play a pivotal role in modulating drug disposition and are subject to alterations under inflammatory conditions. This study aimed to elucidate the intricate expression patterns of drug transporters during both acute and chronic inflammation, which are closely linked to malignant transformation. To investigate acute inflammation, we employed an in vitro model by subjecting Caco-2 cells to various inflammatory stimuli (IL-1β, TNF-α, or LPS) individually or in combination. The successful induction of inflammation was confirmed by robust increases in IL-6 and NO production. Notably, inflamed Caco-2 cells exhibited significantly diminished levels of ABCB1 and ABCG2, while the expression of ABCC2 was upregulated. For chronic inflammation induction in vivo, we employed the well-established AOM/DSS mouse model known for its association with colitis-driven tumorigenesis. Persistent inflammation was effectively monitored throughout the experiment via elevated IL-6 and NO levels. The sequential stages of tumorigenesis were confirmed through Ki-67 immunohistochemistry. Intriguingly, we observed gradual alterations in the expression patterns of the studied drug transporters during stepwise induction, with ABCB1, ABCG2, and ABCC1 showing downregulation and ABCC2 exhibiting upregulation. Immunohistochemistry further revealed dynamic changes in the expression of ABCB1 and ABCC2 during the induction cycles, closely paralleling the gradual increase in Ki-67 expression observed during the development of precancerous lesions. Collectively, our findings underscore the significant impact of inflammation on drug transporter expression, potentially influencing the process of malignant transformation of the colon.

The role of miRNA in IBS pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy: The latest thought

IBS is a prevalent clinical condition affecting bowel function. There is a restricted comprehension of its pathogenesis, an absence of particular diagnostic tools, and an insufficiency of efficient pharmacological remedies. MiRNAs are a highly conserved class of non-coding small molecule RNAs, with a length of 20-24 nucleotides. Research has shown the presence of a number of differentially expressed miRNAs in the colonic tissue and peripheral blood of IBS patients. Meanwhile, miRNAs have a critical role in gene expression and the pathology of IBS as they act as significant mediators of post-transcriptional gene silencing. The investigation of miRNA molecular regulatory networks proves useful in examining the convoluted pathogenesis of IBS. This paper presents a review of recent literature on miRNAs associated with IBS, explains how miRNAs contribute to the development of IBS, and assesses the potential usefulness of miRNA analysis for diagnosing and treating IBS.

MiRNAs: a new target for Chinese medicine to repair the intestinal barrier in the treatment of ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease whose pathogenesis remains unclear. Dysfunction of the intestinal mucosal barrier is closely related to the pathogenesis of UC, which is characterised by damage to the colon epithelial barrier, disruption of immune homeostasis, and persistent inflammatory cell infiltration. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) exhibit specific or differential expression in both UC animal models and patients, implicating their involvement in the pathogenesis of UC. In recent years there has been progress in using Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to regulate miRNA expression for repairing the intestinal mucosal barrier in UC, as demonstrated in animal and cell experiments. However, it has not been applied in a clinical setting and its underlying molecular mechanisms require further investigation. Therefore, this study systematically described the role of miRNAs in UC-induced intestinal barrier damage and the application of TCM to repair this intestinal barrier by regulating miRNA expression, offering new therapeutic targets for UC treatment.

Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: What Are the Differences?

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, with EoE predominantly provoked by food and aeroallergens, whereas IBD is driven by a broader spectrum of immunopathological and environmental triggers. This review presents a comprehensive comparison of the pathophysiological and therapeutic strategies for EoE and IBD. We examine the current understanding of their underlying mechanisms, particularly the interplay between environmental factors and genetic susceptibility. A crucial element in both diseases is the integrity of the epithelial barrier, whose disruption plays a central role in their pathogenesis. The involvement of eosinophils, mast cells, B cells, T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and their associated cytokines is examined, highlighting the importance of targeting cytokine signaling pathways to modulate immune-epithelial interactions. We propose that advances in computation tools will uncover the significance of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in connecting immune and epithelial cells, leading to novel therapies for EoE and IBD.

Xuanbi Yuyang Decoction Ameliorates DSS-Induced Colitis by Inhibiting Pyroptosis via Blocking of IL-17 Pathway Activation

Background

Ulcerative colitis (UC), a highly relapsing non-specific disease, is difficult to cure completely. The investigation aims to determine the protective effect and potential action mechanism of Xuanbi yuyang decoction (XBD) on UC.

Methods

The chemical composition of XBD was determined through non-targeted metabolomics analysis. Subsequently, experimental mice were orally given 3% DSS for 6 days, followed by XBD treatment (0.3 mL, 0.4 mL). In vitro, the human colon epithelial cells were co-treated with DSS and medicated serum. The therapeutic effects of XBD on UC were evaluated in vivo and vitro. The mechanisms of XBD against UC were determined by detecting hallmarks related to pyroptosis and Interleukin (IL)-17 pathways using Western blot and ELISA. The recombinant human interleukin 17A (rhIL17A) and was applied for further verifying the effect of XBD on IL-17 pathway in UC cells.

Results

XBD supplementation restored DSS-induced weight loss, colon shortening and tissue damage, and reduced DAI. Moreover, XBD enhanced viability, repaired the intestinal mucosal barrier of colitis, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines levels, and inhibited pyroptosis. Additionally, DSS increased the expression of IL-17 pathway was and cytokines (IL-17A, IL-6), which were blocked by XBD treatment. The rhIL17A treatment attenuated protective effect against DSS-induced colitis and could also enhance pyroptosis.

Conclusion

XBD has a favorable protective effect against DSS-induced colitis through restraining pyroptosis via inhibition of IL-17 signaling pathway activation, suggesting XBD may be a new and effective treatment therapy for UC.

Gastroprotective and microbiome-modulating effects of ubiquinol in rats with radiation-induced enteropathy

Radiation enteritis is a frequently encountered issue for patients receiving radiotherapy and has a significant impact on cancer patients' quality of life. The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in intestinal function, yet the impact of irradiation on gut microorganisms is not fully understood. This study explores the gastroprotective effect and gut microbiome-modulating potential of ubiquinol (Ubq), the reduced form of the powerful antioxidant CoQ-10. For this purpose, male albino rats were randomly assigned to four groups: Control, IRR (acute 7 Gy γ-radiation), Ubq_Post (Ubq for 7 days post-irradiation), and Ubq_Pre/Post (Ubq for 7 days pre and 7 days post-irradiation). The fecal microbiomes of all groups were profiled by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing followed by bioinformatics and statistical analysis. Histopathological examination of intestinal tissue indicated severe damage in the irradiated group, which was mitigated by ubiquinol with enhanced regeneration, goblet cells, and intestinal alkaline phosphatase expression. Compared to the irradiated group, the Ubq-treated groups had a significant recovery of intestinal interleukin-1β, caspase-3, nitric oxide metabolites, and thio-barbituric reactive substances to near-healthy levels. Ubq_Pre/Post group displayed elevated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-γ) level, suggesting heightened benefits. Serum insulin reduction in irradiated rats improved post-Ubq treatment, with a possible anti-inflammatory effect on the pancreatic tissue. Fecal microbiota profiling revealed a dysbiosis state with a reduction of bacterial diversity post-irradiation, which was re-modulated in the Ubq treated groups to profiles that are indistinguishable from the control group. These findings underscore Ubq's gastroprotective effects against radiation-induced enteritis and its potential in restoring the gut microbiota's diversity and balance.

USP11 Exacerbates Radiation-Induced Pneumonitis by Activating Endothelial Cell Inflammatory Response via OTUD5-STING Signaling

PURPOSE

Radiation-induced pneumonitis (RIP) seriously limits the application of radiation therapy in the treatment of thoracic tumors, and its etiology and pathogenesis remain elusive. This study aimed to elucidate the role of ubiquitin-specific peptidase 11 (USP11) in the progression of RIP and the associated underlying mechanisms.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Changes in cytokines and infiltrated immune cells were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and immunohistochemistry after exposure to 20 Gy x-ray with whole-thorax irradiation. The effects of USP11 expression on endothelial cell proliferation and apoptosis were analyzed by costaining of CD31/Ki67 and CD31/caspase-3 in vivo, and the production of cytokines and reactive oxygen species was confirmed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry in vitro. Comprehensive proteome and ubiquitinome analyses were used for USP11 substrate screening after radiation. Results were verified by Western blotting and coimmunoprecipitation experiments. Recombinant adeno-associated virus lung vectors expressing OTUD5 were used for localized overexpression of OTUD5 in mouse pulmonary tissue, and immunohistochemistry was conducted to analyze cytokine expression.

RESULTS

The progression of RIP was significantly alleviated by reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines in both Usp11-knockout (Usp11-/-) mice and in mice treated with the USP11 inhibitor mitoxantrone. Likewise, the absence of USP11 resulted in decreased permeability of pulmonary vessels and neutrophils and macrophage infiltration. The proliferation rates of endothelial cells were prominently increased in the Usp11-/- lung, whereas apoptosis in Usp11-/- lungs decreased after irradiation compared with that observed in Usp11+/+ lungs. Conversely, USP11 overexpression increased proinflammatory cytokine expression and reactive oxygen species production in endothelial cells after radiation. Comprehensive proteome and ubiquitinome analyses indicated that USP11 overexpression upregulates the expression of several deubiquitinating enzymes, including USP22, USP33, and OTUD5. We demonstrate that USP11 deubiquitinates OTUD5 and implicates the OTUD5-STING signaling pathway in the progression of the inflammatory response in endothelial cells.

CONCLUSIONS

USP11 exacerbates RIP by triggering an inflammatory response in endothelial cells both in vitro and in vivo, and the OTUD5-STING pathway is involved in the USP11-dependent promotion of RIP. This study provides experimental support for the development of precision intervention strategies targeting USP11 to mitigate RIP.

AQP1 Deficiency Drives Phthalate-Induced Epithelial Barrier Disruption through Intestinal Inflammation

Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is frequently used as a plasticizer to enhance the plasticity and durability of agricultural products, which pose adverse effects to human health and the environment. Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) is a main water transport channel protein and is involved in the maintenance of intestinal integrity. However, the impact of DEHP exposure on gut health and its potential mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we determined that DEHP exposure induced a compromised duodenum structure, which was concomitant with mitochondrial structural injury of epithelial cells. Importantly, DEHP exposure caused duodenum inflammatory epithelial cell damage and strong inflammatory response accompanied by activating the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. Mechanistically, DEHP exposure directly inhibits the expression of AQP1 and thus leads to an inflammatory response, ultimately disrupting duodenum integrity and barrier function. Collectively, our findings uncover the role of AQP1 in phthalate-induced intestinal disorders, and AQP1 could be a promising therapeutic approach for treating patients with intestinal disorders or inflammatory diseases.